,*APT] #b ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS ,TEXT 3 #b4 ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,! EVOLUTION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,= A C5TURY ! PROLET>IAT ( ALL C\NTRIES HAS BE5 SETT+ UP ORGANIZATIONS TO HELP !M 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 & ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 :E!R TRADE UNIONS OR POLITICAL P>TIES1 ULTIMATELY HAVE DEG5]AT$ & BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R !Y HAVE BECOME PURELY & SIMPLY 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,/ATE & ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7LIKE ! RE=MI/ ORGANIZATIONS71 OR :E!R 7LIKE ! ,/AL9I/ ORGANIZATIONS7 !Y AIM TO BR+ AB\T A TRANS=MATION ( ?IS SOCIETY1 CONC5TRAT+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( A BUREAUCRATIC /RATUM :ILE LEAV+ UNALT]$ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,! MA9 PO9T IS ?AT SU* ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BECOME ! /RONGE/ OPPON5TS ( !IR ORIG9AL AIM3 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE ?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( 0MI/AKES0 OR ( 0BETRAYALS0 ON ! P>T ( LEAD]S4 ,LEAD]S :O 0]R0 OR 0BETRAY0 >E SOON] OR LAT] REMOV$ FROM ! ORGANIZATIONS !Y LEAD4 ,BUT ! DEG5]ATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAS GONE H& 9 H& ) !IR BUREAUCRATIZATION1 I4E41 ) ! =MATION )9 !M ( A /RATUM ( IRREMOVABLE & UNCONTROLLABLE LEAD]S4 ,!NCE=? ! POLICY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS EXPRESSES ! 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS ( ?IS BUREAUCRACY4.<#h.> ,TO UND]/& ! DEG5]ATION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS IS TO UND]/& H[ A BUREAUCRACY CAN BE BORN \T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BRIEFLY1 BUREAUCRATIZATION HAS MEANT ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RELATION%IP ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS1 HAS REPRODUC$ ITSELF )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & 9 TWO =MS3 FIR/1 )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* HAVE RESPOND$ TO ! 5L>GEM5T & MULTIPLICATION ( !IR TASKS BY ADOPT+ A B\RGEOIS MODEL ( ORGANIZATION1 9/AURAT+ A GREAT] & GREAT] DIVISION ( LABOR UNTIL A NEW /RATUM ( LEAD]S HAS CRY/ALLIZ$1 SEP>ATE FROM ! MASS ( MILITANTS :O FROM !N ON >E R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( EXECUTANTS2 & SECOND1 BETWE5 WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! FUNCTION !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE GRADUALLY TAK5 ON HAS BE5 TO LEAD ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ITS [N1 WELL-DEF9$ 9T]E/ -- & MO/ ( ! TIME1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS AGRE$ TO RELY ON !SE ORGANIZATIONS & C>RY \T !IR 9/RUCTIONS4 ,& SO WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A COMPLETE NEGATION ( :AT WAS ! ESS5CE ( A SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 NAMELY1 ! IDEA ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS EVOLUTION HAS A C\NT]P>T 9 ! CORRESPOND+ EVOLUTION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & IDEOLOGY1 MADE POSSIBLE BY ! 9ITIALLY CONTRADICTORY *>ACT] ( ,M>XISM ITSELF4 ,9 A S5SE1 NO?+ ( :AT HAS BE5 SAID H]E AB\T WORK]S' MANAGEM5T & ! AUTONOMY ( ! PROLET>IAT IS NEW4 ,IT ALL GOES BACK TO ,M>X'S =MULA1 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE CONQU]$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES02 9 O!R WORDS1 EMANCIPATION WILL TAKE PLACE ONLY 9S(> AS ! WORK]S !MSELVES DECIDE ! MEANS & ! 5DS ( !IR /RUGGLE4 ,?IS 9TUITION ( AUTONOMY IS 9 KEEP+ ) ! DEEPE/ & MO/ POSITIVE ASPECTS ( ,M>X'S WORK3 ! C5TRAL IMPORTANCE HE ACCORD$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 ! RADICAL CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS & EV5 ( ! TRADITIONAL NOTION ( 0!ORY10 & ! VISION ( SOCIALISM AS A NEW REALITY :OSE ELEM5TS >E BEG9N+ TO APPE> 9 ! LIVES & ATTITUDES ( ! WORK]S EV5 N[4 ,YET ,M>XISM1 ITSELF BORN 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 HAS NOT FRE$ ITSELF1 & C\LD NOT FREE ITSELF COMPLETELY FROM ! CULTURE 9 :I* IT GREW UP4 ,ITS POSITION -- LIKE ! POSITION ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY & LIKE ! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT UNTIL ! REVOLUTION -- REMA9S CONTRADICTORY4 0,! RUL+ IDEAS ( EA* EPO* >E ! IDEAS ( ITS RUL+ CLASS0 DOES NOT SIMPLY MEAN ?AT ?OSE IDEAS >E PHYSICALLY ! MO/ WIDESPREAD OR ! MO/ WIDELY ACCEPT$4 ,IT ALSO MEANS !Y T5D TO BE ASS5T$ TO1 P>TIALLY & UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ! V]Y PEOPLE :O OPPOSE !M ! MO/ VIOL5TLY4 ,9 ! !ORETICAL SPH]E NO LESS ?AN 9 ! PRACTICAL SPH]E1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! HOLD ( CAPITALISM IS A P]MAN5T /RUGGLE4 ,! ,DECL9E ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,!ORY ,V]Y QUICKLY ! IDEA BEGAN TO CAT* ON ?AT ,M>XISM WAS ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY & REVOLUTION4 ,ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO PRES5T IT AS ! SYN!SIS & CONT9UATION ( ! CREATIONS ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE 7,G]MAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY1 ,5GLI% POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ,FR5* UTOPIAN SOCIALISM71 IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT ! PRIME FEATURE 9 ,M>X'S WORK WAS PRECISELY HIS OV]?R[ ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PO/ULATES ( ?AT CULTURE4 ,?IS QUITE NATURALLY L$ TO IT BE+ SAID1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT SOCIALI/ POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS HAS TO BE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! WORK+ CLASS 0FROM ! \TSIDE10 = 0MOD]N SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS CAN ONLY >ISE UPON A BASIS ( DEEP SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE0 & 0! VEHICLE ( SCI5CE IS NOT ! PROLET>IAT BUT ! PETTY B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA40.<#i.> ,AL?\< !SE =MULATIONS ( ,KAUTSKY'S W]E TAK5 UP BY ,L591 !Y >E NOT 9 ANY WAY ! EXCLUSIVE ATTRIBUTE ( BOL%EVISM2 !Y ALSO EXPRESS ! TYPICAL ATTITUDE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ( ! RE=MI/S4.<#a.> ,BUT !IR SPIRIT IS F\ND 9 ,M>X HIMSELF4 ,! DEBASEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORY IS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ! GAP BETWE5 ! SUBTITLE ( ,CAPITAL 70A CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY0 -- NOT 0A CRITIQUE ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY0 BUT A CRITIQUE ( ! V]Y NOTION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ( ! V]Y IDEA ?AT !RE IS A 0SCI5CE0 ( POLITICAL ECONOMY7 & :AT IT BECAME DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ITS ELAB\RATION3 AN ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% ! 0LAWS ( MOVEM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY40 ,9 ! H&S ( HIS EPIGONES ! IDEA WAS FUR!R TRANS=M$ 9TO A SCI5TIFIC PRO( ?AT ! D[NFALL ( CAPITALISM & ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM W]E 9EVITABLE & 0GU>ANTE$ BY NATURAL LAWS40.<#a#a.> ,! ,M>XI/ !ORY N[ TRIES TO REPRODUCE ! MODEL ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES 9 RELATION TO SOCIETY -- :I* COMES D[N TO SAY+ ?AT IT BORR[S ITS LOGICAL /RUCTURE FROM ! B\RGEOIS ?\IAT4 ,EV5 ITS BASIC PREMISES1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 REFLECT BASICALLY B\RGEOIS IDEAS4 ,9 ! /RICT S5SE1 ! ECONOMIC !ORY EXP\ND$ 9 ,CAPITAL IS BAS$ ON ! PO/ULATE ?AT CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ COMPLETELY & EFFECTIVELY TO TRANS=M ! WORK] -- :O APPE>S !RE ONLY AS LABOR P[] -- 9TO A COMMODITY2 !RE=E ! USE VALUE ( LABOR P[] -- ! USE ! CAPITALI/ MAKES ( IT -- IS1 AS = ANY COMMODITY1 COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY ! US]1 S9CE ITS EX*ANGE VALUE -- WAGES -- IS DET]M9$ SOLELY BY ! LAWS ( ! M>KET & 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BY ! PRODUCTION CO/S ( LABOR P[]4 ,?IS PO/ULATE IS NECESS>Y = !RE TO BE A 0SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS0 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! PHYSICO-MA!MATICAL MODEL ,M>X FOLL[$ TO AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! EXPOSITION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,BUT HE CONTRADICTS ! MO/ ESS5TIAL FACT ( CAPITALISM1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! USE VALUE & EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] >E OBJECTIVELY 9DET]M9ATE2 !Y >E DET]M9$ RA!R BY ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL BO? 9 PRODUCTION & 9 SOCIETY4 ,H]E IS ! ULTIMATE ROOT ( ! 0OBJECTIVE0 CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM 7SEE 0,ON ! ,CONT5T ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,I,I,I074 ,! ATTEMPT TO MAKE !M V>IABLES :OSE BEHAVIOR IS COMPLETELY DET]M9$ BY OBJECTIVE LAWS LEADS1 NOT AS ,M>X & G5]ATIONS ( ,M>XI/S AFT] HIM ?\Y1 TO ! 0PRO(0 ( ! LATT]'S P]MAN5CE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO K9D ( HI/ORICALLY IMPORTANT CRISIS IF ! PROLET>IAT REMA9$ COMPLETELY PASSIVE .1 AS ,CAPITAL PO/ULATES4 ,! P>ADOX IS ?AT ,M>X1 ! 09V5TOR0 ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 WROTE A MONUM5TAL WORK ON PH5OM5A DET]M9$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE 9 :I* ! /RUGGLE ITSELF WAS 5TIRELY ABS5T4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ! DEGREE TO :I* SU* A CONCEPTION IS 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! IDEA ( A CONSCI\S SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C>RI$ \T BY ! MASSES4 ,! LATT] W\LD !N 9DE$ ONLY HAVE ! ROLE ( SUPPLY+ A V]IFICATION ( :AT ! !ORY HAD ALREADY D$UC$ A PRIORI4.<#a#b.> ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS T5D$ 9 ?IS VISION TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A TE*NIQUE4 ,JU/ AS ! 5G9E] APPLIES ! SCI5CE ( ! PHYSICI/ UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS & ) C]TA9 5DS 9 VIEW1 SO ! REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIAN APPLIES ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! 0SCI5TIFIC0 !ORY ( REVOLUTION 9 GIV5 CONDITIONS4 ,/AL91 *>ACT]IZ+ ,L59 AS ! 0BRILLIANT 5G9E] ON ! LOCOMOTIVE ( HI/ORY10 WAS ONLY EXPRESS+ ?IS IDEA ) ! CRU%+ BANALITY ( :I* HE ALONE WAS CAPABLE4 ,! ,DEBASEM5T ( ! ,P>TY ,PROGRAM & ( ! ,FUNCTION ( ! ,P>TY ,! TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( TRADITIONAL REVOLUTION>Y !ORY GRADUALLY ASSUME PRIME IMPORTANCE 9 ! PROGRAMS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! OBJECTIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN & %\LD BE DET]M9$ BY ! !ORY2 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE ! WORK ( ! TE*NICIANS ( ! REVOLUTION CORRECTLY APPLY+ !IR !ORY 9 GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :AT ?IS !ORY ALL[S !ORETICIANS TO GRASP >E SOLELY ! 0OBJECTIVE0 ELEM5TS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 & SOCIALISM ITSELF SEEMS MORE & MORE B]EFT ( ALL ITS HUMAN CONT5T & 9CREAS+LY LIKE A SIMPLE1 0OBJECTIVE10 EXT]NAL TRANS=MATION2 9 ITS ESS5TIALS1 IT COMES TO APPE> LIKE A M]E MODIFICATION ( C]TA9 ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS \T ( :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE W\LD RESULT AS A BYPRODUCT AT SOME 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE DATE4 ,EXCLUSIVE PREOCCUPATION ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS WELL AS ) ! REGULATION ( PROP]TY & ( ! OV]ALL ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 70NATIONALIZATION0 & 0PLANN+07 ?US BECOMES 9EVITABLE1 & ! FACT ?AT SOCIALISM MU/ MEAN ABOVE ALL A RADICAL UPHEAVAL 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 :E!R 9 PRODUCTION OR 9 POLITICS1 IS COMPLETELY MASK$ OV]4 ,& IF SOCIALISM IS A SCI5TIFIC TRU? TO :I* SPECIALI/S OBTA9 ACCESS ?R\< !IR !ORETICAL EXPOSITIONS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! FUNCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY W\LD BE TO BR+ SOCIALISM TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! LATT] C\LD NOT REA* IT ?R\< ITS [N EXP]I5CE2 AT ! V]Y MO/ IT C\LD RECOGNIZE ! P>TY ?AT 9C>NATES ?IS TRU? AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY & SUPPORT IT4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( ITS HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] ! P>TY EXCEPT ?R\< ITS PASSIVITY & REFUSAL TO FOLL[ IT4 ,EV5 !N ! P>TY W\LD HAVE TO CONCLUDE SIMPLY ?AT IT WAS UNABLE TO MAKE ITS PROGRAM CONCRETE 5\< OR ITS PROPAG&A CONV9C+ 5\< -- OR ?AT IT WAS MI/AK5 9 ITS 0APPRECIATION ( ! SITUATION02 BUT IT C\LD NOT LE>N MU* FROM ! WORK+ CLASS AB\T ANY?+ BASIC4 ,! P>TY W\LD POSSESS ! TRU? AB\T SOCIALISM S9CE IT POSSESSES ! !ORY ?AT ALONE LEADS TO IT4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! RIIAT1 & IT MU/ BECOME SO 9 FACT1 S9CE DECISION MAK+ CAN BELONG ONLY TO ! SPECIALI/S 9 ! SCI5CE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9S(> AS IT IS P]MITT$ AT ALL1 DEMOCRACY !N IS ONLY AN 9/RUCTIVE PROC$URE OR AN ADJU/M5T JU/IFI$ BY ! 0IMP]FECT0 NATURE ( REVOLUTION>Y SCI5CE4 ,BUT ONLY ! P>TY KN[S & CAN DECIDE :AT ! CORRECT DOSE IS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ,ORGANIZ$ ON A ,CAPITALI/ ,MODEL ,?IS VIEW1 OR MORE EXACTLY ?IS M5TALITY1 F9DS ITS C\NT]P>T )9 ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS MODE ( OP]ATION1 9 ! TYPE ( WORK IT C>RIES \T1 & 9 ! RELATION%IPS ?AT >E 9/AURAT$ 9SIDE IT4 ,! ACTION ( ! ORGANIZATION WILL BE CORRECT IF IT CON=MS ) ! !ORY OR AT LEA/ ) ! >T OR TE*NIQUE ( 0POLITICS10 :I* HAS ITS SPECIALI/S1 TOO4 ,:ATEV] ! DEGREE ( =MAL DEMOCRACY ?AT EXI/S )9 ! ORGANIZATION1 ! MILITANTS WILL BE AW>E ?AT IT IS = ! SPECIALI/S TO ASSESS ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION & TO D$UCE FROM IT ! L9E ?AT MU/ BE FOLL[$2 H5CE1 ALL YE> LONG !Y WILL DO NO?+ BUT C>RY \T ORD]S =MULAT$ BY ! POLITICAL SPECIALI/S4 ,! DIVID+ UP ( TASKS1 :I* IS 9DISP5SABLE :]EV] !RE IS A NE$ = COOP]ATION1 BECOMES A REAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! LABOR ( GIV+ ORD]S BE+ SEP>ATE FROM ?AT ( C>RY+ !M \T4 ,ONCE 9/AURAT$1 ?IS DIVISION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS T5DS TO BROAD5 & DEEP5 BY ITSELF4 ,! LEAD]S SPECIALIZE 9 !IR ROLE & BECOME 9DISP5SABLE :ILE ?OSE :O C>RY \T ORD]S BECOME ABSORB$ 9 !IR CONCRETE TASKS4 ,DEPRIV$ ( 9=MATION1 ( ! G5]AL VIEW ( ! SITUATION1 & ( ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION1 >RE/$ 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T BY !IR LACK ( P>TICIPATION 9 ! OV]ALL LIFE ( ! ,P>TY1 ! ORGANIZATION'S RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS LESS & LESS HAVE ! MEANS OR ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] ?OSE AT ! TOP4 ,?IS DIVISION ( LABOR IS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIMIT$ BY 0DEMOCRACY40 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 :I* %\LD MEAN ?AT ! MAJORITY RULES .1 IS R$UC$ TO MEAN+ ?AT ! MAJORITY DESIGNATES ITS RUL]S2 COPI$ 9 ?IS WAY FROM ! MODEL ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY1 DRA9$ ( ANY REAL MEAN+1 IT QUICKLY BECOMES A VEIL ?R[N OV] ! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( ! RUL]S4 ,! BASE DOES NOT RUN ! ORGANIZATION JU/ BECAUSE ONCE A YE> IT ELECTS DELEGATES :O DESIGNATE ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 NO MORE ?AN ! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y-TYPE REPUBLIC BECAUSE !Y P]IODICALLY ELECT DEPUTIES :O DESIGNATE ! GOV]NM5T4 ,LET US CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 AS IT IS SUPPOS$ TO FUNCTION 9 AN IDEAL ,L59I/ P>TY4 ,?AT ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE IS DESIGNAT$ BY A 0DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$0 CONGRESS MAKES NO DIFF]5CE S9CE1 ONCE IT IS ELECT$1 IT IS DE FACTO & DE JURE ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT IT HAS COMPLETE 7/ATUTORY7 CONTROL OV] ! BODY ( ! ,P>TY 7& CAN DISSOLVE ! BASE ORGANIZATIONS1 KICK \T MILITANTS1 ETC47 OR ?AT1 UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 IT CAN DET]M9E ! COMPOSITION ( ! NEXT CONGRESS4 ,! C5TRAL COMMITTEE C\LD USE ITS P[]S 9 AN HONORABLE WAY1 !SE P[]S C\LD BE R$UC$2 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,P>TY MITICIPATION 9 ! ORGANIZATION'S ACTIVITIES & 9 ! SOLUTION ( PROBLEMS ?AT >ISE4 ,IF ! WAY ! ORGANIZATION IS RUN MAKES ! SOLUTION ( G5]AL PROBLEMS ! SPECIFIC TASK & P]MAN5T WORK ( A SEP>ATE CATEGORY ( MILITANTS1 ONLY !IR OP9ION WILL1 OR WILL APPE>1 TO C\NT TO ! O!RS4 ,& ?IS SITUATION WILL C>RY FUR!R 9TO ! POLITICAL T5D5CIES ?AT EXI/ )9 ! ,P>TY4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 A CONGRESS MEET+ AT REGUL> 9T]VALS IS NO MORE 0DEMOCRATIC0 ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS2 9DE$1 BO? BOIL D[N 9 EFFECT TO 9VIT+ ELECTORS TO VOICE !IR OP9IONS FROM TIME TO TIME ON PROBLEMS FROM :I* !Y >E REMOV$ ! RE/ ( ! TIME1 :ILE MOREOV] TAK+ AWAY FROM !M ALL MEANS ( HAV+ ANY CONTROL OV] :AT HAPP5S AS A RESULT4 ,?IS CRITICISM APPLIES NOT ONLY TO BOL%EVISM1 BUT ALSO TO SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & TRADE UNIONS ( ALL K9DS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A ,/AL9I/ & A RE=MI/ P>TY IS COMP>ABLE TO ?AT BETWE5 A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME & A B\RGEOIS 0DEMOCRATIC0 ONE4 ,=MAL 9DIVIDUAL RITICUL> CATEGORY ( PEOPLE4 ,! ,OBJECTIVE ,CONDITIONS = ,BUREAUCRATIZATION ,! PH5OM5ON ( DEG5]ATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION ?AT WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS UND]GO IS A TOTAL ONE1 EMBRAC+ EV]Y ASPECT ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS A PROCESS ( DEBASEM5T JU/ AS MU* 9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY AS 9 ! PROGRAM1 ACTIVITIES1 FUNCTION1 & /RUCTURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! WORK ?AT MILITANTS ACCOMPLI% 9 !M4.<#a#c.> ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !IR ACTUAL HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS ! RESULT ( ! DEBASEM5T ( IDEAS 9 ! HEADS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS DEBASEM5T IS ONLY ! EXPRESSION ( ! P]SI/5CE ( CAPITALISM & CAPITALI/ WAYS ( ?9K+ & ACT+ )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAS NOT MANAG$ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! HOLD ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT WAS BORN1 & ?AT IT IS FALL+ UND] ITS 9DIRECT 9FLU5CE AGA9 AT ! V]Y MOM5T IT ?9KS IT IS PUTT+ UP ITS MO/ RADICAL OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,?AT ?IS HOLD HAD A BASIS 9 ! TOTALITY ( PRODUCTIVE1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & IDEOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY & ?AT 9 P>TICUL> ! BUREAUCRATIC EVOLUTION ( ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAS BE5 CONDITION$ BY ! OBJECTIVE EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM IS C]TA94 ,A RE=MI/ BUREAUCRACY IS 9CONCEIVABLE EXCEPT 9 A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ?AT MAKES SU* RE=MISM POSSIBLE4 ,A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 OR 0TOTALIT>IAN0 BUREAUCRACY SU* AS ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY IS 9CONCEIVABLE EXCEPT 9 A SITUATION ( P]MAN5T CRISIS 9 SOCIETY ?AT ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES >E 9CAPABLE ( SOLV+4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 A BUREAUCRACY ( ANY SIGNIFICANT SIZE 9 A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T A CORRESPOND+ DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION 9 ! >EAS ( PRODUCTION & /ATIFICATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,BO? BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES & ! LABOR =CE >E CONC5TRAT$1 :ILE ! ORGANIZATIONAL =M ( HUGE TRADE UNIONS EASILY PREV5TS ANY 9ITIATIVE ON ! P>T ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,& ,/ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE (F]S ! BUREAUCRACY AN IDEAL T]RA9 ON :I* TO C>RY \T ITS ACTIVITY1 BO? ) RESPECT TO ECONOMIC GRIEVANCES AS WELL AS ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,?IS TYPE ( ANALYSIS IS 9DISP5SABLE BUT 9COMPLETE & UNSATISFACTORY4 ,IT W\LD BE FALSE TO PRES5T ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS SIMPLY AS A RESULT ( ! EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM T[>D CONC5TRATION & /ATIFICATION4 ,V]Y E>LY ON1 ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT OR ( 0ITS0 ORGANIZATIONS PLAY$ A DET]M9+ ROLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY SO ?AT AFT] A C]TA9 PO9T 0CAUSE0 & 0EFFECT0 CAN NO LONG] BE DI/+UI%$4 ,BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TRANS=M$ !IR SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T SO AS TO ADAPT IT TO !IR CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 & !Y CONT9UE TO DO SO4 ,EV]Y?+ AN ANALYSIS ( ?IS SORT TEA*ES US %[S US ?AT ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION MAKES BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION POSSIBLE 7:I* WE KNEW ALREADY71 BUT IT DOES NOT TEA* US ?AT IT MAKES IT 9EVITABLE4 ,& AS F> AS REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ! FUTURE IS CONC]N$1 IT IS ( LITTLE USE4 ,IT W\LD BE VA91 = EXAMPLE1 TO CLAIM TO =ESEE A FUTURE EVOLUTION ( EV5TS OR CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD R5D] BUREAUCRATIZATION 0OBJECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE40.<#a#d.> ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WILL ALWAYS LEAVE ! POSSIBILITY OP5 = A LEAD+ SECTION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES TO BECOME 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT ! T5D5CIES FAVOR+ ! BIR? & GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS >E ! PREVAIL+ T5D5CIES ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 :I* IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE A BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM EV]Y DAY4 ,OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS IS ( ! FIR/ IMPORTANCE1 = IT %[S ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION1 BY NO MEANS AN ACCID5TAL OR PASS+ PH5OM5ON1 IS A FACTOR ) :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO RECKON4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT SUFFICE TO EXPLA9 ?IS PH5OM5ON OR GUIDE \R ACTION4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 BETT] BY LOOK+ AT A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT EXAMPLE4 ,ONE'S T5D5CY IS TO PRES5T ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS AS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( !IR NUM]ICAL EXPANSION3 TRADE UNIONS OR P>TIES NUMB]+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( MEMB]S CANNOT1 IT IS ?\G$ ) !SE TASKS1 & H5CE BY MAK+ LEAD]%IP 9TO A SEP>ATE JOB 5TRU/$ TO 9DIVIDUALS :O DEVOTE !MSELVES TO IT PR(ESSIONALLY4 ,! /]ILITY ( SU* CONSID]ATIONS IS IMM$IATELY NOTICEABLE2 IF ?+S W]E SO1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NON-BUREAUCRATIC WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 H[EV] L>GE1 W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE -- & ?AT ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY TOO1 PROBABLY4 ,= ITS REASON+ BOILS D[N TO ! ASS]TION ?AT ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT WE SEE RIT IT HAS ALREADY ADOPT$ ! MO/ DEEPLY ROOT$ ( B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES4 ,:AT IS OBJECTIVE IS ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION ?AT >ISES 9EVITABLY 9 ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,TO ?IS PROBLEM !RE >E TWO SOLUTIONS -- & H]E OBJECTIVITY 5DS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! B\RGEOIS-BUREAUCRATIC SOLUTION1 C5TRALIZATION IS ! P>TICUL> RESPONSIBILITY ( A P>TICUL> /RATUM ( LEAD]S4 ,?IS IS ! RESPONSE WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS HAVE 9 ! 5D SUBSCRIB$ TO1 & IT IS ! ONE ! >GUM5T SET =? E>LI] IMPLICITLY ACCEPTS4 ,BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS /RUGGLES ! WORK+ CLASS HAS SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION 9 A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FA%ION4 ,A G5]AL MEET+ ( /RIK]S1 AN ELECT$ /RIKE COMMITTEE1 ! COMMUNE1 ! SOVIET1 ! FACTORY C\NCIL -- ?AT'S C5TRALIZATION4 ,! PROLET>IAN RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ! ELECTION ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,& NO ONE CAN PROVE ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( C5TRALIZATION ) ! 9SPIRATION ( ?IS RESPONSE RA!R ?AN ! B\RGEOIS RESPONSE4 ,9 FACT1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS TRI$ TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 ITS [N WAY1 EV5 9 0NORMAL0 TIMES4 ,! FIR/ ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONS PRACTIC$ :AT ,L59 CALL$ PRIMITIVE DEMOCRACY1 CONTEMPTU\SLY 9 ,:AT ,IS TO ,BE ,DONE8 & ADMIR+LY 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE ATTEMPTS C\LD ONLY DISAPPE> SOON] OR LAT]4 ,! VANGU>D1 :I* PLAY$ A PRIME ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 DID NOT SEE ORGANIZATION 9 ?IS WAY2 ALL ! SAME IT C\LD NEV] HAVE C>RI$ ITS PO9T ( VIEW IF ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF HAD NOT ACCEPT$ IT4 ,& ?IS ALL[S US TO SEE ANO!R ESS5TIAL ASPECT ( ALL !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! ,ROLE ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,DEG5]ATION ( ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,DEG5]ATION MEANS ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION T5DS TO BECOME SEP>ATE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & AN ORGAN AP>T1 ITS DE FACTO & DE JURE LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT COME AB\T BECAUSE ( DEFECTS 9 ! /RUCTURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS OR !IR MI/AK5 IDEAS OR SOME SORT ( AN EVIL SPELL CA/ ON ORGANIZATION AS SU*4 ,!SE NEGATIVE FEATURES REFLECT ! FAILURE ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* 9 TURN IS ONLY AN ASPECT ( ! FAILURE ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,:5 A DIRECTOR_/EXECUTANT RELATION%IP IS SET UP BETWE5 ! TRADE UNION OR P>TY & ! PROLET>IAT1 IT MEANS ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS ALL[+ A RELATION%IP ( ! CAPITALI/ TYPE TO BE 9/AURAT$ )9 ITSELF4 ,H5CE DEG5]ATION IS NOT A PH5OM5ON PECULI> TO WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT IS JU/ ONE ( ! EXPRESSIONS ( ! WAY CAPITALISM SURVIVES )9 ! PROLET>IAT2 CAPITALISM EXPRESSES ITSELF NOT 9 ! CORRUPTION ( LEAD]S BY MONEY1 BUT AS AN IDEOLOGY1 AS A TYPE ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE & AS A SET ( RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,IT IS A MANIFE/ATION ( ! IMMATURITY ( ! PROLET>IAT VIS-A-VIS SOCIALISM4 ,IT CORRESPONDS TO A PHASE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T &1 EV5 MORE G5]ALLY1 TO A CON/ANT T5D5CY T[>D 9TEGRATION 9TO ! SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION OR T[>D AIM+ = P[] = ITS [N SAKE1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT 9 SYMMETRICAL FA%ION AS A T5D5CY T[>D RELY+1 CONSCI\SLY OR PASSIVELY1 ON ! ORGANIZATION = A SOLUTION TO ITS PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! ,P>TY'S CLAIM ?AT 9 POSSESS+ !ORY IT POSSESSES ! TRU? & !REBY %\LD TAKE ! LEAD 9 EV]Y?+ W\LD NOT HAVE ANY REAL APPEAL IF IT DID NOT MAKE USE ( ! CONVICTION %>$ BY ! PROLET>IAT -- & DAILY REPRODUC$ BY LIFE UND] CAPITALISM -- ?AT G5]AL QUE/IONS >E ! DEP>TM5T ( SPECIALI/S & ?AT ITS [N EXP]I5CE ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY IS 0UNIMPORTANT40 ,!SE TWO T5D5CIES EXPRESS ONE & ! SAME S5SE ( FRU/RATION & FAILURE2 !Y ORIG9ATE 9 ! SAME FACTS & ! SAME IDEAS & >E IMPOSSIBLE & 9CONCEIVABLE ONE )\T ! O!R4 ,( C\RSE1 WE %\LD JUDGE DIFF]5TLY ! POLITICIAN :O WANTS TO IMPOSE HIS PO9T ( VIEW BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS & ! WORK] :O IS TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( F9D+ A REPLY TO HIS FL[ ( WORDS OR ( MAT*+ HIS CUNN+1 & EV5 MORE DIFF]5TLY ! LEAD] :O 0BETRAYS0 & ! WORK] :O IS 0BETRAY$02 BUT WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ! NOTION ( TREASON HAS NO MEAN+ 9 SU* RELATION%IPS4 ,NO ONE CAN 9DEF9ITELY BETRAY PEOPLE :O DO NOT WANT TO BE BETRAY$ & :O DO :AT IS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T !IR BE+ BETRAY$ ANY LONG]4 ,UND]/&+ ?IS ALL[S US TO APPRECIATE :AT ALL ?IS PROLET>IAN FETI%ISM & ALL !SE ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL OBSESSIONS ?AT REC5TLY HAVE TAK5 HOLD ( C]TA9 PEOPLE >E REALLY ALL AB\T4 ,:5 TRADE-UNION LEAD]S C>RY ?R\< RE=MI/ POLICIES1 !Y ONLY SUCCE$ BECAUSE ( ! APA?Y1 ! ACQUIESC5CE1 & ! 9SUFFICI5T RESPONSE ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,:51 = F\R YE>S1 ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT ALL[S ! ,ALG]IANS TO BE MASSACR$ & TORTUR$ & ONLY FEEBLY /IRS :5 ! QUE/ION ( ITS BE+ MOBILIZ$ OR ( ITS WAGES BECOMES 9VOLV$1 IT IS V]Y SUP]FICIAL TO SAY ?AT IT IS ALL A CRIME ( ,MOLLET'S OR ( ,?OREZ'S.<#a#e.> OR ( ORGANIZATIONAL BUREAUCRATIZATION 9 G5]AL4 ,! 5ORM\S ROLE PLAY$ BY ORGANIZATIONS !MSELVES 9 ?IS QUE/ION DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS PLAYS NO P>T AT ALL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS IS NEI!R A TOTALLY IRRESPONSIBLE 5TITY NOR ! ABSOLUTE SUBJECT ( HI/ORY2 & ?OSE :O ONLY SEE 9 ! CLASS'S EVOLUTION ! PROBLEM ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ITS ORGANIZATIONS P>ADOXICALLY WANT TO MAKE IT BO? AT ONCE4 ,TO HE> !M TELL IT1 ! PROLET>IAT DRAWS EV]Y?+ FROM ITSELF -- & PLAYS NO P>T 9 ! DEG5]ATION ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NO1 AS A FIR/ APPROXIMATION WE %\LD SAY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ONLY GETS ! ORGANIZATIONS IT IS CAPABLE ( HAV+4 ,! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT =CES IT ALWAYS TO UND]TAKE & CONT9U\SLY RECOMM5CE ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS /RUGGLE IT PRODUCES NEW CONT5TS & NEW =MS -- SOCIALI/ CONT5TS & =MS1 = TO FID OBJECTIVES1 PR9CIPLES1 /&>DS1 & =MS ( ORGANIZATION RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS LONG AS CAPITALISM 5DURES1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL REMA9 P>TLY UND] ITS HOLD4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS HOLD CAN BE SE5 P>TICUL>LY CLE>LY 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:5 CAPITALISM TAKES HOLD ( !M1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS DEG5]ATE -- :I* GOES H& 9 H& ) !IR BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,AS LONG AS CAPITALISM LA/S1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 0OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS0 MAK+ ?IS DEG5]ATION POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION IS FAT$4 ,PEOPLE MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS SIMPLY ALL[ A RESULT ?AT IS ! PRODUCT ( MAN'S ACTIONS & ATTITUDES TO HAPP54 ,:5 !Y HAVE OCCURR$1 !SE ACTIONS HAVE TAK5 A V]Y WELL DEF9$ PA?4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS HAVE P>TLY REMA9$ OR HAVE RETURN$ TO BE+ PRISON]S ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & IDEOLOGY4 ,ON ! O!R1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS REMA9$ JU/ AS MU* UND] ?IS HOLD & HAS AGRE$ TO ACT AS ! EXECUTANT ( ITS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/