,*APT] #a 
,SOCIALISM3 ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY BY ! ,WORK]S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,SOCIALISM3 ,MANAGEM5T ( ,SOCIETY BY ! ,WORK]S 

,ONE FACT1 BECAUSE ( ITS DIRECT & 9DIRECT CONSEQU5CES1 HAS DOM9AT$ HUMAN HI/ORY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY3 ,! WORK+ CLASS C>RI$ ?R\< A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,F> FROM LEAD+ TO SOCIALISM1 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION F9ALLY RESULT$ 9 ! COM+ TO P[] ( A NEW EXPLOIT+ CLASS3 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,:Y1 & H[1 DID ?IS HAPP58.<#a.> 

,9 #aiag ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT MOBILIZ$ ITSELF TO DE/ROY ! P[] ( ! ,CZ> & ( ! CAPITALI/S & TO PUT AN 5D TO EXPLOITATION4 ,IT TOOK UP >MS & ORGANIZ$ ITSELF 9 FACTORY COMMITTEES & SOVIETS TO CONDUCT ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT :51 AFT] A LONG CIVIL W>1 ! REMNANTS ( ! OLD REGIME HAD BE5 CLE>$ AWAY1 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] W]E ONCE MORE F\ND TO BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A NEW GR\P ( LEAD]S1 C5T]$ >\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! NEW SOCIETY -- :I* IS ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT ITSELF BECOME ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 IT C\LD ONLY ONCE AGA9 RESUME ITS POSITION AS AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! RETURN TO A POSITION ( SUPREMACY ( A SPECIFIC & RE/RICT$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 

,! V>I\S FACTORS ?AT L$ TO ?IS DEG5]ATION ALL HAVE1 :5 IT COMES D[N TO IT1 ! SAME UND]LY+ SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT TAKE ON ! DIRECTION ( ! REVOLUTION & ( ! SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ FROM IT4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ?AT /ROVE TO WIELD COMPLETE P[] OV] ! C\NTRY1 & V]Y QUICKLY IT SUCCE$$ 9 DO+ SO4 ,! ,P>TY CON/ITUT$ ITSELF BAS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT IT PROVID$ A NATURAL LEAD]%IP = ! PROLET>IAT & WAS ! EXPRESSION ( ITS HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S4 ,BUT ! IDEAS & ATTITUDES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY C\LD NEV] HAVE PREVAIL$ HAD NOT ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 9 ITS GREAT MAJORITY1 %>$ !M & HAD IT NOT T5D$ TO SEE ! P>TY AS A NECESS>Y ORGAN ( ITS P[]4 ,& SO ! ORGANS ?AT \<T TO HAVE EXPRESS$ ! POLITICAL SUPREMACY ( ! TOIL+ MASSES1 ! SOVIETS1 W]E RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO APP5DAGES ( ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 

,& YET1 EV5 IF ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAD NOT OCCURR$ 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 NO?+ FUNDAM5TAL W\LD HAVE *ANG$1 = ! REVOLUTION DID NOT BR+ AB\T ANY PR(\ND *ANGE 9 ! REAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,) ! PRIVATE [N]S EXPROPRIAT$ OR EXIL$1 ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE 5TRU/$ ! RUNN+ ( 5T]PRISES TO MANAG]S NOM9AT$ BY ITSELF1 & IT F\<T ! FEW ATTEMPTS MADE BY WORK]S TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ?OSE :O >E MA/]S ( PRODUCTION >E1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 MA/]S ( POLICY & SOCIETY4 ,A NEW GR\P ( 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC LEAD]S RAPIDLY DEVELOP$1 :I*1 FUS+ ) ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P>TY & ( ! ,/ATE1 CON/ITUT$ A NEW RUL+ CLASS4.<#b.> 

,! BASIC LESSON ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS !RE=E ?AT IT IS NOT 5\< = ! PROLET>IAT TO DE/ROY ! GOV]NM5TAL & ECONOMIC DOM9ATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT CAN ONLY A*IEVE ! OBJECTIVE ( ITS REVOLUTION IF IT BUILDS UP ITS [N P[] 9 EV]Y SPH]E4 ,IF ! DIRECTION ( PRODUCTION1 ( ! ECONOMY1 & ( ! 0,/ATE0 AGA9 BECOMES ! FUNCTION ( A P>TICUL> CATEGORY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 9EVITABLY ! EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( WORK]S WILL RETURN4 ,) !SE1 ! P]MAN5T CRISIS ?AT DIVIDES CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY WILL >ISE AGA91 = IT [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ! CONFLICT AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION BETWE5 DIRECTORS & EXECUTANTS4 

,SOCIALISM IS NOT & CANNOT BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! ECONOMY1 & SOCIETY BY ! WORK]S4 ,?IS IDEA HAS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ CON/ITUT$ ! C5TRAL !SIS ( ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE4 ,! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION HAS S9CE PROVID$ A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( IT4.<#c.> 

,! ,AUTONOMY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,! IDEA ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY IMPLIES ?AT P[] 9 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY WILL BE SOLELY & DIRECTLY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S' MASS ORGANS 7! C\NCILS74 ,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( SPECIAL ORGANS ( ANY SORT -- = EXAMPLE1 POLITICAL P>TIES -- TAK+ ON ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NANCE & ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,BUT ?IS IDEA IS NOT A SIMPLE 0CON/ITUTIONAL0 PROPOSITION4 ,IT NECESSITATES A RECONSID]ATION ( ALL ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROBLEMS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,IT W\LD 9DE$ BE NONS5SE TO TALK ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T IF WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( IT & !REBY 9CAPABLE ( G5]AT+ NEW PR9CIPLES = ! ORGANIZATION & ORI5TATION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,REVOLUTION &1 EV5 MORE1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY PRESUPPOSE ?AT ! ORGANIZ$ MASS ( WORK]S HAVE BECOME CAPABLE ( MANAG+ ! :OLE ( SOCIETY'S ACTIVITIES )\T 9T]M$I>IES -- & !RE=E ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ !MSELVES 9 ALL RESPECTS & 9 A P]MAN5T FA%ION4 ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE ! \TCOME ( AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 0AUTONOM\S0 SIGNIFY+ 0SELF-DIRECT+0 & 0RESPONSIBLE ONLY TO ITSELF40 

,?IS QUE/ION MU/ NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! QUE/ION ( ! TE*NICAL CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO MANAGE PRODUCTION4.<#d.> ,! PROLET>IAT CONSI/S ( ALL EXPLOIT$ WAGE E>N]S & SAL>I$ EMPLOYES4 ,IT IS ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC]4 ,TE*NICAL KN[L$GE HAS LONG CEAS$ TO BE ! MONOPOLY ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,TODAY IT IS DIFFUS$ AMONG A MASS ( (FICE & LAB WORK]S :O >E DAILY SUBMITT$ TO A GREAT] & GREAT] DIVISION ( LABOR & :O RECEIVE SAL>IES ONLY SLI<TLY HI<] ?AN ?OSE ( MANUAL WORK]S4 ,TE*NICIAN-BOSSES >E JU/ AS SUP]FLU\S AS =EM5 9 PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >E NOT GREAT IRREPLACEABLE 5G9E]S BUT BUREAUCRATS :O DIRECT & 0ORGANIZE0 7I4E41 DISORGANIZE7 ! WORK ( ! MASS ( SAL>I$ TE*NICIANS4 ,TOGE!R ! EXPLOIT$ WORK]S 9 FACTORIES & (FICES POSSESS 9 !MSELVES ALL ! TE*NICAL SKILLS KN[N TO HUMANITY TODAY4 ,= ! PROLET>IAT 9 P[]1 ! QUE/ION ( ! 0TE*NICAL0 ORI5TATION ( PRODUCTION WILL !RE=E NOT BE A TE*NICAL QUE/ION AT ALL1 BUT RA!R A POLITICAL QUE/ION ( ! UNITY ( WORK]S ON ! %OP FLOOR & 9 (FICES1 ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 !M1 & ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,&1 9 ! SAME WAY1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE FAC$ ) POLITICAL QUE/IONS 9 EV]Y SPH]E 9CLUD+ ! PROBLEMS ( ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 ( ! PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 C5TRALIZATION & DEC5TRALIZATION1 ( ! G5]AL ORI5TATION ( PRODUCTION & SOCIETY1 ( RELATIONS ) O!R SOCIAL GR\PS 7! PEASANTRY1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE71 ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 ETC4 

,SOCIALISM1 !RE=E1 PRESUPPOSES A HI< DEGREE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT CANNOT >ISE \T ( A M]E REVOLT AGA9/ EXPLOITATION BUT ONLY FROM ! CAPACITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO EXTRACT FROM ITSELF POSITIVE ANSW]S TO ! IMM5SE PROBLEMS 9VOLV$ 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,NO ONE -- NO 9DIVIDUAL1 GR\P1 OR P>TY -- CAN BE DELEGAT$ ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 0ON BEHALF (0 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS OR 9 ITS /EAD4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY ?AT A SUB/ITUTION ( ?IS SORT W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! =MATION ( A NEW GR\P ( RUL]S & W\LD RAPIDLY RETURN SOCIETY TO 0ALL ! OLD RUBBI%40 ,IT IS BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = A P>TICUL> GR\P TO TAKE ON SU* TASKS1 S9CE !SE TASKS >E ON A SCALE ?AT HUMANITY & HUMANITY ALONE IS CAPABLE ( DEAL+ )4 ,)9 A SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION1 SU* PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLV$ BY A M9ORITY ( LEAD]S 7OR RA!R !Y C\LD 9 ! PA/ BE SOLV$ ?AT WAY74 ,! CRISIS ( MOD]N REGIMES %[S ?AT ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY IS A TASK ?AT IS H5CE=? BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( ANY P>TICUL> CATEGORY4 ,?IS IS 9F9ITELY MORE TRUE = ! PROBLEMS ?AT ! SOCIALI/ RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY WILL POSE & ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ OR EV5 BE CORRECTLY POS$ )\T ! DEPLOYM5T ( ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,= ! REAL MEAN+ ( ?IS RECON/RUCTION IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 ?AT EV]Y?+ MU/ BE REEXAM9$ & REFA%ION$3 MA*9ES1 FACTORIES1 >TICLES ( CONSUMPTION1 H\SES1 $UCATIONAL SY/EMS1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 MUSEUMS1 IDEAS1 & SCI5CE ITSELF -- ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! WORK]S & ACCORD+ TO !IR VIEW ( ?+S4 ,ONLY !Y CAN BE ! JUDGES ( :AT !SE NE$S >E & ( ! MEANS ( SATISFY+ !M4 ,= EV5 IF ON A P>TICUL> PO9T ! EXP]TS HAVE A 0BETT]0 IDEA1 SU* AN IDEA WILL BE WOR?LESS SO LONG AS ?OSE IT %\LD 9T]E/ DO NOT SEE ! CORRECTNESS OR NECESSITY ( IT4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE UPON PEOPLE SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS ( !IR [N LIVES1 SOLUTIONS !Y DO NOT !MSELVES APPROVE (1 AUTOMATICALLY & IMM$IATELY MAKES !SE SOLUTIONS MON/R\SLY FALSE ONES4 

,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,PROLET>IAT T[>D ,SOCIALISM 

,IS SOCIALISM1 CONCEIV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 A HI/ORICALLY REASONABLE PROSPECT8 ,IS IT A POSSIBILITY ?AT EXI/S )9 MOD]N SOCIETY8 ,OR IS IT JU/ A DREAM8 ,IS ! PROLET>IAT JU/ SOME?+ TO BE EXPLOIT$1 A MOD]N CLASS ( 9DU/RIAL SLAVES ?AT P]IODICALLY BREAKS \T 9 FRUITLESS REVOLTS8 ,OR DO ! CONDITIONS ( ITS EXI/5CE & /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM LEAD IT TO DEVELOP A CONSCI\SNESS -- I4E41 AN ATTITUDE1 A M5TALITY1 IDEAS & WAYS ( ACT+ -- :OSE CONT5T T5DS T[>D SOCIALISM8 

,! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS LIFE 9 PRODUCTION1 ITS POLITICAL MOVEM5TS1 & ITS ACTIVITY DUR+ P]IODS ( REVOLUTION4 ,& ?IS ANALYSIS 9 TURN LEADS TO ! OV]?R[ ( TRADITIONAL IDEAS AB\T SOCIALISM1 LABOR DEM&S1 & =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,FIR/1 ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM IS NEI!R SOLELY ONE ( 0MAK+ DEM&S0 NOR SOLELY 0POLITICAL02 IT BEG9S AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT DOES NOT SIMPLY CONC]N ! R$I/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT OR1 AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SCALE1 ! G5]AL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 IT OPPOSES ! FUNDAM5TAL REALITY ( CAPITALISM1 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION )9 ! 5T]PRISE4 ,! SO-CALL$ RATIONALIZATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS NO?+ BUT A WEB ( CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 ORGANIZ+ WORK )\T ! 9VOLVEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 ABOLI%+ !IR HUMAN ROLE -- :I* IS 9H]5TLY ABSURD EV5 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY4 ,IT AIMS UNTIR+LY AT 9CREAS+ !IR EXPLOITATION -- :I* =CES !M TO OPPOSE IT NON/OP4 

,F> FROM BE+ CONC]N$ ONLY ) WAGES1 ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION DOM9ATES EV]Y ASPECT & EV]Y MOM5T ( ! LIFE ( ! FIRM4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WORK]S & MANAGEM5T OV] WAGES CANNOT BUT HAVE AN IMM$IATE IMPACT ON EV]Y ASPECT ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK4.<#e.> ,9 ! NEXT PLACE1 ! WORK]S1 :ATEV] !IR WAGE LEVEL1 >E L$ 9EVITABLY TO OPPOSE ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION ?AT LEAD TO !IR DAILY1 EV] MORE 9TOL]ABLE DEHUMANIZATION4 ,?IS /RUGGLE DOES NOT & CANNOT REMA9 PURELY NEGATIVE1 ITS AIM IS NOT SIMPLY TO LIMIT EXPLOITATION4 ,PRODUCTION MU/ TAKE PLACE :ATEV] HAPP5S1 & ! WORK]S1 AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y >E /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! NORMS & ! CO]CIVE BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS1 MA9TA9 A WORK DISCIPL9E & 9/AURATE A SY/EM ( COOP]ATION OPPOS$ 9 SPIRIT AS WELL AS 9 PRACTICE TO ! RULES ( ORGANIZATION ( ! FACTORY4 ,!Y ?US TAKE OV] C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION AT ! SAME TIME AS !Y E/ABLI% 9 :AT !Y DO NEW PR9CIPLES = ! ORD]+ ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION2 !Y OPPOSE ! CAPITALI/ MORALITY ( MAXIMUM 9DIVIDUAL GA9 & T5D TO REPLACE IT ) A NEW MORALITY ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY4.<#f.> 

,?IS /RUGGLE IS NOT ACCID5TAL1 NOR IS IT CONNECT$ ) A P>TICUL> =M ( ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,EV]Y TIME CAPITALISM MAKES MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! TE*NIQUES & ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO W>D (F ?IS /RUGGLE1 IT RISES UP AGA94 ,! WORK]S' T5D5CIES T[>D SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE BR+S \T IS UNIV]SAL BO? 9 RANGE & DEP?4 ,IT EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 9 ,5GL& AS WELL AS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AL?\< ! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE 9SIDE PRODUCTION REMA9S 0HIDD510 = IT ALL[S NEI!R =MAL ORGANIZATION NOR A =MULAT$ PROGRAM NOR OV]T ACTION1 ITS CONT5T CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES EA* TIME A REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS %AKES CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 EV]Y FACTORY 9 ! WORLD WORK]S FI<T NON/OP AGA9/ WORK NORMS2 ! ABOLITION ( NORMS WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEM&S ( ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 #a#i#e#f4 ,LIKE ! COMMUNE & ! SOVIETS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS W]E CON/ITUT$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ELECT$ DELEGATES W]E LIABLE TO RECALL4 ,%OP /EW>DS 9 ,5GLI% FACTORIES >E ALWAYS LIABLE TO RECALL BY ! WORK]S :O ELECT$ !M1 & !Y MU/ GIVE !SE WORK]S REGUL> ACC\NTS ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 

,! SOCIALI/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 BORN 9 ! OBSCURITY ( ! DAY-TO-DAY LIVES ( PRODUC]S1 BUR/S 9TO BROAD DAYLI<T DUR+ ! WORK+-CLASS REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE M>K$ ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,F> FROM RIS+ UP SIMPLY AGA9/ POV]TY & EXPLOITATION1 9 ! C\RSE ( !SE EV5TS ! PROLET>IAT POSES ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE ( SOCIETY 9 A NEW WAY & PROVIDES POSITIVE ANSW]S4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! SOVIETS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 ! FACTORY C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#i-#b1 & ! WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,HUNG>Y 9 #aief W]E ORGANIZATIONS =M$ TO COMBAT ! RUL+ CLASS & ITS /ATE & AT ! SAME TIME NEW =MS ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!SE CREATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E A PRACTICAL REFUTATION ( ! IDEAS ?AT HAVE DOM9AT$ MAN'S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION = C5TURIES4 ,!Y HAVE %[N ! POSSIBILITY ( A C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT1 9/EAD ( POLITICALLY EXPROPRIAT+ ! POPULATION = ! B5EFIT ( ITS 0REPRES5TATIVES10 ON ! CONTR>Y PLACES !SE REPRES5TATIVES UND] ! P]MAN5T CONTROL ( !IR ELECTORS & = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MOD]N HI/ORY A*IEVES DEMOCRACY ON ! SCALE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 S\<T BY ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 #a#i#a#g1 WAS A*IEV$ BY ! ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#g & PROCLAIM$ BY ! ,HUNG>IAN WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 #aief AS ONE ( !IR BASIC OBJECTIVES4 

,BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT T[>D SOCIALISM %[S ITSELF NOT ONLY 9 FACTORY LIFE OR DUR+ REVOLUTIONS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ITS HI/ORY1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS /RUGGL$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 AN EXPLICIT WAY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY =M+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! T5D5CY ( ! WORK+ CLASS OR ( BROAD /RATA ( WORK]S TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE 9 AN OV]T & P]MAN5T FA%ION IS A !ME RUNN+ ?R\< ! :OLE ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT RECOGNIZ$1 ONE IS DOOM$ TO UND]/& AS LITTLE AB\T ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIALISM AS IF ! COMMUNE OR ! C\NCILS W]E NEV] KN[N4 ,= IT %[S ?AT ! PROLET>IAT HAS ! NE$ & AT ! SAME TIME ! ABILITY TO >GUE ! QUE/ION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AS SU* NOT SIMPLY DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSION1 BUT SY/EMATICALLY & P]MAN5TLY2 TO GO BEYOND ! T]RITORY ( ITS ECONOMIC DEF5SE & TO OPPOSE B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ) ITS [N CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY2 TO LEAVE ! CONF9ES ( ! WORK%OP1 ! FIRM1 & EV5 ! NATION & >GUE ! QUE/ION ( P[] ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,IT IS 9 FACT 5TIRELY FALSE TO SAY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS HAS CREAT$ ONLY ECONOMIC & OCCUPATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 7TRADE UNIONS74 ,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,G]MANY1 ! WORK]S BEGAN BY BUILD+ A POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 & ! TRADE UNIONS EMANAT$ FROM ?IS4 ,9 ! MAJORITY ( O!R CASES1 AS 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES & EV5 9 ,5GL&1 ! TRADE UNIONS !MSELVES ORIG9ALLY W]E BY NO MEANS PURELY TRADE UNIONS2 !IR PROCLAIM$ AIM WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGES SY/EM4 ,IT IS JU/ AS FALSE TO CLAIM ?AT ! WORK]S' POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! EXCLUSIVE CREATION ( 9TELLECTUALS1 AS HAS BE5 SAID1 SOMETIMES APPROV+LY & SOMETIMES DISAPPROV+LY4 ,EV5 :]E 9TELLECTUALS PLAY$ A PR$OM9ANT ROLE 9 !IR =MATION1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD NEV] HAVE ACQUIR$ ANY SORT ( REALITY IF WORK]S HAD NOT BELONG$ TO !M 9 GREAT NUMB]S1 SU/A9$ !M ) !IR EXP]I5CE1 !IR ACTIVITY1 & (T5 !IR BLOOD1 & IF A L>GE MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT LONG SE5 !IR 9T]E/S EXPRESS$ 9 ! PROGRAMS ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! ,CONTRADICTORY ,*>ACT] ( ! ,PROLET>IAT'S ,DEVELOPM5T 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 AN AUTONOM\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT T[>D SOCIALISM ?AT ORIG9ATES 9 ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! =MATION ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & CULM9ATES 9 REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS NOT ! ME*ANICAL1 AUTOMATIC RESULT ( ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT LIVES1 NOR IS IT A BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION1 AN 9EVITABLE PROCESS ( MATURATION ?AT PROVIDES = ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS A HI/ORICAL PROCESS & ESS5TIALLY A PROCESS ( /RUGGLE4 ,WORK]S >E NOT BORN SOCIALI/S1 NOR >E !Y MIRACUL\SLY TRANS=M$ 9TO SU* M]ELY BY 5T]+ 9TO A FACTORY4 ,!Y BECOME1 OR MORE EXACTLY !Y MAKE !MSELVES1 SOCIALI/S 9 ! C\RSE ( & \T ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 

,NEV]!LESS1 WE MU/ SEE EXACTLY :AT ?IS /RUGGLE IS1 :]E IT IS F\<T1 & :AT ! TRUE 5EMY IS4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT ONLY FI<T+ CAPITALISM AS A =CE \TSIDE ITSELF4 ,IF IT W]E JU/ A QUE/ION ( ! PHYSICAL P[] ( ! EXPLOIT]S1 !IR ,/ATE & !IR >MY1 EXPLOITATIVE SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$ LONG AGO1 = IT POSSESSES NO P[] ( ITS [N BEYOND ! WORK ( ?OSE IT EXPLOITS4 ,IT SURVIVES ONLY 9S(> AS IT SUCCE$S 9 MAK+ !M ACCEPT !IR POSITION4 ,ITS MO/ =MIDABLE WEAPONS >E NOT ?OSE IT USES 9T5TIONALLY1 BUT ?OSE IT IS AUTOMATICALLY PROVID$ ) BY ! OBJECTIVE CONDITION ( ! EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 BY ! WAY ?+S >E SET UP 9 PRES5T SOCIETY1 & BY ! WAY SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ORGANIZ$ SO AS TO P]PETUALLY RECREATE ITS [N BASES4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT ONLY SY/EMATICALLY 9DOCTR9AT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 IT IS SEV]ELY DEPRIV$ ( CULTURE4 ,IT IS ROBB$ ( ITS [N PA/1 S9CE IT CAN KN[ ONLY :AT ! RUL+ CLASSES DECIDE TO LET IT SEE ( ITS HI/ORY & ITS PA/ /RUGGLES4 ,IT IS ROBB$ ( AW>5ESS ( ITSELF AS A UNIV]SAL CLASS AS A RESULT ( ! LOCAL1 OCCUPATIONAL1 & NATIONAL FACTORS ( ISOLATION 5G5D]$ BY ! PRES5T SOCIAL /RUCTURE -- & ( ITS PRES5T CONDITION1 S9CE ALL ! 9=MATION M$IA >E UND] ! CONTROL ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,9 SPITE ( ITS POSITION AS AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT /RUGGLES AGA9/ !SE FACTORS & MAKES UP = !M4 ,IT DEVELOPS A SY/EMATIC DI/RU/ ( B\RGEOIS 9DOCTR9ATION & UND]TAKES A CRITIQUE ( ITS CONT5TS4 ,IT T5DS TO ABSORB ! CULTURE FROM :I* IT IS CUT (F 9 A ?\S& WAYS AT ! SAME TIME AS IT CREATES ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW CULTURE4 ,FROM A BOOK-LE>N$ PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS UNAW>E ( ITS [N PA/1 BUT IT F9DS BE=E IT ITS ESS5TIAL RESULTS 9 ! =M ( ! CONDITIONS = ITS PRES5T ACTION4 

,BUT BY F> ! GREATE/ OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ! P]PETUAL REBIR? ( ! SPIRIT & REALITY ( CAPITALISM )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! WORK]S >E NOT /RANG]S TO CAPITALISM2 !Y >E BORN 9TO A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 LIVE 9 IT1 TAKE P>T 9 IT1 & MAKE IT WORK4 ,CAPITALI/ IDEAS1 NORMS1 & ATTITUDES T5D CON/ANTLY TO 9VADE !IR M9DS & AS LONG AS ! PRES5T SOCIETY LA/S IT WILL NOT BE ANY DIFF]5T4 ,! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ABSOLUTELY CONTRADICTORY1 = AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT GIVES BIR? TO ! ELEM5TS ( A NEW HUMAN ORGANIZATION & ( A NEW CULTURE IT CAN NEV] FREE ITSELF 5TIRELY FROM ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9 :I* IT LIVES4 ,! /RONGE/ HOLD ( SOCIETY IS F\ND MA9LY 9 ! FIELDS ?AT >E GIV5 ! LEA/ ?\<T2 !Y >E ! TIME-HONOR$ HABITS1 ! 0SELF-EVID5T0 AXIOMS ( B\RGEOIS COMMON S5SE ?AT NO ONE CALLS 9TO QUE/ION1 9]TIA1 & SOCIETY'S SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9HIBITION ( PEOPLE'S ACTIVITY & CREATIVITY4 ,DUR+ A REVOLUTION1 CAPITALISM MAY BE DEFEAT$ MILIT>ILY & YET REMA9 VICTORI\S IF1 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT IT & UND] ! PRETEXT ( 0EFFICI5CY10 ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY OR ! PRODUCTION PROCESS IS ORGANIZ$ ALONG CAPITALI/ L9ES 7AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#h-#b#a71 = ?IS 0MORAL0 VICTORY = ! OLD SOCIETY SOON WILL MANAGE TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO COMPLETE VICTORY4 ,! WORK]S MAY SCORE ! 5ORM\S VICTORY ( BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT EXPRESSES !IR ASPIRATIONS -- & IMM$IATELY TURN VICTORY 9TO DEFEAT IF !Y ?9K ?AT ONCE ! ORGANIZATION IS BUILT IT REMA9S ONLY = !M TO HAVE CONFID5CE 9 IT = IT TO SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS4 

,! PROLET>IAT'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM IS1 !RE=E1 9 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT1 A /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ITSELF1 A /RUGGLE TO FREE ITSELF FROM :AT P]SI/S 9 IT ( ! SOCIETY IT IS COMBAT+4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS ! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT ?R\< ?IS /RUGGLE1 A DEVELOPM5T ?AT HAS NOT BE5 A CONT9U\S ADVANCE BUT AN UNEQUAL & CONTRADICTORY PROCESS ( GA9+ & LOS+ GR\ND1 CONTA9+ 5TIRE P]IODS ( REGRESSION4.<#g.> 

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