,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ,ORGANISATION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION #fcf ,WORDS2 #d1#f#h ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #a 3 ,SOCIALISM3 ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY BY ! ,WORK]S #c1#e#d#d ,WORDS2 #b#b1#c#e ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS #d1#f#e#f ,WORDS2 #b#i1#g#e#e ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #c 3 ,A ,NEW ,P]IOD ,BEG9S = ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T #f1#c#b#e ,WORDS2 #c#i1#i#c#c ,*>ACT]S O ,REM>KS #dgf ,WORDS2 #b1#i#g#i ,*>ACT]S O ,NOTES #a1#e#e ,WORDS2 #a1#b#c#i ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION ,9TRODUCTION ,! ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS = ITS LIB]ATION HAVE BECOME COGS 9 ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS IS ! BRUTAL CONCLUSION =C$ UPON ANYONE :O IS PREP>$ TO FACE UP TO REALITY4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT TODAY MANY >E P]PLEX$ BY AN APP>5T DILEMMA4 ,CAN ONE BECOME 9VOLV$ )\T ORGANIZATION8 ,& IF ONE CANNOT1 H[ CAN ONE ORGANIZE )\T FOLL[+ ! PA? ?AT HAS MADE TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ! FI]CE/ 5EMIES ( ! AIMS !Y ORIG9ALLY SET \T TO A*IEVE8 ,SOME BELIEVE ! QUE/ION CAN BE APPROA*$ 9 A PURELY NEGATIVE WAY4 0,EXP]I5CE %[S10 !Y SAY1 0?AT ALL WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DEG5]AT$2 !RE=E1 ANY ORGANIZATION IS B\ND TO DEG5]ATE40 ,?IS IS BAS+ TOO MU* ON EXP]I5CE -- OR TOO LITTLE4 ,UP TO N[ ALL REVOLUTIONS EI!R HAVE BE5 CRU%$ OR HAVE DEG5]AT$4 ,>E WE TO D$UCE FROM ?IS ?AT ALL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE %\LD BE AB&ON$8 ,! DEFEAT ( REVOLUTIONS & ! DEG5]ATION ( ORGANIZATIONS >E DIFF]5T EXPRESSIONS ( ! SAME PH5OM5ON1 NAMELY1 ?AT E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY IS1 AT LEA/ PROVISIONALLY1 EM]G+ VICTORI\S FROM ITS /RUGGLES ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ONE CONCLUD$ ?AT ?+S WILL ALWAYS BE LIKE ?IS1 ONE \Y SETBACK ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T8 ,:Y HAS ! PROLET>IAT SUPPORT$ !M8 ,&1 P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 :Y HAS IT NOT MOV$ BEYOND !M8 ,:AT >E ! CONCLUSIONS FROM ALL ?IS = FUTURE ORGANIZATION & ACTION8 ,!RE IS NO SIMPLE ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS1 = !Y CONC]N EV]Y ASPECT & TASK ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T TODAY4 ,NOR IS !RE A PURELY !ORETICAL ANSW]4 ,! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION WILL ONLY BE RESOLV$ AS SU* AN ORGANIZATION IS ACTUALLY BUILT4 ,?IS 9 TURN WILL DEP5D ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK+-CLASS ACTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! BEG9N+S ( A SOLUTION %\LD BE ATTEMPT$ RIIES CANNOT TOTALLY AB/A9 FROM ACTION & WAIT = WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLES TO DEVELOP4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* /RUGGLES WILL NOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( H[ REVOLUTION>IES %\LD ORGANIZE3 ,!Y WILL M]ELY BR+ IT UP AT A HI<] LEVEL4 ,& 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE /RUGGLES1 ORGANIZATION HAS A ROLE TO PLAY4 ,NO REAL ORGANIZATION WILL BE BUILT )\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( /RUGGLES1 & !RE WILL BE NO LA/+ DEVELOPM5T ( !SE /RUGGLES )\T ORGANIZATION BUILD+4 ,IF Y\ DO NOT ACCEPT ?IS PO/ULATE1 IF Y\ ?9K ?AT :AT Y\ DO OR DO NOT DO IS ( NO IMPORTANCE1 IF Y\ >E ACT+ PURELY SO AS TO BE AT PEACE ) Y\R [N CONSCI5CE1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO READ FUR!R4 ,! BEG9N+S ( A SOLUTION CANNOT BE EMPIRICAL OR JU/ A SET ( NEGATIVE PRESCRIPTIONS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P CAN ONLY ADOPT POSITIVE RULES = ITS ACTION & WORK1 & !SE RULES MU/ SPR+ FROM ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,H[EV] 9SIGNIFICANT ! ORGANIZATION1 ITS WORK1 ITS ACTIVITY1 & ITS WAY ( GO+ AB\T ITS DAILY BUS9ESS MU/ BE ! VISIBLE & V]IFIABLE EMBODIM5T ( ! AIMS IT ADVOCATES4 ,RESPOND+ TO ! PROBLEM ( BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION DEM&S1 !RE=E1 ?AT WE />T FROM ! :OLE EXP]I5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T F9DS ITSELF 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS WE MU/ MAKE :AT MAY SEEM LIKE A DET\R1 RETURN TO FIR/ PR9CIPLES & RECONSID] REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES & ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,SOCIALISM3 ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY BY ! ,WORK]S #a4 ,SOCIALISM3 ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY BY ! ,WORK]S ,ONE FACT1 BECAUSE ( ITS DIRECT & 9DIRECT CONSEQU5CES1 HAS DOM9AT$ HUMAN HI/ORY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY3 ,! WORK+ CLASS C>RI$ ?R\< A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,F> FROM LEAD+ TO SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION F9ALLY RESULT$ 9 ! COM+ TO P[] ( A NEW EXPLOIT+ CLASS3 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,:Y1 & H[1 DID ?IS HAPP58.<#a.> ,9 #aiag ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT MOBILIZ$ ITSELF TO DE/ROY ! P[] ( ! ,CZ> & ( ! CAPITALI/S & TO PUT AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION4 ,IT TOOK UP >MS & ORGANIZ$ ITSELF 9 FACTORY COMMITTEES & SOVIETS TO CONDUCT ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT :51 AFT] A LONG CIVIL W>1 ! REMNANTS ( ! OLD REGIME HAD BE5 CLE>$ AWAY1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] W]E ONCE MORE F\ND TO BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A NEW GR\P ( LEAD]S1 C5T]$ >\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! NEW SOCIETY -- :I* IS ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT ITSELF BECOME ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 IT C\LD ONLY ONCE AGA9 RESUME ITS POSITION AS AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! RETURN TO A POSITION ( SUPREMACY ( A SPECIFIC & RE/RICT$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 ,! V>I\S FACTORS ?AT L$ TO ?IS DEG5]ATION ALL HAVE1 :5 IT COMES D[N TO IT1 ! SAME UND]LY+ SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT TAKE ON ! DIRECTION ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ! SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ FROM IT4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ?AT /ROVE TO WIELD COMPLETE P[] OV] ! C\NTRY1 & V]Y QUICKLY IT SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ SO4 ,! ,P>TY CON/ITUT$ ITSELF BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT IT PROVID$ A NATURAL LEAD]%IP = ! PROLET>IAT & WAS ! EXPRESSION ( ITS HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ! IDEAS & ATTITUDES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY C\LD NEV] HAVE PREVAIL$ HAD NOT ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 9 ITS GREAT MAJORITY1 %>$ !M & HAD IT NOT T5D$ TO SEE ! P>TY AS A NECESS>Y ORGAN ( ITS P[]4 ,& SO ! ORGANS ?AT \E MA/]S ( PRODUCTION >E1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 MA/]S ( POLICY & SOCIETY4 ,A NEW GR\P ( 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC LEAD]S RAPIDLY DEVELOP$1 :I*1 FUS+ ) ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ( ! ,/ATE1 CON/ITUT$ A NEW RUL+ CLASS4.<#b.> ,! BASIC LESSON ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS !RE=E ?AT IT IS NOT 5\< = ! PROLET>IAT TO DE/ROY ! GOV]NM5TAL & ECONOMIC DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT CAN ONLY A*IEVE ! OBJECTIVE ( ITS REVOLUTION IF IT BUILDS UP ITS [N P[] 9 EV]Y SPH]E4 ,IF ! DIRECTION ( PRODUCTION1 ( ! ECONOMY1 & ( ! 0,/ATE0 AGA9 BECOMES ! FUNCTION ( A P>TICUL> CATEGORY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 9EVITABLY ! EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( WORK]S WILL RETURN4 ,) !SE1 ! P]MAN5T CRISIS ?AT DIVIDES CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY WILL >ISE AGA91 = IT [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ! CONFLICT AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS4 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT & CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! ECONOMY1 & SOCIETY BY ! WORK]S4 ,?IS IDEA HAS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ CON/ITUT$ ! C5TRAL !SIS ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION HAS S9CE PROVID$ A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( IT4.<#c.> ,! ,AUTONOMY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,! IDEA ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY IMPLIES ?AT P[] 9 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY WILL BE SOLELY & DIRECTLY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' MASS ORGANS 7! C\NCILS74 ,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( SPECIAL ORGANS ( ANY SORT -- = EXAMPLE1 POLITICAL P>TIES -- TAK+ ON ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NANCE & ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,BUT ?IS IDEA IS NOT A SIMPLE 0CON/ITUTIONAL0 PROPOSITION4 ,IT NECESSITATES A RECONSID]ATION ( ALL ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROBLEMS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IT W\LD 9DE$ BE NONS5SE TO TALK ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IF WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( IT & !REBY 9CAPABLE ( G5]AT+ NEW PR9CIPLES = ! ORGANIZATION & ORI5TATION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,REVOLUTION &1 EV5 MORE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY PRESUPPOSE ?AT ! ORGANIZ$ MASS ( WORK]S HAVE BECOME CAPABLE ( MANAG+ ! :OLE ( SOCIETY'S ACTIVITIES )\T 9T]M$I>IES -- & !RE=E ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ !MSELVES 9 ALL RESPECTS & 9 A P]MAN5T FA%ION4 ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE ! \TCOME ( AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 0AUTONOM\S0 SIGNIFY+ 0SELF-DIRECT+0 & 0RESPONSIBLE ONLY TO ITSELF40 ,?IS QUE/ION MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! QUE/ION ( ! TE*NICAL CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO MANAGE PRODUCTION4.<#d.> ,! PROLET>IAT CONSI/S ( ALL EXPLOIT$ WAGE E>N]S & SAL>I$ EMPLOYES4 ,IT IS ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC]4 ,TE*NICAL KN[L$GE HAS LONG CEAS$ TO BE ! MONOPOLY ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,TODAY IT IS DIFFUS$ AMONG A MASS ( (FICE & LAB WORK]S :O >E DAILY SUBMITT$ TO A GREAT] & GREAT] DIVISION ( LABOR & :O RECEIVE SAL>IES ONLY SLIE JU/ AS SUP]FLU\S AS =EM5 9 PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E NOT GREAT IRREPLACEABLE 5G9E]S BUT BUREAUCRATS :O DIRECT & 0ORGANIZE0 7I4E41 DISORGANIZE7 ! WORK ( ! MASS ( SAL>I$ TE*NICIANS4 ,TOGE!R ! EXPLOIT$ WORK]S 9 FACTORIES & (FICES POSSESS 9 !MSELVES ALL ! TE*NICAL SKILLS KN[N TO HUMANITY TODAY4 ,= ! PROLET>IAT 9 P[]1 ! QUE/ION ( ! 0TE*NICAL0 ORI5TATION ( PRODUCTION WILL !RE=E NOT BE A TE*NICAL QUE/ION AT ALL1 BUT RA!R A POLITICAL QUE/ION ( ! UNITY ( WORK]S ON ! %OP FLOOR & 9 (FICES1 ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 !M1 & ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,&1 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE FAC$ ) POLITICAL QUE/IONS 9 EV]Y SPH]E 9CLUD+ ! PROBLEMS ( ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 ( ! PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION1 ( ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY1 ( RELATIONS ) O!R SOCIAL GR\PS 7! PEASANTRY1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE71 ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 ETC4 ,SOCIALISM1 !RE=E1 PRESUPPOSES A HI< DEGREE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT CANNOT >ISE \T ( A M]E REVOLT AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BUT ONLY FROM ! CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO EXTRACT FROM ITSELF POSITIVE ANSW]S TO ! IMM5SE PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,NO ONE -- NO 9DIVIDUAL1 GR\P1 OR P>TY -- CAN BE DELEGAT$ ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 0ON BEHALF (0 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS OR 9 ITS /EAD4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT A SUB/ITUTION ( ?IS SORT W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! =MATION ( A NEW GR\P ( RUL]S & W\LD RAPIDLY RETURN SOCIETY TO 0ALL ! OLD RUBBI%40 ,IT IS BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = A P>TICUL> GR\P TO TAKE ON SU* TASKS1 S9CE !SE TASKS >E ON A SCALE ?AT HUMANITY & HUMANITY ALONE IS CAPABLE ( DEAL+ )4 ,)9 A SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION1 SU* PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLV$ BY A M9ORITY ( LEAD]S 7OR RA!R !Y C\LD 9 ! PA/ BE SOLV$ ?AT WAY74 ,! CRISIS ( MOD]N REGIMES %[S ?AT ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY IS A TASK ?AT IS H5CE=? BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( ANY P>TICUL> CATEGORY4 ,?IS IS 9F9ITELY MORE TRUE = ! PROBLEMS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY WILL POSE & ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ OR EV5 BE CORRECTLY POS$ )\T ! DEPLOYM5T ( ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= ! REAL MEAN+ ( ?IS RECON/RUCTION IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE REEXAM9$ & REFA%ION$3 MA*9ES1 FACTORIES1 >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION1 H\SES1 $UCATIONAL SY/EMS1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 MUSEUMS1 IDEAS1 & SCI5CE ITSELF -- ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! WORK]S & ACCORD+ TO !IR VIEW ( ?+S4 ,ONLY !Y CAN BE ! JUDGES ( :AT !SE NE$S >E & ( ! MEANS ( SATISFY+ !M4 ,= EV5 IF ON A P>TICUL> PO9T ! EXP]TS HAVE A 0BETT]0 IDEA1 SU* AN IDEA WILL BE WOR?LESS SO LONG AS ?OSE IT %\LD 9T]E/ DO NOT SEE ! CORRECTNESS OR NECESSITY ( IT4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE UPON PEOPLE SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS ( !IR [N LIVES1 SOLUTIONS !Y DO NOT !MSELVES APPROVE (1 AUTOMATICALLY & IMM$IATELY MAKES !SE SOLUTIONS MON/R\SLY FALSE ONES4 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,PROLET>IAT T[>D ,SOCIALISM ,IS SOCIALISM1 CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 A HI/ORICALLY REASONABLE PROSPECT8 ,IS IT A POSSIBILITY ?AT EXI/S )9 MOD]N SOCIETY8 ,OR IS IT JU/ A DREAM8 ,IS ! PROLET>IAT JU/ SOME?+ TO BE EXPLOIT$1 A MOD]N CLASS ( 9DU/RIAL SLAVES ?AT P]IODICALLY BREAKS \T 9 FRUITLESS REVOLTS8 ,OR DO ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE & /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM LEAD IT TO DEVELOP A CONSCI\SNESS -- I4E41 AN ATTITUDE1 A M5TALITY1 IDEAS & WAYS ( ACT+ -- :OSE CONT5T T5DS T[>D SOCIALISM8 ,! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS LIFE 9 PRODUCTION1 ITS POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 & ITS ACTIVITY DUR+ P]IODS ( REVOLUTION4 ,& ?IS ANALYSIS 9 TURN LEADS TO ! OV]?R[ ( TRADITIONAL IDEAS AB\T SOCIALISM1 LABOR DEM&S1 & =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,FIR/1 ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM IS NEI!R SOLELY ONE ( 0MAK+ DEM&S0 NOR SOLELY 0POLITICAL02 IT BEG9S AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT DOES NOT SIMPLY CONC]N ! R$I/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT OR1 AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SCALE1 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 IT OPPOSES ! FUNDAM5TAL REALITY ( CAPITALISM1 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION )9 ! 5T]PRISE4 ,! SO-CALL$ RATIONALIZATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS NO?+ BUT A WEB ( CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 ORGANIZ+ WORK )\T ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 ABOLI%+ !IR HUMAN ROLE -- :I* IS 9H]5TLY ABSURD EV5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY4 ,IT AIMS UNTIR+LY AT 9CREAS+ !IR EXPLOITATION -- :I* =CES !M TO OPPOSE IT NON/OP4 ,F> FROM BE+ CONC]N$ ONLY ) WAGES1 ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION DOM9ATES EV]Y ASPECT & EV]Y MOM5T ( ! LIFE ( ! FIRM4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WORK]S & MANAGEM5T OV] WAGES CANNOT BUT HAVE AN IMM$IATE IMPACT ON EV]Y ASPECT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK4.<#e.> ,9 ! NEXT PLACE1 ! WORK]S1 :ATEV] !IR WAGE LEVEL1 >E L$ 9EVITABLY TO OPPOSE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ?AT LEAD TO !IR DAILY1 EV] MORE 9TOL]ABLE DEHUMANIZATION4 ,?IS /RUGGLE DOES NOT & CANNOT REMA9 PURELY NEGATIVE1 ITS AIM IS NOT SIMPLY TO LIMIT EXPLOITATION4 ,PRODUCTION MU/ TAKE PLACE :ATEV] HAPP5S1 & ! WORK]S1 AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y >E /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! NORMS & ! CO]CIVE BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 MA9TA9 A WORK DISCIPL9E & 9/AURATE A SY/EM ( COOP]ATION OPPOS$ 9 SPIRIT AS WELL AS 9 PRACTICE TO ! RULES ( ORGANIZATION ( ! FACTORY4 ,!Y ?US TAKE OV] C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y E/ABLI% 9 :AT !Y DO NEW PR9CIPLES = ! ORD]+ ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION2 !Y OPPOSE ! CAPITALI/ MORALITY ( MAXIMUM 9DIVIDUAL GA9 & T5D TO REPLACE IT ) A NEW MORALITY ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY4.<#f.> ,?IS /RUGGLE IS NOT ACCID5TAL1 NOR IS IT CONNECT$ ) A P>TICUL> =M ( ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,EV]Y TIME CAPITALISM MAKES MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! TE*NIQUES & ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO W>D (F ?IS /RUGGLE1 IT RISES UP AGA94 ,! WORK]S' T5D5CIES T[>D SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE BR+S \T IS UNIV]SAL BO? 9 RANGE & DEP?4 ,IT EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ,5GL& AS WELL AS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AL?\< ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE 9SIDE PRODUCTION REMA9S 0HIDD510 = IT ALL[S NEI!R =MAL ORGANIZATION NOR A =MULAT$ PROGRAM NOR OV]T ACTION1 ITS CONT5T CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES EA* TIME A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS %AKES CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 EV]Y FACTORY 9 ! WORLD WORK]S FIIAN WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,LIKE ! COMMUNE & ! SOVIETS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS W]E CON/ITUT$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ELECT$ DELEGATES W]E LIABLE TO RECALL4 ,%OP /EW>DS 9 ,5GLI% FACTORIES >E ALWAYS LIABLE TO RECALL BY ! WORK]S :O ELECT$ !M1 & !Y MU/ GIVE !SE WORK]S REGUL> ACC\NTS ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,! SOCIALI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 BORN 9 ! OBSCURITY ( ! DAY-TO-DAY LIVES ( PRODUC]S1 BUR/S 9TO BROAD DAYLIK$ ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,F> FROM RIS+ UP SIMPLY AGA9/ POV]TY & EXPLOITATION1 9 ! C\RSE ( !SE EV5TS ! PROLET>IAT POSES ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE ( SOCIETY 9 A NEW WAY & PROVIDES POSITIVE ANSW]S4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! SOVIETS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#i-#b1 & ! WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #aief W]E ORGANIZATIONS =M$ TO COMBAT ! RUL+ CLASS & ITS /ATE & AT ! SAME TIME NEW =MS ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!SE CREATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E A PRACTICAL REFUTATION ( ! IDEAS ?AT HAVE DOM9AT$ MAN'S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = C5TURIES4 ,!Y HAVE %[N ! POSSIBILITY ( A C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT1 9/EAD ( POLITICALLY EXPROPRIAT+ ! POPULATION = ! B5EFIT ( ITS 0REPRES5TATIVES10 ON ! CONTR>Y PLACES !SE REPRES5TATIVES UND] ! P]MAN5T CONTROL ( !IR ELECTORS & = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MOD]N HI/ORY A*IEVES DEMOCRACY ON ! SCALE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 S\IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 #aief AS ONE ( !IR BASIC OBJECTIVES4 ,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT T[>D SOCIALISM %[S ITSELF NOT ONLY 9 FACTORY LIFE OR DUR+ REVOLUTIONS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ITS HI/ORY1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS /RUGGL$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 AN EXPLICIT WAY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY =M+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! T5D5CY ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR ( BROAD /RATA ( WORK]S TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE 9 AN OV]T & P]MAN5T FA%ION IS A !ME RUNN+ ?R\< ! :OLE ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT RECOGNIZ$1 ONE IS DOOM$ TO UND]/& AS LITTLE AB\T ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIALISM AS IF ! COMMUNE OR ! C\NCILS W]E NEV] KN[N4 ,= IT %[S ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAS ! NE$ & AT ! SAME TIME ! ABILITY TO >GUE ! QUE/ION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS SU* NOT SIMPLY DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSION1 BUT SY/EMATICALLY & P]MAN5TLY2 TO GO BEYOND ! T]RITORY ( ITS ECONOMIC DEF5SE & TO OPPOSE B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ) ITS [N CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY2 TO LEAVE ! CONF9ES ( ! WORK%OP1 ! FIRM1 & EV5 ! NATION & >GUE ! QUE/ION ( P[] ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,IT IS 9 FACT 5TIRELY FALSE TO SAY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAS CREAT$ ONLY ECONOMIC & OCCUPATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 7TRADE UNIONS74 ,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,G]MANY1 ! WORK]S BEGAN BY BUILD+ A POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 & ! TRADE UNIONS EMANAT$ FROM ?IS4 ,9 ! MAJORITY ( O!R CASES1 AS 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES & EV5 9 ,5GL&1 ! TRADE UNIONS !MSELVES ORIG9ALLY W]E BY NO MEANS PURELY TRADE UNIONS2 !IR PROCLAIM$ AIM WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGES SY/EM4 ,IT IS JU/ AS FALSE TO CLAIM ?AT ! WORK]S' POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! EXCLUSIVE CREATION ( 9TELLECTUALS1 AS HAS BE5 SAID1 SOMETIMES APPROV+LY & SOMETIMES DISAPPROV+LY4 ,EV5 :]E 9TELLECTUALS PLAY$ A PR$OM9ANT ROLE 9 !IR =MATION1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NEV] HAVE ACQUIR$ ANY SORT ( REALITY IF WORK]S HAD NOT BELONG$ TO !M 9 GREAT NUMB]S1 SU/A9$ !M ) !IR EXP]I5CE1 !IR ACTIVITY1 & (T5 !IR BLOOD1 & IF A L>GE MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT LONG SE5 !IR 9T]E/S EXPRESS$ 9 ! PROGRAMS ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ,CONTRADICTORY ,*>ACT] ( ! ,PROLET>IAT'S ,DEVELOPM5T ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT T[>D SOCIALISM ?AT ORIG9ATES 9 ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! =MATION ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & CULM9ATES 9 REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT ! ME*ANICAL1 AUTOMATIC RESULT ( ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT LIVES1 NOR IS IT A BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 AN 9EVITABLE PROCESS ( MATURATION ?AT PROVIDES = ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS A HI/ORICAL PROCESS & ESS5TIALLY A PROCESS ( /RUGGLE4 ,WORK]S >E NOT BORN SOCIALI/S1 NOR >E !Y MIRACUL\SLY TRANS=M$ 9TO SU* M]ELY BY 5T]+ 9TO A FACTORY4 ,!Y BECOME1 OR MORE EXACTLY !Y MAKE !MSELVES1 SOCIALI/S 9 ! C\RSE ( & \T ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE MU/ SEE EXACTLY :AT ?IS /RUGGLE IS1 :]E IT IS F\IAT IS NOT ONLY FIMY1 EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ LONG AGO1 = IT POSSESSES NO P[] ( ITS [N BEYOND ! WORK ( ?OSE IT EXPLOITS4 ,IT SURVIVES ONLY 9S(> AS IT SUCCE$S 9 MAK+ !M ACCEPT !IR POSITION4 ,ITS MO/ =MIDABLE WEAPONS >E NOT ?OSE IT USES 9T5TIONALLY1 BUT ?OSE IT IS AUTOMATICALLY PROVID$ ) BY ! OBJECTIVE CONDITION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 BY ! WAY ?+S >E SET UP 9 PRES5T SOCIETY1 & BY ! WAY SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ORGANIZ$ SO AS TO P]PETUALLY RECREATE ITS [N BASES4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT ONLY SY/EMATICALLY 9DOCTR9AT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 IT IS SEV]ELY DEPRIV$ ( CULTURE4 ,IT IS ROBB$ ( ITS [N PA/1 S9CE IT CAN KN[ ONLY :AT ! RUL+ CLASSES DECIDE TO LET IT SEE ( ITS HI/ORY & ITS PA/ /RUGGLES4 ,IT IS ROBB$ ( AW>5ESS ( ITSELF AS A UNIV]SAL CLASS AS A RESULT ( ! LOCAL1 OCCUPATIONAL1 & NATIONAL FACTORS ( ISOLATION 5G5D]$ BY ! PRES5T SOCIAL /RUCTURE -- & ( ITS PRES5T CONDITION1 S9CE ALL ! 9=MATION M$IA >E UND] ! CONTROL ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS POSITION AS AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT /RUGGLES AGA9/ !SE FACTORS & MAKES UP = !M4 ,IT DEVELOPS A SY/EMATIC DI/RU/ ( B\RGEOIS 9DOCTR9ATION & UND]TAKES A CRITIQUE ( ITS CONT5TS4 ,IT T5DS TO ABSORB ! CULTURE FROM :I* IT IS CUT (F 9 A ?\S& WAYS AT ! SAME TIME AS IT CREATES ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW CULTURE4 ,FROM A BOOK-LE>N$ PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS UNAW>E ( ITS [N PA/1 BUT IT F9DS BE=E IT ITS ESS5TIAL RESULTS 9 ! =M ( ! CONDITIONS = ITS PRES5T ACTION4 ,BUT BY F> ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! P]PETUAL REBIR? ( ! SPIRIT & REALITY ( CAPITALISM )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! WORK]S >E NOT /RANG]S TO CAPITALISM2 !Y >E BORN 9TO A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 LIVE 9 IT1 TAKE P>T 9 IT1 & MAKE IT WORK4 ,CAPITALI/ IDEAS1 NORMS1 & ATTITUDES T5D CON/ANTLY TO 9VADE !IR M9DS & AS LONG AS ! PRES5T SOCIETY LA/S IT WILL NOT BE ANY DIFF]5T4 ,! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ABSOLUTELY CONTRADICTORY1 = AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT GIVES BIR? TO ! ELEM5TS ( A NEW HUMAN ORGANIZATION & ( A NEW CULTURE IT CAN NEV] FREE ITSELF 5TIRELY FROM ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* IT LIVES4 ,! /RONGE/ HOLD ( SOCIETY IS F\ND MA9LY 9 ! FIELDS ?AT >E GIV5 ! LEA/ ?\E ! TIME-HONOR$ HABITS1 ! 0SELF-EVID5T0 AXIOMS ( B\RGEOIS COMMON S5SE ?AT NO ONE CALLS 9TO QUE/ION1 9]TIA1 & SOCIETY'S SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9HIBITION ( PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY & CREATIVITY4 ,DUR+ A REVOLUTION1 CAPITALISM MAY BE DEFEAT$ MILIT>ILY & YET REMA9 VICTORI\S IF1 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT IT & UND] ! PRETEXT ( 0EFFICI5CY10 ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY OR ! PRODUCTION PROCESS IS ORGANIZ$ ALONG CAPITALI/ L9ES 7AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#h-#b#a71 = ?IS 0MORAL0 VICTORY = ! OLD SOCIETY SOON WILL MANAGE TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO COMPLETE VICTORY4 ,! WORK]S MAY SCORE ! 5ORM\S VICTORY ( BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXPRESSES !IR ASPIRATIONS -- & IMM$IATELY TURN VICTORY 9TO DEFEAT IF !Y ?9K ?AT ONCE ! ORGANIZATION IS BUILT IT REMA9S ONLY = !M TO HAVE CONFID5CE 9 IT = IT TO SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS4 ,! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM IS1 !RE=E1 9 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT1 A /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ITSELF1 A /RUGGLE TO FREE ITSELF FROM :AT P]SI/S 9 IT ( ! SOCIETY IT IS COMBAT+4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS ! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< ?IS /RUGGLE1 A DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS NOT BE5 A CONT9U\S ADVANCE BUT AN UNEQUAL & CONTRADICTORY PROCESS ( GA9+ & LOS+ GR\ND1 CONTA9+ 5TIRE P]IODS ( REGRESSION4.<#g.> O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS #b4 ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,! EVOLUTION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,= A C5TURY ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES HAS BE5 SETT+ UP ORGANIZATIONS TO HELP !M 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 & ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 :E!R TRADE UNIONS OR POLITICAL P>TIES1 ULTIMATELY HAVE DEG5]AT$ & BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R !Y HAVE BECOME PURELY & SIMPLY 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,/ATE & ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7LIKE ! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS71 OR :E!R 7LIKE ! ,/AL9I/ ORGANIZATIONS7 !Y AIM TO BR+ AB\T A TRANS=MATION ( ?IS SOCIETY1 CONC5TRAT+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( A BUREAUCRATIC /RATUM :ILE LEAV+ UNALT]$ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,! MA9 PO9T IS ?AT SU* ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BECOME ! /RONGE/ OPPON5TS ( !IR ORIG9AL AIM3 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( 0MI/AKES0 OR ( 0BETRAYALS0 ON ! P>T ( LEAD]S4 ,LEAD]S :O 0]R0 OR 0BETRAY0 >E SOON] OR LAT] REMOV$ FROM ! ORGANIZATIONS !Y LEAD4 ,BUT ! DEG5]ATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAS GONE H& 9 H& ) !IR BUREAUCRATIZATION1 I4E41 ) ! =MATION )9 !M ( A /RATUM ( IRREMOVABLE & UNCONTROLLABLE LEAD]S4 ,!NCE=? ! POLICY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESSES ! 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS ( ?IS BUREAUCRACY4.<#h.> ,TO UND]/& ! DEG5]ATION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS IS TO UND]/& H[ A BUREAUCRACY CAN BE BORN \T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BRIEFLY1 BUREAUCRATIZATION HAS MEANT ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RELATION%IP ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS1 HAS REPRODUC$ ITSELF )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & 9 TWO =MS3 FIR/1 )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* HAVE RESPOND$ TO ! 5L>GEM5T & MULTIPLICATION ( !IR TASKS BY ADOPT+ A B\RGEOIS MODEL ( ORGANIZATION1 9/AURAT+ A GREAT] & GREAT] DIVISION ( LABOR UNTIL A NEW /RATUM ( LEAD]S HAS CRY/ALLIZ$1 SEP>ATE FROM ! MASS ( MILITANTS :O FROM !N ON >E R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( EXECUTANTS2 & SECOND1 BETWE5 WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! FUNCTION !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GRADUALLY TAK5 ON HAS BE5 TO LEAD ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS [N1 WELL-DEF9$ 9T]E/ -- & MO/ ( ! TIME1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS AGRE$ TO RELY ON !SE ORGANIZATIONS & C>RY \T !IR 9/RUCTIONS4 ,& SO WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A COMPLETE NEGATION ( :AT WAS ! ESS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 NAMELY1 ! IDEA ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS EVOLUTION HAS A C\NT]P>T 9 ! CORRESPOND+ EVOLUTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & IDEOLOGY1 MADE POSSIBLE BY ! 9ITIALLY CONTRADICTORY *>ACT] ( ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,9 A S5SE1 NO?+ ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID H]E AB\T WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & ! AUTONOMY ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NEW4 ,IT ALL GOES BACK TO ,M>X'S =MULA1 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE CONQU]$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES02 9 O!R WORDS1 EMANCIPATION WILL TAKE PLACE ONLY 9S(> AS ! WORK]S !MSELVES DECIDE ! MEANS & ! 5DS ( !IR /RUGGLE4 ,?IS 9TUITION ( AUTONOMY IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! DEEPE/ & MO/ POSITIVE ASPECTS ( ,M>X'S WORK3 ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE HE ACCORD$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 ! RADICAL CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS & EV5 ( ! TRADITIONAL NOTION ( 0!ORY10 & ! VISION ( SOCIALISM AS A NEW REALITY :OSE ELEM5TS >E BEG9N+ TO APPE> 9 ! LIVES & ATTITUDES ( ! WORK]S EV5 N[4 ,YET ,M>XISM1 ITSELF BORN 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 HAS NOT FRE$ ITSELF1 & C\LD NOT FREE ITSELF COMPLETELY FROM ! CULTURE 9 :I* IT GREW UP4 ,ITS POSITION -- LIKE ! POSITION ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY & LIKE ! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT UNTIL ! REVOLUTION -- REMA9S CONTRADICTORY4 0,! RUL+ IDEAS ( EA* EPO* >E ! IDEAS ( ITS RUL+ CLASS0 DOES NOT SIMPLY MEAN ?AT ?OSE IDEAS >E PHYSICALLY ! MO/ WIDESPREAD OR ! MO/ WIDELY ACCEPT$4 ,IT ALSO MEANS !Y T5D TO BE ASS5T$ TO1 P>TIALLY & UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ! V]Y PEOPLE :O OPPOSE !M ! MO/ VIOL5TLY4 ,9 ! !ORETICAL SPH]E NO LESS ?AN 9 ! PRACTICAL SPH]E1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! HOLD ( CAPITALISM IS A P]MAN5T /RUGGLE4 ,! ,DECL9E ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY ,V]Y QUICKLY ! IDEA BEGAN TO CAT* ON ?AT ,M>XISM WAS ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY & REVOLUTION4 ,ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO PRES5T IT AS ! SYN!SIS & CONT9UATION ( ! CREATIONS ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE 7,G]MAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY1 ,5GLI% POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ,FR5* UTOPIAN SOCIALISM71 IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT ! PRIME FEATURE 9 ,M>X'S WORK WAS PRECISELY HIS OV]?R[ ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PO/ULATES ( ?AT CULTURE4 ,?IS QUITE NATURALLY L$ TO IT BE+ SAID1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT SOCIALI/ POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS HAS TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS 0FROM ! \TSIDE10 = 0MOD]N SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS CAN ONLY >ISE UPON A BASIS ( DEEP SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE0 & 0! VEHICLE ( SCI5CE IS NOT ! PROLET>IAT BUT ! PETTY B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA40.<#i.> ,AL?\< !SE =MULATIONS ( ,KAUTSKY'S W]E TAK5 UP BY ,L591 !Y >E NOT 9 ANY WAY ! EXCLUSIVE ATTRIBUTE ( BOL%EVISM2 !Y ALSO EXPRESS ! TYPICAL ATTITUDE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ( ! RE=MI/S4.<#a.> ,BUT !IR SPIRIT IS F\ND 9 ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,! DEBASEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! GAP BETWE5 ! SUBTITLE ( ,CAPITAL 70A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY0 -- NOT 0A CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY0 BUT A CRITIQUE ( ! V]Y NOTION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ( ! V]Y IDEA ?AT !RE IS A 0SCI5CE0 ( POLITICAL ECONOMY7 & :AT IT BECAME DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ITS ELAB\RATION3 AN ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% ! 0LAWS ( MOVEM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY40 ,9 ! H&S ( HIS EPIGONES ! IDEA WAS FUR!R TRANS=M$ 9TO A SCI5TIFIC PRO( ?AT ! D[NFALL ( CAPITALISM & ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM W]E 9EVITABLE & 0GU>ANTE$ BY NATURAL LAWS40.<#a#a.> ,! ,M>XI/ !ORY N[ TRIES TO REPRODUCE ! MODEL ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES 9 RELATION TO SOCIETY -- :I* COMES D[N TO SAY+ ?AT IT BORR[S ITS LOGICAL /RUCTURE FROM ! B\RGEOIS ?\IAT4 ,EV5 ITS BASIC PREMISES1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 REFLECT BASICALLY B\RGEOIS IDEAS4 ,9 ! /RICT S5SE1 ! ECONOMIC !ORY EXP\ND$ 9 ,CAPITAL IS BAS$ ON ! PO/ULATE ?AT CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ COMPLETELY & EFFECTIVELY TO TRANS=M ! WORK] -- :O APPE>S !RE ONLY AS LABOR P[] -- 9TO A COMMODITY2 !RE=E ! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] -- ! USE ! CAPITALI/ MAKES ( IT -- IS1 AS = ANY COMMODITY1 COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY ! US]1 S9CE ITS EX*ANGE VALUE -- WAGES -- IS DET]M9$ SOLELY BY ! LAWS ( ! M>KET & 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY ! PRODUCTION CO/S ( LABOR P[]4 ,?IS PO/ULATE IS NECESS>Y = !RE TO BE A 0SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS0 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! PHYSICO-MA!MATICAL MODEL ,M>X FOLL[$ TO AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! EXPOSITION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,BUT HE CONTRADICTS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL FACT ( CAPITALISM1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! USE VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] >E OBJECTIVELY 9DET]M9ATE2 !Y >E DET]M9$ RA!R BY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL BO? 9 PRODUCTION & 9 SOCIETY4 ,H]E IS ! ULTIMATE ROOT ( ! 0OBJECTIVE0 CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM 7SEE 0,ON ! ,CONT5T ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,I,I,I074 ,! ATTEMPT TO MAKE !M V>IABLES :OSE BEHAVIOR IS COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY OBJECTIVE LAWS LEADS1 NOT AS ,M>X & G5]ATIONS ( ,M>XI/S AFT] HIM ?\Y1 TO ! 0PRO(0 ( ! LATT]'S P]MAN5CE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO K9D ( HI/ORICALLY IMPORTANT CRISIS IF ! PROLET>IAT REMA9$ COMPLETELY PASSIVE .1 AS ,CAPITAL PO/ULATES4 ,! P>ADOX IS ?AT ,M>X1 ! 09V5TOR0 ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 WROTE A MONUM5TAL WORK ON PH5OM5A DET]M9$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! /RUGGLE ITSELF WAS 5TIRELY ABS5T4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ! DEGREE TO :I* SU* A CONCEPTION IS 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! IDEA ( A CONSCI\S SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C>RI$ \T BY ! MASSES4 ,! LATT] W\LD !N 9DE$ ONLY HAVE ! ROLE ( SUPPLY+ A V]IFICATION ( :AT ! !ORY HAD ALREADY D$UC$ A PRIORI4.<#a#b.> ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS T5D$ 9 ?IS VISION TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A TE*NIQUE4 ,JU/ AS ! 5G9E] APPLIES ! SCI5CE ( ! PHYSICI/ UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS & ) C]TA9 5DS 9 VIEW1 SO ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIAN APPLIES ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 !ORY ( REVOLUTION 9 GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,/AL91 *>ACT]IZ+ ,L59 AS ! 0BRILLIANT 5G9E] ON ! LOCOMOTIVE ( HI/ORY10 WAS ONLY EXPRESS+ ?IS IDEA ) ! CRU%+ BANALITY ( :I* HE ALONE WAS CAPABLE4 ,! ,DEBASEM5T ( ! ,P>TY ,PROGRAM & ( ! ,FUNCTION ( ! ,P>TY ,! TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY GRADUALLY ASSUME PRIME IMPORTANCE 9 ! PROGRAMS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! OBJECTIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN & %\LD BE DET]M9$ BY ! !ORY2 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE ! WORK ( ! TE*NICIANS ( ! REVOLUTION CORRECTLY APPLY+ !IR !ORY 9 GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :AT ?IS !ORY ALL[S !ORETICIANS TO GRASP >E SOLELY ! 0OBJECTIVE0 ELEM5TS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 & SOCIALISM ITSELF SEEMS MORE & MORE B]EFT ( ALL ITS HUMAN CONT5T & 9CREAS+LY LIKE A SIMPLE1 0OBJECTIVE10 EXT]NAL TRANS=MATION2 9 ITS ESS5TIALS1 IT COMES TO APPE> LIKE A M]E MODIFICATION ( C]TA9 ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS \T ( :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE W\LD RESULT AS A BYPRODUCT AT SOME 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE DATE4 ,EXCLUSIVE PREOCCUPATION ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS WELL AS ) ! REGULATION ( PROP]TY & ( ! OV]ALL ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 70NATIONALIZATION0 & 0PLANN+07 ?US BECOMES 9EVITABLE1 & ! FACT ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ MEAN ABOVE ALL A RADICAL UPHEAVAL 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 :E!R 9 PRODUCTION OR 9 POLITICS1 IS COMPLETELY MASK$ OV]4 ,& IF SOCIALISM IS A SCI5TIFIC TRU? TO :I* SPECIALI/S OBTA9 ACCESS ?R\< !IR !ORETICAL EXPOSITIONS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! FUNCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY W\LD BE TO BR+ SOCIALISM TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! LATT] C\LD NOT REA* IT ?R\< ITS [N EXP]I5CE2 AT ! V]Y MO/ IT C\LD RECOGNIZE ! P>TY ?AT 9C>NATES ?IS TRU? AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY & SUPPORT IT4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( ITS HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] ! P>TY EXCEPT ?R\< ITS PASSIVITY & REFUSAL TO FOLL[ IT4 ,EV5 !N ! P>TY W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE SIMPLY ?AT IT WAS UNABLE TO MAKE ITS PROGRAM CONCRETE 5\< OR ITS PROPAG&A CONV9C+ 5\< -- OR ?AT IT WAS MI/AK5 9 ITS 0APPRECIATION ( ! SITUATION02 BUT IT C\LD NOT LE>N MU* FROM ! WORK+ CLASS AB\T ANY?+ BASIC4 ,! P>TY W\LD POSSESS ! TRU? AB\T SOCIALISM S9CE IT POSSESSES ! !ORY ?AT ALONE LEADS TO IT4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! RIIAT1 & IT MU/ BECOME SO 9 FACT1 S9CE DECISION MAK+ CAN BELONG ONLY TO ! SPECIALI/S 9 ! SCI5CE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9S(> AS IT IS P]MITT$ AT ALL1 DEMOCRACY !N IS ONLY AN 9/RUCTIVE PROC$URE OR AN ADJU/M5T JU/IFI$ BY ! 0IMP]FECT0 NATURE ( REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE4 ,BUT ONLY ! P>TY KN[S & CAN DECIDE :AT ! CORRECT DOSE IS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ,ORGANIZ$ ON A ,CAPITALI/ ,MODEL ,?IS VIEW1 OR MORE EXACTLY ?IS M5TALITY1 F9DS ITS C\NT]P>T )9 ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS MODE ( OP]ATION1 9 ! TYPE ( WORK IT C>RIES \T1 & 9 ! RELATION%IPS ?AT >E 9/AURAT$ 9SIDE IT4 ,! ACTION ( ! ORGANIZATION WILL BE CORRECT IF IT CON=MS ) ! !ORY OR AT LEA/ ) ! >T OR TE*NIQUE ( 0POLITICS10 :I* HAS ITS SPECIALI/S1 TOO4 ,:ATEV] ! DEGREE ( =MAL DEMOCRACY ?AT EXI/S )9 ! ORGANIZATION1 ! MILITANTS WILL BE AW>E ?AT IT IS = ! SPECIALI/S TO ASSESS ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION & TO D$UCE FROM IT ! L9E ?AT MU/ BE FOLL[$2 H5CE1 ALL YE> LONG !Y WILL DO NO?+ BUT C>RY \T ORD]S =MULAT$ BY ! POLITICAL SPECIALI/S4 ,! DIVID+ UP ( TASKS1 :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE :]EV] !RE IS A NE$ = COOP]ATION1 BECOMES A REAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! LABOR ( GIV+ ORD]S BE+ SEP>ATE FROM ?AT ( C>RY+ !M \T4 ,ONCE 9/AURAT$1 ?IS DIVISION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS T5DS TO BROAD5 & DEEP5 BY ITSELF4 ,! LEAD]S SPECIALIZE 9 !IR ROLE & BECOME 9DISP5SABLE :ILE ?OSE :O C>RY \T ORD]S BECOME ABSORB$ 9 !IR CONCRETE TASKS4 ,DEPRIV$ ( 9=MATION1 ( ! G5]AL VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 & ( ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION1 >RE/$ 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T BY !IR LACK ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! OV]ALL LIFE ( ! ,P>TY1 ! ORGANIZATION'S RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS LESS & LESS HAVE ! MEANS OR ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] ?OSE AT ! TOP4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR IS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIMIT$ BY 0DEMOCRACY40 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 :I* %\LD MEAN ?AT ! MAJORITY RULES .1 IS R$UC$ TO MEAN+ ?AT ! MAJORITY DESIGNATES ITS RUL]S2 COPI$ 9 ?IS WAY FROM ! MODEL ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 DRA9$ ( ANY REAL MEAN+1 IT QUICKLY BECOMES A VEIL ?R[N OV] ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( ! RUL]S4 ,! BASE DOES NOT RUN ! ORGANIZATION JU/ BECAUSE ONCE A YE> IT ELECTS DELEGATES :O DESIGNATE ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 NO MORE ?AN ! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y-TYPE REPUBLIC BECAUSE !Y P]IODICALLY ELECT DEPUTIES :O DESIGNATE ! GOV]NM5T4 ,LET US CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 AS IT IS SUPPOS$ TO FUNCTION 9 AN IDEAL ,L59I/ P>TY4 ,?AT ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE IS DESIGNAT$ BY A 0DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$0 CONGRESS MAKES NO DIFF]5CE S9CE1 ONCE IT IS ELECT$1 IT IS DE FACTO & DE JURE ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT IT HAS COMPLETE 7/ATUTORY7 CONTROL OV] ! BODY ( ! ,P>TY 7& CAN DISSOLVE ! BASE ORGANIZATIONS1 KICK \T MILITANTS1 ETC47 OR ?AT1 UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 IT CAN DET]M9E ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEXT CONGRESS4 ,! C5TRAL COMMITTEE C\LD USE ITS P[]S 9 AN HONORABLE WAY1 !SE P[]S C\LD BE R$UC$2 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY MITICIPATION 9 ! ORGANIZATION'S ACTIVITIES & 9 ! SOLUTION ( PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE4 ,IF ! WAY ! ORGANIZATION IS RUN MAKES ! SOLUTION ( G5]AL PROBLEMS ! SPECIFIC TASK & P]MAN5T WORK ( A SEP>ATE CATEGORY ( MILITANTS1 ONLY !IR OP9ION WILL1 OR WILL APPE>1 TO C\NT TO ! O!RS4 ,& ?IS SITUATION WILL C>RY FUR!R 9TO ! POLITICAL T5D5CIES ?AT EXI/ )9 ! ,P>TY4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 A CONGRESS MEET+ AT REGUL> 9T]VALS IS NO MORE 0DEMOCRATIC0 ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS2 9DE$1 BO? BOIL D[N 9 EFFECT TO 9VIT+ ELECTORS TO VOICE !IR OP9IONS FROM TIME TO TIME ON PROBLEMS FROM :I* !Y >E REMOV$ ! RE/ ( ! TIME1 :ILE MOREOV] TAK+ AWAY FROM !M ALL MEANS ( HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] :AT HAPP5S AS A RESULT4 ,?IS CRITICISM APPLIES NOT ONLY TO BOL%EVISM1 BUT ALSO TO SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & TRADE UNIONS ( ALL K9DS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A ,/AL9I/ & A RE=MI/ P>TY IS COMP>ABLE TO ?AT BETWE5 A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME & A B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRATIC0 ONE4 ,=MAL 9DIVIDUAL RITICUL> CATEGORY ( PEOPLE4 ,! ,OBJECTIVE ,CONDITIONS = ,BUREAUCRATIZATION ,! PH5OM5ON ( DEG5]ATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION ?AT WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS UND]GO IS A TOTAL ONE1 EMBRAC+ EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS A PROCESS ( DEBASEM5T JU/ AS MU* 9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AS 9 ! PROGRAM1 ACTIVITIES1 FUNCTION1 & /RUCTURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! WORK ?AT MILITANTS ACCOMPLI% 9 !M4.<#a#c.> ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !IR ACTUAL HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS ! RESULT ( ! DEBASEM5T ( IDEAS 9 ! HEADS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS DEBASEM5T IS ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALISM & CAPITALI/ WAYS ( ?9K+ & ACT+ )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAS NOT MANAG$ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! HOLD ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT WAS BORN1 & ?AT IT IS FALL+ UND] ITS 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE AGA9 AT ! V]Y MOM5T IT ?9KS IT IS PUTT+ UP ITS MO/ RADICAL OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,?AT ?IS HOLD HAD A BASIS 9 ! TOTALITY ( PRODUCTIVE1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & IDEOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY & ?AT 9 P>TICUL> ! BUREAUCRATIC EVOLUTION ( ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAS BE5 CONDITION$ BY ! OBJECTIVE EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM IS C]TA94 ,A RE=MI/ BUREAUCRACY IS 9CONCEIVABLE EXCEPT 9 A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ?AT MAKES SU* RE=MISM POSSIBLE4 ,A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 OR 0TOTALIT>IAN0 BUREAUCRACY SU* AS ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY IS 9CONCEIVABLE EXCEPT 9 A SITUATION ( P]MAN5T CRISIS 9 SOCIETY ?AT ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES >E 9CAPABLE ( SOLV+4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 A BUREAUCRACY ( ANY SIGNIFICANT SIZE 9 A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T A CORRESPOND+ DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION 9 ! >EAS ( PRODUCTION & /ATIFICATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,BO? BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES & ! LABOR =CE >E CONC5TRAT$1 :ILE ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( HUGE TRADE UNIONS EASILY PREV5TS ANY 9ITIATIVE ON ! P>T ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,& ,/ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE (F]S ! BUREAUCRACY AN IDEAL T]RA9 ON :I* TO C>RY \T ITS ACTIVITY1 BO? ) RESPECT TO ECONOMIC GRIEVANCES AS WELL AS ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,?IS TYPE ( ANALYSIS IS 9DISP5SABLE BUT 9COMPLETE & UNSATISFACTORY4 ,IT W\LD BE FALSE TO PRES5T ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS SIMPLY AS A RESULT ( ! EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM T[>D CONC5TRATION & /ATIFICATION4 ,V]Y E>LY ON1 ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT OR ( 0ITS0 ORGANIZATIONS PLAY$ A DET]M9+ ROLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY SO ?AT AFT] A C]TA9 PO9T 0CAUSE0 & 0EFFECT0 CAN NO LONG] BE DI/+UI%$4 ,BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TRANS=M$ !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T SO AS TO ADAPT IT TO !IR CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 & !Y CONT9UE TO DO SO4 ,EV]Y?+ AN ANALYSIS ( ?IS SORT TEA*ES US %[S US ?AT ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION MAKES BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION POSSIBLE 7:I* WE KNEW ALREADY71 BUT IT DOES NOT TEA* US ?AT IT MAKES IT 9EVITABLE4 ,& AS F> AS REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ! FUTURE IS CONC]N$1 IT IS ( LITTLE USE4 ,IT W\LD BE VA91 = EXAMPLE1 TO CLAIM TO =ESEE A FUTURE EVOLUTION ( EV5TS OR CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD R5D] BUREAUCRATIZATION 0OBJECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE40.<#a#d.> ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS LEAVE ! POSSIBILITY OP5 = A LEAD+ SECTION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT ! T5D5CIES FAVOR+ ! BIR? & GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS >E ! PREVAIL+ T5D5CIES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 :I* IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE A BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM EV]Y DAY4 ,OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS IS ( ! FIR/ IMPORTANCE1 = IT %[S ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION1 BY NO MEANS AN ACCID5TAL OR PASS+ PH5OM5ON1 IS A FACTOR ) :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO RECKON4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT SUFFICE TO EXPLA9 ?IS PH5OM5ON OR GUIDE \R ACTION4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 BETT] BY LOOK+ AT A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT EXAMPLE4 ,ONE'S T5D5CY IS TO PRES5T ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS AS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( !IR NUM]ICAL EXPANSION3 TRADE UNIONS OR P>TIES NUMB]+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( MEMB]S CANNOT1 IT IS ?\G$ ) !SE TASKS1 & H5CE BY MAK+ LEAD]%IP 9TO A SEP>ATE JOB 5TRU/$ TO 9DIVIDUALS :O DEVOTE !MSELVES TO IT PR(ESSIONALLY4 ,! /]ILITY ( SU* CONSID]ATIONS IS IMM$IATELY NOTICEABLE2 IF ?+S W]E SO1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NON-BUREAUCRATIC WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] L>GE1 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE -- & ?AT ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY TOO1 PROBABLY4 ,= ITS REASON+ BOILS D[N TO ! ASS]TION ?AT ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT WE SEE RIT IT HAS ALREADY ADOPT$ ! MO/ DEEPLY ROOT$ ( B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES4 ,:AT IS OBJECTIVE IS ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION ?AT >ISES 9EVITABLY 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,TO ?IS PROBLEM !RE >E TWO SOLUTIONS -- & H]E OBJECTIVITY 5DS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! B\RGEOIS-BUREAUCRATIC SOLUTION1 C5TRALIZATION IS ! P>TICUL> RESPONSIBILITY ( A P>TICUL> /RATUM ( LEAD]S4 ,?IS IS ! RESPONSE WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAVE 9 ! 5D SUBSCRIB$ TO1 & IT IS ! ONE ! >GUM5T SET =? E>LI] IMPLICITLY ACCEPTS4 ,BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS /RUGGLES ! WORK+ CLASS HAS SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION 9 A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FA%ION4 ,A G5]AL MEET+ ( /RIK]S1 AN ELECT$ /RIKE COMMITTEE1 ! COMMUNE1 ! SOVIET1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL -- ?AT'S C5TRALIZATION4 ,! PROLET>IAN RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ! ELECTION ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,& NO ONE CAN PROVE ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION ) ! 9SPIRATION ( ?IS RESPONSE RA!R ?AN ! B\RGEOIS RESPONSE4 ,9 FACT1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS TRI$ TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 ITS [N WAY1 EV5 9 0NORMAL0 TIMES4 ,! FIR/ ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS PRACTIC$ :AT ,L59 CALL$ PRIMITIVE DEMOCRACY1 CONTEMPTU\SLY 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 & ADMIR+LY 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE ATTEMPTS C\LD ONLY DISAPPE> SOON] OR LAT]4 ,! VANGU>D1 :I* PLAY$ A PRIME ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 DID NOT SEE ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS WAY2 ALL ! SAME IT C\LD NEV] HAVE C>RI$ ITS PO9T ( VIEW IF ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF HAD NOT ACCEPT$ IT4 ,& ?IS ALL[S US TO SEE ANO!R ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( ALL !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! ,ROLE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,DEG5]ATION MEANS ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION T5DS TO BECOME SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & AN ORGAN AP>T1 ITS DE FACTO & DE JURE LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT COME AB\T BECAUSE ( DEFECTS 9 ! /RUCTURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS OR !IR MI/AK5 IDEAS OR SOME SORT ( AN EVIL SPELL CA/ ON ORGANIZATION AS SU*4 ,!SE NEGATIVE FEATURES REFLECT ! FAILURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* 9 TURN IS ONLY AN ASPECT ( ! FAILURE ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,:5 A DIRECTOR_/EXECUTANT RELATION%IP IS SET UP BETWE5 ! TRADE UNION OR P>TY & ! PROLET>IAT1 IT MEANS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS ALL[+ A RELATION%IP ( ! CAPITALI/ TYPE TO BE 9/AURAT$ )9 ITSELF4 ,H5CE DEG5]ATION IS NOT A PH5OM5ON PECULI> TO WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT IS JU/ ONE ( ! EXPRESSIONS ( ! WAY CAPITALISM SURVIVES )9 ! PROLET>IAT2 CAPITALISM EXPRESSES ITSELF NOT 9 ! CORRUPTION ( LEAD]S BY MONEY1 BUT AS AN IDEOLOGY1 AS A TYPE ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE & AS A SET ( RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,IT IS A MANIFE/ATION ( ! IMMATURITY ( ! PROLET>IAT VIS-A-VIS SOCIALISM4 ,IT CORRESPONDS TO A PHASE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T &1 EV5 MORE G5]ALLY1 TO A CON/ANT T5D5CY T[>D 9TEGRATION 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION OR T[>D AIM+ = P[] = ITS [N SAKE1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT 9 SYMMETRICAL FA%ION AS A T5D5CY T[>D RELY+1 CONSCI\SLY OR PASSIVELY1 ON ! ORGANIZATION = A SOLUTION TO ITS PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! ,P>TY'S CLAIM ?AT 9 POSSESS+ !ORY IT POSSESSES ! TRU? & !REBY %\LD TAKE ! LEAD 9 EV]Y?+ W\LD NOT HAVE ANY REAL APPEAL IF IT DID NOT MAKE USE ( ! CONVICTION %>$ BY ! PROLET>IAT -- & DAILY REPRODUC$ BY LIFE UND] CAPITALISM -- ?AT G5]AL QUE/IONS >E ! DEP>TM5T ( SPECIALI/S & ?AT ITS [N EXP]I5CE ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY IS 0UNIMPORTANT40 ,!SE TWO T5D5CIES EXPRESS ONE & ! SAME S5SE ( FRU/RATION & FAILURE2 !Y ORIG9ATE 9 ! SAME FACTS & ! SAME IDEAS & >E IMPOSSIBLE & 9CONCEIVABLE ONE )\T ! O!R4 ,( C\RSE1 WE %\LD JUDGE DIFF]5TLY ! POLITICIAN :O WANTS TO IMPOSE HIS PO9T ( VIEW BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS & ! WORK] :O IS TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( F9D+ A REPLY TO HIS FL[ ( WORDS OR ( MAT*+ HIS CUNN+1 & EV5 MORE DIFF]5TLY ! LEAD] :O 0BETRAYS0 & ! WORK] :O IS 0BETRAY$02 BUT WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! NOTION ( TREASON HAS NO MEAN+ 9 SU* RELATION%IPS4 ,NO ONE CAN 9DEF9ITELY BETRAY PEOPLE :O DO NOT WANT TO BE BETRAY$ & :O DO :AT IS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T !IR BE+ BETRAY$ ANY LONG]4 ,UND]/&+ ?IS ALL[S US TO APPRECIATE :AT ALL ?IS PROLET>IAN FETI%ISM & ALL !SE ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL OBSESSIONS ?AT REC5TLY HAVE TAK5 HOLD ( C]TA9 PEOPLE >E REALLY ALL AB\T4 ,:5 TRADE-UNION LEAD]S C>RY ?R\< RE=MI/ POLICIES1 !Y ONLY SUCCE$ BECAUSE ( ! APA?Y1 ! ACQUIESC5CE1 & ! 9SUFFICI5T RESPONSE ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,:51 = F\R YE>S1 ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT ALL[S ! ,ALG]IANS TO BE MASSACR$ & TORTUR$ & ONLY FEEBLY /IRS :5 ! QUE/ION ( ITS BE+ MOBILIZ$ OR ( ITS WAGES BECOMES 9VOLV$1 IT IS V]Y SUP]FICIAL TO SAY ?AT IT IS ALL A CRIME ( ,MOLLET'S OR ( ,?OREZ'S.<#a#e.> OR ( ORGANIZATIONAL BUREAUCRATIZATION 9 G5]AL4 ,! 5ORM\S ROLE PLAY$ BY ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES 9 ?IS QUE/ION DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS PLAYS NO P>T AT ALL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS IS NEI!R A TOTALLY IRRESPONSIBLE 5TITY NOR ! ABSOLUTE SUBJECT ( HI/ORY2 & ?OSE :O ONLY SEE 9 ! CLASS'S EVOLUTION ! PROBLEM ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ITS ORGANIZATIONS P>ADOXICALLY WANT TO MAKE IT BO? AT ONCE4 ,TO HE> !M TELL IT1 ! PROLET>IAT DRAWS EV]Y?+ FROM ITSELF -- & PLAYS NO P>T 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NO1 AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION WE %\LD SAY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ONLY GETS ! ORGANIZATIONS IT IS CAPABLE ( HAV+4 ,! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT =CES IT ALWAYS TO UND]TAKE & CONT9U\SLY RECOMM5CE ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS /RUGGLE IT PRODUCES NEW CONT5TS & NEW =MS -- SOCIALI/ CONT5TS & =MS1 = TO FID OBJECTIVES1 PR9CIPLES1 /&>DS1 & =MS ( ORGANIZATION RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS LONG AS CAPITALISM 5DURES1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL REMA9 P>TLY UND] ITS HOLD4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS HOLD CAN BE SE5 P>TICUL>LY CLE>LY 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 CAPITALISM TAKES HOLD ( !M1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS DEG5]ATE -- :I* GOES H& 9 H& ) !IR BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,AS LONG AS CAPITALISM LA/S1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 0OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS0 MAK+ ?IS DEG5]ATION POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION IS FAT$4 ,PEOPLE MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS SIMPLY ALL[ A RESULT ?AT IS ! PRODUCT ( MAN'S ACTIONS & ATTITUDES TO HAPP54 ,:5 !Y HAVE OCCURR$1 !SE ACTIONS HAVE TAK5 A V]Y WELL DEF9$ PA?4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS HAVE P>TLY REMA9$ OR HAVE RETURN$ TO BE+ PRISON]S ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & IDEOLOGY4 ,ON ! O!R1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS REMA9$ JU/ AS MU* UND] ?IS HOLD & HAS AGRE$ TO ACT AS ! EXECUTANT ( ITS ORGANIZATIONS4 O ,*APT] #c 3 ,A ,NEW ,P]IOD ,BEG9S = ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T #c4 ,A ,NEW ,P]IOD ,BEG9S = ! ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T ,UND] :AT CONDITIONS CAN ?IS SITUATION *ANGE 9 ! FUTURE8 ,FIR/1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! PREC$+ P]IOD WILL HAVE TO ALL[ REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS & WORK]S ALIKE TO BECOME AW>E ( ! CONTRADICTORY &1 BASICALLY1 REACTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 !IR [N & ! O!R'S CONCEPTIONS & ATTITUDES4 ,MILITANTS WILL HAVE TO OV]?R[ !SE TRADITIONAL IDEAS & COME >\ND TO VIEW+ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 PROGRAM1 POLITICS1 ACTIVITY1 & ORGANIZATION 9 A NEW WAY1 9 A SOCIALI/ WAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL HAVE TO COME >\ND TO SEE+ ITS /RUGGLE AS AN AUTONOM\S /RUGGLE & ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION NOT AS A LEAD]%IP RESPONSIBLE = ITS FATE BUT AS ONE MOM5T & ONE 9/RUM5T 9 ITS /RUGGLE4 ,DO !SE CONDITIONS EXI/ N[8 ,IS ?IS OV]?R[ ( TRADITIONAL IDEAS AN EF=T ( WILL1 AN 9SPIRATION1 OR A NEW1 MORE CORRECT !ORY8 ,NO1 ?IS OV]?R[ IS MADE POSSIBLE FROM N[ ON BY ONE GREAT OBJECTIVE FACT1 SPECIFICALLY1 ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS PRODUC$ A BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS BUREAUCRACY HAS BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRACY CONT9UES1 IT WILL BE TURN$ NOT ONLY AGA9/ BUREAUCRATS AS P]SONS BUT AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY AS A SY/EM1 AS A TYPE ( SOCIAL RELATION%IP1 AS A REALITY & AN IDEOLOGY CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS REALITY4 ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL COROLL>Y TO :AT WAS SAID E>LI] AB\T ! ROLE ( OBJECTIVE FACTORS4 ,!RE >E NO ECONOMIC OR O!R LAWS MAK+ BUREAUCRATIZATION H5CE=? IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT !RE IS A DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS BECOME OBJECTIVE1 = SOCIETY HAS BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$ & SO ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE A /RUGGLE AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( BUREAUCRACY IS NOT 0PR$E/9$10 JU/ AS ! VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS /RUGGLE IS NOT 0PR$E/9$0 EI!R4 ,BUT ! CONDITIONS = ?IS VICTORY >E FROM N[ ON SATISFI$ BY SOCIAL REALITY1 = AW>5ESS ( ! PROBLEMS ( BUREAUCRACY NO LONG] DEP5DS UPON ANY !ORETICAL >GUM5TS OR UPON ANY EXCEPTIONAL AM\NT ( LUCIDITY2 IT CAN RESULT FROM ! DAILY EXP]I5CE ( WORK]S :O 5C\NT] BUREAUCRACY NOT AS A POT5TIAL ?REAT 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE BUT AS AN 5EMY ( FLE% & BONE1 BORN ( !IR V]Y [N ACTIVITY4 ,PROLET>IAT & ,BUREAUCRACY 9 ! ,PRES5T ,P]IOD ,! EV5TS ( REC5T YE>S %[ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS GA9+ EXP]I5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS NOT AS LEAD]%IP GR\PS ?AT >E 0MI/AK50 OR ?AT 0BETRAY10 BUT 9 AN 9F9ITELY MORE PR(\ND WAY4 ,:]E !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E 9 P[]1 AS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ! PROLET>IAT SEES !M ( NECESSITY AS PURELY & SIMPLY ! 9C>NATION ( ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,:5 IT MANAGES TO BREAK ! TOTALIT>IAN YOKE1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IS NOT JU/ DIRECT$ AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY2 IT PUTS =W>D AIMS ?AT EXPRESS 9 POSITIVE T]MS ! EXP]I5CE ( BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,9 #aiec ! WORK]S ( ,EA/ ,B]L9 ASK$ = A 0METALWORK]S' GOV]NM5T0 & LAT] ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS DEM&$ WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4.<#a#f.> ,9 ! MAJORITY ( ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 ! WORK]S' ATTITUDE T[>D BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS %[S ?AT !Y SEE !M AS =EIGN & ALI5 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO :AT WAS /ILL HAPP5+ AT ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 9 NO 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY DO WORK]S /ILL BELIEVE ?AT 0!IR0 P>TIES OR TRADE UNIONS >E WILL+ OR ABLE TO BR+ AB\T A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 !IR SITUATION4 ,!Y MAY 0SUPPORT0 !M BY VOT+ = !M AS A LESS] EVIL2 !Y MAY USE !M -- ?IS IS (T5 /ILL ! CASE AS F> AS TRADE UNIONS >E CONC]N$ -- AS ONE USES A LAWY] OR ! FIRE BRIGADE4 ,BUT R>ELY DO !Y MOBILIZE !MSELVES = !M OR AT !IR CALL1 & NEV] DO !Y ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 !M4 ,MEMB]%IP 9 TRADE UNIONS MAY RISE OR FALL1 NO ONE ATT5DS TRADE-UNION MEET+S4 ,P>TIES CAN RELY LESS & LESS ON ! ACTIVE MILITANCY ( WORK]S :O >E P>TY MEMB]S2 !Y N[ FUNCTION MA9LY ?R\< PAID P]MAN5T /AFF MADE UP ( 0LEFT-W+0 MEMB]S ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,9 ! EYES ( ! WORK]S1 !SE P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS >E P>T ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] -- MORE OR LESS ROTT5 ?AN ! RE/ -- BUT BASICALLY ! SAME AS !M4 ,:5 WORK]S' /RUGGLES ]UPT !Y (T5 DO SO \TSIDE ! BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & SOMETIMES DIRECTLY AGA9/ !M4.<#a#g.> ,WE !RE=E HAVE 5T]$ A NEW PHASE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT ?AT CAN BE DAT$1 IF Y\ LIKE1 FROM #a#i#e#c2 ?IS IS ! BEG9N+ ( A HI/ORICAL P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! PROLET>IAT WILL TRY TO RID ITSELF ( ! REMNANTS ( ITS CREATIONS ( #ahi & #a#i#a#g4 ,H5CE=?1 :5 ! WORK]S PUT =W>D !IR [N AIMS & S]I\SLY /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE !M1 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO DO SO ONLY \TSIDE1 & MO/ (T5 9 CONFLICT )1 BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! LATT] WILL DISAPPE>4 ,= AS LONG AS ! PROLET>IAT ACCEPTS ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION1 ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESS+ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WILL EXI/ & WILL CONT9UE TO S]VE AS 9/RUM5TS = ! 9TEGRATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,)\T !M1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CAN NO LONG] POSSIBLY FUNCTION4 ,BUT BECAUSE ( ?IS V]Y FACT1 EA* /RUGGLE WILL T5D TO SET ! WORK]S AGA9/ !SE BUREAUCRATIZ$ ORGANIZATIONS2 & IF !SE /RUGGLES DEVELOP1 NEW ORGANIZATIONS WILL RISE UP FROM ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 = SECTIONS ( WAGE LABOR]S1 SAL>I$ WORK]S1 & 9TELLECTUALS WILL FEEL ! NE$ TO ACT 9 A SY/EMATIC & P]MAN5T FA%ION TO HELP ! PROLET>IAT TO A*IEVE ITS NEW OBJECTIVES4 ,! ,NE$ = A ,NEW ,ORGANIZATION ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS IS TO 5T] A NEW PHASE ( ACTIVITY & DEVELOPM5T1 IMM5SE PRACTICAL & IDEOLOGICAL NE$S WILL >ISE4 ,! PROLET>IAT WILL NE$ ORGANS ?AT WILL ALL[ IT TO EXPRESS ITS EXP]I5CES & OP9IONS BEYOND ! WORK%OP & ! (FICE :]E ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY AT PRES5T CONF9ES !M & ?AT WILL 5ABLE IT TO SMA% ! B\RGEOIS & BUREAUCRATIC MONOPOLY OV] ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION4 ,IT WILL NE$ 9=MATION C5T]S TO TELL IT AB\T :AT IS HAPP5+ AMONG V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S1 )9 ! RUL+ CLASSES1 9 SOCIETY 9 G5]AL1 & 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,IT WILL NE$ ORGANS = IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM & ! BUREAUCRACY CAPABLE ( DRAW+ \T A POSITIVE SOCIALI/ CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WILL FEEL ! NE$ = A SOCIALI/ P]SPECTIVE TO BE DEF9$1 = ! PROBLEMS FAC$ BY A WORK+ CLASS 9 P[] TO BE BR\RY \T !SE TASKS AS WELL AS 9T]OCCUPATIONAL1 9T]REGIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL LIAISONS TO BR+ PEOPLE & IDEAS TOGE!R4 ,IT WILL NE$ TO ATTRACT (FICE WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS1 & 9TELLECTUALS 9TO ITS CAMP & TO 9TEGRATE !M 9TO ITS /RUGGLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT DIRECTLY SATISFY !SE NE$S ITSELF EXCEPT 9 A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CAN BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION 0SPONTANE\SLY10 MAKE ! MO/ F>-REA*+ DEM&S1 9V5T =MS ( /RUGGLE ( 9COMP>ABLE EFFECTIV5ESS1 & CREATE ORGANS TO EXPRESS ITS P[]4 ,BUT ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU*1 9 A TOTALLY UNDIFF]5TIAT$ /ATE1 WILL NOT1 = EXAMPLE1 PRODUCE A NATIONAL WORK]S' NEWSPAP]1 ! ABS5CE ( :I* IS SORELY FELT TODAY2 IT WILL BE WORK]S & MILITANTS :O WILL PRODUCE IT1 & :O WILL ( NECESSITY ORGANIZE TO PRODUCE IT4 ,IT WILL NOT BE ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE ?AT SPREADS ! NEWS ( A P>TICUL> /RUGGLE F\TICUL> PLACE2 IF ORGANIZ$ WORK]S & MILITANTS DON'T DO IT1 !N ?IS EXAMPLE WILL BE LO/1 = IT WILL REMA9 UNKN[N4 ,9 P]IODS ( NORMALCY1 ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU* WILL NOT ABSORB )9 ITSELF ! TE*NICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS :OM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY T5DS TO SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK]S ALL !IR LIVES2 & )\T ?IS SORT ( 9TEGRATION A HO/ ( PROBLEMS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY WILL REMA9 9SOLUBLE4 ,NEI!R WILL ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU* NOR 9TELLECTUALS AS SU* SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO C>RY ON A CONT9U\S ELAB\RATION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & IDEOLOGY1 = SU* A RESOLUTION CAN ONLY COME AB\T ?R\< A FUSION ( ! EXP]I5CE ( WORK]S & ! POSITIVE ELEM5TS ( MOD]N CULTURE4 ,N[1 ! ONLY PLACE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY 9 :I* ?IS FUSION CAN TAKE PLACE IS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,TO WORK T[>D SATISFY+ !SE NE$S !RE=E NECESS>ILY IMPLIES BUILD+ AN ORGANIZATION AS L>GE1 AS /RONG1 & AS EFFECTIVE AS POSSIBLE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?IS ORGANIZATION CAN EXI/ ONLY UND] TWO CONDITIONS4 ,! FIR/ CONDITION IS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS RECOGNIZE IT AS AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL 9 ITS /RUGGLE4 ,)\T SUB/ANTIAL SUPPORT FROM ! WORK+ CLASS ! ORGANIZATION C\LD NOT DEVELOP = BETT] OR = WORSE4 ,! PHOBIA AB\T BUREAUCRATIZATION C]TA9 PEOPLE >E DEVELOP+ AT ! MOM5T FAILS TO RECOGNIZE A BASIC FACT3 ,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE ROOM = A NEW BUREAUCRACY1 OBJECTIVELY 7! EXI/+ BUREAUCRACIES SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION7 AS WELL AS1 & ABOVE ALL1 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,OR ELSE1 IF ! PROLET>IAT AGA9 ALL[$ A BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION TO DEVELOP & ONCE MORE FELL UND] ITS HOLD1 ! CONCLUSION W\LD HAVE TO BE ?AT ALL ! IDEAS ON :I* WE BASE \RSELVES >E FALSE1 AT ANY RATE AS F> AS ! PRES5T HI/ORICAL P]IOD & PROBABLY AS F> AS SOCIALI/ PROSPECTS >E CONC]N$4 ,= ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS 9CAPABLE ( E/ABLI%+ A SOCIALI/ RELATION%IP ) A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IT CANNOT SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( ITS RELATIONS ) ! SPH]E ( IDEOLOGY1 ) 9TELLECTUALS1 & ) O!R SOCIAL GR\PS ON A HEAL?Y & FRUITFUL BASIS1 & !RE=E1 ULTIMATELY1 ?AT IT W\LD F9D ! PROBLEM ( ! 0,/ATE0 AN 9SOLUBLE ONE4 ,BUT SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL ONLY BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ! PROLET>IAT AS AN 9DISP5SABLE TOOL 9 ITS /RUGGLE IF -- & ?IS IS ! SECOND CONDITION -- IT LE>NS ALL ! LESSONS ( ! PREVI\S HI/ORICAL P]IOD & IF IT PUTS ITSELF AT ! LEVEL ( ! PROLET>IAT'S PRES5T EXP]I5CE & NE$S4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL BE ABLE TO DEVELOP & 9DE$ EXI/ ONLY IF ITS ACTIVITY1 /RUCTURE1 IDEAS1 & ME?ODS CORRESPOND TO ! ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S & EXPRESS IT & ONLY IF IT IS ABLE TO DEF9E REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 !ORY1 ACTION1 & WORK ON NEW BASES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,POLITICS ,! 5D1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! MEANS1 ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 EV]Y SPH]E & ESPECIALLY :]E ! OB/ACLES TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T >E GREATE/3 ) RESPECT TO ! PROBLEM ( SOCIETY TAK5 AS A :OLE4 ,BUT AW>5ESS IS NOT RECORD+ & PLAY+ BACK1 LE>N+ IDEAS BR\IAT AS A CREATIVE FACULTY4 ,NOT ONLY !N IS IT NOT A QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IMPOS+ ITSELF ON ! PROLET>IAT OR ( MANIPULAT+ IT1 BUT ALSO IT CANNOT BE A QUE/ION ( PREA*+ TO ! PROLET>IAT OR ( TEA*+ IT A 0CORRECT !ORY40 ,! TASK ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! =MATION ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT BY CONTRIBUT+ ?OSE ELEM5TS ( :I* IT IS DISPOSSESS$4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT CAN COME TO EX]T CONTROL OV] !SE ELEM5TS1 &1 :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT1 IT CAN EFFECTIVELY 9TEGRATE !M 9TO ITS [N EXP]I5CE & !RE=E MAKE SOME?+ \T ( !M1 ONLY IF !Y >E ORGANICALLY CONNECT$ ) IT4 ,?IS IS COMPLETELY ! OPPOSITE ( 0SIMPLIFICATION0 OR POPUL>IZATION1 & IMPLIES RA!R A CONT9UAL DEEP5+ ( ! QUE/IONS ASK$4 ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS MU/ CON/ANTLY %[ H[ SOCIETY'S MO/ G5]AL PROBLEMS >E CONTA9$ 9 ! DAILY LIFE & ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S1 & 9V]SELY1 H[ ! CONFLICTS TE>+ AP>T !IR LIVES >E1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ( ! SAME NATURE AS ?OSE ?AT DIVIDE SOCIETY4 ,IT MU/ %[ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! SOLUTIONS ! WORK]S (F] TO PROBLEMS !Y FACE AT WORK & ?OSE ?AT >E APPLICABLE TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT MU/ EXTRACT ! SOCIALI/ CONT5T 9 :AT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT 7:E!R IT IS A MATT] ( A /RIKE OR ( A REVOLUTION71 =MULATE IT COH]5TLY1 PROPAGATE IT1 & %[ ITS UNIV]SAL IMPORT4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS ANY?+ LIKE A PASSIVE EXPRESSION OR REFLECTION ( WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?IS CONSCI\SNESS CONTA9S SOME?+ ( EV]Y?+1 BO? SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS & CAPITALI/ ONES AS WE HAVE %[N AT GREAT L5G?4 ,!RE IS ,BUDAPE/ & !RE >E ALSO L>GE NUMB]S ( ,FR5* WORK]S :O TREAT ,ALG]IANS LIKE B\GN\LES2.<#a#h.> !RE >E /RIKES AGA9/ HI]>*Y & !RE >E 9T]UNION JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTES4 ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS CAN & MU/ COMBAT CAPITALISM'S CONT9U\S P5ETRATION 9TO ! PROLET>IAT1 = REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IS M]ELY ONE ASPECT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ITSELF4 ,IT NECESS>ILY IMPLIES MAK+ A *OICE AMONG ! ?+S ! WORK+ CLASS PRODUCES1 ASKS =1 & ACCEPTS4 ,! BASIS = ?IS *OICE IS REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY & !ORY4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY ,! LONG-PREVAL5T CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY -- ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY & REVOLUTION1 AS ELAB\RAT$ BY SPECIALI/S & 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAT BY ! P>TY -- IS 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION TO ! V]Y IDEA ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BE+ ! AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES4 ,BUT IT IS JU/ AS ]RONE\S ON ! !ORETICAL PLANE4 ,!RE IS NO 0PRO(0 ( ! 9EVITABLE COLLAPSE ( ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4.<#a#i.> ,!RE IS EV5 LESS 0TRU?0 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIALISM BE+ E/ABLI%$ BY A !ORETICAL ELAB\RATION OP]AT+ \TSIDE ! CONCRETE CONT5T CREAT$ BY ! HI/ORIC1 EV]YDAY ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! PROLET>IAT DEVELOPS ON ITS [N T[>D SOCIALISM -- O!RWISE !RE W\LD BE NO PROSPECT = SOCIALISM4 ,! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS = ?IS DEVELOPM5T >E GIV5 BY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,BUT !SE CONDITIONS ONLY E/ABLI% ! CONTEXT & DEF9E ! PROBLEMS ! PROLET>IAT WILL 5C\NT] 9 ITS /RUGGLE2 !Y >E A LONG WAY FROM DET]M9+ ! CONT5T ( ITS ANSW]S TO !SE PROBLEMS4 ,ITS RESPONSES >E A CREATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = ?IS CLASS TAKES UP ! OBJECTIVE ELEM5TS ( ! SITUATION & AT ! SAME TIME TRANS=MS !M1 !REBY OP5+ UP A PREVI\SLY UNKN[N & UNSUSPECT$ FIELD ( ACTION & OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITIES4 ,! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM IS PRECISELY ?IS CREATIVE ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES ?AT NO !ORY EV] C\LD OR EV] WILL BE ABLE TO ANTICIPATE4 ,M>X C\LD NOT HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ! COMMUNE 7NOT AS AN EV5T BUT AS A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION7 NOR ,L59 ! SOVIETS1 NOR C\LD EI!R ( !M HAVE ANTICIPAT$ WORK]'S MANAGEM5T4 ,M>X C\LD ONLY DRAW CONCLUSIONS FROM & RECOGNIZE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ACTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT DUR+ ! ,COMMUNE -- & HE M]ITS ! GREAT DI/9CTION ( HAV+ %ATT]$ HIS [N PREVI\SLY HELD VIEWS TO DO SO4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE JU/ AS FALSE TO SAY ?AT ONCE !SE CONCLUSIONS HAVE BE5 REA*$1 ! !ORY POSSESSES ! TRU? & CAN RIGIDIFY IT 9 =MULATIONS ?AT WILL REMA9 VALID 9DEF9ITELY4 ,!SE =MULATIONS WILL BE VALID ONLY UNTIL ! NEXT PHASE ( ACTIVITY BY ! MASSES1 = EA* TIME !Y AGA9 5T] 9TO ACTION ! MASSES T5D TO GO BEYOND !IR PREVI\S LEVEL ( ACTION1 & !REBY BEYOND ! CONCLUSIONS ( PREVI\S !ORETICAL ELAB\RATIONS4 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT A CORRECT !ORY AS OPPOS$ TO FALSE !ORIES2 IT IS ! POSSIBILITY ( A NEW WORLD RIS+ \T ( ! DEP?S ( SOCIETY ?AT WILL BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y NOTION ( 0!ORY40 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT A CORRECT IDEA4 ,IT IS A PROJECT = ! TRANS=MATION ( HI/ORY4 ,ITS CONT5T IS ?AT ?OSE :O HALF ! TIME >E ! OBJECTS ( HI/ORY WILL BECOME :OLLY ITS SUBJECTS -- :I* W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE IF ! MEAN+ ( ?IS TRANS=MATION W]E POSSESS$ BY A P>TICUL> GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY MU/ BE *ANG$4 ,IT MU/ BE MODIFI$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ) RESPECT TO ! ULTIMATE S\RCE = ITS IDEAS & PR9CIPLES -- :I* CAN BE NO?+ ELSE BUT ! HI/ORIC AS WELL AS DAY-TO-DAY EXP]I5CE & ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ALL ( ECONOMIC !ORY HAS TO BE RECON/RUCT$ >\ND :AT IS CONTA9$ 9 EMBRYO 9 ! T5D5CY ( WORK]S T[>D EQUALITY 9 PAY2 ! 5TIRE !ORY ( PRODUCTION >\ND ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S 9 ! FACTORY2 ALL ( POLITICAL !ORY >\ND ! PR9CIPLES EMBODI$ 9 ! SOVIETS & ! C\NCILS4 ,IT IS ONLY ) ! HELP ( !SE L&M>KS ?AT !ORY CAN ILLUM9ATE & MAKE USE ( :AT IS ( REVOLUTION>Y VALUE AMONG ! G5]AL CULTURAL CREATIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,! CONCEPTION ( !ORY MU/ BE MODIFI$1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ) RESPECT TO BO? ITS OBJECTIVE & FUNCTION4 ,?IS CANNOT BE TO *URN \T ! ET]NAL TRU?S ( SOCIALISM1 BUT TO ASSI/ 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & HUMANITY4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !ORY IS A UTILIT>IAN APP5DAGE ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE OR ?AT ITS VALUE IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY ! DEGREE ( EFFECTIV5ESS ( PROPAG&A4 ,REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS ITSELF AN ESS5TIAL MOM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM & IS SU* TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT CONTA9S ! TRU?4 ,NOT SPECULATIVE OR CONTEMPLATIVE TRU?1 BUT TRU? B\ND UP ) PRACTICE1 TRU? ?AT CA/S LIY V5TURE & ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE2 TO %$ LII\S ELEM5TS 9 IT & TO PROVIDE AN OV]ALL EXPLANATORY S*EMA = UND]/&+ !SE ELEM5TS & = RELAT+ !M TO EA* O!R2 & TO MA9TA9 ! VITAL L9K BETWE5 ! PA/ & ! FUTURE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL1 IT IS TO ELAB\RATE ! PROSPECTS = SOCIALISM4 ,= REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 ! ULTIMATE GU>ANTOR = ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & = ! PROSPECT ( A NEW SOCIETY IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS OPPOSITION TO E/ABLI%$ =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ITS T5D5CY TO 9/AURATE NEW RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,BUT !ORY CAN & MU/ BR+ \T ! TRU?S ?AT SPR+ FROM ?IS ACTIVITY BY %[+ !IR UNIV]SAL VALIDITY4 ,IT MU/ %[ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S *ALL5GE TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY EXPRESSES ! DEEPE/ CONTRADICTION )9 ?AT SOCIETY2 IT MU/ %[ ! OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT !RE=E MU/ DEF9E ! SOCIALI/ \TLOOK AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T ACCORD+ TO ! EXP]I5CE & ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT -- & 9 RETURN 9T]PRET ?IS EXP]I5CE ACCORD+ TO ?IS \TLOOK4 ,9DE$1 ! CONCEPTION ( !ORY MU/ BE MODIFI$ ) RESPECT TO ! WAY IT IS ELAB\RAT$4 ,AS AN EXPRESSION ( :AT IS UNIV]SALLY VALID 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT & AS A FUSION ( ?AT EXP]I5CE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CULTURE1 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY CANNOT BE ELAB\RAT$1 AS WAS DONE 9 ! PA/1 BY A P>TICUL> /RATUM ( 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IT WILL HAVE NO VALUE1 NO CONSI/5CY ) :AT IT ELSE:]E PROCLAIMS TO BE ITS ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLES UNLESS IT IS CON/ANTLY BE+ REPL5I%$1 9 PRACTICE1 BY ! EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK]S AS IT TAKES %APE 9 !IR DAY-TO-DAY LIVES4 ,?IS IMPLIES A RADICAL BREAK ) ! PRACTICE ( TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! 9TELLECTUALS' MONOPOLY OV] !ORY IS NOT BROK5 BY ! FACT ?AT A T9Y GR\P ( WORK]S >E 0$UCAT$0 BY ! ORGANIZATION -- & ?US TRANS=M$ 9TO SECOND-/R+ 9TELLECTUALS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS SIMPLY P]PETUATES ! PROBLEM4 ,! TASK ! ORGANIZATION IS UP AGA9/ 9 ?IS SPH]E IS TO M]GE 9TELLECTUALS ) WORK]S AS WORK]S AS IT IS ELAB\RAT+ ITS VIEWS4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! QUE/IONS ASK$1 & ! ME?ODS = DISCUSS+ & WORK+ \T !SE PROBLEMS1 MU/ BE *ANG$ SO ?AT IT WILL BE POSSIBLE = ! WORK] TO TAKE P>T4 ,?IS IS NOT A CASE ( 0! TEA*] MAK+ ALL[ANCES10 BUT RA!R ! PRIM>Y CONDITION TO BE FULFILL$ IF REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS TO REMA9 ADEQUATE TO ITS PR9CIPLES1 ITS OBJECT1 & ITS CONT5T4 ,!RE OBVI\SLY CANNOT BE EQUAL P>TICIPATION ON ALL SUBJECTS2 ! IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT !RE BE EQUAL P>TICIPATION ON ! BASIC ONES4 ,N[1 = REVOLUTION>IES1 ! FIR/ *ANGE TO BR+ AB\T CONC]NS ! QUE/ION ( :AT IS A BASIC SUBJECT4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT WORK]S C\LD NOT P>TICIPATE AS WORK]S & ON ! BASIS ( !IR EXP]I5CE 9 A DISCUSSION ON ! FALL+ RATE ( PR(IT4 ,IT SO HAPP5S1 AS IF BY ACCID5T1 ?AT ?IS PROBLEM IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 UNIMPORTANT 7EV5 SCI5TIFICALLY74 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 NONP>TICIPATION 9 TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAS GONE ALONG ) A CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AS A 0SCI5CE0 ?AT HAS NO CONNECTION ) PEOPLE'S EXP]I5CES EXCEPT 9 ITS MO/ REMOTE CONSEQU5CES4 ,:AT WE >E SAY+ H]E LEADS US TO ADOPT A DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ POSITION2 BY DEF9ITION1 NO?+ CAN BE ( BASIC CONC]N TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IF !RE IS NO WAY ( L9K+ IT UP ORGANICALLY ) ! WORK]S' [N EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS ALSO OBVI\S ?AT ?IS CONNECTION IS NOT ALWAYS SIMPLE & DIRECT & ?AT ! EXP]I5CE 9VOLV$ H]E IS NOT EXP]I5CE R$UC$ TO PURE IMM$IACY4 ,! MY/IFICATION ?AT !RE IS SOME K9D ( 0SPONTANE\S PROCESS0 ?R\< :I* ! WORK] CAN1 ?R\< AN EF=TLESS & MAGIC OP]ATION1 F9D EV]Y?+ HE NE$S TO MAKE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ! H]E & N[ ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE IS ! EXACT C\NT]P>T TO ! BUREAUCRATIC MY/IFICATION IT IS TRY+ TO COMBAT1 & IT IS JU/ AS DANG]\S4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS %[ ?AT IT IS VA9 TO TALK ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY \TSIDE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,ONLY AN ORGANIZATION =M$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 9 :I* WORK]S NUM]ICALLY PR$OM9ATE & DOM9ATE IT ON FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS1 & :I* CREATES BROAD AV5UES ( EX*ANGE ) ! PROLET>IAT1 ?US ALL[+ IT TO DRAW UPON ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE EXP]I5CE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY -- ONLY AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS K9D CAN PRODUCE A !ORY ?AT WILL BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! ISOLAT$ WORK ( SPECIALI/S4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ACTION ,! TASK ( ! ORGANIZATION IS NOT JU/ TO >RIVE AT A CONCEPTION -- ! CLE>E/ POSSIBLE -- ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & !N KEEP IT TO ITSELF4 ,?IS CONCEPTION HAS NO MEAN+ UNLESS IT IS A MOM5T 9 ?IS /RUGGLE2 IT HAS NO VALUE UNLESS IT CAN AID 9 ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE & ASSI/ 9 ! =MATION ( !IR EXP]I5CE4 ,!SE TWO ASPECTS >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,UNLIKE ! 9TELLECTUAL1 :OSE EXP]I5CES >E =M$ BY READ+1 WRIT+1 & SPECULATIVE ?9K+1 WORK]S CAN =M !IR EXP]I5CES ONLY ?R\< !IR ACTIONS4 ,! ORGANIZATION !RE=E CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ! =MATION ( WORK]S' EXP]I5CE ONLY IF 7A7 IT ACTS 9 AN EXEMPL>Y FA%ION1 & 7B7 IT HELPS ! WORK]S TO ACT 9 AN EFFECTIVE & FRUITFUL WAY4 ,UNLESS IT WANTS TO R5\NCE ITS EXI/5CE COMPLETELY1 ! ORGANIZATION CANNOT R5\NCE ACT+1 NOR CAN IT GIVE UP TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE ACTIONS & EV5TS 9 A P>TICUL> DIRECTION4 ,NO =M ( ACTION CONSID]$ 9 ITSELF CAN BE RUL$ \T 9 ADVANCE4 ,!SE =MS ( ACTION CAN ONLY BE JUDG$ BY !IR EFFECTIV5ESS 9 A*IEV+ ! AIM ( ! ORGANIZATION -- :I* CONT9UES TO BE ! LA/+ DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE =MS RANGE FROM ! PUBLICATION ( J\RNALS & PAMPHLETS TO ! ISSU+ ( LEAFLETS CALL+ = SU* & SU* AN ACTION & ! PROMULGATION ( SLOGANS ?AT 9 A GIV5 HI/ORIC SITUATION CAN ALL[ A RAPID CRY/ALLIZATION ( ! AW>5ESS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S [N AIMS & WILL TO ACT4 ,! ORGANIZATION CAN C>RY ?R\< ?IS ACTION COH]5TLY & CONSCI\SLY ONLY IF IT HAS A PO9T ( VIEW ON ! IMM$IATE AS WELL AS ! HI/ORICAL PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ ! WORK+ CLASS & ONLY IF IT DEF5DS ?IS PO9T ( VIEW BE=E ! WORK+ CLASS -- 9 O!R WORDS1 ONLY IF IT ACTS ACCORD+ TO A PROGRAM ?AT COND5SES & EXPRESSES ! EXP]I5CE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T UP TO ?AT PO9T4 ,?REE TASKS FAC+ ! ORGANIZATION AT PRES5T >E HIE ( ! AW>5ESS !Y ALREADY POSSESS4 ,TWO 5ORM\S OB/ACLES PREV5T WORK]S FROM EXPRESS+ !MSELVES4 ,! FIR/ IS ! MAT]IAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( EXPRESS+ !MSELVES AS A RESULT ( ! MONOPOLY OV] ! MEANS ( EXPRESSION EX]CIS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! P>TIES ( ! 0,LEFT10 & ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION WILL HAVE TO PUT ITS ORGANS AT ! DISPOSAL ( WORK]S1 :E!R ORGANIZ$ OR NOT4 ,BUT !RE IS A SECOND1 EV5 MORE =MIDABLE OB/ACLE3 ,EV5 :5 !Y >E GIV5 ! MAT]IAL MEANS TO EXPRESS !MSELVES1 ! WORK]S DO NOT DO SO4 ,AT ! ROOT ( ?IS ATTITUDE IS F\ND ! IDEA CON/ANTLY SPAWN$ . BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & 5C\RAG$ BY 0WORK+-CLASS0 ORGANIZATIONS ?AT :AT WORK]S HAVE TO SAY DOES NOT REALLY MATT]4 ,! CONVICTION ?AT ! 0GREAT0 PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY >E UNRELAT$ TO WORK+-CLASS EXP]I5CE1 & ?AT !Y BELONG TO ! FIELD ( SPECIALI/S & LEAD]S1 IS CON/ANTLY TAK+ ROOT 9 ! PROLET>IAT2 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ?IS CONVICTION IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! SURVIVAL ( ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ! DUTY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION TO COMBAT ?IS1 FIR/1 BY ITS CRITIQUE ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 %[+ 9 P>TICUL> ! BANKRUPTCY ( ?IS SY/EM & ! 9ABILITY ( ITS LEAD]S TO SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS2 & !N & ABOVE ALL1 BY %[+ ! POSITIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK]S' EXP]I5CE & ! ANSW] ?IS CONTA9S 9 EMBRYO TO ! MO/ G5]AL PROBLEMS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ONLY 9S(> AS ! IDEA IS DE/ROY$ ?AT :AT ! WORK]S HAVE TO SAY IS 9SIGNIFICANT1 ?AT WORK]S WILL EXPRESS !MSELVES4 ,! SECOND TASK ( ! ORGANIZATION IS TO PLACE BE=E ! PROLET>IAT AN OV]ALL CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEMS ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! PROBLEM ( SOCIALISM4 ,WORK]S F9D IT H>D TO 5VISION ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY & SEE RA!R ! DEGRADATION ! IDEA ( SOCIALISM HAS SUFF]$ ?R\< ITS BUREAUCRATIC C>ICATURES4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !SE DIFFICULTIES CON/ITUTE ! MA9 OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ?IS P]IOD ( DEEP CRISIS 9 ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS = ! ORGANIZATION TO RE>\SE 9 ! PROLET>IAT ?IS AW>5ESS ( ! POSSIBILITY ( SOCIALISM2 )\T IT1 REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T WILL BE 9F9ITELY MORE DIFFICULT4 ,! ORGANIZATION'S ?IRD TASK IS TO HELP ! WORK]S DEF5D !IR IMM$IATE 9T]E/S & POSITION4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! COMPLETE BUREAUCRATIZATION ( TRADE UNIONS 9 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( CASES & ! 9ANITY ( ANY MOVE AIM$ AT REPLAC+ !M BY NEW & 0IMPROV$0 TRADE UNIONS1 TODAY ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ALONE CAN TAKE ON AN 5TIRE S]IES ( FUNCTIONS ESS5TIAL = ! SUCCESS & EV5 ! LODG+ ( ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,!SE 9CLUDE ! FUNCTIONS ( 9QUIRY1 COMMUNICATION1 & LIAISON2 ! BASIC MAT]IAL FUNCTIONS ?AT GO ALONG ) !M2 & F9ALLY1 & ESPECIALLY1 ! FUNCTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! SY/EMATIC CL>IFICATION & CIRCULATION ( EXEMPL>Y DEM&S1 ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 & ME?ODS ( CONDUCT+ /RUGGLES ?AT HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY ONE OR ANO!R CATEGORY ( WORK]S4 ,?IS ACTION BY ! ORGANIZATION 9 NO WAY D5IES ! IMPORTANCE ?AT AUTONOM\S1 M9ORITY FACTIONS ( MILITANT WORK]S 9 V>I\S COMPANIES MIR[ FRAMEWORK ( ! FIRM & EXP& ONTO ! 9T]OCCUPATIONAL & NATIONAL LEVELS2 MOREOV]1 ! ORGANIZATION CAN MAKE A DECISIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! EXT5SION ( !IR ROLE4 ,BUT :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT1 EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT SU* GR\P+S WILL ONLY REMA9 PASS+ PH5OM5A UNLESS !Y >E ANIMAT$ BY MILITANTS :O >E CONV9C$ ( ! NECESSITY = P]MAN5T ACTION & :O1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS CONVICTION1 L9K ?IS ACTION ) PROBLEMS ?AT GO BEYOND ! SITUATION ( WORK]S 9 !IR FIRM4 ,!SE MILITANTS WILL F9D ! ORGANIZATION AN 9DISP5SABLE SUPPORT = !IR ACTION1 & MO/ (T5 !Y WILL ORIG9ATE FROM ?IS ORGANIZATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! =MATION ( M9ORITY FACTIONS )9 FIRMS WILL MO/ ( ! TIME BE A*IEV$ AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,/RUCTURE ( ! ,ORGANIZATION ,9 ?IS SPH]E TOO1 ! ORGANIZATION'S 9SPIRATION CAN COME ONLY FROM ! SOCIALI/ /RUCTURES CREAT$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS HI/ORY4 ,IT MU/ LET ITSELF BE GUID$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* ! SOVIET & ! FACTORY C\NCIL W]E F\ND$1 NOT COPY+ SU* ORGANIZATIONS LIT]ALLY1 BUT ADAPT+ !M TO SUIT ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* IT IS PLAC$4 ,?IS MEANS3 ,?AT 9 DECID+ !IR [N ACTIVITIES1 GRASS-ROOTS ORGANS 5JOY AS MU* AUTONOMY AS IS COMPATIBLE ) ! G5]AL UNITY ( ACTION ( ! ORGANIZATION2 ,?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 I4E41 COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ BY ALL ?OSE 9VOLV$1 BE APPLI$ :]EV] IT IS MAT]IALLY POSSIBLE2 & ,?AT ! C5TRAL ORGANS EMP[]$ TO MAKE DECISIONS BE COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES ELECT$ FROM ! GRASS-ROOTS ORGANS :O >E LIABLE TO RECALL AT ANY TIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! PR9CIPLES ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T MU/ GOV]N ! OP]ATION & /RUCTURE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,AP>T FROM !M1 !RE >E ONLY CAPITALI/ PR9CIPLES1 :I*1 AS WE HAVE SE51 CAN ONLY RESULT 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 IT IS ! PROBLEM ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION ?AT ! ORGANIZATION MU/ RESOLVE ON ! BASIS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,! ORGANIZATION IS A COLLECTIVE UNIT1 9 ACTION & EV5 9 PRODUCTION2 IT !RE=E CANNOT EXI/ )\T UNITY ( ACTION1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALL QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! ORGANIZATION AS A :OLE NECESS>ILY 9VOLVE C5TRALIZ$ DECISION MAK+4 0,C5TRALIZ$0 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT DECISIONS >E TO BE MADE BY A C5TRAL COMMITTEE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E TO BE MADE BY ! ORGANIZATION AS A :OLE1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR ?R\< ELECT$1 RECALLABLE DELEGATES1 US+ ! PR9CIPLE ( MAJORITY VOTE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS ESS5TIAL ?AT )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( !SE C5TRAL DECISIONS1 ! GRASS-ROOTS ORGANS GOV]N !IR [N ACTIVITIES AUTONOM\SLY4 ,! CONFUSION CREAT$ BY BUREAUCRATIC DOM9ATION OV] ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S HAS TURN$ SOME PEOPLE TODAY AGA9/ C5TRALIZATION AS SU* 7:E!R 9 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION OR 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY7 & HAS L$ !M TO CONTRA/ IT ) DEMOCRACY4 ,SU* AN OPPOSITION IS ABSURD4 ,FEUDALISM WAS DEC5TRALIZ$1 & IF ,KHRU%*EV'S ,RUSSIA BECAME DEC5TRALIZ$ IT W\LD NOT MAKE IT ANY MORE DEMOCRATIC4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 A FACTORY C\NCIL IS C5TRALIZATION ITSELF4 ,DEMOCRACY IS ONLY A =M ( C5TRALIZATION2 IT MEANS SIMPLY ?AT ! C5T] IS ! TOTALITY ( ?OSE :O TAKE P>T & ?AT DECISIONS >E MADE BY A MAJORITY ( !SE P>TICIPANTS & NOT BY ANY AU?ORITY AP>T FROM !M4 ,BOL%EVIK 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 WAS NOT DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM1 AS WE SAW E>LI]4 ,9 REALITY1 IT WORKS BY ASSIGN+ DECISION-MAK+ FUNCTIONS TO A M9ORITY ( LEAD]S4 ,! PROLET>IAT HAS ALWAYS BE5 C5TRALI/4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE ( ITS HI/ORICAL ACTIONS 7! COMMUNE1 SOVIETS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS7 AS ( ITS CURR5T /RUGGLES4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT HAS BE5 DEMOCRATIC1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A SUPPORT] ( ! RULE ( ! MAJORITY4 ,IF ! SOCIAL ORIG9 ( OPPOSITION TO ! MAJORITY PR9CIPLE IS TO BE S\E MADE BUT ! 5TIRE PROCESS BY :I* !SE DECISIONS >E >RIV$ AT4 ,DEMOCRACY IS MEAN+FUL ONLY IF ?OSE :O >E TO MAKE ! DECISIONS >E ABLE TO DO SO 9 FULL KN[L$GE ( ! RELEVANT FACTS4.<#b.> ,! PROBLEM ( DEMOCRACY1 !RE=E1 ALSO EMBRACES ! PROBLEM ( OBTA9+ ADEQUATE 9=MATION2 BUT IT DOES NOT 9VOLVE ONLY ?IS1 = IT ALSO 9CLUDES ! NATURE ( ! QUE/IONS POS$ & ! ATTITUDE ( ! P>TICIPANTS T[>D !SE QUE/IONS & T[>D ! RESULTS ( ?IS OR ?AT DECISION4 ,F9ALLY1 DEMOCRACY IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! ACTIVE & P]MAN5T P>TICIPATION ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS WORK & 9 ITS OP]ATION4 ,AGA91 ?IS P>TICIPATION DOES NOT & CANNOT RESULT FROM ! PSY*OLOGICAL PECULI>ITIES ( MILITANTS1 SU* AS !IR =CE ( *>ACT] OR !IR 5?USIASM4 ,IT DEP5DS ABOVE ALL ON ! TYPE ( WORK ! ORGANIZATION PROPOSES TO !M & ON ! WAY 9 :I* ?IS WORK IS CONCEIV$ & C>RI$ \T4 ,IF ! WORK !Y DO R$UCES !M TO ! ROLE ( EXECUTANTS ( DECISIONS ACTUALLY MADE BY O!RS1 !IR P>TICIPATION WILL BE 9F9ITESIMAL4 ,EV5 IF !SE DECISIONS >E IMPLEM5T$ ) GREAT DEVOTION1 ! DEGREE ( P>TICIPATION NECESS>ILY WILL BE ONLY A SMALL FRACTION ( :AT IT IS POT5TIALLY4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! DEGREE ( OPPORTUNITY AF=D$ BY ! ORGANIZATION TO EA* ( ITS MEMB]S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! \TPUT ( ! ORGANIZATION AS A CREATIVE MEMB] ( ! GR\P & TO USE HIS [N EXP]I5CE TO EX]T CONTROL OV] ?IS \TPUT ?AT WILL ALL[ ONE TO MEASURE ! DEGREE ( DEMOCRACY ! ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 ABLE TO ATTA94 ,CAN WE CLAIM1 !RE=E1 TO HAVE SOLV$ ALL PROBLEMS ONCE & = ALL8 ,CAN WE SAY N[ ?AT WE >E IMMUNE FROM ! MODES ( ?\IAT TO AVOID ALL MI/AKES & DEFEATS8 ,TO SUPPOSE ?IS W\LD BE TO UND]/& NO?+ AT ALL ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID1 & 9DE$1 TO EXPECT A REPLY ( ?IS SORT W\LD BE TO UND]/& NO?+ AT ALL AB\T ! TYPE ( QUE/IONS ASK$4 ,! REPLY TO ?OSE :O ASK = GU>ANTEES ?AT A NEW ORGANIZATION WILL NOT BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$ IS ?IS3 0,Y\ >E ALREADY COMPLETELY BUREAUCRATIZ$ Y\RSELVES1 Y\ >E ! IDEAL 9FANTRY ( A NEW BUREAUCRACY IF Y\ BELIEVE ?AT BY M]ELY SPECULAT+ AB\T IT1 A !ORETICIAN WILL >RIVE AT A PLAN ?AT WILL ELIM9ATE ! POSSIBILITY ( BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,! ONLY GU>ANTEE AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIZATION LIES 9 Y\R [N ?\TICIPATION & C]TA9LY NOT 9 Y\R AB/5TION40 ,WE HAVE SAID = SOME YE>S 9 ?IS J\RNAL .<,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM.> ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY IS CAUTICIPATES 9 ! SOCIETY IT IS TRY+ TO ABOLI%4 ,?IS IS ! SAME SORT ( CONTRADICTORY POSITION ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF IS 9 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS NONS5SICAL TO LOOK N[ = A !ORETICAL SOLUTION TO ?IS CONTRADICTION4 ,NO SU* SOLUTION EXI/S1 = A !ORETICAL SOLUTION TO A REAL CONTRADICTION IS AN ABSURDITY4 ,?IS DOES NOT W>RANT AB/5TION BUT RA!R /RUGGLE4 ,! CONTRADICTION RESOLVES ITSELF P>TIALLY AT EA* /AGE ( ACTION1 BUT ONLY REVOLUTION CAN RESOLVE IT TOTALLY4 ,IT IS P>TIALLY RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE :5 A REVOLUTION>Y PUTS BE=E WORK]S IDEAS ?AT ALL[ !M TO ORGANIZE & CL>IFY !IR EXP]I5CE -- &1 :5 !SE WORK]S USE !SE IDEAS TO GO FUR!R1 TO GIVE RISE TO NEW1 POSITIVE CONT5TS ( ! /RUGGLE1 & EV5TUALLY TO 0$UCATE ! $UCATOR40 ,IT IS RESOLV$ 9 P>T :5 AN ORGANIZATION PROPOSES A =M ( /RUGGLE & ?IS =M IS TAK5 UP1 5RI*$1 & BROAD5$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,IT IS RESOLV$ :5 G5U9E COLLECTIVE WORK BECOMES 9/AURAT$ )9 ! ORGANIZATION2 :5 EA* P]SON'S IDEAS & EXP]I5CES >E DISCUSS$ BY ! O!RS1 & !N SURPASS$1 TO BE M]G$ 9 A COMMON AIM & ACTION2 & :5 MILITANTS DEVELOP !MSELVES ?R\< !IR P>TICIPATION 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( ! LIFE & ACTIVITY ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,NONE ( ?IS IS EV] GA9$ ONCE & = ALL1 BUT IT IS ONLY ALONG !SE L9ES ?AT PROGRESS CAN BE MADE4 ,:ATEV] ! =M ( ! ORGANIZATION & ITS ACTIVITY1 EFFECTIVE P>TICIPATION BY MILITANTS WILL ALWAYS BE A PROBLEM1 AN A*IEVEM5T ?AT MU/ BE RECONSOLIDAT$ DAILY4 ,! PROBLEM WILL NOT BE SOLV$ BY DECREE+ ?AT !RE WILL BE NO ORGANIZATION -- :I* COMES D[N TO ACCEPT+ A ROLE ( NO P>TICIPATION :ATSOEV]1 I4E41 ! EXACT EQUIVAL5T ( ! COMPLETE BUREAUCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,NOR CAN IT BE SOLV$ BY CON/ITUTIONAL RULES OR BYLAWS ?AT W\LD AUTOMATICALLY GU>ANTEE MAXIMUM P>TICIPATION -- = NO SU* RULES EXI/4 ,!RE >E SIMPLY RULES ?AT ALL[ = P>TICIPATION & O!RS ?AT MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE4 ,:ATEV] ! CONT5TS ( ! ORGANIZATION'S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY OR PROGRAM1 H[EV] DEEP !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! EXP]I5CE & NE$S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE ! POSSIBILITY1 ! C]TA9TY EV51 ?AT AT SOME PO9T ?IS !ORY & PROGRAM WILL BE \T/RIPP$ BY HI/ORY1 & !RE WILL ALWAYS BE ! RISK ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE DEF5D$ !M UP TO ?AT PO9T WILL T5D TO MAKE !M 9TO ABSOLUTES & TRY TO SUBORD9ATE & ADAPT ! CREATIONS ( LIV+ HI/ORY TO FIT !M4 ,WE CAN LIMIT ?IS RISK & $UCATE MILITANTS &1 AS A />T1 \RSELVES BY ! ?\4 ,BUT IT CAN NEV] BE ELIM9AT$ COMPLETELY1 & 9 ANY CASE IT CANNOT BE ELIM9AT$ BY ]ADICAT+ !ORY & PROGRAM1 = ?IS COMES D[N TO ELIM9AT+ ALL RATIONAL ACTION & TO AB&ON+ LIFE 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE BAD REASONS = LIV+4 ,?IS CONTRADICTORY SITUATION HAS NOT BE5 CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITANT4 ,IT IS IMPOS$ ON HIM1 AS IT IS IMPOS$ ON ! PROLET>IAT1 BY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITANT FROM ! B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPH] IS ?AT ! =M] DOES NOT REMA9 SPELLB\ND BY ! CONTRADICTION ONCE HE HAS BECOME AW>E ( IT1 BUT /RUGGLES TO OV]COME IT1 NOT ?R\< SOLIT>Y REFLECTION OR SPECULATION1 BUT ?R\< COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,& TO ACT IS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO GET ONESELF ORGANIZ$4 O ,REM>KS ,REM>KS ,?IS TEXT & ! FOLL[+ ONE .<,TRANS43 I4E41 0,! ,PROLET>IAT & ,ORGANIZATION1 ,I,I10 :I* IS NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! PRES5T $ITION.> W]E WRITT5 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #aieh & CIRCULAT$ )9 ! ,S4 \ ,B4 GR\P 9 ! AUTUMN ( ! SAME YE>4 ,! REF]5CES TO ,CLAUDE ,LE=T'S TEXT1 >\ND :I* ! COMRADES :O LEFT ! GR\P W]E UNIT$1 >E GIV5 LAT]4 ,I DO NOT HAVE ANY?+ ( GREAT IMPORT TO ADD TO ! DESCRIPTION ( CIRCUM/ANCES SURR\ND+ ?IS SCISSION FURNI%$ 9 ! FOLL[+ TEXT1 = O!RWISE ,I W\LD HAVE TO GO 9TO DETAIL AB\T ! HI/ORY ( ! GR\P FROM ITS BEG9N+S1 A TASK ?AT DOES NOT /RIKE ME AS P>TICUL>LY URG5T TODAY4 ,ON ! ANTEC$5TS TO ?IS :OLE DISCUSSION1 SEE ALSO 0,PO/FACE TO ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY & ,PROLET>IAN ,LEAD]%IP10 ,L',EXP]I5CE DU M\VEM5T \VRI]1 #a3 ,COMM5T LUTT] 7#a_/#a#h1 #a#i#g#d71 PP4 #a#f#c-#g#h4 .<,TRANS43 SEE VOLUME #a ( ! PRES5T $ITION = EXC]PTS FROM ?IS PO/FACE4.> ,AS = PROBLEMS ( A SUB/ANTIAL NATURE1 ,I /ILL SUPPORT ! IDEAS =MULAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ TEXT AL?\< ,I N[ CONSID] !M 9ADEQUATE & 9COMPLETE4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT IT W\LD BE V]Y USEFUL TO ADD MANY COMM5TS TO ?IS DISCUSSION ( ! YE> #a#i#e#h1 = IT C\LD ONLY BE 5RI*$ BY GO+ BEYOND ! V]Y T]RA9 ON :I* IT TOOK PLACE4 ,?IS T]RA9 WAS V]Y N>R[ 9DE$1 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY SOCIOLOGICAL1 RATIONAL1 & OP]ATIVE4 ,QUE/IONS SU* AS 0:O AGITATES10 0:Y10 & 0H[0 W]E B>ELY BROA*$ AT ALL1 BY EI!R SIDE2 NEI!R W]E ! QUE/IONS RAIS$ ?AT DO 9 FACT >ISE AT ! LEVEL ( GR\PS ( MILITANTS 7SU* GR\PS >E F> FROM CON/ITUT+ RATIONAL & TRANSP>5T WORK+ COLLECTIVES74 ,!SE PSY*IC & 0PSY*OLOGICAL0 FACTORS1 H[EV]1 DET]M9E ! ACTUAL FUNCTION+ & ! REALITY ( SU* GR\PS & ORGANIZATIONS AS MU* AS G5]AL SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS1 & MU* MORE ?AN !IR 0PROGRAMS0 & 0BYLAWS40 ,ONE CAN F9D A BRIEF -- & P>TIALLY 9ACCURATE -- DESCRIPTION ( ! #aieh SCISSION 7AS WELL AS AN EXPOSITION ( A PO9T ( VIEW OPPOS$ TO ?AT =MULAT$ 9 0,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS @& ,ORGANIZATION07 9 ! PAMPHLET ,H5RI ,SIMON PUBLI%$ AFT] HIS BREAK ) ,9=MATIONS ET ,CORRESPOND5CE ,\VRI]ES4 ,SIMON HAD HELP$ F\ND ,I,C,O AFT] HIS DEP>TURE FROM ,S4 \ ,B4 & HIS SEP>ATION FROM ,CLAUDE ,LE=T4 ,! PAMPHLET IS 5TITL$1 ,I4,C4,O43 ,UN PO9T DE VUE1 & IT IS AVAILABLE ?R\< ! AU?OR1 #cd RUE ,/4 ,SEBA/I51 ,P>IS #g#e#a#a4 .<,TRANS43 ,PHOTOCOPIES CAN /ILL BE OBTA9$ FROM HIM AT ?IS ADDRESS4.> ,ONE %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ IF ,I SAY ?AT ! CONCLUSION ,I HAVE DRAWN AFT] READ+ IT IS ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( ,I,C,O & ,SIMON'S F9AL BREAK ) IT W]E DET]M9$ 9 L>GE P>T BY ! PRES5CE ( PROBLEMS :OSE EXI/5CE & IMPORTANCE HE REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE 9 #a#i#e#h4 O ,NOTES ,NOTES3 .<#a.> ,! ANALYSIS ( ?IS QUE/ION HAS OCCUPI$ A C5TRAL PLACE 9 ! WORK ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4 ,WE CAN ONLY SUMM>IZE \R CONCLUSIONS H]E4 ,SEE 0,SOCIALISM OR ,B>B>ISM10 0,! ,RELATIONS ( ,PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA10 0 ,ON ! ,CONT5T ( ,SOCIALISM ,I10 ETC4 .<#b.> ,ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE = A LONG TIME TO R$UCE ! FACTORS ?AT BR\D /ATE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS 0EXPLANATION0 EXPLA9S NO?+3 ,9T]NATIONAL ISOLATION & ! BACKW>DNESS ( ! C\NTRY C\LD JU/ AS WELL HAVE L$ 7PURELY & SIMPLY7 TO ! DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION & TO ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,SU* CONSID]ATIONS DO NOT 9 ANY WAY EXPLA9 H[ ! REVOLUTION BO? 0SUCCE$$0 & DEG5]AT$ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,TO PLACE ! EMPHASIS ON !SE FACTORS IS BO? TO CONCEAL ! P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL NATURE ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA & TO IGNORE ITS MO/ FRUITFUL LESSONS = REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,ISOLATION & BACKW>DNESS FAVOR$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T & GAVE IT ITS CONCRETE =M4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT DET]M9E ITS REAL SIGNIFICATION4 ,ONE CANNOT MAKE ! PROCESS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION 9TO AN ACCID5T2 LIKEWISE1 !RE IS NO BASIS = ! CLAIM ?AT A WIDESPREAD REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 0C\LD NOT HAVE DEG5]AT$40 ,:AT DEVELOP$ \T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS CLE>LY %[N ?AT ! PROBLEM ( BUREAUCRACY IS ONE ! :OLE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS HAS TO FACE &1 MOREOV]1 ?AT IT CANNOT BE SOLV$ EXCEPT 9 T]MS ( A REAL EXP]I5CE ( ! BUREAUCRACY AS A SOCIAL REALITY4 .<#c.> ,SEE ,S4 \ ,B41 ,NO4 #b 7,DECEMB] #a#i#e#f71 :I* IS DEVOT$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! TEXTS WRITT5 BY ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION>IES1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,NOS4 #ba & #bc 7,JANU>Y & ,JULY #a#i#e#h74 .<#d.> ,?IS CONFUSION CON/ITUTES ! MA9 BASIS = ,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S PSEUDO-ANALYZES ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,SEE ! FIR/ *APT]S ( ,! ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION4 .<#e.> ,ACTUAL WAGE LEVELS >E DET]M9$ 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES MU* LESS BY (FICIAL WAGE RATES1 COLLECTIVE B>GA9+1 & TRADE-UNION AGREEM5TS1 & MU* MORE BY :AT HAPP5S 9SIDE ! PRODUCTION PROCESS2 ! REGULATION ( PIECE RATES1 ! DIVISION ( WORK]S' TIME BETWE5 DIFF]5T TYPES ( WORK1 & ESPECIALLY WORK NORMS PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE ON ?IS SCORE1 & ALL !SE FACTORS >E ! OBJECT ( A FI]CE & P]MAN5T /RUGGLE BETWE5 WORK]S & MANAGEM5T4 .<#f.> ,B\RGEOIS 9DU/RIAL SOCIOLOGI/S LIKE ,ELTON ,MAYO HAVE LONG REALIZ$ ?IS4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 PRES5T-DAY 0,M>XI/S0 >E FANATICAL DEF5D]S ( HI]>*Y4 ,H[EV] LITTLE ONE UND]/&S ! CONDITION ( ! MOD]N FIRM1 ONE CAN IMM$IATELY SEE ! /UPIDITY ( ANY K9D ( 0SOCIALISM0 ?AT LIMITS ITSELF TO MAK+ *ANGES \TSIDE ! FIRM & DOES NOT />T BY COMPLETELY OV]?R[+ ! DAY-TO-DAY SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 .<#g.> ,ADVANCE OR REGRESSION IS NOT MEASUR$ SOLELY BY ! RELATIVE MILITANCY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ALSO ?R\< ITS ATTITUDE T[>D PROBLEMS IT COMES UP AGA9/ ?AT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO POLITICAL PROBLEMS4 ,! ,FR5* 0,LEFT0 TAKES DELITIES4 ,!Y HAVE NEV] GIV5 ANY ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT !SE ,AM]ICAN & ,5GLI% WORK]S1 :OM !Y CONSID] TO BE SO POLITICALLY 0BACKW>D10 >E MU* MORE MILITANT & UNYIELD+ 9 DISPUTES AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION ?AN ! ,FR5* WORK]S2 !Y DON'T EV5 UND]/& :AT !SE WORDS MEAN4 .<#h.> ,OBVI\SLY IT HAS O!R ASPECTS TOO1 = ON ! ONE H& IT ALSO EXPRESSES ! SELF-P]PETUAT+ 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION 9 G5]AL4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 IT MU/ ALL[ ! BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS TO MA9TA9 SOME HOLD OV] ! WORK+ CLASS1 = )\T ?IS HOLD !Y W\LD BE NO?+4 ,BUT !SE ASPECTS >E SECOND>Y 9 RELATION TO ! PROBLEM BE+ DISCUSS$ 9 ! TEXT4 .<#i.> ,!SE >E ,KAUTSKY'S =MULATIONS1 :I* ,L59 5DORS$ 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 AS 0PR(\NDLY TRUE & SIGNIFICANT40 .<#a.> ,?AT ! RE=MI/S US$ ! IDEA ( A SCI5TIFIC PR$ICTION ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY TO CONDEMN ! IDEA ( REVOLUTION & TO 0PROVE0 ?AT WE %\LD RELY ON ! WORK+S ( ECONOMIC LAWS TO A*IEVE SOCIALISM1 *ANGES NO?+4 .<#a#a.> ,! EXPRESSION IS ,KAUTSKY'S & APPE>S 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ,CAPITAL ?AT1 PUBLI%$ SEP>ATELY UND] ! TITLE 0,G5]AL ,9TRODUCTION TO ,M>XISM10 S]V$ AS !ORETICAL FODD] = :OLE G5]ATIONS ( MILITANTS4 .<#a#b.> ,NO:]E DOES ! CONTRADICTION APPE> MORE CLE>LY ?AN 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ! REVOLUTION>Y :O UND]L9$ MO/ EMPHATICALLY ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MASSES' [N EXP]I5CE & AUTONOM\S ACTION & YET :O DEVOT$ A MAJOR !ORETICAL WORK TO AN ATTEMPT -- A VA9 ATTEMPT1 IT MU/ BE SAID -- TO %[ ?AT ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION W\LD LEAD 9EVITABLY TO ! D[NFALL ( CAPITALISM4 .<#a#c.> ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO REPEAT ?AT ?IS PROCESS HAS BE5 A CONTRADICTORY ONE1 OR RA!R ?AT ! REALITY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAS BE5 CONTRADICTORY FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ & = MO/ ( !IR HI/ORY4 ,IF !SE ORGANIZATIONS -- ! TRADE-UNIONS & P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS -- HAD BE5 0JU/0 BUREAUCRACIES1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 NO?+ AT ALL1 & C\LD NOT HAVE A*IEV$ :AT !Y A*IEV$ OR HAVE PLAY$ ! ROLE ?AT !Y PLAY$4 ,BE=E !Y DEG5]ATE COMPLETELY1 !RE IS 9 ! PRACTICE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS ! EQUIVAL5T ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID ABOVE AB\T ,M>XI/ !ORY ITSELF3 A D\BLE REALITY4 ,IT CAN BE SE5 AGA9 9 ! EXAMPLE -- :I* IS HI/ORICALLY )\T D\BT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL -- ( ,L59'S POSITIONS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! MASSES4 ,! IDEA ( ! ,P>TY AS ! CU/ODIAN ( SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS & ( ! PROLET>IAT AS BE+ 9CAPABLE ON ITS [N ( A*IEV+ ANY?+ MORE ?AN TRADE-UNIONI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 PLAYS A RA!R EPISODIC ROLE 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 & ,TROTSKY ASSURES US 9 HIS ,/AL9 ?AT ,L59 W\LD HAVE AB&ON$ IT EV5TUALLY4 ,YET IT IS TAK5 UP AGA9 ) VIGOR 9 ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD] 7#a#i#b71 :]E ,L59 OPPOSES ! LEFTI/S ) IDEAS ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! MASSES ?AT >E EQUIVAL5T TO ?OSE ( ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 ,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME HE HAD WRITT5 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g71 9 :I* ! ,P>TY IS COMPLETELY ABS5T4 ,!SE CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE F\ND EV5 MORE %>PLY DRAWN 9 ,L59'S L9E ( ACTION1 SOMETIMES PUTT+ ALL ! EMPHASIS ON BUILD+ ! ,P>TY1 &1 AFT] #a#i#a#g1 TRY+ TO SOLVE EV]Y PROBLEM BY MEANS ( IT1 SOMETIMES BE+ 9SPIR$ BY :AT WAS MO/ ORIG9AL & MO/ PR(\ND 9 :AT ! MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES WAS CREAT+1 APPEAL+ TO !M AGA9/ ! ,P>TY1 &1 9 ! LA/ YE>S1 OBS]V+ ) ANXIETY ! GAP ?AT WAS APPE>+ BETWE5 !M & IT4 ,ON ?IS1 IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T = ! B5EFIT ( C]TA9 PR(ESSIONAL CRITICS ( BOL%EVISM ?AT ! BUREAUCRATIC SIDE ( ,L59ISM EXI/$ JU/ AS MU* -- ?\< 9 A MORE HYPOCRITICAL WAY -- AMONG ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS2 !SE CRITICS NEV] SPEAK ( ! BUREAUCRATIC SIDE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & ONE W\LD SE>* !RE 9 VA9 = ! EQUIVAL5T ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y SIDE4 .<#a#d.> ,AS ,L59 DID AS REG>DS RE=MI/ BUREAUCRACY1 & ,TROTSKY1 AS REG>DS ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY1 :OSE BASES1 !Y BELIEV$1 W\LD BE DE/ROY$ BY ! 0OBJECTIVE CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM4 ,?IS K9D ( >GUM5T BOILS D[N 9 ! 5D TO ! IDEA ( ! 09EVITABLE D[NFALL0 ( CAPITALISM4 .<#a#e.> ,TRANS43 ,GUY ,MOLLET 7#a#i#e-#g#e7 & ,MAURICE ,?OREZ 7#a#i-#f#d7 W]E ! SECRET>IES-G5]AL ( ! ,S,F,I,O & ! ,P,C,F1 RESPECTIVELY1 AT ?IS TIME4 .<#a#f.> ,SEE ISSUES #ac & #b 7,JANU>Y #ai$ & ,DECEMB] #a#i#e#f7 ( ?IS REVIEW & ! TEXTS REPR9T$ 9 ,LA ,SOCIETE BUREAUCRATIQUE1 #b3 ,LA ,REVOLUTION CONTRE LA BUREAUCRATIE 7#a_/#a#h1 #a#i#g#c74 .<#a#g.> ,SEE ! TEXTS ON ! ,FR5* /RIKES ( #aiec & #aiee & ON ! /RIKES 9 ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ,NOS4 #a#c1 #a#h1 #a#i1 & #bf 7,JANU>Y #a#i#e#d1 ,JANU>Y & ,JULY #a#i#e#f1 & ,NOVEMB] #a#i#e#h7 ( ,S4 \ ,B4 7REPR9T$ 9 ,L',EXP]I5CE DU M\VEM5T \VRI]1 #a3 ,COMM5T LUTT] 7#a_/#a#h1 #a#i#g#d7 .<,TRANS43 SOME ( :I* HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ & APPE> 9 ! PRES5T VOLUME.>74 ,ON ! MEAN+ ( ! ,FR5* POPULATION'S ATTITUDE T[>D ,GAULLISM1 SEE ! TEXT 5TITL$ 0,BILAN0 .<,TRANS43 NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! PRES5T S]IES2 REPR9T$ 9 ,L',EXP]I5CE DU M\VEM5T \VRI]1 #b3 ,PROLET>IAT ET ORGANIZATION 7#a_/#a#h1 #a#i#g#d71 PP4 #h#i-#a#a#f.>4 .<#a#h.> ,TRANS43 ,B\GN\LE IS A RACIALLY D]OGATORY T]M APPLI$ ESPECIALLY TO PEOPLE ( ,NOR? ,AFRICAN DESC5T4 .<#a#i.> ,:ATEV] ! SEV]ITY ( ! CRISIS -- ! EV5TS 9 ,POL& HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?IS AGA9 REC5TLY -- AN EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY CAN ONLY BE OV]?R[N IF ! MASSES >E NOT M]ELY /IRR$ 9TO ACTION BUT RAISE ?IS ACTION UP TO ! LEVEL NE$$ = A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD ONE4 ,IF ?IS DOES NOT HAPP51 SOCIAL LIFE WILL CONT9UE & IT WILL CONT9UE FOLL[+ ! OLD MODEL1 ?\< P]HAPS SUP]FICIALLY *ANG$ TO A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE4 ,N[1 NO !ORY CAN 0PROVE0 ?AT ! MASSES WILL 9EVITABLY REA* ?IS REQUISITE LEVEL ( ACTIVITY2 SU* A 0PRO(0 W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 .<#b.> ,SEE 0,ON ! ,CONT5T ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,I,I40 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ,ORGANISATION -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ,ORGANISATION -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/