,9TRODUCTION 
,! ,IRON ,LAW ( ,LIB]ALISM & ! ,]A ( ,TOTAL ,BUREAUCRATIZATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION3 ,! ,IRON ,LAW ( ,LIB]ALISM & ! ,]A ( ,TOTAL ,BUREAUCRATIZATION 

  

,N[ADAYS1 NOBODY TALKS MU* AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! LATE SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES1 ! WORD WAS EV]Y:]E4 ,!RE W]E SOCIOLOGICAL TOMES ) GR&IOSE TITLES LIKE ,A ,G5]AL ,!ORY ( ,BUREAUCRACY .<#a.>1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,BUREAUCRACY .<#b.>1 OR EV5 ,! ,BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,WORLD .<#c.>1 & POPUL> PAP]BACK SCRE$S ) TITLES LIKE ,P>K9SON'S ,LAW .<#d.>1 ,! ,PET] ,PR9CIPLE1.<#e.> OR ,BUREAUCRATS3 ,H[ TO ,ANNOY ,!M4.<#f.> 

,!RE W]E ,KAFKAESQUE NOVELS1 & SATIRICAL FILMS4 ,EV]YONE SEEM$ TO FEEL ?AT ! FOIBLES & ABSURDITIES ( BUREAUCRATIC LIFE & BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES W]E ONE ( ! DEF9+ FEATURES ( MOD]N EXI/5CE1 & AS SU*1 EM95TLY WOR? DISCUSS+4 ,BUT S9CE ! SEV5TIES1 !RE HAS BE5 A PECULI> FALL+ (F4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FOLL[+ TABLE1 :I* DIAGRAMS H[ FREQU5TLY ! WORD 0BUREAUCRACY0 APPE>S 9 BOOKS WRITT5 9 ,5GLI% OV] ! LA/ C5TURY & A HALF4 ,A SUBJECT ( ONLY MOD]ATE 9T]E/ UNTIL ! PO/W> P]IOD1 IT %OOTS 9TO PROM95CE />T+ 9 ! FIFTIES & !N1 AFT] A P9NACLE 9 #a#i#g#c1 BEG9S A SL[ BUT 9EXORABLE DECL9E4 

,:Y8 ,WELL1 ONE OBVI\S REASON IS ?AT WE'VE JU/ BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO IT4 ,BUREAUCRACY HAS BECOME ! WAT] 9 :I* WE SWIM4 ,N[ LET'S IMAG9E ANO!R GRAPH1 ONE ?AT SIMPLY DOCUM5T$ ! AV]AGE NUMB] ( H\RS P] YE> A TYPICAL ,AM]ICAN--OR A ,BRITON1 OR AN 9HABITANT ( ,?AIL&--SP5T FILL+ \T =MS OR O!RWISE FULFILL+ PURELY BUREAUCRATIC OBLIGATIONS4 7,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( !SE OBLIGATIONS NO LONG] 9VOLVE ACTUAL1 PHYSICAL PAP]47 ,?IS GRAPH W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY %[ A L9E MU* LIKE ! ONE 9 ! FIR/ GRAPH--A SL[ CLIMB UNTIL #a#i#g#c4 ,BUT H]E ! TWO GRAPHS W\LD DIV]GE --RA!R ?AN FALL+ BACK1 ! L9E W\LD CONT9UE TO CLIMB2 IF ANY?+1 IT W\LD DO SO MORE PRECIPIT\SLY1 TRACK+ H[1 9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY1 MIDDLE-CLASS CITIZ5S SP5T EV] MORE H\RS /RUGGL+ ) PHONE TREES & WEB 9T]FACES1 :ILE ! LESS =TUNATE SP5T EV] MORE H\RS ( !IR DAY TRY+ TO JUMP ?R\< ! 9CREAS+LY ELABORATE HOOPS REQUIR$ TO GA9 ACCESS TO DW9DL+ SOCIAL S]VICES4 

,I IMAG9E SU* A GRAPH W\LD LOOK SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 

,?IS IS NOT A GRAPH ( H\RS SP5T ON PAP]WORK1 JU/ ( H[ (T5 ! WORD 0PAP]WORK0 HAS BE5 US$ 9 ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE BOOKS4 ,BUT ABS5T TIME MA*9ES ?AT C\LD ALL[ US TO C>RY \T A MORE DIRECT 9VE/IGATION1 ?IS IS AB\T AS CLOSE AS WE'RE LIKELY TO GET4 

,BY ! WAY1 MO/ SIMIL> PAP]WORK-RELAT$ T]MS YIELD ALMO/ ID5TICAL RESULTS3 

,! ESSAYS ASSEMBL$ 9 ?IS VOLUME >E ALL1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 AB\T ?IS DISP>ITY4 ,WE NO LONG] LIKE TO ?9K AB\T BUREAUCRACY1 YET IT 9=MS EV]Y ASPECT ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,IT'S AS IF1 AS A PLANET>Y CIVILIZATION1 WE HAVE DECID$ TO CLAP \R H&S OV] \R E>S & />T HUMM+ :5EV] ! TOPIC COMES UP4 ,9S(> AS WE >E EV5 WILL+ TO DISCUSS IT1 IT'S /ILL 9 ! T]MS POPUL> 9 ! SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES4 ,! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! SIXTIES W]E1 ON ! :OLE1 LEFT-W+ 9 9SPIRATION1 BUT !Y W]E ALSO REBELLIONS AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY1 OR1 TO PUT IT MORE ACCURATELY1 REBELLIONS AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATIC M9DSET1 AGA9/ ! S\L-DE/ROY+ CON=MITY ( ! PO/W> WELF>E /ATES4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! GRAY FUNCTION>IES ( BO? /ATE-CAPITALI/ & /ATE-SOCIALI/ REGIMES1 SIXTIES REBELS /OOD = 9DIVIDUAL EXPRESSION & SPONTANE\S CONVIVIALITY1 & AGA9/ 70RULES & REGULATIONS1 :O NE$S !M807 EV]Y =M ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 

,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! OLD WELF>E /ATES1 ALL ?IS HAS COME TO SEEM DECID$LY QUA9T4 ,AS ! LANGUAGE ( ANTIBUREAUCRATIC 9DIVIDUALISM HAS BE5 ADOPT$1 ) 9CREAS+ F]OCITY1 BY ! ,RI<T1 :I* 9SI/S ON 0M>KET SOLUTIONS0 TO EV]Y SOCIAL PROBLEM1 ! MA9/REAM ,LEFT HAS 9CREAS+LY R$UC$ ITSELF TO FI<T+ A K9D ( PA!TIC RE>GU>D ACTION1 TRY+ TO SALVAGE REMNANTS ( ! OLD WELF>E /ATE3 IT HAS ACQUIESC$ )--(T5 EV5 SPE>HEAD$ --ATTEMPTS TO MAKE GOV]NM5T EF=TS MORE 0EFFICI5T0 ?R\< ! P>TIAL PRIVATIZATION ( S]VICES & ! 9CORPORATION ( EV]-MORE 0M>KET PR9CIPLES10 0M>KET 9C5TIVES10 & M>KET-BAS$ 0ACC\NTABILITY PROCESSES0 9TO ! /RUCTURE ( ! BUREAUCRACY ITSELF4 

,! RESULT IS A POLITICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,!RE'S REALLY NO O!R WAY TO PUT IT4 ,:AT IS PRES5T$ AS ! 0MOD]ATE0 ,LEFT SOLUTION TO ANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS--& RADICAL LEFT SOLUTIONS >E1 ALMO/ EV]Y:]E N[1 RUL$ \T T\T C\RT--HAS 9V>IABLY COME TO BE SOME NI<TM>E FUSION ( ! WOR/ ELEM5TS ( BUREAUCRACY & ! WOR/ ELEM5TS ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT'S AS IF SOMEONE HAD CONSCI\SLY TRI$ TO CREATE ! LEA/ APPEAL+ POSSIBLE POLITICAL POSITION4 ,IT IS A TE/IMONY TO ! G5U9E L+]+ P[] ( LEFTI/ IDEALS ?AT ANYONE W\LD EV5 CONSID] VOT+ = A P>TY ?AT PROMOT$ ?IS SORT ( ?+--BECAUSE SURELY1 IF !Y DO1 IT'S NOT BECAUSE !Y ACTUALLY ?9K !SE >E GOOD POLICIES1 BUT BECAUSE !SE >E ! ONLY POLICIES ANYONE :O ID5TIFIES !MSELVES AS LEFT-(-C5T] IS ALL[$ TO SET =?4 

,IS !RE ANY WOND]1 !N1 ?AT EV]Y TIME !RE IS A SOCIAL CRISIS1 IT IS ! ,RI<T1 RA!R ?AN ! ,LEFT1 :I* BECOMES ! V5UE = ! EXPRESSION ( POPUL> ANG]8 

,! ,RI<T1 AT LEA/1 HAS A CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT'S NOT A V]Y GOOD ONE4 ,BUT AT LEA/ IT EXI/S4 ,! ,LEFT HAS NONE4 ,AS A RESULT1 :5 ?OSE :O ID5TIFY ) ! ,LEFT DO HAVE ANY?+ NEGATIVE TO SAY AB\T BUREAUCRACY1 !Y >E USUALLY =C$ TO ADOPT A WAT]$- D[N V]SION ( ! RI<T-W+ CRITIQUE4.<#g.> 

,?IS RI<T-W+ CRITIQUE CAN BE DISPOS$ ( FAIRLY QUICKLY4 ,IT HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 N9ETE5?- C5TURY LIB]ALISM4.<#h.> ,! /ORY ?AT EM]G$ 9 MIDDLE-CLASS CIRCLES 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS ?AT ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD WAS EXP]I5C+ A GRADUAL1 UNEV51 BUT 9EVITABLE TRANS=MATION AWAY FROM ! RULE ( W>RIOR ELITES1 ) !IR AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS1 !IR PRIE/LY DOGMAS1 & !IR CA/E-LIKE /RATIFICATION1 TO ONE ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & 5LI<T5$ COMM]CIAL SELF-9T]E/4 ,! M]CANTILE CLASSES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES UND]M9$ ! OLD FEUDAL ORD] LIKE T]MITES MUN*+ FROM BEL[--T]MITES1 YES1 BUT ! GOOD K9D4 ,! POMP & SPL5DOR ( ! ABSOLUTI/ /ATES ?AT W]E BE+ OV]?R[N W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ! LIB]AL V]SION ( HI/ORY1 ! LA/ GASPS ( ! OLD ORD]1 :I* W\LD 5D AS /ATES GAVE WAY TO M>KETS1 RELIGI\S FAI? TO SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+1 & FIX$ ORD]S & /ATUSES ( ,M>QUIS & ,B>ONESSES & ! LIKE TO FREE CONTRACTS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 

,! EM]G5CE ( MOD]N BUREAUCRACIES WAS ALWAYS SOME?+ ( A PROBLEM = ?IS /ORY BECAUSE IT DIDN'T REALLY FIT4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ALL !SE /UFFY FUNCTION>IES 9 !IR (FICES1 ) !IR ELABORATE *A9S ( COMM&1 %\LD HAVE BE5 M]E FEUDAL HOLDOV]S1 SOON TO GO ! WAY ( ! >MIES & (FIC] CORPS ?AT EV]YONE WAS EXPECT+ TO GRADUALLY BECOME UNNECESS>Y AS WELL4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY FLIP OP5 A ,RUSSIAN NOVEL FROM ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY3 ALL ! SCIONS ( OLD >I/OCRATIC FAMILIES--9 FACT1 ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 ?OSE BOOKS-- HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO EI!R MILIT>Y (FIC]S OR CIVIL S]VANTS 7NO ONE ( ANY NOTICE SEEMS TO DO ANY?+ ELSE71 & ! MILIT>Y & CIVIL HI]>*IES SEEM$ TO HAVE NE>LY ID5TICAL RANKS1 TITLES1 & S5SIBILITIES4 ,BUT !RE WAS AN OBVI\S PROBLEM4 ,IF BUREAUCRATS W]E JU/ HOLDOV]S1 :Y WAS IT ?AT EV]Y:]E--NOT JU/ 9 BACKWAT]S LIKE ,RUSSIA BUT 9 BOOM+ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES LIKE ,5GL& & ,G]MANY--EV]Y YE> SEEM$ TO BR+ MORE & MORE ( !M8 

,!RE FOLL[$ /AGE TWO ( ! >GUM5T1 :I* WAS1 9 ITS ESS5CE1 ?AT BUREAUCRACY REPRES5TS AN 9H]5T FLAW 9 ! DEMOCRATIC PROJECT4.<#i.> ,ITS GREATE/ EXPON5T WAS ,LUDWIG VON ,MISES1 AN EXIL$ ,AU/RIAN >I/OCRAT1 :OSE #aidd BOOK ,BUREAUCRACY >GU$ ?AT BY DEF9ITION1 SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION C\LD NEV] ORGANIZE 9=MATION ) ANY?+ LIKE ! EFFICI5CY ( IMP]SONAL M>KET PRIC+ ME*ANISMS4 ,H[EV]1 EXT5D+ ! VOTE TO ! LOS]S ( ! ECONOMIC GAME W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO CALLS = GOV]NM5T 9T]V5TION1 FRAM$ AS HI<-M9D$ S*EMES = TRY+ TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?R\< ADM9I/RATIVE MEANS4 ,VON ,MISES WAS WILL+ TO ADMIT ?AT MANY ( ?OSE :O EMBRAC$ SU* SOLUTIONS W]E 5TIRELY WELL-MEAN+2 H[EV]1 !IR EF=TS C\LD ONLY MAKE MATT]S WORSE4 ,9 FACT1 HE FELT !Y W\LD ULTIMATELY 5D UP DE/ROY+ ! POLITICAL BASIS ( DEMOCRACY ITSELF1 S9CE ! ADM9I/RATORS ( SOCIAL PROGRAMS W\LD 9EVITABLY =M P[]- BLOCS F> MORE 9FLU5TIAL ?AN ! POLITICIANS ELECT$ TO RUN ! GOV]NM5T1 & SUPPORT EV]-MORE RADICAL RE=MS4 ,VON ,MISES >GU$ ?AT AS A RESULT1 ! SOCIAL WELF>E /ATES !N EM]G+ 9 PLACES LIKE ,FRANCE OR ,5GL&1 LET ALONE ,D5M>K OR ,SW$51 W\LD1 )9 A G5]ATION OR TWO1 9EVITABLY LEAD TO FASCISM4 

,9 ?IS VIEW1 ! RISE ( BUREAUCRACY WAS ! ULTIMATE EXAMPLE ( GOOD 9T5TIONS RUN AMOK4 ,RONALD ,REAGAN PROBABLY MADE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE POPUL> DEPLOYM5T ( ?IS L9E ( ?\<T ) HIS FAM\S CLAIM ?AT1 0! N9E MO/ T]RIFY+ WORDS 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE >E1 ',I'M FROM ! GOV]NM5T & ,I'M H]E TO HELP4' 0 

,! PROBLEM ) ALL ?IS IS ?AT IT BE>S V]Y LITTLE RELATION TO :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 HI/ORICALLY1 M>KETS SIMPLY DID NOT EM]GE AS SOME AUTONOM\S DOMA9 ( FRE$OM 9DEP5D5T (1 & OPPOS$ TO1 /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 M>KETS >E G5]ALLY EI!R A SIDE EFFECT ( GOV]NM5T OP]ATIONS1 ESPECIALLY MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS1 OR W]E DIRECTLY CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5T POLICY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 TRUE AT LEA/ S9CE ! 9V5TION ( CO9AGE1 :I* WAS FIR/ CREAT$ & PROMULGAT$ AS A MEANS ( PROVISION+ SOLDI]S2 = MO/ ( ,EURASIAN HI/ORY1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE US$ 9=MAL CR$IT >RANGEM5TS & PHYSICAL MONEY1 GOLD1 SILV]1 BRONZE1 & ! K9D ( IMP]SONAL M>KETS !Y MADE POSSIBLE REMA9$ MA9LY AN ADJUNCT TO ! MOBILIZATION ( LEGIONS1 SACK+ ( CITIES1 EXTRACTION ( TRIBUTE1 & DISPOS+ ( LOOT4 ,MOD]N C5TRAL BANK+ SY/EMS W]E LIKEWISE FIR/ CREAT$ TO F9ANCE W>S4 ,SO !RE'S ONE 9ITIAL PROBLEM ) ! CONV5TIONAL HI/ORY4 ,!RE'S ANO!R EV5 MORE DRAMATIC ONE4 ,:ILE ! IDEA ?AT ! M>KET IS SOMEH[ OPPOS$ TO & 9DEP5D5T ( GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 US$ AT LEA/ AT LEA/ S9CE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO JU/IFY LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMIC POLICIES DESIGN$ TO LESS5 ! ROLE ( GOV]NM5T1 !Y NEV] ACTUALLY HAVE ?AT EFFECT4 ,5GLI% LIB]ALISM1 = 9/ANCE1 DID NOT LEAD TO A R$UCTION ( /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 BUT ! EXACT OPPOSITE3 AN 5DLESSLY BALLOON+ >RAY ( LEGAL CL]KS1 REGI/R>S1 9SPECTORS1 NOT>IES1 & POLICE (FICIALS :O MADE ! LIB]AL DREAM ( A WORLD ( FREE CONTRACT BETWE5 AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS POSSIBLE4 ,IT TURN$ \T ?AT MA9TA9+ A FREE M>KET ECONOMY REQUIR$ A ?\S& TIMES MORE PAP]WORK ?AN A ,L\IS ,X,I,V-/YLE ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y4 

,?IS APP>5T P>ADOX--?AT GOV]NM5T POLICIES 9T5D+ TO R$UCE GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ! ECONOMY ACTUALLY 5D UP PRODUC+ MORE REGULATIONS1 MORE BUREAUCRATS1 & MORE POLICE--CAN BE OBS]V$ SO REGUL>LY ?AT ,I ?9K WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 TREAT+ IT AS A G5]AL SOCIOLOGICAL LAW4 ,I PROPOSE TO CALL IT 0! IRON LAW ( LIB]ALISM03 

,! ,IRON ,LAW ( ,LIB]ALISM /ATES ?AT ANY M>KET RE=M1 ANY GOV]NM5T 9ITIATIVE 9T5D$ TO R$UCE R$ TAPE & PROMOTE M>KET =CES WILL HAVE ! ULTIMATE EFFECT ( 9CREAS+ ! TOTAL NUMB] ( REGULATIONS1 ! TOTAL AM\NT ( PAP]WORK1 & ! TOTAL NUMB] ( BUREAUCRATS ! GOV]NM5T EMPLOYS4 

,FR5* SOCIOLOGI/ ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM WAS ALREADY OBS]V+ ?IS T5D5CY AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1.<#a.> & EV5TUALLY1 IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO IGNORE4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! C5TURY1 EV5 RI<T-W+ CRITICS LIKE VON ,MISES W]E WILL+ TO ADMIT--AT LEA/ 9 !IR ACADEMIC WRIT+--?AT M>KETS DON'T REALLY REGULATE !MSELVES1 & ?AT AN >MY ( ADM9I/RATORS WAS 9DE$ REQUIR$ TO KEEP ANY M>KET SY/EM GO+4 7,= VON ,MISES1 ?AT >MY ONLY BECAME PROBLEMATIC :5 IT WAS DEPLOY$ TO ALT] M>KET \TCOMES ?AT CAUS$ UNDUE SUFF]+ = ! POOR47.<#a#a.> ,/ILL1 RI<T-W+ POPULI/S SOON REALIZ$ ?AT1 :ATEV] ! REALITIES1 MAK+ A T>GET ( BUREAUCRATS WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS EFFECTIVE4 ,H5CE1 9 !IR PUBLIC PRON\NCEM5TS1 ! CONDEMNATION ( :AT ,U4,S4 GOV]NOR ,GEORGE ,WALLACE1 9 HIS #aifh CAMPAIGN = ,PRESID5T1 FIR/ LABEL$ 0PO9TY-HEAD$ BUREAUCRATS0 LIV+ (F H>DWORK+ CITIZ5S' TAXES1 WAS UNREL5T+4 

,WALLACE IS ACTUALLY A CRUCIAL FIGURE H]E4 ,N[ADAYS1 ,AM]ICANS MA9LY REMEMB] HIM AS A FAIL$ REACTION>Y1 OR EV5 A SN>L+ LUNATIC3 ! LA/ DIE-H>D ,S\!RN SEGREGATIONI/ /&+ ) AN AX \TSIDE A PUBLIC S*OOL DOOR4 ,BUT 9 T]MS ( HIS BROAD] LEGACY1 HE C\LD JU/ AS WELL BE REPRES5T$ AS A K9D ( POLITICAL G5IUS4 ,HE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 ! FIR/ POLITICIAN TO CREATE A NATIONAL PLAT=M = A K9D ( RI<T-W+ POPULISM ?AT WAS SOON TO PROVE SO 9FECTI\S ?AT BY N[1 A G5]ATION LAT]1 IT HAS COME TO BE ADOPT$ BY PRETTY MU* EV]YONE1 ACROSS ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,AS A RESULT1 AMONG WORK+-CLASS ,AM]ICANS1 GOV]NM5T IS N[ G5]ALLY SE5 AS BE+ MADE UP ( TWO SORTS ( PEOPLE3 0POLITICIANS10 :O >E BLU/]+ CROOKS & LI>S BUT CAN AT LEA/ OCCASIONALLY BE VOT$ \T ( (FICE1 & 0BUREAUCRATS10 :O >E CONDESC5D+ ELITI/S ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO UPROOT4 ,!RE IS ASSUM$ TO BE A K9D ( TACIT ALLIANCE BETWE5 :AT CAME TO BE SE5 AS ! P>ASITICAL POOR 79 ,AM]ICA USUALLY PICTUR$ 9 OV]TLY RACI/ T]MS7 & ! EQUALLY P>ASITICAL SELF-RI<TE\S (FICIALS :OSE EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON SUBSIDIZ+ ! POOR US+ O!R PEOPLE'S MONEY4 ,AGA91 EV5 ! MA9/REAM ,LEFT--OR :AT IT IS SUPPOS$ TO PASS = A ,LEFT !SE DAYS--HAS COME TO (F] LITTLE MORE ?AN A WAT]$-D[N V]SION ( ?IS RI<T-W+ LANGUAGE4 ,BILL ,CL9TON1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD SP5T SO MU* ( HIS C>E] BA%+ CIVIL S]VANTS ?AT AFT] ! ,OKLAHOMA ,CITY BOMB+1 HE ACTUALLY FELT MOV$ TO REM9D ,AM]ICANS ?AT PUBLIC S]VANTS W]E HUMAN BE+S UNTO !MSELVES1 & PROMIS$ NEV] TO USE ! WORD 0BUREAUCRAT0 AGA94.<#a#b.> 

,9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICAN POPULISM--& 9CREAS+LY1 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD AS WELL-- !RE CAN BE ONLY ONE ALT]NATIVE TO 0BUREAUCRACY10 & ?AT IS 0! M>KET40 ,SOMETIMES ?IS IS HELD TO MEAN ?AT GOV]NM5T %\LD BE RUN MORE LIKE A BUS9ESS4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS HELD TO MEAN WE %\LD SIMPLY GET ! BUREAUCRATS \T ( ! WAY & LET NATURE TAKE ITS C\RSE1 :I* MEANS LETT+ PEOPLE ATT5D TO ! BUS9ESS ( !IR LIVES UNTRAMMEL$ BY 5DLESS RULES & REGULATIONS IMPOS$ ON !M FROM ABOVE1 & SO ALL[+ ! MAGIC ( ! M>KETPLACE TO PROVIDE ITS [N SOLUTIONS4 

0,DEMOCRACY0 ?US CAME TO MEAN ! M>KET2 0BUREAUCRACY10 9 TURN1 GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE ) ! M>KET2 & ?IS IS PRETTY MU* :AT ! WORD CONT9UES TO MEAN TO ?IS DAY4 

,IT WASN'T ALWAYS SO4 ,! RISE ( ! MOD]N CORPORATION1 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 WAS L>GELY SE5 AT ! TIME AS A MATT] ( APPLY+ MOD]N1 BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES TO ! PRIVATE SECTOR--& !SE TE*NIQUES W]E ASSUM$ TO BE REQUIR$1 :5 OP]AT+ ON A L>GE SCALE1 BECAUSE !Y W]E MORE EFFICI5T ?AN ! NETWORKS ( P]SONAL OR 9=MAL CONNECTIONS ?AT HAD DOM9AT$ A WORLD ( SMALL FAMILY FIRMS4 ,! PIONE]S ( !SE NEW1 PRIVATE BUREAUCRACIES W]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY1 & ,MAX ,WEB]1 ! ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/1 OBS]V$ ?AT ,AM]ICANS 9 HIS DAY W]E P>TICUL>LY 9CL9$ TO SEE PUBLIC & PRIVATE BUREAUCRACIES AS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME ANIMAL3 

,! BODY ( (FICIALS ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 A 0PUBLIC0 (FICE1 ALONG ) ! RESPECTIVE APP>ATUS ( MAT]IAL IMPLEM5TS & ! FILES1 MAKE UP A 0BUREAU40 ,9 PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 0! BUREAU0 IS (T5 CALL$ 0! (FICE0 444 

,IT IS ! PECULI>ITY ( ! MOD]N 5TREPR5EUR ?AT HE CONDUCTS HIMSELF AS ! 0FIR/ (FICIAL0 ( HIS CORPORATION1 9 ! V]Y SAME WAY 9 :I* ! RUL] ( A SPECIFICALLY MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC /ATE SPOKE ( HIMSELF AS 0! FIR/ S]VANT0 ( ! /ATE4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! BUREAU ACTIVITIES ( ! /ATE >E 9TR9SICALLY DIFF]5T 9 *>ACT] FROM ! MANAGEM5T ( PRIVATE ECONOMIC (FICES IS A CONT95TAL ,EUROPEAN NOTION &1 BY WAY ( CONTRA/1 IS TOTALLY =EIGN TO ! ,AM]ICAN WAY4.<#a#c.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 RA!R ?AN ANYONE COMPLA9+ ?AT GOV]NM5T %\LD BE RUN MORE LIKE A BUS9ESS1 ,AM]ICANS SIMPLY ASSUM$ ?AT GOV]NM5TS & BUS9ESS--OR BIG BUS9ESS1 AT ANY RATE--W]E RUN ! SAME WAY4 

,TRUE1 = MU* ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS L>GELY AN ECONOMY ( SMALL FAMILY FIRMS & HI< F9ANCE--MU* LIKE ,BRITA9'S AT ! TIME4 ,BUT ,AM]ICA'S ADV5T AS A P[] ON ! WORLD /AGE AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY CORRESPOND$ TO ! RISE ( A DI/9CTLY ,AM]ICAN =M3 CORPORATE--BUREAUCRATIC--CAPITALISM4 ,AS ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I PO9T$ \T1 AN ANALOG\S CORPORATE MODEL WAS EM]G+ AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! TWO C\NTRIES--! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY--5D$ UP SP5D+ MO/ ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! NEXT C5TURY BATTL+ OV] :I* W\LD TAKE OV] FROM ! DECL9+ ,BRITI% EMPIRE & E/ABLI% ITS [N VISION = A GLOBAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORD]4 ,WE ALL KN[ :O WON4 ,>RI<I MAKES ANO!R 9T]E/+ PO9T H]E4 ,UNLIKE ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 :I* HAD TAK5 ITS FREE M>KET RHETORIC S]I\SLY1 ELIM9AT+ ITS [N PROTECTIVE T>IFFS ) ! FAM\S ,ANTI- ,CORN ,LAW ,BILL ( #a#h#d#f1 NEI!R ! ,G]MAN OR ,AM]ICAN REGIMES HAD EV] BE5 ESPECIALLY 9T]E/$ 9 FREE TRADE4 ,! ,AM]ICANS 9 P>TICUL> W]E MU* MORE CONC]N$ ) CREAT+ /RUCTURES ( 9T]NATIONAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,! V]Y FIR/ ?+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID1 ON (FICIALLY TAK+ OV] ! RE9S FROM ,GREAT ,BRITA9 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 WAS TO SET UP ! WORLD'S FIR/ G5U9ELY PLANET>Y BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS & ! ,BRETTON ,WOODS 9/ITUTIONS--! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND1 ,WORLD ,BANK1 & ,G,A,T,T1 LAT] TO BECOME ! ,W,T,O4 ,! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE HAD NEV] ATTEMPT$ ANY?+ LIKE ?IS4 ,!Y EI!R CONQU]$ O!R NATIONS1 OR TRAD$ ) !M4 ,! ,AM]ICANS ATTEMPT$ TO ADM9I/] EV]Y?+ & EV]YONE4 

,BRITI% PEOPLE1 ,I'VE OBS]V$1 >E QUITE PR\D ?AT !Y >E NOT ESPECIALLY SKILL$ AT BUREAUCRACY2 ,AM]ICANS1 9 CONTRA/1 SEEM EMB>RASS$ BY ! FACT ?AT ON ! :OLE1 !Y'RE REALLY QUITE GOOD AT IT4.<#a#d.> ,IT DOESN'T FIT ! ,AM]ICAN SELF-IMAGE4 ,WE'RE SUPPOS$ TO BE SELF-RELIANT 9DIVIDUALI/S4 7,?IS IS PRECISELY :Y ! RI<T-W+ POPULI/ DEMONIZATION ( BUREAUCRATS IS SO EFFECTIVE47 ,YET ! FACT REMA9S ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS--& = A WELL OV] A C5TURY HAS BE5--A PR(\NDLY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,! REASON IT IS SO EASY TO OV]LOOK IS BECAUSE MO/ ,AM]ICAN BUREAUCRATIC HABITS & S5SIBILITIES--FROM ! CLO?+ TO ! LANGUAGE TO ! DESIGN ( =MS & (FICES--EM]G$ FROM ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 ,:5 NOVELI/S & SOCIOLOGI/S DESCRIB$ ! 0,ORGANIZATION ,MAN10 OR 0! ,MAN 9 ! ,GRAY ,FLANNEL ,SUIT10 ! S\LLESSLY CON=MI/ ,U4,S4 EQUIVAL5T TO ! ,SOVIET APP>AT*IK1 !Y W]E NOT TALK+ AB\T FUNCTION>IES 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,L&M>KS & ,PRES]VATION OR ! ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY ,ADM9I/RATION--!Y W]E DESCRIB+ CORPORATE MIDDLE MANAGEM5T4 ,TRUE1 BY ?AT TIME1 CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS W]E NOT ACTUALLY BE+ CALL$ BUREAUCRATS4 ,BUT !Y W]E /ILL SETT+ ! /&>D = :AT ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTION>IES W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE4 

,! IMPRESSION ?AT ! WORD 0BUREAUCRAT0 %\LD BE TREAT$ AS A SYNONYM = 0CIVIL S]VANT0 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ,NEW ,DEAL 9 ! ?IRTIES1 :I* WAS ALSO ! MOM5T :5 BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES & TE*NIQUES FIR/ BECAME DRAMATICALLY VISIBLE 9 MANY ORD9>Y PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ,ROOSEVELT'S ,NEW ,DEAL]S WORK$ 9 CLOSE COORD9ATION ) ! BATTALIONS ( LAWY]S1 5G9E]S1 & CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS EMPLOY$ BY FIRMS LIKE ,=D1 ,COCA ,COLA1 OR ,PROCTOR @& ,GAMBLE1 ABSORB+ MU* ( !IR /YLE & S5SIBILITIES1 &--AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES %IFT$ TO W> FOOT+ 9 ! =TIES --SO DID ! G>GANTUAN BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS NEV] REALLY GONE (F W> FOOT+ EV] S9CE4 ,/ILL1 ?R\< !SE MEANS1 ! WORD 0BUREAUCRAT0 CAME TO ATTA* ITSELF ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO CIVIL S]VANTS3 EV5 IF :AT !Y DO ALL DAY IS SIT AT DESKS1 FILL \T =MS1 & FILE REPORTS1 NEI!R MIDDLE MANAG]S NOR MILIT>Y (FIC]S >E EV] QUITE CONSID]$ BUREAUCRATS4 7,NEI!R = ?AT MATT] >E POLICE1 OR EMPLOYES ( ! ,N,S,A47 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! L9ES BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE HAVE LONG BE5 BLURRY4 ,! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y1 = EXAMPLE1 IS FAM\S = ITS REVOLV+ DOOR--HI<-RANK+ (FIC]S 9VOLV$ 9 PROCUREM5T REGUL>LY 5D UP ON ! BO>DS ( CORPORATIONS ?AT OP]ATE ON MILIT>Y CONTRACTS4 ,ON A BROAD] LEVEL1 ! NE$ TO PRES]VE C]TA9 DOME/IC 9DU/RIES = MILIT>Y PURPOSES1 & TO DEVELOP O!RS1 HAS ALL[$ ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T TO 5GAGE 9 PRACTICALLY ,SOVIET-/YLE 9DU/RIAL PLANN+ )\T EV] HAV+ TO ADMIT IT'S DO+ SO4 ,AFT] ALL1 PRETTY MU* ANY?+1 FROM MA9TA9+ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( /EEL PLANTS1 TO DO+ ! 9ITIAL RESE>* TO SET UP ! ,9T]NET1 CAN BE JU/IFI$ ON GR\NDS ( MILIT>Y PREP>$NESS4 ,YET AGA91 S9CE ?IS K9D ( PLANN+ OP]ATES VIA AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 MILIT>Y BUREAUCRATS & CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS1 IT'S NEV] P]CEIV$ AS SOME?+ BUREAUCRATIC AT ALL4 

,/ILL1 ) ! RISE ( ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 ?+S HAVE REA*$ A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T LEVEL--ONE :]E IT IS BECOM+ ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY :AT IS PUBLIC & :AT IS PRIVATE4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ DUE TO ! MU*-NOT$ \TS\RC+ ( ONE-TIME GOV]NM5T FUNCTIONS TO PRIVATE CORPORATIONS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT'S DUE TO ! WAY ! PRIVATE CORPORATIONS !MSELVES HAVE COME TO OP]ATE4 

,LET ME GIVE AN EXAMPLE4 ,A FEW WEEKS AGO1 ,I SP5T SEV]AL H\RS ON ! PHONE ) ,BANK ( ,AM]ICA1 TRY+ TO WORK \T H[ TO GET ACCESS TO MY ACC\NT 9=MATION FROM OV]SEAS4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ SPEAK+ TO F\R DIFF]5T REPRES5TATIVES1 TWO REF]RALS TO NONEXI/5T NUMB]S1 ?REE LONG EXPLANATIONS ( COMPLICAT$ & APP>5TLY >BITR>Y RULES1 & TWO FAIL$ ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE \TDAT$ ADDRESS & PHONE NUMB] 9=MATION LODG$ ON V>I\S COMPUT] SY/EMS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( A BUREAUCRATIC RUN>\ND4 7,NEI!R WAS ,I ABLE1 :5 IT WAS ALL OV]1 TO ACTUALLY ACCESS MY ACC\NT47 

,N[1 !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT 9 MY M9D ?AT1 W]E ,I TO ACTUALLY LOCATE A BANK MANAG] & DEM& TO KN[ H[ SU* ?+S C\LD HAPP51 HE OR %E W\LD IMM$IATELY 9SI/ ?AT ! BANK WAS NOT TO BLAME--?AT IT WAS ALL AN EFFECT ( AN >CANE MAZE ( GOV]NM5T REGULATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ,I AM EQUALLY CONFID5T ?AT1 W]E IT POSSIBLE TO 9VE/IGATE H[ !SE REGULATIONS CAME AB\T1 ONE W\LD F9D ?AT !Y W]E COMPOS$ JO9TLY BY AIDES TO LEGISLATORS ON SOME BANK+ COMMITTEE & LOBBYI/S & ATTORNEYS EMPLOY$ BY ! BANKS !MSELVES1 9 A PROCESS GREAS$ BY G5]\S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! C(F]S ( ?OSE SAME LEGISLATORS' REELECTION CAMPAIGNS4 ,& ! SAME W\LD BE TRUE ( ANY?+ FROM CR$IT RAT+S1 9SURANCE PREMIUMS1 MORTGAGE APPLICATIONS1 TO1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! PROCESS ( BUY+ AN AIRL9E TICKET1 APPLY+ = A SCUBA LIC5SE1 OR TRY+ TO REQUISITION AN ]GONOMIC *AIR = ONE'S (FICE 9 AN O/5SIBLY PRIVATE UNIV]SITY4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! PAP]WORK WE DO EXI/S 9 JU/ ?IS SORT ( 9-BETWE5 ZONE--O/5SIBLY PRIVATE1 BUT 9 FACT 5TIRELY %AP$ BY A GOV]NM5T ?AT PROVIDES ! LEGAL FRAMEWORK1 UND]P9S ! RULES ) ITS C\RTS & ALL ( ! ELABORATE ME*ANISMS ( 5=CEM5T ?AT COME ) !M1 BUT--CRUCIALLY--WORKS CLOSELY ) ! PRIVATE CONC]NS TO 5SURE ?AT ! RESULTS WILL GU>ANTEE A C]TA9 RATE ( PRIVATE PR(IT4 

,9 CASES LIKE ?IS ! LANGUAGE WE EMPLOY--D]IV$ AS IT IS FROM ! RI<T-W+ CRITIQUE-- IS COMPLETELY 9ADEQUATE4 ,IT TELLS US NO?+ AB\T :AT IS ACTUALLY GO+ ON4.<#a#e.> 

,CONSID] ! WORD 0D]EGULATION40 ,9 TODAY'S POLITICAL DISC\RSE1 0D]EGULATION0 IS--LIKE 0RE=M0--ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TREAT$ AS A GOOD ?+4 ,D]EGULATION MEANS LESS BUREAUCRATIC M$DL+1 & FEW] RULES & REGULATIONS /IFL+ 9NOVATION & COMM]CE4 ,?IS USAGE PUTS ?OSE ON ! LEFT-H& SIDE ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM 9 AN AWKW>D POSITION1 S9CE OPPOS+ D]EGULATION--EV51 PO9T+ \T ?AT IT WAS AN ORGY ( ?IS V]Y 0D]EGULATION0 ?AT L$ TO ! BANK+ CRISIS ( #b#h--SEEMS TO IMPLY A DESIRE = MORE RULES & REGULATIONS1 & !RE=E1 MORE GRAY M5 9 SUITS /&+ 9 ! WAY ( FRE$OM & 9NOVATION & G5]ALLY TELL+ PEOPLE :AT TO DO4 

,BUT ?IS DEBATE IS BAS$ ON FALSE PREMISES4 ,LET'S GO BACK TO BANKS4 ,!RE'S NO SU* ?+ AS AN 0UNREGULAT$0 BANK4 ,NOR C\LD !RE BE4 ,BANKS >E 9/ITUTIONS TO :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAS GRANT$ ! P[] TO CREATE MONEY--OR1 TO BE SLI<TLY MORE TE*NICAL AB\T IT1 ! RI<T TO ISSUE ,I,\S ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WILL RECOGNIZE AS LEGAL T5D]1 &1 !RE=E1 ACCEPT 9 PAYM5T ( TAXES & TO DIS*>GE O!R DEBTS )9 ITS [N NATIONAL T]RITORY4 ,OBVI\SLY NO GOV]NM5T IS AB\T TO GRANT ANYONE--LEA/ ( ALL A PR(IT-SEEK+ FIRM--! P[] TO CREATE AS MU* MONEY AS !Y LIKE UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?AT W\LD BE 9SANE4 ,! P[] TO CREATE MONEY IS ONE ?AT1 BY DEF9ITION1 GOV]NM5TS CAN ONLY GRANT UND] C>EFULLY CIRCUMSCRIB$ 7READ3 REGULAT$7 CONDITIONS4 ,& 9DE$ ?IS IS :AT WE ALWAYS F9D3 GOV]NM5T REGULATES EV]Y?+ FROM A BANK'S RES]VE REQUIREM5TS TO ITS H\RS ( OP]ATION2 H[ MU* IT CAN *>GE 9 9T]E/1 FEES1 & P5ALTIES2 :AT SORT ( SECURITY PRECAUTIONS IT CAN OR MU/ EMPLOY2 H[ ITS RECORDS MU/ BE KEPT & REPORT$2 H[ & :5 IT MU/ 9=M ITS CLI5TS ( !IR RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES2 & PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

,SO :AT >E PEOPLE ACTUALLY REF]R+ TO :5 !Y TALK AB\T 0D]EGULATION08 ,9 ORD9>Y USAGE1 ! WORD SEEMS TO MEAN 0*ANG+ ! REGULATORY /RUCTURE 9 A WAY ?AT ,I LIKE40 ,9 PRACTICE ?IS CAN REF] TO ALMO/ ANY?+4 ,9 ! CASE ( AIRL9ES OR TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES1 IT MEANT *ANG+ ! SY/EM ( REGULATION FROM ONE ?AT 5C\RAG$ A FEW L>GE FIRMS TO ONE ?AT FO/]$ C>EFULLY SUP]VIS$ COMPETITION BETWE5 MIDSIZE FIRMS4 ,9 ! CASE ( BANK+1 0D]EGULATION0 HAS USUALLY MEANT EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE3 MOV+ AWAY FROM A SITUATION ( MANAG$ COMPETITION BETWE5 MIDSIZE FIRMS TO ONE :]E A H&FUL ( F9ANCIAL CONGLOM]ATES >E ALL[$ TO COMPLETELY DOM9ATE ! M>KET4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES ! T]M SO H&Y4 ,SIMPLY BY LABEL+ A NEW REGULATORY MEASURE 0D]EGULATION10 Y\ CAN FRAME IT 9 ! PUBLIC M9D AS A WAY TO R$UCE BUREAUCRACY & SET 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE FREE1 EV5 IF ! RESULT IS A FIVEFOLD 9CREASE 9 ! ACTUAL NUMB] ( =MS TO BE FILL$ 91 REPORTS TO BE FIL$1 RULES & REGULATIONS = LAWY]S TO 9T]PRET1 & (FICI\S PEOPLE 9 (FICES :OSE 5TIRE JOB SEEMS TO BE TO PROVIDE CONVOLUT$ EXPLANATIONS = :Y Y\'RE NOT ALL[$ TO DO ?+S4.<#a#f.> 

,?IS PROCESS--! GRADUAL FUSION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE P[] 9TO A S+LE 5TITY1 RIFE ) RULES & REGULATIONS :OSE ULTIMATE PURPOSE IS TO EXTRACT WEAL? 9 ! =M ( PR(ITS-- DOES NOT YET HAVE A NAME4 ,?AT 9 ITSELF IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,!SE ?+S CAN HAPP5 L>GELY BECAUSE WE LACK A WAY TO TALK AB\T !M4 ,BUT ONE CAN SEE ITS EFFECTS 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES4 ,IT FILLS \R DAYS ) PAP]WORK4 ,APPLICATION =MS GET LONG] & MORE ELABORATE4 ,ORD9>Y DOCUM5TS LIKE BILLS OR TICKETS OR MEMB]%IPS 9 SPORTS OR BOOK CLUBS COME TO BE BUTTRESS$ BY PAGES ( LEGALI/IC F9E PR9T4 

,I'M GO+ TO MAKE UP A NAME4 ,I'M GO+ TO CALL ?IS ! AGE ( 0TOTAL BUREAUCRATIZATION40 7,I WAS TEMPT$ TO CALL ?IS ! AGE ( 0PR$ATORY BUREAUCRATIZATION0 BUT IT'S REALLY ! ALL- 5COMPASS+ NATURE ( ! BEA/ ,I WANT TO HI<LI<T H]E47 ,IT HAD ITS FIR/ /IRR+S1 ONE MI<T SAY1 JU/ AT ! PO9T :]E PUBLIC DISCUSSION ( BUREAUCRACY BEGAN TO FALL (F 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES1 & IT BEGAN TO GET S]I\SLY UND] WAY 9 ! EI<TIES4 ,BUT IT TRULY TOOK (F 9 ! N9ETIES4 

,9 AN E>LI] BOOK1 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL HI/ORICAL BREAK ?AT U%]$ 9 \R CURR5T ECONOMIC REGIME OCCURR$ 9 #a#i#g#a1 ! DATE ?AT ! ,U4,S4 DOLL> W5T (F ! GOLD /&>D4 ,?IS IS :AT PAV$ ! WAY FIR/ = ! F9ANCIALIZATION ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ULTIMATELY1 = MU* MORE PR(\ND LONG-T]M *ANGES ?AT ,I SUSPECT WILL ULTIMATELY SPELL ! 5D ( CAPITALISM 5TIRELY4 ,I /ILL ?9K ?AT4 ,BUT H]E WE >E SPEAK+ ( MU* MORE %ORT-T]M EFFECTS4 ,:AT DID F9ANCIALIZATION MEAN = ! DEEPLY BUREAUCRATIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT WAS PO/W> ,AM]ICA8.<#a#g.> 

,I ?9K :AT HAPP5$ IS BE/ CONSID]$ AS A K9D ( %IFT 9 CLASS ALLEGIANCES ON ! P>T ( ! MANAG]IAL /AFF ( MAJOR CORPORATIONS1 FROM AN UNEASY1 DE FACTO ALLIANCE ) !IR [N WORK]S1 TO ONE ) 9VE/ORS4 ,AS ,JOHN ,K5NE? ,GALBRAI? LONG AGO PO9T$ \T1 IF Y\ CREATE AN ORGANIZATION GE>$ TO PRODUCE P]FUMES1 DAIRY PRODUCTS1 OR AIRCRAFT FUSELAGES1 ?OSE :O MAKE IT UP WILL1 IF LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 T5D TO CONC5TRATE !IR EF=TS ON PRODUC+ MORE & BETT] P]FUMES1 DAIRY PRODUCTS1 OR AIRCRAFT FUSELAGES1 RA!R ?AN ?9K+ PRIM>ILY ( :AT WILL MAKE ! MO/ MONEY = ! %>EHOLD]S4 ,:AT'S MORE1 S9CE = MO/ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 A JOB 9 A L>GE BUREAUCRATIC MEGA-FIRM MEANT A LIFETIME PROMISE ( EMPLOYM5T1 EV]YONE 9VOLV$ 9 ! PROCESS--MANAG]S & WORK]S ALIKE--T5D$ TO SEE !MSELVES AS %>+ A C]TA9 COMMON 9T]E/ 9 ?IS REG>D1 OV] & AGA9/ M$DL+ [N]S & 9VE/ORS4 ,?IS K9D ( SOLID>ITY ACROSS CLASS L9ES EV5 HAD A NAME3 IT WAS CALL$ 0CORPORATISM40 ,ONE MU/N'T ROMANTICIZE IT4 ,IT WAS AMONG O!R ?+S ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( FASCISM4 ,9DE$1 ONE C\LD WELL >GUE ?AT FASCISM SIMPLY TOOK ! IDEA ?AT WORK]S & MANAG]S HAD COMMON 9T]E/S1 ?AT ORGANIZATIONS LIKE CORPORATIONS OR COMMUNITIES =M$ ORGANIC :OLES1 & ?AT F9ANCI]S W]E AN ALI51 P>ASITICAL =CE1 & DROVE !M TO !IR ULTIMATE1 MURD]\S EXTREME4 ,EV5 9 ITS MORE B5IGN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC V]SIONS1 9 ,EUROPE OR ,AM]ICA1 ! ATT5DANT POLITICS (T5 CAME T+$ ) *AUV9ISM.<#a#h.>--BUT !Y ALSO 5SUR$ ?AT ! 9VE/OR CLASS WAS ALWAYS SE5 AS TO SOME EXT5T \TSID]S1 AGA9/ :OM :ITE-COLL> & BLUE-COLL> WORK]S C\LD BE CONSID]$1 AT LEA/ TO SOME DEGREE1 TO BE UNIT$ 9 A COMMON FRONT4 

,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SIXTIES RADICALS1 :O REGUL>LY WAT*$ ANTIW> DEMON/RATIONS ATTACK$ BY NATIONALI/ TEAM/]S & CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 ! REACTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( CORPORATISM APPE>$ SELF-EVID5T4 ,! CORPORATE SUITS & ! WELL-PAID1 ,>*IE ,BUNK] ELEM5TS ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT W]E CLE>LY ON ! SAME SIDE4 ,UNSURPRIS+ !N ?AT ! LEFT-W+ CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY AT ! TIME FOCUS$ ON ! WAYS ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD MORE 9 COMMON ) FASCISM ?AN ITS PROPON5TS C>$ TO ADMIT4 ,UNSURPRIS+1 TOO1 ?AT ?IS CRITIQUE SEEMS UTT]LY IRRELEVANT TODAY4.<#a#i.> 

,:AT BEGAN TO HAPP5 9 ! SEV5TIES1 & PAV$ ! WAY = :AT WE SEE TODAY1 WAS A K9D ( /RATEGIC PIVOT ( ! UPP] E*ELONS ( ,U4,S4 CORPORATE BUREAUCRACY--AWAY FROM ! WORK]S1 & T[>DS %>EHOLD]S1 & EV5TUALLY1 T[>DS ! F9ANCIAL /RUCTURE AS A :OLE4 ,! M]G]S & ACQUISITIONS1 CORPORATE RAID+1 JUNK BONDS1 & ASSET /RIPP+ ?AT BEGAN UND] ,REAGAN & ,?AT*] & CULM9AT$ 9 ! RISE ( PRIVATE EQUITY FIRMS W]E M]ELY SOME ( ! MORE DRAMATIC E>LY ME*ANISMS ?R\< :I* ?IS %IFT ( ALLEGIANCE WORK$ ITSELF \T4 ,9 FACT1 !RE WAS A D\BLE MOVEM5T3 CORPORATE MANAGEM5T BECAME MORE F9ANCIALIZ$1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR BECAME CORPORATIZ$1 ) 9VE/M5T BANKS1 H$GE FUNDS1 & ! LIKE L>GELY REPLAC+ 9DIVIDUAL 9VE/ORS4 ,AS A RESULT ! 9VE/OR CLASS & ! EXECUTIVE CLASS BECAME ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 7,?9K H]E ( ! T]M 0F9ANCIAL MANAGEM5T10 :I* CAME TO REF] SIMULTANE\SLY TO H[ ! HI<E/ RANKS ( ! CORPORATE BUREAUCRACY RAN !IR FIRMS1 & H[ 9VE/ORS MANAG$ !IR PORTFOLIOS47 ,BE=E LONG1 H]OIC ,C,E,OS W]E BE+ LIONIZ$ 9 ! M$IA1 !IR SUCCESS L>GELY MEASUR$ BY ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES !Y C\LD FIRE4 ,BY ! N9ETIES1 LIFETIME EMPLOYM5T1 EV5 = :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 HAD BECOME A ?+ ( ! PA/4 ,:5 CORPORATIONS WI%$ TO W9 LOYALTY1 !Y 9CREAS+LY DID IT BY PAY+ !IR EMPLOYES 9 /OCK OPTIONS4.<#b.> 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NEW CR$O WAS ?AT EV]YONE %\LD LOOK AT ! WORLD ?R\< ! EYES ( AN 9VE/OR--?AT'S :Y1 9 ! EI<TIES1 NEWSPAP]S BEGAN FIR+ !IR LABOR REPORT]S1 BUT ORD9>Y ,T,V NEWS REPORTS CAME TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY CRAWLS AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SCRE5 DISPLAY+ ! LATE/ /OCK QUOTES4 ,! COMMON CANT WAS ?AT ?R\< P>TICIPATION 9 P]SONAL RETIREM5T FUNDS & 9VE/M5T FUNDS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 EV]YONE W\LD COME TO [N A PIECE ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 REALITY1 ! MAGIC CIRCLE WAS ONLY REALLY WID5$ TO 9CLUDE ! HI<] PAID PR(ESSIONALS & ! CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS !MSELVES4 

,/ILL1 ?AT EXT5SION WAS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT4 ,NO POLITICAL REVOLUTION CAN SUCCE$ )\T ALLIES1 & BR++ ALONG A C]TA9 PORTION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS--&1 EV5 MORE CRUCIALLY1 CONV9C+ ! BULK ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES ?AT !Y HAD SOME K9D ( /AKE 9 F9ANCE-DRIV5 CAPITALISM--WAS CRITICAL4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! MORE LIB]AL MEMB]S ( ?IS PR(ESSIONAL- MANAG]IAL ELITE BECAME ! SOCIAL BASE = :AT CAME TO PASS AS 0LEFT-W+0 POLITICAL P>TIES1 AS ACTUAL WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS LIKE TRADE UNIONS W]E CA/ 9TO ! WILD]NESS4 7,H5CE1 ! ,U4,S4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 OR ,NEW ,LABOR 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 :OSE LEAD]S 5GAGE 9 REGUL> RITUAL ACTS ( PUBLIC ABJURATION ( ! V]Y UNIONS ?AT HAVE HI/ORICALLY =M$ !IR /RONGE/ BASE ( SUPPORT74 ,!SE W]E ( C\RSE PEOPLE :O ALREADY T5D$ TO WORK 9 ?OR\<LY BUREAUCRATIZ$ 5VIRONM5TS1 :E!R S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 OR CORPORATE LAW FIRMS4 ,! ACTUAL WORK+ CLASS1 :O BORE A TRADITIONAL LOA?+ = SU* *>ACT]S1 EI!R DROPP$ \T ( POLITICS 5TIRELY1 OR W]E 9CREAS+LY R$UC$ TO CA/+ PROTE/ VOTES = ! RADICAL ,RI<T4.<#b#a.> 

,?IS WAS NOT JU/ A POLITICAL REALIGNM5T4 ,IT WAS A CULTURAL TRANS=MATION4 ,& IT SET ! /AGE = ! PROCESS :]EBY ! BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES 7P]=MANCE REVIEWS1 FOCUS GR\PS1 TIME ALLOCATION SURVEYS 4447 DEVELOP$ 9 F9ANCIAL & CORPORATE CIRCLES CAME TO 9VADE ! RE/ ( SOCIETY--$UCATION1 SCI5CE1 GOV]NM5T--& EV5TUALLY1 TO P]VADE ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,ONE CAN BE/ TRACE ! PROCESS1 P]HAPS1 BY FOLL[+ ITS LANGUAGE4 ,!RE IS A PECULI> IDIOM ?AT FIR/ EM]G$ 9 SU* CIRCLES1 FULL ( BRI<T1 EMPTY T]MS LIKE VISION1 QUALITY1 /AKEHOLD]1 LEAD]%IP1 EXCELL5CE1 9NOVATION1 /RATEGIC GOALS1 OR BE/ PRACTICES4 7,MU* ( IT TRACES BACK TO 0SELF-ACTUALIZATION0 MOVEM5TS LIKE ,LIFESPR+1 ,M9D ,DYNAMICS1 & ,E,/1 :I* W]E EXTREMELY POPUL> 9 CORPORATE BO>DROOMS 9 ! SEV5TIES1 BUT IT QUICKLY BECAME A LANGUAGE UNTO ITSELF47 ,N[1 IMAG9E IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO CREATE A MAP ( SOME MAJOR CITY1 & !N PLACE ONE T9Y BLUE DOT ON ! LOCATION ( EV]Y DOCUM5T ?AT USES AT LEA/ ?REE ( !SE WORDS4 ,!N IMAG9E ?AT WE C\LD WAT* IT *ANGE OV] TIME4 ,WE W\LD BE ABLE TO OBS]VE ?IS NEW CORPORATE BUREAUCRATIC CULTURE SPREAD LIKE BLUE /A9S 9 A PETRI DI%1 />T+ 9 ! F9ANCIAL DI/RICTS1 ON TO BO>DROOMS1 !N GOV]NM5T (FICES & UNIV]SITIES1 !N1 F9ALLY1 5GULF+ ANY LOCATION :]E ANY NUMB] ( PEOPLE GA!R TO DISCUSS ! ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES ( ANY K9D AT ALL4 

,= ALL ITS CELEBRATION ( M>KETS & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 ?IS ALLIANCE ( GOV]NM5T & F9ANCE (T5 PRODUCES RESULTS ?AT BE> A /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE TO ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( BUREAUCRATIZATION 9 ! =M] ,SOVIET ,UNION OR =M] COLONIAL BACKWAT]S ( ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?4 ,!RE IS A RI* AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 = 9/ANCE1 ON ! CULT ( C]TIFICATES1 LIC5SES1 & DIPLOMAS 9 ! =M] COLONIAL WORLD4 ,(T5 ! >GUM5T IS ?AT 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,BANGLADE%1 ,TR9IDAD1 OR ,CAM]OON1 :I* HOV] BETWE5 ! /IFL+ LEGACY ( COLONIAL DOM9ATION & !IR [N MAGICAL TRADITIONS1 (FICIAL CR$5TIALS >E SE5 AS A K9D ( MAT]IAL FETI%--MAGICAL OBJECTS CONVEY+ P[] 9 !IR [N RI<T1 5TIRELY AP>T FROM ! REAL KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 OR TRA9+ !Y'RE SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T4 ,BUT S9CE ! EI<TIES1 ! REAL EXPLOSION ( CR$5TIALISM HAS BE5 9 :AT >E SUPPOS$LY ! MO/ 0ADVANC$0 ECONOMIES1 LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 OR ,CANADA4 ,AS ONE AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,S>AH ,K5DZIOR1 PUTS IT3 

0,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BECOME ! MO/ RIGIDLY CR$5TIALIS$ SOCIETY 9 ! WORLD10 WRITE ,JAMES ,5GELL & ,AN?ONY ,DANG]FIELD 9 !IR #be BOOK ,SAV+ ,HI<] ,$UCATION 9 ! ,AGE ( ,MONEY4 0,A ,B,A IS REQUIR$ = JOBS ?AT BY NO /RET* ( IMAG9ATION NE$ TWO YE>S ( FULL-TIME TRA9+1 LET ALONE F\R40 

,! PROMOTION ( COLLEGE AS A REQUIREM5T = A MIDDLE-CLASS LIFE 444 HAS RESULT$ 9 ! EXCLUSION ( ! NON-COLLEGE $UCAT$ FROM PR(ESSIONS ( PUBLIC 9FLU5CE4 ,9 #a#i#g#a1 #eh P]C5T ( J\RNALI/S HAD A COLLEGE DEGREE4 ,TODAY1 #ib P]C5T DO1 & AT MANY PUBLICATIONS1 A GRADUATE DEGREE 9 J\RNALISM IS REQUIR$--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MO/ R5[N$ J\RNALI/S HAVE NEV] /UDI$ J\RNALISM4.<#b#b.> 

,J\RNALISM IS ONE ( MANY FIELDS ( PUBLIC 9FLU5CE--9CLUD+ POLITICS--9 :I* CR$5TIALS FUNCTION AS DE FACTO P]MISSION TO SPEAK1 R5D]+ ?OSE :O LACK !M LESS LIKELY TO BE EMPLOY$ & LESS ABLE TO AF=D TO /AY 9 !IR FIELD4 ,ABILITY IS DISC\NT$ )\T CR$5TIALS1 BUT ! ABILITY TO PUR*ASE CR$5TIALS RE/S1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ON FAMILY WEAL?4.<#b#c.> 

,ONE C\LD REPEAT ! /ORY 9 FIELD AFT] FIELD1 FROM NURSES TO >T TEA*]S1 PHYSICAL !RAPI/S TO =EIGN POLICY CONSULTANTS4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y 5DEAVOR ?AT US$ TO BE CONSID]$ AN >T 7BE/ LE>N$ ?R\< DO+7 N[ REQUIRES =MAL PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ & A C]TIFICATE ( COMPLETION1 & ?IS SEEMS TO BE HAPP5+1 EQUALLY1 9 BO? ! PRIVATE & PUBLIC SECTORS1 S9CE1 AS ALREADY NOT$1 9 MATT]S BUREAUCRATIC1 SU* DI/9CTIONS >E BECOM+ EFFECTIVELY MEAN+LESS4 ,:ILE !SE MEASURES >E T\T$--AS >E ALL BUREAUCRATIC MEASURES--AS A WAY ( CREAT+ FAIR1 IMP]SONAL ME*ANISMS 9 FIELDS PREVI\SLY DOM9AT$ BY 9SID] KN[L$GE & SOCIAL CONNECTIONS1 ! EFFECT IS (T5 ! OPPOSITE4 ,AS ANYONE :O HAS BE5 TO GRADUATE S*OOL KN[S1 IT'S PRECISELY ! *ILDR5 ( ! PR(ESSIONAL- MANAG]IAL CLASSES1 ?OSE :OSE FAMILY RES\RCES MAKE !M ! LEA/ 9 NE$ ( F9ANCIAL SUPPORT1 :O BE/ KN[ H[ TO NAVIGATE ! WORLD ( PAP]WORK ?AT 5ABLES !M TO GET SAID SUPPORT4.<#b#d.> ,= EV]YONE ELSE1 ! MA9 RESULT ( ONE'S YE>S ( PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ IS TO 5SURE ?AT ONE IS SADDL$ ) SU* AN 5ORM\S BURD5 ( /UD5T DEBT ?AT A SUB/ANTIAL *UNK ( ANY SUBSEQU5T 9COME ONE WILL GET FROM PURSU+ ?AT PR(ESSION WILL H5CE=? BE SIPHON$ (F1 EA* MON?1 BY ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR4 ,9 SOME CASES1 !SE NEW TRA9+ REQUIREM5TS CAN ONLY BE DESCRIB$ AS \TRI<T SCAMS1 AS :5 L5D]S1 & ?OSE PREP>$ TO SET UP ! TRA9+ PROGRAMS1 JO9TLY LOBBY ! GOV]NM5T TO 9SI/ ?AT1 SAY1 ALL PH>MACI/S BE H5CE=? REQUIR$ TO PASS SOME ADDITIONAL QUALIFY+ EXAM9ATION1 =C+ ?\S&S ALREADY PRACTIC+ ! PR(ESSION 9TO NI<T S*OOL1 :I* !SE PH>MACI/S KN[ MANY WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO AF=D ) ! HELP ( HI<-9T]E/ /UD5T LOANS4.<#b#e.> ,BY DO+ ?IS1 L5D]S >E 9 EFFECT LEGISLAT+ !MSELVES A CUT ( MO/ PH>MACI/S' SUBSEQU5T 9COMES4.<#b#f.> 

,! LATT] MI<T SEEM AN EXTREME CASE1 BUT 9 ITS [N WAY IT'S P>ADIGMATIC ( ! FUSION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE P[] UND] ! NEW F9ANCIAL REGIME4 ,9CREAS+LY1 CORPORATE PR(ITS 9 ,AM]ICA >E NOT D]IV$ FROM COMM]CE OR 9DU/RY AT ALL1 BUT FROM F9ANCE--:I* MEANS1 ULTIMATELY1 FROM O!R PEOPLE'S DEBTS4 ,!SE DEBTS DO NOT JU/ HAPP5 BY ACCID5T4 ,TO A L>GE DEGREE1 !Y >E 5G9E]$--& BY PRECISELY ?IS K9D ( FUSION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE P[]4 ,! CORPORATIZATION ( $UCATION2 ! RESULT+ BALLOON+ ( TUITIONS AS /UD5TS >E EXPECT$ TO PAY = GIANT FOOTBALL /ADIUMS & SIMIL> PET PROJECTS ( EXECUTIVE TRU/EES1 OR TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! BURGEON+ SAL>IES ( EV]-MULTIPLY+ UNIV]SITY (FICIALS2 ! 9CREAS+ DEM&S = DEGREES AS C]TIFICATES ( 5TRY 9TO ANY JOB ?AT PROMISES ACCESS TO ANY?+ LIKE A MIDDLE-CLASS /&>D ( LIV+2 RESULT+ RIS+ LEVELS ( 9DEBT$NESS--ALL !SE =M A S+LE WEB4 ,ONE RESULT ( ALL ?IS DEBT IS TO R5D] ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF ! MA9 ME*ANISM = ! EXTRACTION ( CORPORATE PR(ITS4 7,JU/ ?9K1 H]E1 ( :AT HAPP5S IF ONE TRIES TO DEFAULT ON ONE'S /UD5T LOANS3 ! 5TIRE LEGAL APP>ATUS LEAPS 9TO ACTION1 ?REAT5+ TO SEIZE ASSETS1 G>NI% WAGES1 & APPLY ?\S&S ( DOLL>S 9 ADDITIONAL P5ALTIES47 ,ANO!R IS TO =CE ! DEBTORS !MSELVES TO BUREAUCRATIZE EV]-9CREAS+ DIM5SIONS ( !IR [N LIVES1 :I* HAVE TO BE MANAG$ AS IF !Y W]E !MSELVES A T9Y CORPORATION MEASUR+ 9PUTS & \TPUTS & CON/ANTLY /RUGGL+ TO BALANCE ITS ACC\NTS4 

,IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT :ILE ?IS SY/EM ( EXTRACTION COMES DRESS$ UP 9 A LANGUAGE ( RULES & REGULATIONS1 9 ITS ACTUAL MODE ( OP]ATION1 IT HAS ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) ! RULE ( LAW4 ,RA!R1 ! LEGAL SY/EM HAS ITSELF BECOME ! MEANS = A SY/EM ( 9CREAS+LY >BITR>Y EXTRACTIONS4 ,AS ! PR(ITS FROM BANKS & CR$IT C>D COMPANIES D]IVE MORE & MORE FROM 0FEES & P5ALTIES0 LEVI$ ON !IR CU/OM]S--SO MU* SO ?AT ?OSE LIV+ *ECK TO *ECK CAN REGUL>LY EXPECT TO BE *>G$ EI<TY DOLL>S = A FIVE-DOLL> OV]DRAFT--F9ANCIAL FIRMS HAVE COME TO PLAY BY AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SET ( RULES4 ,I ONCE ATT5D$ A CONF]5CE ON ! CRISIS 9 ! BANK+ SY/EM :]E ,I WAS ABLE TO HAVE A BRIEF1 9=MAL *AT ) AN ECONOMI/ = ONE ( ! ,BRETTON ,WOODS 9/ITUTIONS 7PROBABLY BE/ ,I NOT SAY :I*74 ,I ASK$ HIM :Y EV]YONE WAS /ILL WAIT+ = EV5 ONE BANK (FICIAL TO BE BR\<T TO TRIAL = ANY ACT ( FRAUD LEAD+ UP TO ! CRA% ( #b#h4  
  

,(,F,I,C,I,A,L3 ,WELL1 Y\ HAVE TO UND]/& ! APPROA* TAK5 BY ,U4,S4 PROSECUTORS TO F9ANCIAL FRAUD IS ALWAYS TO NEGOTIATE A SETTLEM5T4 ,!Y DON'T WANT TO HAVE TO GO TO TRIAL4 ,! UP%OT IS ALWAYS ?AT ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTION HAS TO PAY A F9E1 SOMETIMES 9 ! HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS1 BUT !Y DON'T ACTUALLY ADMIT TO ANY CRIM9AL LIABILITY4 ,!IR LAWY]S SIMPLY SAY !Y >E NOT GO+ TO CONTE/ ! *>GE1 BUT IF !Y PAY1 !Y HAV5'T TE*NICALLY BE5 F\ND GUILTY ( ANY?+4 

,M,E3 ,SO Y\'RE SAY+ IF ! GOV]NM5T DISCOV]S ?AT ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S1 = 9/ANCE1 OR ,BANK ( ,AM]ICA1 HAS COMMITT$ FRAUD1 !Y EFFECTIVELY JU/ *>GE !M A P5ALTY FEE4 

,(,F,I,C,I,A,L3 ,?AT'S RI<T4 

,M,E3 ,SO 9 ?AT CASE 444 OKAY1 ,I GUESS ! REAL QUE/ION IS ?IS3 HAS !RE EV] BE5 A CASE :]E ! AM\NT ! FIRM HAD TO PAY WAS MORE ?AN ! AM\NT ( MONEY !Y MADE FROM ! FRAUD ITSELF8 

,(,F,I,C,I,A,L3 ,OH NO1 NOT TO MY KN[L$GE4 ,USUALLY IT'S SUB/ANTIALLY LESS4 

,M,E3 ,SO :AT >E WE TALK+ H]E1 #e P]C5T8 

,(,F,I,C,I,A,L3 ,I'D SAY MORE LIKE #b TO #c P]C5T ON AV]AGE4 ,BUT IT V>IES CONSID]ABLY CASE BY CASE4 

,M,E3 ,:I* MEANS 444 CORRECT ME IF ,I'M WRONG1 BUT DOESN'T ?AT EFFECTIVELY MEAN ! GOV]NM5T IS SAY+1 0Y\ CAN COMMIT ALL ! FRAUD Y\ LIKE1 BUT IF WE CAT* Y\1 Y\'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO GIVE US \R CUT08 

,(,F,I,C,I,A,L3 ,WELL1 OBVI\SLY ,I CAN'T PUT IT ?AT WAY MYSELF AS LONG AS ,I HAVE ?IS JOB 444  
  

,& ( C\RSE1 ! P[] ( ?OSE SAME BANKS TO *>GE ACC\NT-HOLD]S EI<TY BUCKS = AN OV]DRAFT IS 5=C$ BY ! SAME C\RT SY/EM CONT5T TO M]ELY COLLECT A PIECE ( ! ACTION :5 ! BANK ITSELF COMMITS FRAUD4 

,N[1 ON ONE LEVEL1 ?IS MI<T JU/ SEEM LIKE ANO!R EXAMPLE ( A FAMILI> /ORY3 ! RI* ALWAYS PLAY BY A DIFF]5T SET ( RULES4 ,IF ! *ILDR5 ( BANK]S CAN REGUL>LY GET (F ! HOOK = C>RY+ QUANTITIES ( COCA9E ?AT W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY HAVE E>N$ !M DECADES 9 A F$]AL P5IT5TI>Y IF !Y HAPP5$ TO BE POOR OR ,BLACK1 :Y %\LD ?+S BE ANY DIFF]5T :5 !Y GR[ UP TO BECOME BANK]S !MSELVES8 ,BUT ,I ?9K !RE IS SOME?+ DEEP] GO+ ON H]E1 & IT TURNS ON ! V]Y NATURE ( BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS4 ,SU* 9/ITUTIONS ALWAYS CREATE A CULTURE ( COMPLICITY4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT SOME PEOPLE GET TO BREAK ! RULES--IT'S ?AT LOYALTY TO ! ORGANIZATION IS TO SOME DEGREE MEASUR$ BY ONE'S WILL+NESS TO PRET5D ?IS ISN'T HAPP5+4 ,& 9S(> AS BUREAUCRATIC LOGIC IS EXT5D$ TO ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 ALL ( US />T PLAY+ ALONG4 

,?IS PO9T IS WOR? EXP&+ ON4 ,:AT ,I AM SAY+ IS ?AT WE >E NOT JU/ LOOK+ AT A D\BLE /&>D1 BUT A P>TICUL> K9D ( D\BLE /&>D TYPICAL ( BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS EV]Y:]E4 ,ALL BUREAUCRACIES >E TO A C]TA9 DEGREE UTOPIAN1 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y PROPOSE AN AB/RACT IDEAL ?AT REAL HUMAN BE+S CAN NEV] LIVE UP TO4 ,TAKE ! 9ITIAL PO9T AB\T CR$5TIALISM4 ,SOCIOLOGI/S S9CE ,WEB] ALWAYS NOTE ?AT IT IS ONE ( ! DEF9+ FEATURES ( ANY BUREAUCRACY ?AT ?OSE :O /AFF IT >E SELECT$ BY =MAL1 IMP]SONAL CRIT]IA--MO/ (T51 SOME K9D ( WRITT5 TE/4 7,?AT IS1 BUREAUCRATS >E NOT1 SAY1 ELECT$ LIKE POLITICIANS1 BUT NEI!R %\LD !Y GET ! JOB JU/ BECAUSE !Y >E SOMEONE'S C\S947 ,9 !ORY !Y >E M]ITOCRACIES4 ,9 FACT EV]YONE KN[S ! SY/EM IS COMPROMIS$ 9 A ?\S& DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,MANY ( ! /AFF >E 9 FACT !RE JU/ BECAUSE !Y >E SOMEONE'S C\S91 & EV]YBODY KN[S IT4 ,! FIR/ CRIT]ION ( LOYALTY TO ! ORGANIZATION BECOMES COMPLICITY4 ,C>E] ADVANCEM5T IS NOT BAS$ ON M]IT1 & NOT EV5 BAS$ NECESS>ILY ON BE+ SOMEONE'S C\S92 ABOVE ALL1 IT'S BAS$ ON A WILL+NESS TO PLAY ALONG ) ! FICTION ?AT C>E] ADVANCEM5T IS BAS$ ON M]IT1 EV5 ?\< EV]YONE KN[S ?IS NOT TO BE TRUE4.<#b#g.> ,OR ) ! FICTION ?AT RULES & REGULATIONS APPLY TO EV]YONE EQUALLY1 :51 9 FACT1 !Y >E (T5 DEPLOY$ AS A MEANS = 5TIRELY >BITR>Y P]SONAL P[]4 

,?IS IS H[ BUREAUCRACIES HAVE ALWAYS T5D$ TO WORK4 ,BUT = MO/ ( HI/ORY1 ?IS FACT HAS ONLY BE5 IMPORTANT = ?OSE :O ACTUALLY OP]AT$ )9 ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EMS3 SAY1 ASPIR+ ,CONFUCIAN S*OL>S 9 ,M$IEVAL ,*9A4 ,MO/ EV]YONE ELSE DIDN'T REALLY HAVE TO ?9K AB\T ORGANIZATIONS V]Y (T52 TYPICALLY1 !Y ONLY 5C\NT]$ !M EV]Y FEW YE>S :5 IT CAME TIME TO REGI/] !IR FIELDS & CATTLE = ! LOCAL TAX AU?ORITIES4 ,BUT AS ,I'VE PO9T$ \T1 ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES HAVE SE5 AN EXPLOSION ( BUREAUCRACY1 & ! LA/ ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S 9 P>TICUL> HAVE SE5 BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLES EXT5D$ TO EV]Y ASPECT ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ?IS CULTURE ( COMPLICITY HAS COME TO SPREAD AS WELL4 ,MANY ( US ACTUALLY ACT AS IF WE BELIEVE ?AT ! C\RTS REALLY >E TREAT+ ! F9ANCIAL E/ABLI%M5T AS IT %\LD BE TREAT$1 ?AT !Y >E EV5 DEAL+ ) !M TOO H>%LY2 & ?AT ORD9>Y CITIZ5S REALLY DO DES]VE TO BE P5ALIZ$ A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE H>%LY = AN OV]DRAFT4 ,AS :OLE SOCIETIES HAVE COME TO REPRES5T !MSELVES AS GIANT CR$5TIALIZ$ M]ITOCRACIES1 RA!R ?AN SY/EMS ( >BITR>Y EXTRACTION1 EV]YONE DULY SCURRIES AB\T TRY+ TO CURRY FAVOR BY PRET5D+ !Y ACTUALLY BELIEVE ?IS IS TO BE TRUE4 

,SO3 :AT W\LD A LEFT-W+ CRITIQUE ( TOTAL1 OR PR$ATORY1 BUREAUCRATIZATION LOOK LIKE8 

,I ?9K ! /ORY ( ! ,GLOBAL ,JU/ICE ,MOVEM5T PROVIDES A H9T--BECAUSE IT WAS A MOVEM5T ?AT1 RA!R TO ITS [N SURPRISE1 DISCOV]$ ?IS WAS :AT IT WAS AB\T4 ,I REMEMB] ?IS QUITE WELL BECAUSE ,I WAS DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T AT ! TIME4 ,BACK 9 ! #a#i#iS1 0GLOBALIZATION10 AS T\T$ BY J\RNALI/S LIKE ,?OMAS ,FRI$MAN 7BUT REALLY1 BY ! 5TIRE J\RNALI/IC E/ABLI%M5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & MO/ ( IT 9 O!R WEAL?Y C\NTRIES7 WAS PORTRAY$ AS AN ALMO/ NATURAL =CE4 

,TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES--P>TICUL>LY ! ,9T]NET--W]E KNITT+ ! WORLD TOGE!R AS NEV] BE=E1 9CREAS$ COMMUNICATION WAS LEAD+ TO 9CREAS$ TRADE1 & NATIONAL BORD]S W]E RAPIDLY BECOM+ IRRELEVANT AS FREE TRADE TREATIES UNIT$ ! GLOBE 9TO A S+LE WORLD M>KET4 ,9 POLITICAL DEBATES ( ! TIME 9 ! MA9/REAM M$IA1 ALL ( ?IS WAS DISCUSS$ AS SU* A SELF-EVID5T REALITY ?AT ANYONE :O OBJECT$ TO ! PROCESS C\LD BE TREAT$ AS IF !Y W]E OBJECT+ TO BASIC LAWS ( NATURE--!Y W]E FLAT-E>!RS1 BUFFOONS1 ! LEFT-W+ EQUIVAL5TS ( ,BIBLICAL FUNDAM5TALI/S :O ?\<T EVOLUTION WAS A HOAX4 

,?US :5 ! ,GLOBAL ,JU/ICE ,MOVEM5T />T$1 ! M$IA SP9 WAS ?AT IT WAS A RE>GU>D ACTION ( HO>Y1 C>BUNCUL> LEFTI/S :O WI%$ TO RE/ORE PROTECTIONISM1 NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 B>RI]S TO TRADE & COMMUNICATION1 &1 G5]ALLY1 TO VA9LY /& AGA9/ ! ,9EVITABLE ,TIDE ( ,HI/ORY4 ,! PROBLEM ) ?IS WAS ?AT IT WAS OBVI\SLY UNTRUE4 ,MO/ IMM$IATELY1 !RE WAS ! FACT ?AT ! PROTE/]S' AV]AGE AGE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! WEAL?I] C\NTRIES1 SEEM$ TO BE AB\T N9ETE54 ,MORE S]I\SLY1 !RE WAS ! FACT ?AT ! MOVEM5T WAS A =M ( GLOBALIZATION 9 ITSELF3 A KALEIDOSCOPIC ALLIANCE ( PEOPLE FROM EV]Y CORN] ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ORGANIZATIONS RANG+ FROM ,9DIAN F>M]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 TO ! ,CANADIAN PO/AL WORK]S' UNION1 TO 9DIG5\S GR\PS 9 ,PANAMA1 TO AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES 9 ,DETROIT4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ITS EXPON5TS 5DLESSLY 9SI/$ ?AT DESPITE PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y1 :AT ! M$IA WAS CALL+ 0GLOBALIZATION0 HAD ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) ! EFFACEM5T ( BORD]S & ! FREE MOVEM5T ( PEOPLE1 PRODUCTS1 & IDEAS4 ,IT WAS REALLY AB\T TRAPP+ 9CREAS+LY L>GE P>TS ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION BEH9D HI<LY MILIT>IZ$ NATIONAL BORD]S )9 :I* SOCIAL PROTECTIONS C\LD BE SY/EMATICALLY )DRAWN1 CREAT+ A POOL ( LABOR]S SO DESP]ATE ?AT !Y W\LD BE WILL+ TO WORK = ALMO/ NO?+4 ,AGA9/ IT1 !Y PROPOS$ A G5U9ELY BORD]LESS WORLD4 

,OBVI\SLY1 !SE IDEAS' EXPON5TS DID NOT GET TO SAY ANY ( ?IS ON ,T,V OR MAJOR NEWSPAP]S--AT LEA/ NOT 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,AM]ICA1 :OSE M$IA IS /RICTLY POLIC$ BY ITS [N 9T]NAL CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS4 ,SU* >GUM5TS W]E1 EFFECTIVELY1 TABOO4 ,BUT WE DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ WE C\LD DO ?AT WORK$ ALMO/ AS WELL4 ,WE C\LD BESIEGE ! SUMMITS :]E ! TRADE PACTS W]E NEGOTIAT$ & ! ANNUAL MEET+S ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* ! T]MS ( :AT WAS CALL$ GLOBALIZATION W]E ACTUALLY CONCOCT$1 5COD$1 & 5=C$4 ,UNTIL ! MOVEM5T CAME TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ) ! SIEGE ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,MEET+ 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#i--& SUBSEQU5T BLOCKADES AGA9/ ! ,I,M,F_/,WORLD ,BANK ,MEET+S 9 ,WA%+TON--MO/ ,AM]ICANS SIMPLY HAD NO IDEA ?AT ANY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS EV5 EXI/$4 ,! ACTIONS OP]AT$ LIKE A MAGIC *>M ?AT EXPOS$ EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE HIDD53 ALL WE HAD TO DO WAS %[ UP & TRY TO BLOCK ACCESS TO ! V5UE1 & 9/ANTLY WE REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( A VA/ GLOBAL BUREAUCRACY ( 9T]LOCK+ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT NOBODY WAS SUPPOS$ TO REALLY ?9K AB\T4 ,& ( C\RSE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WE W\LD MAGICALLY :ISK 9TO EXI/5CE ?\S&S ( HEAVILY >M$ RIOT POLICE READY TO REVEAL JU/ :AT ?OSE BUREAUCRATS W]E WILL+ TO UNLEA% AGA9/ ANYONE--NO MATT] H[ NONVIOL5T--:O TRI$ TO /& 9 !IR WAY4 

,IT WAS A SURPRIS+LY EFFECTIVE /RATEGY4 ,)9 A MATT] ( TWO OR ?REE YE>S1 WE HAD SUNK PRETTY MU* EV]Y PROPOS$ NEW GLOBAL TRADE PACT1 & 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,I,M,F HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY EXPELL$ FROM ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 &1 9DE$1 MO/ ( ! WORLD'S SURFACE4.<#b#h.> 

,! IMAG]Y WORK$ BECAUSE IT %[$ EV]Y?+ PEOPLE HAD BE5 TOLD AB\T GLOBALIZATION TO BE A LIE4 ,?IS WAS NOT SOME NATURAL PROCESS ( PEACEFUL TRADE1 MADE POSSIBLE BY NEW TE*NOLOGIES4 ,:AT WAS BE+ TALK$ AB\T 9 T]MS ( 0FREE TRADE0 & ! 0FREE M>KET0 REALLY 5TAIL$ ! SELF-CONSCI\S COMPLETION ( ! WORLD'S FIR/ EFFECTIVE.<#b#i.> PLANET>Y-SCALE ADM9I/RATIVE BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM4 ,! F\NDATIONS = ! SY/EM HAD BE5 LAID 9 ! #a#i#dS1 BUT IT WAS ONLY ) ! WAN+ ( ! ,COLD ,W> ?AT !Y BECAME TRULY EFFECTIVE4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 !Y CAME TO BE MADE UP--LIKE MO/ O!R BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS BE+ CREAT$ ON A SMALL] SCALE AT ! SAME TIME--( SU* A ?OR\< 5TANGLEM5T ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE ELEM5TS ?AT IT WAS (T5 QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO PULL !M AP>T--EV5 CONCEPTUALLY4 ,LET US ?9K AB\T IT ?IS WAY3 ,AT ! TOP W]E ! TRADE BUREAUCRACIES LIKE ! ,I,M,F1 ,WORLD ,BANK1 ,W,T,O & ! ,G#hS1 ALONG ) TREATY ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ,N,A,F,T,A OR ! ,E,U4 ,!SE ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ ! ECONOMIC--& EV5 SOCIAL--POLICIES FOLL[$ BY SUPPOS$LY DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS 9 ! GLOBAL S\?4 ,JU/ BEL[ W]E ! L>GE GLOBAL F9ANCIAL FIRMS LIKE ,GOLDMAN ,SA*S1 ,LEHMAN ,BRO!RS1 ,AM]ICAN ,9SURANCE ,GR\P1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ,/&>D @& ,POORS4 ,BEL[ ?AT CAME ! TRANSNATIONAL MEGA-CORPORATIONS4 7,MU* ( :AT WAS BE+ CALL$ 09T]NATIONAL TRADE0 9 FACT CONSI/$ M]ELY ( ! TRANSF] ( MAT]IALS BACK & =? BETWE5 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! SAME CORPORATION47 ,F9ALLY1 ONE HAS TO 9CLUDE ! ,N,G,OS1 :I* 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD COME TO PROVIDE MANY ( ! SOCIAL S]VICES PREVI\SLY PROVID$ BY GOV]NM5T1 ) ! RESULT ?AT URBAN PLANN+ 9 A CITY 9 ,NEPAL1 OR HEAL? POLICY 9 A T[N 9 ,NIG]IA1 MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 (FICES 9 ,ZURI* OR ,*ICAGO4 

,AT ! TIME1 WE DIDN'T TALK AB\T ?+S 9 QUITE !SE T]MS--?AT 0FREE TRADE0 & 0! FREE M>KET0 ACTUALLY MEANT ! CREATION ( GLOBAL ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURES MA9LY AIM$ AT 5SUR+ ! EXTRACTION ( PR(ITS = 9VE/ORS1 ?AT 0GLOBALIZATION0 REALLY MEANT BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,WE (T5 CAME CLOSE4 ,BUT WE R>ELY QUITE \T & SAID IT4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ,I ?9K ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT WE %\LD HAVE EMPHASIZ$4 ,EV5 ! EMPHASIS ON 9V5T+ NEW =MS ( DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES ?AT WAS AT ! CORE ( ! MOVEM5T--! ASSEMBLIES1 ! SPOKESC\NCILS1 & SO ON--WAS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 A WAY TO %[ ?AT PEOPLE C\LD 9DE$ GET ON ) ONE ANO!R--& EV5 MAKE IMPORTANT DECISIONS & C>RY \T COMPLEX COLLECTIVE PROJECTS--)\T ANYONE EV] HAV+ TO FILL \T A =M1 APPEAL A JUDGM5T1 OR ?REAT5 TO PHONE SECURITY OR ! POLICE4 

,! ,GLOBAL ,JU/ICE ,MOVEM5T WAS1 9 ITS [N WAY1 ! FIR/ MAJOR LEFTI/ ANTIBUREAUCRATIC MOVEM5T ( ! ]A ( TOTAL BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,AS SU*1 ,I ?9K IT (F]S IMPORTANT LESSONS = ANYONE TRY+ TO DEVELOP A SIMIL> CRITIQUE4 ,LET ME 5D BY \TL9+ ?REE ( !M3 

#a4 ,DO NOT UND]E/IMATE ! IMPORTANCE ( %E] PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 

,! >MIES ( HI<LY MILIT>IZ$ POLICE ?AT APPE>$ TO ATTACK ! SUMMIT PROTE/]S W]E NOT SOME SORT ( WEIRD SIDE EFFECT ( 0GLOBALIZATION40 ,:5EV] SOMEONE />TS TALK+ AB\T ! 0FREE M>KET10 IT'S A GOOD IDEA TO LOOK >\ND = ! MAN ) ! GUN4 ,HE'S NEV] F> AWAY4 ,FREE-M>KET LIB]ALISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY CORRESPOND$ ) ! 9V5TION ( ! MOD]N POLICE & PRIVATE DETECTIVE AG5CIES1.<#c.> & GRADUALLY1 ) ! NOTION ?AT ?OSE POLICE HAD AT LEA/ ULTIMATE JURISDICTION OV] VIRTUALLY EV]Y ASPECT ( URBAN LIFE1 FROM ! REGULATION ( /REET P$DL]S TO NOISE LEVELS AT PRIVATE P>TIES1 OR EV5 TO ! RESOLUTION ( BITT] FI<TS ) CRAZY UNCLES OR COLLEGE ROOMMATES4 ,WE >E N[ SO US$ TO ! IDEA ?AT WE AT LEA/ C\LD CALL ! POLICE TO RESOLVE VIRTUALLY ANY DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT MANY ( US F9D IT DIFFICULT TO EV5 IMAG9E :AT PEOPLE W\LD HAVE DONE BE=E ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4.<#c#a.> ,BECAUSE1 9 FACT1 = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE ?R\<\T HI/ORY--EV5 ?OSE :O LIV$ 9 9 L>GE CITIES--!RE W]E SIMPLY NO AU?ORITIES TO CALL 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,OR1 AT LEA/1 NO IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRATIC ONES :O W]E1 LIKE ! MOD]N POLICE1 EMP[]$ TO IMPOSE >BITR>Y RESOLUTIONS BACK$ BY ! ?REAT ( =CE4 

,H]E ,I ?9K IT IS POSSIBLE TO ADD A K9D ( COROLL>Y TO ! ,IRON ,LAW ( ,LIB]ALISM4 ,HI/ORY REVEALS ?AT POLITICAL POLICIES ?AT FAVOR 0! M>KET0 HAVE ALWAYS MEANT EV5 MORE PEOPLE 9 (FICES TO ADM9I/] ?+S1 BUT IT ALSO REVEALS ?AT !Y ALSO MEAN AN 9CREASE ( ! RANGE & D5SITY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT >E ULTIMATELY REGULAT$ BY ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS OBVI\SLY FLIES 9 ! FACE ( EV]Y?+ WE'VE BE5 TAU<T TO BELIEVE AB\T ! M>KET1 BUT IF Y\ OBS]VE :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5S1 IT'S CLE>LY TRUE4 ,9 A S5SE1 EV5 CALL+ ?IS A 0COROLL>Y0 IS DECEPTIVE1 BECAUSE WE'RE REALLY JU/ TALK+ AB\T TWO DIFF]5T WAYS ( TALK+ AB\T ! SAME ?+4 ,! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( DAILY LIFE MEANS ! IMPOSITION ( IMP]SONAL RULES & REGULATIONS2 IMP]SONAL RULES & REGULATIONS1 9 TURN1 CAN ONLY OP]ATE IF !Y >E BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( =CE4.<#c#b.> ,& 9DE$1 9 ?IS MO/ REC5T PHASE ( TOTAL BUREAUCRATIZATION1 WE'VE SE5 SECURITY CAM]AS1 POLICE SCOOT]S1 ISSU]S ( TEMPOR>Y ,I,D C>DS1 & M5 & WOM5 9 A V>IETY ( UNI=MS ACT+ 9 EI!R PUBLIC OR PRIVATE CAPACITIES1 TRA9$ 9 TACTICS ( M5AC+1 9TIMIDAT+1 & ULTIMATELY DEPLOY+ PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 APPE> JU/ AB\T EV]Y:]E--EV5 9 PLACES SU* AS PLAYGR\NDS1 PRIM>Y S*OOLS1 COLLEGE CAMPUSES1 HOSPITALS1 LIBR>IES1 P>KS1 OR BEA* RESORTS1 :]E FIFTY YE>S AGO !IR PRES5CE W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ SC&AL\S1 OR SIMPLY WEIRD4 

,ALL ?IS TAKES PLACE AS SOCIAL !ORI/S CONT9UE TO 9SI/ ?AT ! DIRECT APPEAL TO =CE PLAYS LESS & LESS ( A FACTOR 9 MA9TA9+ /RUCTURES ( SOCIAL CONTROL4.<#c#c.> ,! MORE REPORTS ONE READS1 9 FACT1 ( UNIV]SITY /UD5TS BE+ TAS]$ = UNAU?ORIZ$ LIBR>Y USE1 OR ,5GLI% PR(ESSORS BE+ JAIL$ & *>G$ ) FELONIES AFT] BE+ CAU<T JAYWALK+ ON CAMPUS1 ! L\D] ! DEFIANT 9SI/5CE ?AT ! K9DS ( SUBTLE SYMBOLIC P[] ANALYZ$ BY ,5GLI% PR(ESSORS >E :AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT4 ,IT BEG9S TO S\ND MORE & MORE LIKE A DESP]ATE REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ?AT ! WORK+S ( P[] C\LD REALLY BE SO CRUDE & SIMPLI/IC AS :AT DAILY EVID5CE PROVES !M TO BE4 

,9 MY [N NATIVE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,I HAVE OBS]V$ ! 5DLESS MULTIPLICATION ( BANK BRAN*ES4 ,:5 ,I WAS GR[+ UP1 MO/ BANK (FICES W]E L>GE1 FREE/&+ BUILD+S1 USUALLY DESIGN$ TO LOOK LIKE ,GREEK OR ,ROMAN TEMPLES4 ,OV] ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 /OREFRONT BRAN*ES ( ! SAME ?REE OR F\R MEGABANKS HAVE OP5$1 IT SEEMS1 ON EV]Y ?IRD BLOCK 9 ! MORE PROSP]\S P>TS ( ,MANHATTAN4 

,9 ! GREAT] ,NEW ,YORK >EA !RE >E N[ LIT]ALLY ?\S&S ( !M1 EA* ONE HAV+ REPLAC$ SOME E>LI] %OP ?AT ONCE PROVID$ MAT]IAL GOODS & S]VICES ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,9 A WAY !SE >E ! P]FECT SYMBOLS ( \R AGE3 /ORES SELL+ PURE AB/RACTION--IMMACULATE BOXES CONTA9+ LITTLE BUT GLASS & /EEL DIVID]S1 COMPUT] SCRE5S1 & >M$ SECURITY4 ,!Y DEF9E ! P]FECT PO9T ( CONJUNCTURE BETWE5 GUNS & 9=MATION1 S9CE ?AT'S REALLY ALL ?AT'S !RE4 ,& ?AT CONJUNCTURE HAS COME TO PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK = ALMO/ EV]Y O!R ASPECT ( \R LIVES4 

,:5 WE ?9K AB\T SU* MATT]S AT ALL1 WE G5]ALLY ACT AS IF ?IS IS ALL SIMPLY AN EFFECT ( TE*NOLOGY3 ?IS IS A WORLD :ISK$ 9TO BE+ BY COMPUT]S4 ,IT EV5 LOOKS LIKE ONE4 ,& 9DE$1 ALL !SE NEW BANK LOBBIES DO BE> A /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE TO ! /RIPP$-D[N VIRTUAL REALITY ONE (T5 F\ND 9 #a#i#iS VIDEO GAMES4 ,IT'S AS IF WE HAVE F9ALLY A*IEV$ ! ABILITY TO MAKE SU* VIRTUAL REALITIES MAT]IALIZE1 & 9 SO DO+1 TO R$UCE \R LIVES1 TOO1 TO A K9D ( VIDEO GAME1 AS WE NEGOTIATE ! V>I\S MAZEWAYS ( ! NEW BUREAUCRACIES4 ,S9CE1 9 SU* VIDEO GAMES1 NO?+ IS ACTUALLY PRODUC$1 IT JU/ K9D ( SPR+S 9TO BE+1 & WE REALLY DO SP5D \R LIVES E>N+ PO9TS & DODG+ PEOPLE C>RY+ WEAPONS4 

,BUT ?IS S5SE ?AT WE >E LIV+ 9 A WORLD CREAT$ BY COMPUT]S IS ITSELF AN ILLUSION4 ,TO CONCLUDE ?AT ?IS WAS ALL AN 9EVITABLE EFFECT ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 RA!R ?AN ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL =CES1 W\LD BE MAK+ A T]RIBLE MI/AKE4 ,H]E TOO ! LESSONS ( 0GLOBALIZATION10 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 SOMEH[ CREAT$ BY ! ,9T]NET1 >E CRITICALLY IMPORTANT3 

#b4 ,DO NOT OV]E/IMATE ! IMPORTANCE ( TE*NOLOGY AS A CAUSATIVE FACTOR4 

,JU/ AS :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0GLOBALIZATION0 WAS REALLY A CREATION ( NEW POLITICAL ALIGNM5TS1 POLICY DECISIONS1 & NEW BUREAUCRACIES--:I* W]E ONLY LAT] FOLL[$ BY PHYSICAL TE*NOLOGIES LIKE CONTA9]IZ$ %IPP+1 OR ! ,9T]NET--SO ! P]VASIVE BUREAUCRATIZATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE MADE POSSIBLE BY ! COMPUT]S IS NOT1 ITSELF1 ! RESULT ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,RA!R IT'S ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE IS SIMPLY NOT AN 9DEP5D5T V>IABLE4 ,TE*NOLOGY WILL ADVANCE1 & (T5 9 SURPRIS+ & UNEXPECT$ WAYS4 ,BUT ! OV]ALL DIRECTION IT TAKES DEP5DS ON SOCIAL FACTORS4 

,?IS IS EASY TO =GET BECAUSE \R IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE ( EV]YDAY BUREAUCRATIZATION IS 5TIRELY CAU<T UP 9 NEW 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES3 ,FACEBOOK1 SM>TPHONE BANK+1 ,AMAZON1 ,PAY,PAL1 5DLESS H&HELD DEVICES ?AT R$UCE ! WORLD >\ND US TO MAPS1 =MS1 CODES1 & GRAPHS4 ,/ILL1 ! KEY ALIGNM5TS ?AT MADE ALL ?IS POSSIBLE >E PRECISELY ?OSE ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 DESCRIB+ 9 ?IS ESSAY1 ?AT FIR/ TOOK PLACE 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES1 ) ! ALLIANCE ( F9ANCE & CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS1 ! NEW CORPORATE CULTURE ?AT EM]G$ FROM IT1 & ITS ABILITY TO 9VADE $UCATIONAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 & GOV]NM5T CIRCLES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT PUBLIC & PRIVATE BUREAUCRACIES F9ALLY M]G$ TOGE!R 9 A MASS ( PAP]WORK DESIGN$ TO FACILITATE ! DIRECT EXTRACTION ( WEAL?4 ,?IS WAS NOT A PRODUCT ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGIES TOOK DECADES TO EM]GE4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES1 COMPUT]S W]E /ILL SOME?+ ( A JOKE4 ,BANKS & GOV]NM5T (FICES W]E KE5 ON PUTT+ !M 9TO S]VICE1 BUT = MO/ ( ?OSE ON ! RECEIV+ 5D1 !Y W]E ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( BUREAUCRATIC IDIOCY2 :5EV] SOME?+ W5T T]RIBLY1 OBVI\SLY WRONG1 ! REACTION WAS ALWAYS TO ?R[ UP ONE'S EYES & BLAME 0SOME COMPUT]40 ,AFT] =TY YE>S & ! 5DLESS 9VE/M5T ( RESE>* FUND+ 9TO 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES1 WE HAVE GOTT5 TO ! PO9T :]E ! K9DS ( COMPUT]S BANK]S EMPLOY1 & PROVIDE1 >E \R V]Y DEF9ITION ( 9FALLIBLE1 MAGICAL EFFICI5CY4 

,CONSID] ! ,A,T,M MA*9E4 ,9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 ,I CAN'T REMEMB] A S+LE OCCASION 9 :I* ,I HAVE ASK$ AN ,A,T,M MA*9E = MONEY & GOTT5 AN 9CORRECT AM\NT4 ,NOR HAVE ,I BE5 ABLE TO F9D ANYONE ,I KN[ :O CAN4 ,?IS IS SO TRUE ?AT 9 ! WAKE ( ! #b ,U4,S4 PRESID5TIAL ELECTIONS1 :5 ! PUBLIC WAS BE+ REGAL$ ) /ATI/ICS ON ! #b4#h P]C5T DEGREE ( ]ROR EXPECT$ FROM ?IS TYPE ( VOT+ MA*9E1 OR ! #a4#e P]C5T EXPECT$ FROM ?AT1 SOME HAD ! TEM]ITY TO PO9T \T ?AT 9 A C\NTRY ?AT DEF9ES ITSELF AS ! WORLD'S GREATE/ DEMOCRACY1 :]E ELECTIONS >E \R V]Y SACRAM5T1 WE SEEM TO JU/ ACCEPT ?AT VOT+ MA*9ES WILL REGUL>LY MISC\NT ! VOTE1 :ILE EV]Y DAY HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( ,A,T,M TRANSACTIONS TAKE PLACE ) AN OV]ALL Z]O P]C5T RATE ( ]ROR4 ,:AT DOES ?IS SAY AB\T :AT REALLY MATT]S TO ,AM]ICANS AS A NATION8 

,F9ANCIAL TE*NOLOGY !N HAS GONE FROM A RUNN+ GAG TO SOME?+ SO RELIABLE ?AT IT CAN =M ! ASSUM$ BACKBONE ( \R SOCIAL REALITY4 ,Y\ NEV] HAVE TO ?9K AB\T :E!R ! CA% MA*9E WILL DISP5SE ! CORRECT AM\NT ( CA%4 ,IF IT'S WORK+ AT ALL1 IT WILL NOT MAKE A MI/AKE4 ,?IS GIVES F9ANCIAL AB/RACTIONS AN AIR ( UTT] C]TA9TY--A 0READY-TO-H&0 QUALITY1 AS ,M>T9 ,HEIDEGG] PUT IT--SU* AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! PRACTICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( \R DAILY PROJECTS & AFFAIRS ?AT WE NEV] HAVE TO ?9K AB\T AS SOME?+ 9 ITSELF AT ALL4 ,MEAN:ILE PHYSICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE LIKE ROADS1 ESCALATORS1 BRIDGES1 & UND]GR\ND RAILWAYS CRUMBLES >\ND US1 & ! L&SCAPE SURR\ND+ MAJOR CITIES IS PEPP]$ ) ! FUTURI/IC VISIONS ( PA/ G5]ATIONS N[ LY+ SMELLY1 DIRTY1 OR AB&ON$4 ,NONE ( ?IS JU/ HAPP5$4 ,IT IS1 PRECISELY1 A MATT] ( NATIONAL PRIORITIES3 ! RESULT ( POLICY DECISIONS ?AT ALLOCATE FUND+ = EV]Y?+ FROM L&M>K PRES]VATION TO C]TA9 K9DS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,?IS IS ! WORLD ?AT ALL ?OSE 5DLESS DOCUM5TS AB\T 0VISION10 0QUALITY10 0LEAD]%IP10 & 09NOVATION0 HAVE ACTUALLY PRODUC$4 ,RA!R ?AN CAUS+ \R CURR5T SITUATION1 ! DIRECTION ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE HAS TAK5 IS ITSELF L>GELY A FUNCTION ( ! P[] ( F9ANCE4 

#c4 ,ALWAYS REMEMB] IT'S ALL ULTIMATELY AB\T VALUE 7OR3 :5EV] Y\ HE> SOMEONE SAY ?AT :AT !IR GREATE/ VALUE IS RATIONALITY1 !Y >E JU/ SAY+ ?AT BECAUSE !Y DON'T WANT TO ADMIT TO :AT !IR GREATE/ VALUE REALLY IS74 

,! 0SELF-ACTUALIZATION0 PHILOSOPHY FROM :I* MO/ ( ?IS NEW BUREAUCRATIC LANGUAGE EM]G$ 9SI/S ?AT WE LIVE 9 A TIMELESS PRES5T1 ?AT HI/ORY MEANS NO?+1 ?AT WE SIMPLY CREATE ! WORLD >\ND US ?R\< ! P[] ( ! WILL4 ,?IS IS A K9D ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC FASCISM4 ,>\ND ! TIME ! PHILOSOPHY BECAME POPUL> 9 ! SEV5TIES1 SOME CONS]VATIVE ,*RI/IAN !OLOGIANS W]E ACTUALLY ?9K+ ALONG V]Y SIMIL> L9ES3 SEE+ ELECTRONIC MONEY AS A K9D ( EXT5SION = ,GOD'S CREATIVE P[]1 :I* IS !N TRANS=M$ 9TO MAT]IAL REALITY ?R\< ! M9DS ( 9SPIR$ 5TREPR5EURS4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE H[ ?IS C\LD LEAD TO ! CREATION ( A WORLD :]E F9ANCIAL AB/RACTIONS FEEL LIKE ! V]Y B$ROCK ( REALITY1 & SO MANY ( \R LIV$ 5VIRONM5TS LOOK LIKE !Y W]E #c-,D- PR9T$ FROM SOMEBODY'S COMPUT] SCRE54 ,9 FACT1 ! S5SE ( A DIGITALLY G5]AT$ WORLD ,I'VE BE5 DESCRIB+ C\LD BE TAK5 AS A P]FECT ILLU/RATION ( ANO!R SOCIAL LAW--AT LEA/1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IT %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A LAW--?AT1 IF ONE GIVES SUFFICI5T SOCIAL P[] TO A CLASS ( PEOPLE HOLD+ EV5 ! MO/ \TL&I% IDEAS1 !Y WILL1 CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 EV5TUALLY CONTRIVE TO PRODUCE A WORLD ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT LIV+ 9 IT WILL1 9 A ?\S& SUBTLE WAYS1 RE9=CE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?OSE IDEAS >E SELF-EVID5TLY TRUE4 

,9 ! NOR? ,ATLANTIC C\NTRIES1 ALL ?IS IS ! CULM9ATION ( A V]Y LONG EF=T TO TRANS=M POPUL> IDEAS AB\T ! ORIG9S ( VALUE4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICANS1 = 9/ANCE1 US$ TO SUBSCRIBE TO A R\<-&-READY V]SION ( ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,IT MADE 9TUITIVE S5SE 9 A WORLD :]E MO/ PEOPLE W]E F>M]S1 ME*ANICS1 OR %OPKEEP]S3 ! GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE W]E ASSUM$ TO EXI/ BECAUSE PEOPLE TOOK ! TR\BLE TO PRODUCE !M2 DO+ SO WAS SE5 AS 9VOLV+ BO? BRA9 & MUSCLE1 USUALLY1 9 R\<LY EQUAL PROPORTIONS4 ,9 ! MID- N9ETE5? C5TURY EV5 MA9/REAM POLITICIANS W\LD (T5 USE LANGUAGE ?AT MI<T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 TAK5 /RAI<T FROM ,K>L ,M>X4 ,SO ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN3 

,LABOR IS PRIOR TO1 & 9DEP5D5T (1 CAPITAL4 ,CAPITAL IS ONLY ! FRUIT ( LABOR1 & C\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$ IF LABOR HAD NOT FIR/ EXI/$4 ,LABOR IS ! SUP]IOR ( CAPITAL1 & DES]VES MU* ! HI<] CONSID]ATION4.<#c#d.> 

,! RISE ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM 9 ! ,GILD$ ,AGE WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A SELF-CONSCI\S EF=T1 ON ! P>T ( ! NEW TYCOONS ( ! DAY1 TO PUT ?IS K9D ( LANGUAGE ASIDE1 & TO PROMULGATE :AT WAS CONSID]$ AT ! TIME ! BOLD NEW PHILOSOPHY--/EEL MAGNATE ,&REW ,C>NEGIE SPOKE ( IT AS 0,! ,GOSPEL ( ,WEAL?0--?AT VALUE WAS 9/EAD D]IV$ FROM CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,C>NEGIE & HIS ALLIES EMB>K$ ON A WELL-FUND$ CAMPAIGN ( PROMOT+ ! NEW GOSPEL1 NOT JU/ 9 ,ROT>Y ,CLUBS & ,*AMB]S ( ,COMM]CE ACROSS ! NATION1 BUT ALSO 9 S*OOLS1 *UR*ES1 & CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS4.<#c#e.> ,! BASIC >GUM5T WAS ?AT ! V]Y EFFICI5CY ( ! NEW GIANT FIRMS !SE M5 DIRECT$ C\LD PRODUCE SU* A MAT]IAL B\NTY IT W\LD ALL[ ,AM]ICANS TO REALIZE !MSELVES ?R\< :AT !Y CONSUM$ RA!R ?AN :AT !Y PRODUC$4 ,9 ?IS VIEW1 VALUE WAS ULTIMATELY A PRODUCT ( ! V]Y BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW CONGLOM]ATES4 

,ONE ?+ ?AT ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T TAU<T US IS ?AT POLITICS IS1 9DE$1 ULTIMATELY AB\T VALUE2 BUT ALSO1 ?AT ?OSE CREAT+ VA/ BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS WILL ALMO/ NEV] ADMIT :AT !IR VALUES REALLY >E4 ,?IS WAS AS TRUE ( ! ,C>NEGIES AS IT IS TODAY4 ,NORMALLY1 !Y WILL--LIKE ! ROBB] B>ONS ( ! TURN ( ! LA/ C5TURY--9SI/ ?AT !Y >E ACT+ 9 ! NAME ( EFFICI5CY1 OR 0RATIONALITY40 ,BUT 9 FACT ?IS LANGUAGE ALWAYS TURNS \T TO BE 9T5TIONALLY VAGUE1 EV5 NONS5SICAL4 ,! T]M 0RATIONALITY0 IS AN EXCELL5T CASE 9 PO9T H]E4 ,A 0RATIONAL0 P]SON IS SOMEONE :O IS ABLE TO MAKE BASIC LOGICAL CONNECTIONS & ASSESS REALITY 9 A NON-DELUSIONAL FA%ION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 SOMEONE :O ISN'T CRAZY4 ,ANYONE :O CLAIMS TO BASE !IR POLITICS ON RATIONALITY--& ?IS IS TRUE ON ! LEFT AS WELL AS ON ! RI<T--IS CLAIM+ ?AT ANYONE :O DISAGREES ) !M MI<T AS WELL BE 9SANE1 :I* IS AB\T AS >ROGANT A POSITION AS ONE C\LD POSSIBLY TAKE4 ,OR ELSE1 !Y'RE US+ 0RATIONALITY0 AS A SYNONYM = 0TE*NICAL EFFICI5CY10 & ?US FOCUS+ ON H[ !Y >E GO+ AB\T SOME?+ BECAUSE !Y DO NOT WI% TO TALK AB\T :AT IT IS !Y >E ULTIMATELY GO+ AB\T4 ,NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS IS NOTORI\S = MAK+ ?IS K9D ( MOVE4 ,:5 AN ECONOMI/ ATTEMPTS TO PROVE ?AT IT IS 0IRRATIONAL0 TO VOTE 9 NATIONAL ELECTIONS 7BECAUSE ! EF=T EXP5D$ \TWEI<S ! LIKELY B5EFIT TO ! 9DIVIDUAL VOT]71 !Y USE ! T]M BECAUSE !Y DO NOT WI% TO SAY 0IRRATIONAL = ACTORS = :OM CIVIC P>TICIPATION1 POLITICAL IDEALS1 OR ! COMMON GOOD >E NOT VALUES 9 !MSELVES1 BUT :O VIEW PUBLIC AFFAIRS ONLY 9 T]MS ( P]SONAL ADVANTAGE40 ,!RE IS ABSOLUTELY NO REASON :Y ONE C\LD NOT RATIONALLY CALCULATE ! BE/ WAY TO FUR!R ONE'S POLITICAL IDEALS ?R\< VOT+4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO ! ECONOMI/S' ASSUMPTIONS1 ANYONE :O TAKES ?IS C\RSE MI<T AS WELL BE \T ( !IR M9DS4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 TALK+ AB\T RATIONAL EFFICI5CY BECOMES A WAY ( AVOID+ TALK+ AB\T :AT ! EFFICI5CY IS ACTUALLY =2 ?AT IS1 ! ULTIMATELY IRRATIONAL AIMS ?AT >E ASSUM$ TO BE ! ULTIMATE 5DS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,H]E IS ANO!R PLACE :]E M>KETS & BUREAUCRACIES ULTIMATELY SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,BO? CLAIM TO BE ACT+ L>GELY 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 & 9DIVIDUAL SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< CONSUMPTION4 ,EV5 SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD ,PRUSSIAN BUREAUCRATIC /ATE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 LIKE ,HEGEL OR ,GOE!1 9SI/$ ?AT ITS AU?ORIT>IAN MEASURES C\LD BE JU/IFI$ BY ! FACT !Y ALL[$ CITIZ5S TO BE ABSOLUTELY SECURE 9 !IR PROP]TY1 & !RE=E1 FREE TO DO ABSOLUTELY ANY?+ !Y PLEAS$ 9 !IR [N HOMES--:E!R ?AT MEANT PURSU+ ! >TS1 RELIGION1 ROMANCE1 OR PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION1 OR SIMPLY A MATT] ( DECID+ = !MSELVES :AT SORT ( BE] !Y *OSE TO DR9K1 MUSIC !Y *OSE TO LI/5 TO1 OR CLO!S !Y *OSE TO WE>4 ,BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM1 :5 IT APPE>$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SIMIL>LY JU/IFI$ ITSELF ON CONSUM]I/ GR\NDS3 ONE C\LD JU/IFY DEM&+ ?AT WORK]S AB&ON ANY CONTROL OV] ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y WORK$ IF ONE C\LD ?US GU>ANTEE !M A WID] & *EAP] RANGE ( PRODUCTS = !M TO USE AT HOME4.<#c#f.> ,!RE WAS ALWAYS ASSUM$ TO BE A SYN]GY BETWE5 IMP]SONAL1 RULE-B\ND ORGANIZATION--:E!R 9 ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 OR ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION--& ABSOLUTE FREE SELF-EXPRESSION 9 ! CLUB1 CAFE1 KIT*51 OR FAMILY \T+4 7,AT FIR/1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS FRE$OM WAS LIMIT$ TO MALE HEADS ( H\SEHOLD2 OV] TIME1 IT WAS AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE EXT5D$ TO EV]YONE47 

,! MO/ PR(\ND LEGACY ( ! DOM9ANCE ( BUREAUCRATIC =MS ( ORGANIZATION OV] ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S IS ?AT IT HAS MADE ?IS 9TUITIVE DIVISION BETWE5 RATIONAL1 TE*NICAL MEANS & ! ULTIMATELY IRRATIONAL 5DS TO :I* !Y >E PUT SEEM LIKE COMMON S5SE4 ,?IS IS TRUE ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 :]E CIVIL S]VANTS PRIDE !MSELVES ON BE+ ABLE TO F9D ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS TO PURSUE :ATEV] NATIONAL DE/9Y !IR C\NTRY'S RUL]S HAPP5 TO DREAM UP3 :E!R ?AT BE ROOT$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( CULTURAL BRILLIANCE1 IMP]IAL CONQUE/1 ! PURSUIT ( A G5U9ELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORD]1 OR ! LIT]AL APPLICATION ( ,BIBLICAL LAW4 ,IT IS EQUALLY TRUE ON ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL1 :]E WE ALL TAKE = GRANT$ ?AT HUMAN BE+S GO \T 9TO ! M>KETPLACE M]ELY TO CALCULATE ! MO/ EFFICI5T WAY TO 5RI* !MSELVES1 BUT ?AT ONCE !Y HAVE ! MONEY1 !RE'S NO TELL+ :AT !Y MI<T DECIDE TO DO ) IT3 :E!R IT BE TO BUY A MANSION1 OR A RACE C>1 5GAGE 9 A P]SONAL 9VE/IGATION ( ,U,F,O DISAPPE>ANCES1 OR SIMPLY LAVI% ! MONEY ON ONE'S KIDS4 ,IT ALL SEEMS SO SELF-EVID5T ?AT IT'S H>D = US TO REMEMB] ?AT 9 MO/ HUMAN SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE EXI/$1 HI/ORICALLY1 SU* A DIVISION W\LD MAKE NO S5SE AT ALL4 ,9 MO/ TIMES & PLACES1 ! WAY ONE GOES AB\T DO+ SOME?+ IS ASSUM$ TO BE ! ULTIMATE EXPRESSION ( :O ONE IS4.<#c#g.> ,BUT IT ALSO SEEMS AS IF ! MOM5T ONE DIVIDES ! WORLD 9TO TWO SPH]ES 9 ?IS WAY--9TO ! DOMA9 ( %E] TE*NICAL COMPET5CE & A SEP>ATE DOMA9 ( ULTIMATE VALUES--EA* SPH]E WILL 9EVITABLY BEG9 TRY+ TO 9VADE ! O!R4 ,SOME WILL DECL>E ?AT RATIONALITY1 OR EV5 EFFICI5CY1 >E !MSELVES VALUES1 ?AT !Y >E EV5 ULTIMATE VALUES1 & ?AT WE %\LD SOMEH[ CREATE A 0RATIONAL0 SOCIETY 7:ATEV] ?AT MEANS74 ,O!RS WILL 9SI/ ?AT LIFE %\LD BECOME >T2 OR ELSE1 RELIGION4 ,BUT ALL SU* MOVEM5TS >E PREMIS$ ON ! V]Y DIVISION !Y PR(ESS TO OV]COME4 

,9 ! BIG PICTURE IT H>DLY MATT]S1 !N1 :E!R ONE SEEKS TO REORGANIZE ! WORLD >\ND BUREAUCRATIC EFFICI5CY OR M>KET RATIONALITY3 ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTIONS REMA9 ! SAME4 ,?IS HELPS EXPLA9 :Y IT'S SO EASY TO MOVE BACK & =? BETWE5 !M1 AS ) ?OSE EX-,SOVIET (FICIALS :O SO *E]FULLY SWIT*$ HATS FROM 5DORS+ TOTAL /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY1 TO TOTAL M>KETIZATION--& 9 ! PROCESS1 TRUE TO ! ,IRON ,LAW1 MANAG$ TO 9CREASE ! TOTAL NUMB] ( BUREAUCRATS EMPLOY$ 9 !IR C\NTRY DRAMATICALLY4.<#c#h.> ,OR H[ ! TWO CAN FUZE 9TO AN ALMO/ SEAMLESS :OLE1 AS 9 ! CURR5T ]A ( TOTAL BUREAUCRATIZATION4 

,= ANYONE :O HAS EV] BE5 A REFUGEE1 OR = ?AT MATT] HAD TO FILL \T ! =TY-PAGE APPLICATION REQUIR$ TO GET ONE'S DAU<T] CONSID]$ = ADMISSION BY A ,LONDON MUSIC S*OOL1 ! IDEA ?AT BUREAUCRACY HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) RATIONALITY1 LET ALONE EFFICI5CY1 MI<T SEEM ODD4 ,BUT ?IS IS ! WAY IT LOOKS FROM ! TOP4 ,9 FACT1 FROM 9SIDE ! SY/EM1 ! ALGORI?MS & MA!MATICAL =MULAS BY :I* ! WORLD COMES TO BE ASSESS$ BECOME1 ULTIMATELY1 NOT JU/ MEASURES ( VALUE1 BUT ! S\RCE ( VALUE ITSELF4.<#c#i.> ,MU* ( :AT BUREAUCRATS DO1 AFT] ALL1 IS EVALUATE ?+S4 ,!Y >E CONT9UALLY ASSESS+1 AUDIT+1 MEASUR+1 WEI<+ ! RELATIVE M]ITS ( DIFF]5T PLANS1 PROPOSALS1 APPLICATIONS1 C\RSES ( ACTION1 OR C&IDATES = PROMOTION4 ,M>KET RE=MS ONLY RE9=CE ?IS T5D5CY4 ,?IS HAPP5S ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,IT IS FELT MO/ CRUELLY BY ! POOR1 :O >E CON/ANTLY MONITOR$ BY AN 9TRUSIVE >MY ( MORALI/IC BOX-TICK]S ASSESS+ !IR *ILD-RE>+ SKILLS1 9SPECT+ !IR FOOD CAB9ETS TO SEE IF !Y >E REALLY COHABIT+ ) !IR P>TN]S1 DET]M9+ :E!R !Y HAVE BE5 TRY+ H>D 5\< TO F9D A JOB1 OR :E!R !IR M$ICAL CONDITIONS >E REALLY SUFFICI5TLY SEV]E TO DISQUALIFY !M FROM PHYSICAL LABOR4 ,ALL RI* C\NTRIES N[ EMPLOY LEGIONS ( FUNCTION>IES :OSE PRIM>Y FUNCTION IS TO MAKE POOR PEOPLE FEEL BAD AB\T !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! CULTURE ( EVALUATION IS IF ANY?+ EV5 MORE P]VASIVE 9 ! HYP]CR$5TIALIZ$ WORLD ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 :]E AUDIT CULTURE REIGNS1 & NO?+ IS REAL ?AT CANNOT BE QUANTIFI$1 TABULAT$1 OR 5T]$ 9TO SOME 9T]FACE OR QU>T]LY REPORT4 ,NOT ONLY IS ?IS WORLD ULTIMATELY A PRODUCT ( F9ANCIALIZATION1 IT'S REALLY JU/ A CONT9UATION ( IT4 ,S9CE :AT IS ! WORLD ( SECURITIZ$ D]IVATIVES1 COLLAT]ALIZ$ DEBT OBLIGATIONS1 & O!R SU* EXOTIC F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS BUT ! APO!OSIS ( ! PR9CIPLE ?AT VALUE IS ULTIMATELY A PRODUCT ( PAP]WORK1 & ! V]Y APEX ( A M\NTA9 ( ASSESSM5T =MS :I* BEG9S ) ! IRRITAT+ CASEWORK] DET]M9+ :E!R Y\ >E REALLY POOR 5\< TO M]IT A FEE WAIV] = Y\R *ILDR5'S M$IC9E & 5DS ) M5 9 SUITS 5GAG$ 9 HI<-SPE$ TRAD+ ( BETS OV] H[ LONG IT WILL TAKE Y\ TO DEFAULT ON Y\R MORTGAGE4 

,A CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY FIT = ! TIMES W\LD HAVE TO %[ H[ ALL !SE ?READS-- F9ANCIALIZATION1 VIOL5CE1 TE*NOLOGY1 ! FUSION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE--KNIT TOGE!R 9TO A S+LE1 SELF-SU/A9+ WEB4 ,! PROCESS ( F9ANCIALIZATION HAS MEANT ?AT AN EV]- 9CREAS+ PROPORTION ( CORPORATE PR(ITS COME 9 ! =M ( R5T EXTRACTION ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,S9CE ?IS IS ULTIMATELY LITTLE MORE ?AN LEGALIZ$ EXTORTION1 IT IS ACCOMPANI$ BY EV]-9CREAS+ ACCUMULATION ( RULES & REGULATIONS1 & EV]-MORE SOPHI/ICAT$1 & OMNIPRES5T1 ?REATS ( PHYSICAL =CE TO 5=CE !M4 ,9DE$ !Y BECOME SO OMNIPRES5T ?AT WE NO LONG] REALIZE WE'RE BE+ ?REAT5$1 S9CE WE CANNOT IMAG9E :AT IT W\LD BE LIKE NOT TO BE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SOME ( ! PR(ITS FROM R5T EXTRACTION >E RECYCL$ TO SELECT PORTIONS ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES1 OR TO CREATE NEW CADRES ( PAP]-PU%+ CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS4 ,?IS HELPS A PH5OM5ON ,I HAVE WRITT5 AB\T ELSE:]E3 ! CONT9UAL GR[?1 9 REC5T DECADES1 ( APP>5TLY MEAN+LESS1 MAKE-WORK1 0BULL%IT JOBS0--/RATEGIC VISION COORD9ATORS1 HUMAN RES\RCES CONSULTANTS1 LEGAL ANALY/S1 & ! LIKE--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT EV5 ?OSE :O HOLD SU* POSITIONS >E HALF ! TIME SECRETLY CONV9C$ !Y CONTRIBUTE NO?+ TO ! 5T]PRISE4 ,9 ! 5D1 ?IS IS JU/ AN EXT5SION ( ! BASIC LOGIC ( CLASS REALIGNM5T ?AT BEGAN 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES AS CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES BECOME EXT5SIONS ( ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM4 

,EV]Y N[ & !N Y\ *ANCE ON A P>TICUL> EXAMPLE ?AT BR+S EV]Y?+ TOGE!R4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#c1 ,I VISIT$ A TEA FACTORY \TSIDE ,M>SEILLE ?AT WAS CURR5TLY BE+ OCCUPI$ BY ITS WORK]S4 ,!RE HAD BE5 A /&(F ) LOCAL POLICE = OV] A YE>4 ,:AT HAD BR\<T ?+S TO SU* A PASS8 ,A MIDDLE-AG$ FACTORY WORK]1 :O TOOK ME ON A T\R ( ! PLANT1 EXPLA9$ ?AT :ILE O/5SIBLY ! ISSUE WAS A DECISION TO MOVE ! PLANT TO ,POL& TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( *EAP] LABOR1 ! ULTIMATE ISSUE HAD TO DO ) ! ALLOCATION ( PR(ITS4 ,! OLDE/ & MO/ EXP]I5C$ ( ! HUNDR$-ODD WORK]S !RE HAD SP5T YE>S T9K]+ )1 & IMPROV+1 ! EFFICI5CY ( ! GIANT MA*9ES US$ TO PACKAGE TEABAGS4 ,\TPUT HAD 9CREAS$ & ) !M PR(ITS4 ,YET :AT DID ! [N]S DO ) ! EXTRA MONEY8 ,DID !Y GIVE ! WORK]S A RAISE TO REW>D !M = 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY8 ,9 ! OLD ,KEYNESIAN DAYS ( ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES !Y ALMO/ C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE4 ,NO LONG]4 ,DID !Y HIRE MORE WORK]S & EXP& PRODUCTION8 ,NO AGA94 ,ALL !Y DID WAS HIRE MIDDLE MANAG]S4 

,= YE>S1 HE EXPLA9$1 !RE HAD ONLY BE5 TWO EXECUTIVES 9 ! FACTORY3 ! BOSS1 & A HUMAN RES\RCES (FIC]4 ,AS PR(ITS ROSE1 MORE & MORE M5 9 SUITS APPE>$1 UNTIL !RE W]E ALMO/ A DOZ5 ( !M4 ,! SUITS ALL HAD ELABORATE TITLES BUT !RE WAS ALMO/ NO?+ = !M TO DO1 SO !Y SP5T A LOT ( TIME WALK+ ! CATWALKS />+ AT ! WORK]S1 SETT+ UP METRICS TO MEASURE & EVALUATE !M1 WRIT+ PLANS & REPORTS4 ,EV5TUALLY1 !Y HIT ON ! IDEA ( MOV+ ! 5TIRE OP]ATION OV]SEAS--L>GELY1 HE SPECULAT$1 BECAUSE DEVIS+ ! PLAN CREAT$ A RETROSPECTIVE EXCUSE = !IR EXI/5CE1 ?\<1 HE ADD$1 IT PROBABLY DIDN'T HURT ?AT :ILE ! WORK]S !MSELVES W\LD MO/LY LOSE !IR JOBS1 ! EXECUTIVES :O MADE ! PLAN W\LD LIKELY BE RELOCAT$ TO A MORE ATTRACTIVE LOCATION4 ,BE=E LONG1 ! WORK]S HAD SEIZ$ ! BUILD+1 & ! P]IMET] WAS SW>M+ ) RIOT COPS4 

,A LEFT CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY1 !RE=E1 IS SORELY LACK+4 ,?IS BOOK IS NOT1 PRECISELY1 AN \TL9E = SU* A CRITIQUE4 ,NEI!R IS IT 9 ANY S5SE AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A G5]AL !ORY ( BUREAUCRACY1 A HI/ORY ( BUREAUCRACY1 OR EV5 ( ! CURR5T AGE ( TOTAL BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT IS A COLLECTION ( ESSAYS1 EA* ( :I* PO9TS AT SOME DIRECTIONS A LEFT-W+ CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY MI<T TAKE4 ,! FIR/ FOCUSES ON VIOL5CE2 ! SECOND1 ON TE*NOLOGY2 ! ?IRD1 ON RATIONALITY & VALUE4 

,! *APT]S DO NOT =M A S+LE >GUM5T4 ,P]HAPS !Y C\LD BE SAID TO CIRCLE >\ND ONE1 BUT MA9LY1 !Y >E AN ATTEMPT TO BEG9 A CONV]SATION--ONE LONG OV]DUE4 

,WE >E ALL FAC$ ) A PROBLEM4 ,BUREAUCRATIC PRACTICES1 HABITS1 & S5SIBILITIES 5GULF US4 ,\R LIVES HAVE COME TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! FILL+ \T ( =MS4 ,YET ! LANGUAGE WE HAVE TO TALK AB\T !SE ?+S IS NOT JU/ WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE--IT MI<T AS WELL HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ TO MAKE ! PROBLEM WORSE4 ,WE NE$ TO F9D A WAY TO TALK AB\T :AT IT IS WE ACTUALLY OBJECT TO 9 ?IS PROCESS1 TO SPEAK HONE/LY AB\T ! VIOL5CE IT 5TAILS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 TO UND]/& :AT IS APPEAL+ AB\T IT1 :AT SU/A9S IT1 :I* ELEM5TS C>RY )9 !M SOME POT5TIAL = R$EMPTION 9 A TRULY FREE SOCIETY1 :I* >E BE/ CONSID]$ ! 9EVITABLE PRICE TO PAY = LIV+ 9 ANY COMPLEX SOCIETY1 :I* CAN & %\LD BE 5TIRELY ELIM9AT$ 5TIRELY4 ,IF ?IS BOOK PLAYS EV5 A MODE/ ROLE 9 SP>K+ SU* A CONV]SATION1 IT WILL HAVE MADE A G5U9E CONTRIBUTION TO CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL LIFE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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