,P>T #a 
,9DIVIDUAL OR ,COLLECTIVE ,MANAGEM5T8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION BY ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI #aiba 
,9DIVIDUAL OR ,COLLECTIVE ,MANAGEM5T8  

,BE=E MAK+ CLE> :AT ! CAUSE IS ( ! EV]-WID5+ BREAK BETWE5 ! 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 & ! (FICIAL PO9T ( VIEW HELD BY \R DIRECT+ C5T]S1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CALL ATT5TION TO TWO FACTS3  

7#a7 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION SPRANG FROM ! DEP?S ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,IT IS AN \TGR[? NOT ONLY ( ! UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS ( LIFE & LABOR 9 :I* SEV5 MILLION 9DU/RIAL WORK]S F9D !MSELVES1 BUT IT IS ALSO A PRODUCT ( VACILLATION1 9CONSI/5CIES1 & \TRI<T DEVIATIONS ( \R ,SOVIET POLICY FROM ! CLE>LY EXPRESS$ CLASS-CONSI/5T PR9CIPLES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4  

7#b7 ,! ,OPPOSITION DID NOT ORIG9ATE 9 SOME P>TICUL> C5T]1 WAS NOT A FRUIT ( P]SONAL /RIFE & CONTROV]SY1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 COV]S ! :OLE EXT5T ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA & MEETS ) A RESONANT RESPONSE4 ,AT PRES5T1 !RE PREVAILS AN OP9ION ?AT ! :OLE ROOT ( ! CONTROV]SY >IS+ BETWE5 ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION & ! NUM]\S CURR5TS NOTICEABLE AMONG ! LEAD]S CONSI/S EXCLUSIVELY 9 DIFF]5CE ( OP9IONS REG>D+ ! PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4  

,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT TRUE4 ,! BREAK GOES DEEP]4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,OPPOSITION >E NOT ALWAYS ABLE CLE>LY TO EXPRESS & DEF9E IT1 BUT AS SOON AS SOME VITAL QUE/ION ( ! RECON/RUCTION ( \R ,REPUBLIC IS T\*$ UPON1 CONTROV]SIES >ISE CONC]N+ A :OLE >EAS ( C>D9AL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL QUE/IONS4  

,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ! TWO DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW 7AS EXPRESS$ BY ! LEAD]S ( \R P>TY & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( \R CLASS-ORGANIZ$ WORK]S71 F\ND !IR REFECTION AT ! ,N9? ,CONGRESS ( \R ,P>TY :5 ?AT BODY WAS DISCUSS+ ! QUE/ION3 COLLECTIVE V]SUS P]SONAL MANAGEM5T 9 9DU/RY4  

,AT ?AT TIME1 !RE WAS NO OPPOSITION FROM ANY WELL-=M$ GR\P1 BUT IT IS V]Y SIGNIFICANT ?AT COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T WAS FAVOR$ BY ALL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 :ILE OPPOS$ TO IT W]E ALL ! LEAD]S ( \R ,P>TY1 :O >E ACCU/OM$ TO APPRAISE ALL EV5TS FROM ! 9/ITUTIONAL ANGLE4 ,!Y REQUIRE A GOOD DEAL ( %REWDNESS & SKILL TO PLACATE ! SOCIALLY HET]OG5E\S & ! SOMETIMES POLITICALLY HO/ILE ASPIRATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL GR\PS ( ! POPULATION AS EXPRESS$ BY PROLET>IANS1 PETTY [N]S1 PEASANTRY1 & B\RGEOISIE 9 ! P]SON ( SPECIALI/S1 & PSEUDO-SPECIALI/S1 ( ALL K9DS & DEGREES4  

,:Y WAS IT ?AT ONLY ! ,UNIONS /UBBORNLY DEF5D$ ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T1 EV5 )\T BE+ ABLE TO ADDUCE SCI5TIFIC >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( IT8 ,& :Y WAS IT ?AT ! SPECIALI/S' SUPPORT]S AT ! SAME TIME DEF5D$ ! 0ONE MAN MANAGEM5T''83 ,! REASON IS ?AT 9 ?IS CONTROV]SY1 ?\< BO? SIDES EMPHATICALLY D5I$ ?AT !RE WAS A QUE/ION ( PR9CIPLE 9VOLV$1 TWO HI/ORICALLY IRRECONCILABLE PO9TS ( VIEW HAD CLA%$4 ,! 0ONE MAN MANAGEM5T' IS A PRODUCT ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/ CONCEPTION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,! 0ONE MAN MANAGEM5T' IS 9 PR9CIPLE AN UNRE/RICT$1 ISOLAT$1 FREE WILL ( ONE MAN1 DISCONNECT$ FROM ! COLLECTIVE4 ,?IS IDEA F9DS ITS REFLECTION 9 ALL SPH]ES ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR - BEG9N+ ) ! APPO9TM5T ( A SOV]EIGN = ! ,/ATE1 & 5D+ ) A SOV]EIGN DIRECTOR ( ! FACTORY4 ,?IS IS ! SUPREME WISDOM ( B\RGEOIS ?\<T4 ,! B\RGEOISIE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! P[] ( A COLLECTIVE BODY4 ,!Y LIKE TO :IP ! MASSES 9TO AN OB$I5T FLOCK1 & DRIVE !M :]EV] !IR UNRE/RICT$ WILL DESIRES4 ,! WORK+ CLASS & ITS SPOKESM51 ON ! CONTR>Y1 REALIZE ?AT ! NEW ,COMMUNI/ ASPIRATIONS CAN BE OBTA9$ ONLY ?R\< ! COLLECTIVE EF=TS ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,! MORE ! MASSES >E DEVELOP$ 9 ! EXPRESSION ( !IR COLLECTIVE WILL & COMMON ?\<T1 ! QUICK] & MORE COMPLETE WILL BE ! REALIZATION ( WORK+ CLASS ASPIRATIONS1 = IT WILL CREATE A NEW3 HOMOG5E\S1 UNIFI$1 P]FECTLY->RANG$ ,COMMUNI/ ,9DU/RY4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O >E DIRECTLY B\ND TO 9DU/RY CAN 9TRODUCE 9TO IT ANIMAT+ 9NOVATIONS4  

,REJECTION ( A PR9CIPLE - ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T 9 ! CONTROL ( 9DU/RY - WAS A TACTICAL COMPROMISE ON BEHALF ( \R ,P>TY1 AN ACT ( ADAPTATION2 IT WAS1 MOREOV]1 AN ACT ( DEVIATION FROM ?AT CLASS POLICY :I* WE SO ZEAL\SLY CULTIVAT$ & DEF5D$ DUR+ ?AT FIR/ PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION4  

,:Y DID ?IS HAPP58 ,H[ DID IT HAPP5 ?AT \R ,P>TY1 MATUR$ & TEMP]$ 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! REVOLUTION1 WAS P]MITT$ TO BE C>RI$ AWAY FROM ! DIRECT ROAD1 9 ORD] TO J\RNEY ALONG ! R\NDAB\T PA? ( ADAPTATION8 =M]LY CONDEMN$ OV]TLY & BR&$ AS 0OPPORTUNISM08 ,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION WE %ALL GIVE LAT]4 ,MEAN:ILE WE %ALL TURN TO ! QUE/ION3 H[ DID ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION =M & DEVELOP8  
#a4 ,GR[? ( ,! ,WORK]S ,OPPOSITION  

,! ,N9? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS HELD 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM]1 ! APPORTION DID NOT ASS]T ITSELF 4 ,NO?+ WAS HE>D AB\T IT DUR+ ! /ORMY DEBATES ?AT TOOK PLACE AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT DEEP AT ! BOTTOM1 !RE WAS TAK+ PLACE AN ACCUMULATION ( EXP]I5CE1 ( CRITICAL ?\<T4 ,! FIR/ EXPRESSION ( ?IS PROCESS1 9COMPLETE AT ! TIME1 WAS AT ! ,P>TY ,CONF]5CE 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#b4 ,= A TIME1 ! ?\<T PREOCCUPI$ ITSELF L>GELY ) REJECTIONS & CRITICISMS4 ,! ,OPPOSITION HAD NO WELL-=MULAT$ PROPOSALS ( ITS [N4 ,BUT IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ! ,P>TY WAS 5T]+ 9TO A NEW PHASE ( ITS LIFE4 ,)9 ITS RANKS1 0L[]0 ELEM5TS DEM& FRE$OM ( CRITICISM1 L\DLY PROCLAIM+ ?AT BUREAUCRACY /RANGLES !M1 LEAVES NO FRE$OM = ACTIVITY OR = MANIFE/ATION ( 9ITIATIVE4  

,! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY UND]/OOD ?IS UND]CURR5T1 & ,COMRADE ,Z9OVIEV MADE MANY V]BAL PROMISES AS TO FRE$OM ( CRITICISM1 WID5+ ( ! SCOPE ( SELF-ACTIVITY = ! MASSES1 P]SECUTION ( LEAD]S DEVIAT+ FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY1 ETC4 ,A GREAT DEAL WAS SAID & WELL SAID2 BUT FROM WORDS TO DE$S !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCE4 ,! ,SEPTEMB] CONF]5CE1 TOGE!R ) ,Z9OVIEV'S MU*-PROMIS+ SPEE* HAS *ANG$ NO?+ EI!R 9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF OR 9 ! LIFE ( ! MASSES4 ,! ROOT FROM :I* ! ,OPPOSITION SPR\TS1 WAS NOT DE/ROY$4 ,D[N AT ! BOTTOM1 A GR[? ( P>TICULATE DISSATISFACTION1 CRITICISM & 9DEP5D5CE WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,?IS 9>TICULATE F]M5T WAS NOT$ EV5 BY ! ,P>TY LEAD]S & IT QUITE UNEXPECT$LY G5]AT$ %>P CONTROV]SIES4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ! C5TRAL ,P>TY BODIES1 %>P CONTROV]SIES >OSE CONC]N+ ! P>T ?AT MU/ BE PLAY$ BY ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS ONLY NATURAL4  

,AT PRES5T1 ?IS SUBJECT ( CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! ,OPPOSITION & ! ,P>TY LEAD]S1 :ILE NOT BE+ ! ONLY ONE1 IS /ILL ! C>D9AL PO9T ( \R :OLE DOME/IC POLICY4 ,LONG BE=E ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION HAD APPE>$ ) ITS ,!SES & =M$ ?AT BASIS ON :I*1 9 ITS OP9ION1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ RE/1 9 ! SPH]E ( 9DU/RIAL RECON/RUCTION1 ! LEAD]S 9 ! ,P>TY HAD %>PLY DISAGRE$ 9 !IR APPRAISAL ( ! P>T ?AT IS TO BE PLAY$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS REG>D+ ! LATT]S' P>TICIPATION 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIES ON A ,COMMUNI/ BASIS4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY SPLIT 9TO GR\PS4 ,COMRADE ,L59 /OOD 9 OPPOSITION TO ,TROTSKY1 :ILE ,BUKH>9 TOOK ! MIDDLE GR\NDS4 ,ONLY AT ! ,EI<? ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS & IMM$IATELY AFT] DID IT BECOME OBVI\S ?AT )9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF !RE WAS A UNIT$ GR\P KEPT TOGE!R PRIM>ILY BY ! ,!SES ( PR9CIPLES CONC]N+ ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,?IS GR\P1 ! ,OPPOSITION1 HAV+ NO GREAT !ORETICIANS1 & IF SPITE ( A MO/ RESOLUTE RESI/ANCE FROM ! MO/ POPUL> LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY WAS GR[+ /RONG & SPREAD+ ALL OV] LABOR+ ,RUSSIA4 ,WAS IT SO ONLY 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,EV5 FROM ! ,DONETZ BAS91 ! ,URAL M\NTA9S1 ,SIB]IA1 & A NUMB] ( O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S CAME REPORTS TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ?AT !RE ALSO ! ,WORK]S ' ,OPPOSITION WAS =M+ & ACT+4  

,IT IS TRUE ?AT NOT EV]Y:]E DOES ! ,OPPOSITION F9D ITSELF 9 COMPLETE ACCORD ON ALL PO9TS ) ! WORK]S ( ,MOSC[4 ,AT TIMES !RE IS MU* 9DEF9IT5ESS1 PETT9ESS & ABSURDITY 9 ! EXPRESSIONS1 DEM&S & MOTIVES ( ! ,OPPOSITION4 ,EV5 ! C>D9AL PO9TS MAY DIFF]4 ,YET !RE IS EV]Y:]E ONE UNALT]ABLE PO9T - & ?IS IS ! QUE/ION 3 :O %ALL DEVELOP ! CREATIVE P[]S 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION8 ,%ALL IT BE PURELY CLASS ORGANS1 DIRECTLY CONNECT$ BY VITAL TIES ) ! 9DU/RIES - ?AT IS1 %ALL 9DU/RIAL UNIONS UND]TAKE ! WORK ( RECON/RUCTION - OR %ALL IT BE LEFT TO ! ,SOVIET MA*9E :I* IS SEP>AT$ FROM DIRECT VITAL 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY & IS AX$ 9 ITS COMPOSITION8 ,?IS IS ! ROOT ( ! BREAK4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION DEF5DS ! FIR/ PR9CIPLE1 :]E ! LEAD]S ( ! ,P>TY1 :ATEV] !IR DIFF]5CES ON V>I\S SECOND>Y MATT]S1 >E 9 COMPLETE ACCORD ON ! C>D9AL PO9T1 & DEF5D ! SECOND PR9CIPLE4  

,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 ,?IS MEANS ?AT \R ,P>TY LIVES ?R\< ITS FIR/ S]I\S CRISIS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 & ?AT ! ,OPPOSITION IS NOT TO BE DRIV5 AWAY BY SU* A *EAP NAME AS 0SYNDICALISM10 BUT ?AT ALL COMRADES MU/ CONSID] ?IS 9 ALL S]I\SNESS1 ,:O IS RI<T1 ! LEAD]S OR ! WORK+ MASSES 5D[$ ) A HEAL?Y CLASS 9/9CT8  
#b4 ,CAUSES ( ! ,CRISIS  

,BE=E CONSID]+ ! BASIC PO9TS ( ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! LEAD]S ( \R ,P>TY & ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION8 IT IS NECESS>Y TO F9D AN ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION3 H[ C\LD IT HAPP5 ?AT \R ,P>TY - =M]LY /RONG1 MI<TY & 9V9CIBLE BECAUSE ( ITS CLE>-CUT & FIRM CLASS POLICY - BEGAN TO DEBATE FROM ITS PROGRAM8  

,! DE>] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS TO US JU/ BECAUSE IT HAS MADE SU* A RESOLUTE /EP =W>D ON ! ROAD TO ! LIB]ATION IF ! WORK]S FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITAL1 ! LESS RI<T DO WE HAVE TO CLOSE \R EYES TO ! MI/AKES ( LEAD+ C5T]S4  

,! P[] ( ! ,P>TY MU/ LIE 9 ! ABILITY ( \R LEAD+ C5T]S TO DETECT ! PROBLEMS & TASKS ?AT CONFRONT ! WORK]S1 & TO PICK UP ! T5D5CIES1 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DIRECT1 SO ?AT ! MASSES MI<T CONQU] ONE MORE ( ! HI/ORICAL POSITIONS4 ,SO IT WAS 9 ! PA/1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] SO AT PRES5T4 ,\R ,P>TY NOT ONLY R$UCES ITS SPE$1 BUT MORE (T5 7WISELY' LOOKS BACK & ASKS3 HAVE WE NOT GONE TOO F>8 ,IS ?IS NOT ! TIME TO CALL A HALT8 ,IS IT NOT WIS] TO BE MORE CAUTI\S & TO AVOID D>+ EXP]IM5TS UNSE5 9 ! :OLE ( HI/ORY'8' ,:AT WAS IT ?AT PRODUC$ ?IS WISE CAUTION' 7P>TICUL>LY EXPRESS$ ,9 ! DI/RU/ ( ! LEAD+ ,P>TY C5T]S T[>DS ! ECONOMIC 9DU/RIAL ABILITIES ( ! LABOR UNIONS7 - CAUTION ?AT HAS LATELY OV]:ELM$ ALL \R C5T]S8 ,:]E IS ! CAUSE8  

LF WE BEG9 TO DILIG5TLY TO SE>* = ! CAUSE ( ! DEVELOP+ CONTROV]SY 9 \R ,P>TY1 IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT ! P>TY IS PASS+ ?R\< A CRISIS :I* WAS BR\<T AB\T BY ?REE FUNDAM5TAL CAUSES4 ,! FIR/ MA9 BASIC CAUSE IS ! UN=TUNATE 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* \R ,P>TY MU/ WORK & ACT4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MU/ BUILD ,COMMUNISM & C>RY 9TO LIFE ITS PROGRAM3  

7A7 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ( COMPLETE DE/RUCTION & BREAKD[N ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE 2  

7B7 9 ! FACE ( A NEV] DIM9I%+ & RU?LESS PRESSURE ( ! ,IMP]IALI/ ,/ATES & ,:ITE ,GU>DS'1  

7C7 TO ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,RUSSIA HAS FALL5 ! LOT ( REALIZ+ ,COMMUNISM1 CREAT+ NEW ,COMMUNI/ =MS ( ECONOMY 9 AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D C\NTRY ) A PREPOND]ANT PEASANT POPULATION1 :]E ! NECESS>Y ECONOMIC PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION >E LACK+1 & :]E ,CAPITALISM HAS NOT AS YET BE5 ABLE TO COMPLETE ! FULL CYCLE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T 7FROM ! UNLIMIT$ /RUGGLE ( COMPETITION ( ! FIR/ /AGE ( ,CAPITALISM TO ITS HI<E/ =M3 ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION BY CAPITALI/ UNIONS - ! TRU/S74  

,IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT ALL !SE FACTORS H9D] ! REALIZATION ( \R PROGRAM 7P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS ESS5TIAL P>T - 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,9DU/RIES ON ! NEW BASIS7 & 9JECT 9TO \R ,SOVIET ECONOMIC POLICY DIV]SE 9FLU5CES & A LACK ( UNI=MITY4  

,\T ( ?IS BASIC CAUSE FOLL[ ! TWO O!RS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA & ! DOM9ATION ( ! PEASANTRY )9 ITS B\ND>IES CREATE ?AT DIV]SITY1 & 9EVITABLY DETRACT ! PRACTICAL POLICY ( \R ,P>TY FROM ! CLE>-CUT CLASS DIRECTION1 CONSI/5T 9 PR9CIPLE & !ORY4  

,ANY P>TY /&+ AT ! HEAD ( A HET]OG5E\S ,SOVIET /ATE IS COMPELL$ TO CONSID] ! ASPIRATIONS ( PEASANTS ) !IR PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9CL9ATIONS & RES5TM5TS T[>DS ,COMMUNISM1 AS WELL AS L5D AN E> TO ! NUM]\S PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 REMNANTS ( ! =M] CAPITALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA & TO ALL K9DS ( TRAD]S1 MIDDLEM51 PETTY (FICIALS1 ETC4 ,!SE HAVE V]Y RAPIDLY ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS & OCCUPY RESPONSIBLE POTIONS 9 ME C5T]S1 APPE>+ 9 ! CAPACITY ( AG5TS ( DIFF]5T COMMISS>IATS ETC4 ,NO WOND] ?AT ,Z>UPA1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> ( ,SUPPLIES1 AT ! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS QUOT$ FIGURES :I* %[$ ?AT 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,SUPPLIES !RE W]E 5GAG$ #a#g.0 ( WORK]S1 #a#c.0 ( PEASANTS1 LESS ?AN #b.0 ( SPECIALI/S1 & ?AT ( ! REMA9+1 MORE ?AN #e.0 W]E TRADESM51 SALESM51 & SIMIL> PEOPLE1 9 ! MAJORITY EV5 ILLIT]ATE 7,Z>UPA'S [N WORDS74 ,9 ,Z>UPA'S OP9ION ?IS IS A PRO( ( !IR DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! CLASS PROLET>IANS1 ) ! PRODUC]S ( ALL WEAL?1 ) ! WORK]S 9 FACTORY & MILL4  

,!SE >E ! ELEM5TS - ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS WIDELY SCATT]$ ?R\< ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 ! ELEM5TS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ) !IR HO/ILITY T[>DS ,COMMUNISM1 & ) !IR PR$ILECTIONS T[>DS ! IMMUTABLE CU/OMS ( ! PA/1 ) RES5TM5TS & FE>S T[>DS REVOLUTION>Y >TS4 ,!SE >E ! ELEM5TS ?AT BR+ DECAY 9TO \R ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 BRE$+ !RE AN ATMOSPH]E ALTOGE!R REPUGNANT TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y >E TWO DIFF]5T WORLDS & HO/ILE AT ?AT4 ,& YET WE 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA >E COMPELL$ TO P]SUADE BO? \RSELVES & ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE & MIDDLE CLASSES 7NOT TO SPEAK ( WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS7 CAN QUITE COM=TABLY EXI/ UND] ! COMMON MOTTO3 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS10 =GETFUL ( ! FACT ?AT 9 PRACTICAL EV]YDAY LIFE1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & ?OSE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & PEASANTRY IMBU$ ) PETTY-B\RGEOIS PSY*OLOGY MU/ 9EVITABLY CLA%1 R5D+ ! ,SOVIET POLICY ASUND]1 & DE=M+ ITS CLE>E/ CLASS /ATUTES4 ,BESIDE PEASANT-[N]S 9 ! VILLAGES & BUR<] ELEM5TS 9 ! CITIES1 \R P>TY 9 ITS ,SOVIET ,/ATE POLICY IS =C$ TO RECKON ) ! 9FLU5CE EX]T$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( WEAL?Y B\RGEOISIE N[ APPE>+ 9 ! =M ( SPECIALI/S1 TE*NICIANS1 5G9E]S & =M] MANAG]S ( F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL AFFAIRS1 :O BY ALL !IR PA/ EXP]I5CE >E B\ND TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y CANNOT EV5 IMAG9E ANY O!R MODE ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ! ONE :I* LIES )9 ! TRADITIONAL B\NDS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMICS4  
#c4,! ,GR[+ ,9FLU5CE ( ,! ,SPECIALI/S  

,! MORE ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA F9DS ITSELF 9 NE$ ( SPECIALI/S 9 ! SPH]E ( TE*NIQUE & MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! /RONG] BECOMES ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE ELEM5TS1 =EIGN TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R ECONOMY4 ,HAV+ BE5 ?R[N ASIDE DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION1 & BE+ COMPELL$ TO TAKE UP AN ATTITUDE ( WAT*FUL WAIT+ OR SOMETIMES EV5 OP5 HO/ILITY T[>DS ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! MO/ TRY+ MON?S 7! HI/ORICAL SABOTAGE BY ! 9TELLECTUALS71 ?IS SOCIAL GR\P ( BRA9S 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ( S]VILE1 HIR$1 WELL-PAID S]VANTS ( CAPITAL1 ACQUIRE MORE & MORE 9FLU5CE & IMPORTANCE 9 POLITICS ) EV]Y DAY FIAT PASSES4  

,DO WE NE$ NAMES8 ,EV]Y FELL[ WORK]1 C>EFULLY WAT*+ \R =EIGN & DOME/IC POLICY1 RECALLS MORE ?AN ONE SU* NAME 4 ,AS LONG AS ! C5T] ( \R LIFE REMA9$ AT ! MILIT>Y FRONTS1 ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE G5TLEM5 DIRECT+ \R ,SOVIET POLICY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! SPH]E ( 9DU/RIAL RECON/RUCTION1 WAS COMP>ATIVELY NEGLIGIBLE4 ,SPECIALI/S1 ! REMNANTS ( ! PA/1 BY ALL !IR NATURE CLOSELY1 UNALT]ABLY B\ND TO ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM ?AT WE AIM TO DE/ROY1 GRADUALLY BEG9 TO P5ETRATE 9TO \R ,R$ ,>MY1 9TRODUC+ !RE !IR ATMOSPH]E ( ! PA/ 7BL9D SUBORD9ATION1 S]VILE OB$I5CE1 DI/9CTION1 RANKS1 & ! >BITR>Y WILL ( SUP]IORS 9 PLACE ( CLASS DISCIPL9E1 ETC474 ,BUT !IR 9FLU5CE DID NOT EXT5D TO ! G5]AL POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,! PROLET>IAT DID NOT QUE/ION !IR SUP]IOR SKILL TO DIRECT MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 FULLY REALIZ+ ?R\< !IR HEAL?Y CLASS 9/9CT ?AT 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S ! WORK+ CLASS AS A CLASS CANNOT EXPRESS A NEW WORLD1 IS P[]LESS TO 9TRODUCE SUB/ANTIAL *ANGES 9TO ! MILIT>Y SY/EM - TO RECON/RUCT ITS F\NDATION ON A NEW CLASS BASIS4 ,PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>ISM - AN 9H]ITANCE ( PA/ AGES - MILIT>ISM & W>S WILL HAVE NO PLACE 9 ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,! /RUGGLE WILL GO ON ALONG O!R *ANNELS1 WILL TAKE QUITE DIFF]5T =MS 9CONCEIVABLE TO \R IMAG9ATION ,MILIT>ISM LIVES ?R\< ITS LA/ DAYS1 ?R\< ! TRANSITORY EPO* ( DICTATOR%IP1 & !RE=E IT IS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ! WORK]S1 AS A CLASS1 C\LD NOT 9TRODUCE 9TO ! =MS & SY/EMS ANY?+ NEW & CONDUCIVE TO ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,EV5 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 H[EV]1 !RE W]E 9NOVAT+ T\*ES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! NATURE ( MILIT>ISM REMA9$ ! SAME1 & ! DIRECTION ( MILIT>Y AFFAIRS BY ! =M] (FIC]S & G5]ALS ( ! OLD >MY DID NOT DRAW ! ,SOVIET POLICY 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S AWAY TO ! OPPOSITE SIDE SUFFICI5TLY = ! WORK]S TO FEEL ANY H>M TO !MSELVES OR TO !IR CLASS 9T]E/S4  

,9 ! SPH]E ( NATIONAL ECONOMY IT IS QUITE DIFF]5T H[EV]4 ,PRODUCTION1 ITS ORGANIZATION - ?IS IS ! ESS5CE ( ,COMMUNISM4 ,TO DEB> ! WORK]S FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 TO DEPRIVE !M1 ?AT IS1 !IR 9DIVIDUAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP4 !IR P[]S 9 CREAT+ NEW =MS ( PRODUCTION 9 9DU/RY ?R\< !IR UNIONS1 TO D5Y !SE EXPRESSIONS ( ! CLASS ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :ILE PLAC+ FULL RELIANCE ON ! 'SKILL' ( SPECIALI/S TRA9$ & TAU<T TO C>RY ON PRODUCTION UND] A QUITE DIFF]5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION - IS TO JUMP (F ! RAILS ( SCI5TIFIC ,M>XI/ ?\<T4 ,?AT IS1 H[EV]1 JU/ ! ?+ ?AT IS BE+ DONE BY ! LEAD]S ( \R ,P>TY AT PRES5T4  

,TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! UTT] COLLAPSE ( \R 9DU/RIES :ILE /ILL CL++ TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 7PAYM5T = LABOR 9 MONEY1 V>IATIONS 9 WAGES RECEIV$ ACCORD+ TO ! WORK DONE7 \R ,P>TY LEAD]S1 9 A FIT ( DI/RU/ 9 ! CREATIVE ABILITIES ( WORK]S' COLLECTIVES1 >E SEEK+ SALVATION FROM ! 9DU/RIAL *AOS4 ,:]E8 ,9 ! H&S ( SCIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ PA/4 ,9 BUS9ESSM5 & TE*NICIANS1 :OSE CREATIVE ABILITIES 9 ! SPH]E ( ,9DU/RY >E SUBJECT TO ! R\T9E1 HABITS & ME?ODS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & ECONOMY4 ,!Y >E ! ONES :O 9TRODUCE ! RIDICUL\SLY NAIVE BELIEF ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BR+ AB\T ,COMMUNISM BY BUREAUCRATIC MEANS4 ,!Y 'DECREE' :]E IT IS N[ NECESS>Y TO CREATE & C>RY ON RESE>*4  

,! MORE ! MILIT>Y FRONT REC$ES BE=E ! ECONOMIC FRONT1 ! KE5] BECOMES \R CRY+ NE$2 ! MORE PRON\NC$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ?AT GR\P :I* IS NOT ONLY 9H]5TLY =EIGN TO ,COMMUNISM1 BUT ABSOLUTELY UNABLE TO DEVELOP ! RI<T QUALITIES = 9TRODUC+ NEW =MS ( ORGANIZ+ ! WORK1 ( NEW MOTIVES = 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION1 ( NEW APPROA*ES TO PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,ALL !SE TE*NICIANS1 PRACTICAL M51 M5 ( BUS9ESS EXP]I5CE1 :O JU/ N[ APPE> ON ! SURFACE ( ,SOVIET LIFE BR+ PRESSURE TO BE> UPON ! LEAD]S ( \R ,P>TY ?R\< & )9 ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS BY EX]T+ !IR 9FLU5CE ON ECONOMIC POLICY4  
#d4 ,/ATE ,& ,P>TY  

,! ,P>TY1 !RE=E1 F9DS ITSELF 9 A DIFFICULT & EMB>RASS+ SITUATION REG>D+ ! CONTROL OV] ! ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,IT IS =C$ TO L5D AN E> & TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ?REE ECONOMICALLY HO/ILE GR\PS ( ! POPULATION1 EA* DIFF]5T 9 SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,! WORK]S DEM& A CLE>-CUT1 UNCOMPROMIS+ POLICY1 A RAPID1 =C$ ADVANCE T[>DS ,COMMUNISM2 ! PEASANTRY1 ) ITS PETTY-B\RGEOIS PROCLIVITIES & SYMPA?IES1 DEM&S ,AFF]5T K9DS ( 0FRE$OM10 9CLUD+ FRE$OM ( TRADE & NON9T]F]5CE 9 !IR AFFAIRS4 ,! LATT] >E JO9$ 9 ?IS DEM& BE ! BUR<] CLAD 9 ! =M ( 7AG5TS' ( ,SOVIET (FICIALS1 COMMISS>IES 9 ! >MY1 ETC41 :O HAVE ALREADY ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO ! ,SOVIET REGIME1 & SWAY \R POLICY T[>D PETTY-B\RGEOIS L9ES4  

,AS F> AS ! C5T] IS CONC$$1 ! 9FLU5CE ( !SE PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS IS NEGLIGIBLE4 ,BUT 9 ! PROV9CES & 9 LOCAL ,SOVIET ACTIVITY1 !IR 9FLU5CE IS A GREAT & H>MFUL ONE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS /ILL ANO!R GR\P ( M5 CONSI/+ ( ! =M] MANAG]S & DIRECTORS ( ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIES4 ,!SE >E NOT ! MAGNATES ( CAPITAL1 LIKE ,RIABU%9SKY OR ,RUBLIK(F1 :OM ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC GOT RID ( DUR+ ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT !Y >E ! MO/ TAL5T$ S]VANTS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ! 'BRA9S & G5IUS' ( ,CAPITALISM1 ITS TRUE CREATORS & SPONSORS4 ,HE>TILY APPROV+ ! C5TRALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMICS1 WELL REALIZ+ ALL ! B5EFITS ( TRU/IFICATION & REGULATION ( PRODUCTION 7?IS1 BY ! WAY1 IS BE+ C>RI$ ON BY CAPITAL 9 ALL ADVANC$ ,9DU/RIAL 1 C\NTRIES71 !Y >E /RIV+ = JU/ ONE ?+ - !Y WANT ?IS REGULATION TO BE C>RI$ ON NOT ?R\< ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 7! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS71 BUT BY !MSELVES - ACT+ N[ UND] ! GUISE ( ,SOVIET ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS - ! C5TRAL 9DU/RIAL COMMITTEES1 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY1 :]E !Y >E ALREADY FIRMLY ROOT$4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( !SE G5TLEM5 ON ! 'SOB]' ,/ATE POLICY ( \R LEAD]S IS GREAT1 CONSID]ABLY GREAT] ?AN IS DESIRABLE4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE IS REFLECT$ 9 ! POLICY :I* DEF5DS & CULTIVATES BUREAUCRATISM 7) NO ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE IT 5TIRELY1 BUT JU/ TO IMPROVE IT74 ,! POLICY IS P>TICUL>LY OBVI\S 9 ! SPH]E ( \R =EIGN TRADE ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATES1 :I* IS JU/ BEG9N+ TO SPR+ UP3 !SE COMM]CIAL RELATIONS >E C>RI$ ON OV] ! HEADS ( ! ,RUSSIAN AS WELL AS ! =EIGN ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,IT F9DS ITS EXPRESSION1 ALSO1 9 A :OLE S]IES ( MEASURES RE/RICT+ ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES & GIV+ ! 9ITIATIVE TO ! SCIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4  

,AMONG ALL !SE V>I\S GR\PS ( ! POPULATION1 \R ,P>TY1 BY TRY+ TO F9D A MIDDLE GR\ND1 IS COMPELL$ TO /E] A C\RSE :I* DOES NOT JEOP>DIZE ! UNITY ( ! ,/ATE 9T]E/S4 ,! CLE>-CUT POLICY ( \R ,P>TY1 9 ! PROCESS ( ID5TIFY+ ITSELF ) ,SOVIET ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 IS BE+ GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO AN UPP]-CLASS POLICY1 :I* 9 ESS5CE IS NO?+ ELSE BUT AN ADAPTATION ( \R DIRECT+ C5T]S TO ! HET]OG5E\S & IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S ( A SOCIALLY DIFF]5T1 MIX$1 POPULATION4 ,?IS ADAPTATION LEADS TO 9EVITABLE VACILLATION1 FLUCTUATIONS1 DEFLATIONS & MI/AKES4 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO RECALL ! ZIG-ZAG-LIKE ROAD ( \R POLICY T[>D ! PEASANTRY1 :I* FROM ?ANK+ ON ! POOR PEASANT'1 BR\<T US TO PLAC+ RELIANCE ON ! 9DU/RI\S PEASANT-[N]'4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT ?IS POLICY IS PRO( ( ! POLITICAL SOB]NESS & 0/ATECRAFT WISDOM0 ( \R DIRECT+ C5T]S4 ,BUT ! FUTURE HI/ORIAN1 ANALYZ+ )\T BIAS ! /AGES ( \R DOM9ATION1 WILL F9D & PO9T \T ?AT 9 ?IS IS EVID5T A DANG]\S DIGRESSION' FROM ! CLASS L9E T[>D 'ADAPTATION' & A C\RSE FULL ( H>MFUL POSSIBILITIES OR RESULTS4  

,LET US AGA9 TAKE ! QUE/ION ( =EIGN TRADE4 ,!RE EXI/S 9 \R POLICY AN OBVI\S DUPLICITY4 ,?IS IS ATTE/$ BY ! CON/ANT1 UN5D+ FRICTION BETWE5 ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,=EIGN ,TRADE & ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS4 ,?IS FRICTION IS NOT ( ADM9I/RATIVE NATURE ALONE4 ,ITS CAUSE LIES DEEP]4 ,& IF ! SECRET WORK ( ! DIRECT+ C5T]S W]E EXPOS$ TO ! VIEW ( RANK & FILE ELEM5TS1 :O KN[S :AT ! CONTROV]SY DIVID+ ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS & ! TRADE REPRES5TATIVES ABROAD MI<T LEAD TO8  

,?IS SEEM+LY ADM9I/RATIVE FRICTION IS ESS5TIALLY A S]I\S1 DEEP1 SOCIAL FRICTION1 CONCEAL$ FROM ! RANK & TILE1 & MAKES IT ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ,SOVIET POLITICS TO ADAPT TO ! ?REE HET]OG5E\S SOCIAL GR\PS ( ! POPULATION 7WORK]S1 PEASANTS & REPRES5TATIVES ( ! =M] B\RGEOISIE74 ,?IS CON/ITUTES ANO!R CAUSE BR++ A CRISIS 9TO \R ,P>TY4 ,& WE CANNOT BUT PAY ATT5TION TO ?IS CAUSE4 ,IT IS TOO *>ACT]I/IC1 TOO PREGNANT ) POSSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! DUTY ( \R ,P>TY1 ON BEHALF ( ,P>TY UNITY & FUTURE ACTIVITY1 TO POND] OV] ?IS CAUSE & TO LE>N ! NECESS>Y LESSONS FROM ! WIDESPREAD DISSATISFACTION G5]AT$ BY IT 9 ! RANK & FILE4  
#e4 ,! ,MASSES >E NOT ,BL9D  

,AS LONG AS ! WORK+ CLASS1 DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION1 FELT ITSELF TO BE ! ONLY BE>] ( ,COMMUNISM1 !RE WAS P]FECT UNANIMITY 9 ! ,P>TY4 ,9 ! DAYS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 NONE C\LD EV5 ?9K ( 'UPS' AS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM 'D[NS'1 = 9 ?OSE DAYS ! ADVANC$ WORK]S W]E BUSILY 5GAG$ 9 REALIZ+ PO9T AFT] PO9T 9 \R CLASS-COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4 ,! PEASANT :O RECEIV$ ! L& DID NOT AT ! TIME ASS]T HIMSELF AS A P>T ( & A FULL-FL$G$ CITIZ5 ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,9TELLECTUALS1 SPECIALI/S1 M5 ( AFFAIRS - ! 5TIRE PETTY-B\RGEOIS CLASS & PSEUDO-SPECIALI/S AT PRES5T CLIMB+ UP ! ,SOVIET LADD]1 RUNG BY RUNG1 UND] ! GUISE ( 'SPECIALI/S'  - /EPP$ ASIDE1 WAT*+ & WAIT+ BUT MEAN:ILE GIV+ FRE$OM TO ! ADVANC$ WORK+ MASSES TO DEVELOP !IR CREATIVE ABILITIES4  

,AT PRES5T1 H[EV]1 IT IS JU/ ! O!R WAY4 ,! WORK] FEELS1 SEES1 & REVISES AT EV]Y /EP ?AT SPECIALI/S & 7:AT IS WORSE7 UNTRA9$ ILLIT]ATE PSEUDO-SPECIALI/S1 & UNPRACTICAL M5 ?R[ \T ! WORK] & FILL UP ALL ! HI< ADM9I/RATIVE PO/S ( \R 9DU/RIAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,& ! ,P>TY1 9/EAD ( PUTT+ ! BRAKES ON ?IS T5D5CY FROM ! ELEM5TS :I* >E ALTOGE!R =EIGN TO ! WORK+ CLASS & ,COMMUNISM1 5C\RAGES IT4 ,! ,P>TY SEEKS SALVATION FROM ! 9DU/RIAL *AOS1 NOT 9 ! WORK]S BUT 9 !SE V]Y ELEM5TS4 ,NOT 9 ! WORK]S1 NOT 9 !IR UNION ORGANIZATIONS DOES ! ,P>TY REPOSE ITS TRU/1 BUT 9 !SE ELEM5TS4 ,! WORK+ MASSES FEEL IT & 9/EAD ( UNANIMITY & UNITY 9 ! ,P>TY1 !RE APPE>S A BREAK4  

,! MASSES >E NOT BL9D4 ,:ATEV] WORDS ! MO/ POPUL> LEAD]S MI<T USE 9 ORD] TO CONCEAL !IR DEVIATION FROM A CLE>-CUT CLASS POLICY1 :ATEV] ! COMPROMISES MADE ) ! PEASANTS & WORLD ,CAPITALISM1 & :ATEV] ! TRU/ ?AT ! LEAD]S PLACE 9 ! DISCIPLES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 ! WORK+ MASSES FEEL :]E ! DIGRESSION BEG9S4 ,! WORK]S MAY *]I% AN >D5T AFFECTION & LOVE = SU* P]SONALITIES AS ,L594 ,!Y MAY BE FASC9AT$ BY ! 9COMP>ABLE FL[]Y ELOQU5CE ( ,TROTSKY & HIS ORGANIZ+ ABILITIES4 ,!Y MAY REV]E A NUMB] ( O!R LEAD]S - AS LEAD]S4 ,BUT :5 ! MASSES FEEL ?AT !Y & !IR CLASS >E NOT TRU/$1 IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT !Y SAY 3 ,NO1 HALT6 ,WE REFUSE TO FOLL[ Y\ BL9DLY6 ,LET US EXAM9E ! SITUATION4 ,Y\R POLICY ( PICK+ \T ! MIDDLE GR\ND BETWE5 ?REE SOCIALLY OPPOS$ GR\PS IS A WISE ONE 9DE$1 BUT IT SMACKS ( ! WELL-TRI$ & FAMILI> ADAPTATION & OPPORTUNISM4 ,TODAY WE MAY GA9 SOME?+ ) ! HELP ( Y\R SOB] POLICY1 BUT LET US BEW>E LE/ WE F9D \RSELVES ON A WRONG ROAD ?AT1 ?R\< ZIGZAGS & TURNS1 WILL LEAD FROM ! FUTURE TO ! DEBRIS ( ! PA/4 ,DI/RU/ ( ! WORK]S BY ! LEAD]S IS /EADILY GR[+4 ,! MORE SOB] !SE LEAD]S GET1 ! MORE CLEV] /ATESM5 !Y BECOME ) !IR POLICY ( SLID+ OV] ! BLADE ( A %>P KNIFE BETWE5 ,COMMUNISM & COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOIS PA/1 ! DEEP] BECOMES ! ABYSS BETWE5 ! 'UPS' & 'D[NS' ! LESS UND]/&+ !RE IS1 & ! MORE PA9FUL & 9EVITABLE BECOMES ! CRISES )9 ! ,P>TY ITSELF4 ,! ?IRD REASON 5HANC+ ! CRISIS 9 ! ,P>TY IS ?AT1 9 FACT DUR+ !SE ?REE YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ( ?OSE :O WORK 9 FACTORIES & MILLS1 HAS NOT ONLY NOT BE5 IMPROV$1 BUT HAS BECOME MORE UNBE>ABLE4 ,?IS NOBODY D>ES TO D5Y4 ,! SUPPRESS$ & WIDELY-SPREAD DISSATISFACTION AMONG WORK]S 7WORK]S1 M9D Y\7 HAS A REAL JU/IFICATION4  
#f4 ,:O HAS ,GA9$ ,FROM ,! ,REVOLUTION8  

,ONLY ! PEASANTS GA9$ DIRECTLY BY ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS F> AS ! MIDDLE CLASSES >E CONC]N$1 !Y V]Y CLEV]LY ADAPT$ !MSELVES TO ! NEW CONDITIONS1 TOGE!R ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RI* B\RGEOISIE :O HAD OCCUPI$ ALL ! RESPONSIBLE & DIRECT+ POSITIONS 9 ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS 7P>TICUL>LY 9 ! SPH]E ( DIRECT+ ,/ATE ECONOMY1 9 ! 9DU/RY ORGANIZATIONS & ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) =EIGN NATIONS74 ,ONLY ! BASIC CLASS ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC1 :I* BORE ALL ! BURD5S ( ! DICTATOR%IP AS A MASS1 EKES \T A %AMEFULLY PITIFUL EXI/5CE4  

,! ,WORK]S' ,REPUBLIC CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 BY ! VANGU>D ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I*1 TO QUOTE ,L591 HAS ABSORB$ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! CLASS'1 HAS NOT HAD TIME 5\< TO POND] OV] & IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ALL ! WORK]S 7?OSE NOT 9 9DIVIDUAL E/ABLI%M5TS :I* HAPP5$ TO GA9 ! ATT5TION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S 9 ONE OR ANO!R ( ! SO-CALL$ '%OCK 9DU/RIES'7 9 G5]AL & LIFT !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE TO A HUMAN /&>D ( EXI/5CE4  

,! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,LABOR IS ! MO/ /AGNANT 9/ITUTION ( ALL ! ,COMMISS>IATS4 ,9 ! :OLE ( ! ,SOVIET POLICY1 ! QUE/ION WAS NEV] S]I\SLY RAIS$ ON A NATIONAL SCALE & DISCUSS$3 :AT MU/ & CAN BE DONE 9 ! FACE ( ! UTT] COLLAPSE ( 9DU/RY AT HOME & A MO/ UNFAVORABLE 9T]NAL SITUATION TO IMPROVE ! WORK]S' CONDITIONS & PRES]VE !IR HEAL? = PRODUCTIVE LABOR 9 ! FUTURE1 & TO BETT] ! LOT ( ! WORK]S 9 ! %OPS8  

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 ,SOVIET POLICY WAS DEVOID ( ANY WORK$ \T PLAN = IMPROV+ ! LOT ( ! WORK]S & !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,ALL ?AT WAS DONE 9 ?IS FIELD WAS DONE ALMO/ 9CID5TALLY1 OR AT R&OM1 BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES UND] ! PRESSURE OR ! MASSES !MSELVES4 ,DUR+ !SE ?REE YE>S ( CIVIL W>1 ! PROLET>IAT H]OICALLY BR\<T TO ! ALT> ( ! REVOLUTION !IR 9NUM]ABLE SACRIFICES4 ,!Y WAIT$ PATI5TLY4 ,BUT N[ ?AT ! PULSE ( LIFE 9 ! ,REPUBLIC IS AGA9 TRANSF]R$ TO ! ECONOMIC FRONT1 ! RANK & FILE WORK] CONSID]S IT UNNECESS>Y TO 'SUFF] & WAIT'4 ,:Y8 IS HE NOT ! CREATOR ( LIFE ON A ,COMMUNI/ BASIS8 ,LET US \RSELVES TAKE UP ?IS RECON/RUCTION1 = WE KN[ BETT] ?AN ! G5TLEM5 FROM ! C5T]S :]E IT HURTS US MO/4  

,! RANK & FILE WORK] IS OBS]VANT4 ,HE SEES ?AT SO F> ! PROBLEMS ( HYGI5E1 SANITATION1 IMPROV+ CONDITIONS ( LABOR 9 ! %OPS - 9 O!R WORDS1 ! BETT]M5T ( ! WORK]S' LOT HAS OCCUPI$ ! LA/ PLACE 9 \R POLICY4 ,9 \R SOLUTION TO ! H\S+ PROBLEM1 WE W5T NO FUR!R ?AN H\S+ ! WORK]S' FAMILIES 9 9CONV5I5T B\RGEOIS MANSIONS4 ,:AT IS /ILL WORSE1 SO F> WE HAVE NOT EV5 T\*$ ! PRACTICAL PROBLEM ( H\S+ 9 REG>D TO WORK]S4 ,TO \R %AME1 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 ,MOSC[ ITSELF1 WORK+ PEOPLE >E /ILL LIV+ 9 FIL?Y1 OV]CR[D$ & UNHYGI5IC QU>T]S1 ONE VISIT TO :I* MAKES ONE ?9K ?AT !RE HAS BE5 NO REVOLUTION AT A#a#a4 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT ! H\S+ PROBLEM CANNOT BE SOLV$ 9 A FEW MON?S1 EV5 YE>S1 & ?AT DUE TO \R POV]TY1 ITS SOLUTION IS FAC$ ) ! S]I\S DIFFICULTIES4 ,BUT ! FACTS ( EV]-GR[+ 9EQUALITY BETWE5 ! PRIVILEG$ GR\PS ( ! POPULATION 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA & ! RANK & FILE WORK]S1 '! FRAMEWORK ( ! DICTATOR%IP'1 BRE$ & N\RI% ! DISSATISFACTION4  

,! RANK & FILE WORK] SEES H[ ! ,SOVIET (FICIAL & ! PRACTICAL MAN LIVES & H[ HE LIVES - HE ON :OM RE/S ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HE CANNOT BUT SEE ?AT DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 ! LIFE & HEAL? ( ! WORK]S 9 ! %OPS COMM&$ ! LEA/ ATT5TION2 ?AT :]E PRIOR TO ! REVOLUTION !RE EXI/$ MORE OR LESS BE>ABLE CONDITIONS1 !Y >E /ILL MA9TA9$ BY ! %OP COMMITTEES4 ,& :]E SU* CONDITIONS DID NOT EXI/1 :]E DAMPNESS1 F\L AIR & GASES POISON$ & DE/ROY$ ! WORK]S' HEAL?1 !SE CONDITIONS REMA9 UN*ANG$4 0,WE C\LD NOT ATT5D TO ?AT2 PRAY1 !RE WAS ! MILIT>Y FRONT40 ,& YET :5EV] IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MAKE REPAIRS 9 ANY ( ! H\SES OCCUPI$ BY ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 !Y W]E ABLE TO F9D BO? ! MAT]IALS & ! LABOR4 ,:AT W\LD HAPP5 IF WE TRI$ TO %ELT] \R SPECIALI/S OR PRACTICAL M5 5GAG$ 9 ! SPH]E ( COMM]CIAL TRANSACTIONS ) =EIGN CAPITALI/S 9 ?OSE HUTS 9 :I* ! MASSES ( WORK]S /ILL LIVE & LABOR8 ,!Y W\LD RAISE SU* A H[L ?AT IT W\LD BECOME NECESS>Y TO MOBILIZE ! 5TIRE H\S+ DEP>TM5T 9 ORD] TO CORRECT '! *AOTIC CONDITIONS' ?AT 9T]F]E ) ! PRODUCTIVITY ( \R SPECIALI/S4  
#g4 0,\R ,SORR[S >E NOT ,!IRS4440  

,! S]VICE ( ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION CONSI/S 9 ?AT IT 9CLUD$ ! PROBLEM ( IMPROV+ ! WORK]S' LOT 7TOGE!R ) ALL ! O!R SECOND>Y WORK]S' DEM&S7 9TO ! G5]AL ECONOMIC POLICY4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR CANNOT BE 9CREAS$ UNLESS ! LIFE ( ! WORK]S IS ORGANIZ$ ON A NEW ,COMMUNI/ BASIS4  

,! LESS ?AT IS UND]TAK5 & PLANN$ 7,I DO NOT SPEAK ( SOME?+ ?AT HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T7 9 ?IS SPH]E1 ! DEEP] IS ! MUTUAL DI/RU/ BETWE5 LEAD]S & WORK]S4 ,!RE IS NO UNITY1 NO S5SE ( !IR ID5TITY ( NE$S1 DEM&S & ASPIRATIONS4 ,! LEAD]S >E ONE ?+1 & WE >E SOME?+ ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 ,MAYBE IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LEAD]S KN[ BETT] H[ TO RULE OV] ! C\NTRY1 BUT !Y FAIL TO UND]/& \R NE$S1 \R LIFE 9 ! %OPS1 ITS REQUIREM5TS & IMM$IATE NE$S2 !Y DO NOT UND]/& & DO NOT KN[4 ,FROM ?IS REASON+ FOLL[S ! 9/9CTIVE LEAN+ T[>DS ! UNIONS1 & ! CONSEQU5T DROPP+ \T ( ! ,P>TY4 ,IT IS TRUE !Y >E A P>T ( US1 BUT AS SOON AS !Y GET 9TO ! C5T]S1 !Y LEAVE US ALTOGE!R2 !Y BEG9 TO LIVE DIFF]5TLY2 IF WE SUFF]1 :AT DO !Y C>E8 ,\R SORR[S >E NOT !IRS ANY LONG]4  

,& ! MORE \R 9DU/RY E/ABLI%M5TS & UNIONS >E DRA9$ ( !IR BE/ ELEM5TS BY ! ,P>TY 7:I* S5DS !M EI!R TO ! FRONT OR TO ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS71 ! WEAK] BECOMES ! DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 ! RANK & FILE WORK]S & ! DIRECT+ ,P>TY C5T]S4 ,A *ASM IS GR[+4 ,AT PRES5T1 ?IS DIVISION MANIFE/S ITSELF EV5 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,P>TY ITSELF4 ,! WORK]S1 ?R\< !IR ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION ASK3 ,:O >E WE8 ,>E WE REALLY ! PROP ( ! CLASS DICTATOR%IP8 ,OR >E WE JU/ AN OB$I5T FLOCK ?AT S]VES AS A SUPPORT = ?OSE :O1 HAV+ SEV]$ ALL TIES ) ! MASSES1 C>RY \T !IR [N POLICY & BUILD UP 9DU/RY )\T ANY REG>D TO \R OP9IONS & CREATIVE ABILITIES UND] ! RELIABLE COV] ( ! ,P>TY LABEL8  
#h4,OBJECTIVES ( ,! ,OPPOSITION  

,:ATEV] ! ,P>TY LEAD]S MI<T DO 9 ORD] TO DRIVE AWAY ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION1 ! LATT] WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ?AT GR[+ HEAL?Y CLASS =CE :I* IS DE/9$ TO 9JECT VITALIZ+ 5]GY 9TO ! REHABILITATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE AS WELL AS 9TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* BEG9S TO FADE & B5D L[ TO ! GR\ND4  

,!RE >E ?US ?REE CAUSES :I* BR+ AB\T A CRISIS 9 \R ,P>TY 3 !RE IS FIR/ ( ALL ! OV]ALL OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS UND] :I* ,COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA IS BE+ C>RI$ \T 7! CIVIL W>6 ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS ( ! C\NTRY1 ITS UTT] 9DU/RIAL COLLAPSE AS AN AFT]MA? ( ! LONG YE>S ( W>72 ! SECOND CAUSE IS ! HET]OG5E\S COMPOSITION ( \R POPULATION SEV5 MILLION WORK]S1 ! PEASANTRY1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! =M] B\RGEOISIE1 M5 ( AFFAIRS 9 ALL PR(ESSIONS1 :O ISSUANCE ! POLICY ( ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS & P5ETRATE 9TO ! ,P>TY2 ! ?IRD CAUSE IS ! 9ACTIVATY ( ! ,P>TY 9 ! FIELD ( IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T ( ! WORK]S' LIFE C\PL$ ) ! 9ABILITY & WEAKNESS ( ! CORRESPOND+ ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS TO TAKE UP & SOLVE !SE PROBLEMS4 

,:AT !N IS IT ?AT ! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION WANTS8 ,:AT IS ITS ROLE8  

,ITS ROLE CONSI/S 9 RAIS+ BE=E ! ,P>TY ALL ! P]TURB+ QUE/IONS1 & 9 GIV+ =M TO ALL ?AT H]ET(ORE WAS CAUS+ ONLY A SUBDU$ AGITATION 9 ! MASSES & L$ ! NONP>TIZAN WORK]S EV] FUR!R FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,IT CLE>LY & FE>LESSLY %\T$ TO ! LEAD]S 3 ',/OP1 LOOK & ?9K6 ,:]E DO Y\ LEAD US8 ,>E WE NOT GO+ (F ! RI<T ROAD8 ,IT WILL BE V]Y BAD = ! ,P>TY TO F9D ITSELF )\T ! F\NDATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ,P>TY WILL BE ON ITS [N & SO WILL ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ?IS LIES ! GREATE/ DANG] TO ! REVOLUTION4' 

,! TASK ( ! ,P>TY AT ITS PRES5T CRISIS IS FE>LESSLY TO FACE ! MI/AKES & L5D ITS E> TO ! HEAL?Y CLASS CALL ( ! WIDE WORK+ MASSES4 ,?R\< ! CREATIVE P[]S ( ! RIS+ CLASS1 9 ! =M ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONS1 WE %ALL GO =W>DS T[>DS RECON/RUCTION & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CREATIVE =CES ( ! C\NTRY 2 T[>DS PURIFICATION ( ! ,P>TY ITSELF FROM ELEM5TS =EIGN TO IT 2 T[>DS CORRECTION ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,P>TY BY MEANS ( GO+ BACK TO DEMOCRACY1 FRE$OM ( OP9ION1 & CRITICISM 9SIDE ! ,P>TY4  

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/