,*APT] #c 
,! ,UTOPIA ( ,RULES1 OR ,:Y ,WE ,REALLY ,LOVE ,BUREAUCRACY ,AFT] ,ALL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,UTOPIA ( ,RULES1 OR ,:Y ,WE ,REALLY ,LOVE ,BUREAUCRACY ,AFT] ,ALL 

  

,EV]YONE COMPLA9S AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ESSAYS 9 ?IS BOOK HAVE !MSELVES L>GELY CONSI/$ ( SU* COMPLA9TS4 ,NOBODY SEEMS TO LIKES BUREAUCRACY V]Y MU*--YET SOMEH[1 WE ALWAYS SEEM TO 5D UP ) MORE ( IT4 

,9 ?IS ESSAY ,I'D LIKE TO ASK :Y ?AT IS1 & P>TICUL>LY1 TO CONSID] ! POSSIBILITY ?AT MANY ( ! BLANKET CONDEMNATIONS ( BUREAUCRACY WE HE> >E 9 FACT SOME:AT DIS+5U\S4 ,?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( OP]AT+ )9 A SY/EM ( =MALIZ$ RULES & REGULATIONS1 UND] HI]>*IES ( IMP]SONAL (FICIALS1 ACTUALLY DOES HOLD--= MANY ( US MU* ( ! TIME1 = ALL ( US AT LEA/ SOME ( ! TIME--A K9D ( COV]T APPEAL4 

,N[1 ,I AM AW>E ?IS IS NOT ! ONLY POSSIBLE EXPLANATION4 ,!RE IS A :OLE S*OOL ( ?\<T ?AT HOLDS ?AT BUREAUCRACY T5DS TO EXP& ACCORD+ TO A K9D ( P]V]SE BUT 9ESCAPABLE 9N] LOGIC4 ,! >GUM5T RUNS AS FOLL[S3 IF Y\ CREATE A BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURE TO DEAL ) SOME PROBLEM1 ?AT /RUCTURE WILL 9V>IABLY 5D UP CREAT+ O!R PROBLEMS ?AT SEEM AS IF !Y1 TOO1 CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY BUREAUCRATIC MEANS4 ,9 UNIV]SITIES1 ?IS IS SOMETIMES 9=MALLY REF]R$ TO AS ! 0CREAT+ COMMITTEES TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEM ( TOO MANY COMMITTEES0 PROBLEM4 

,A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T V]SION ( ! >GUM5T--?IS IS REALLY ! CORE ( ,MAX ,WEB]'S REFLECTIONS ON ! SUBJECT--IS ?AT A BUREAUCRACY1 ONCE CREAT$1 WILL IMM$IATELY MOVE TO MAKE ITSELF 9DISP5SABLE TO ANYONE TRY+ TO WIELD P[]1 NO MATT] :AT !Y WI% TO DO ) IT4 ,! *IEF WAY TO DO ?IS IS ALWAYS BY ATTEMPT+ TO MONOPOLIZE ACCESS TO C]TA9 KEY TYPES ( 9=MATION4 ,WEB] IS WOR? QUOT+ AT L5G? ON ?IS SUBJECT3 

,EV]Y BUREAUCRACY SEEKS TO 9CREASE ! SUP]IORITY ( ! PR(ESSIONALLY 9=M$ BY KEEP+ !IR KN[L$GE & 9T5TIONS SECRET4 ,BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ALWAYS T5DS TO BE AN ADM9I/RATION ( 0SECRET SESSIONS03 9 SO F> AS IT CAN1 IT HIDES ITS KN[L$GE & ACTION FROM CRITICISM 444 

,! CONCEPT ( ! 0(FICIAL SECRET0 IS ! SPECIFIC 9V5TION ( BUREAUCRACY1 & NO?+ IS SO FANATICALLY DEF5D$ BY ! BUREAUCRACY AS ?IS ATTITUDE1 :I* CANNOT BE SUB/ANTIALLY JU/IFI$ BEYOND !SE SPECIFICALLY QUALIFI$ >EAS4 ,9 FAC+ A P>LIAM5T1 ! BUREAUCRACY1 \T ( A SURE P[] 9/9CT1 FI<TS EV]Y ATTEMPT ( ! P>LIAM5T TO GA9 KN[L$GE BY MEANS ( ITS [N EXP]TS OR FROM 9T]E/ GR\PS 444 

,! ABSOLUTE MON>* IS P[]LESS OPPOSITE ! SUP]IOR KN[L$GE ( ! BUREAUCRATIC EXP]T--9 A C]TA9 S5SE MORE P[]LESS ?AN ANY O!R POLITICAL HEAD4 ,ALL ! SCORNFUL DECREES ( ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT CONC]N+ ! 0ABOLITION ( S]FDOM0 W]E D]AIL$1 AS IT W]E1 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR REALIZATION BECAUSE ! (FICIAL ME*ANISM SIMPLY IGNOR$ !M AS ! OCCASIONAL IDEAS ( A DILETTANTE4 ,:5 A CON/ITUTIONAL K+ AGREES ) A SOCIALLY IMPORTANT P>T ( ! GOV]N$1 HE V]Y FREQU5TLY EX]TS A GREAT] 9FLU5CE UPON ! C\RSE ( ADM9I/RATION ?AN DOES ! 0ABSOLUTE MON>*40 ,! CON/ITUTIONAL K+ CAN CONTROL !SE EXP]TS--BETT] BECAUSE ( :AT IS1 AT LEA/ RELATIVELY1 ! PUBLIC *>ACT] ( CRITICISM1 :]EAS ! ABSOLUTE MON>* IS DEP5D5T = 9=MATION SOLELY UPON ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! ,RUSSIAN CZ> ( ! OLD REGIME WAS SELDOM ABLE TO ACCOMPLI% P]MAN5TLY ANY?+ ?AT DISPLEAS$ HIS BUREAUCRACY & HURT ! P[] 9T]E/S ( ! BUREAUCRATS4.<#a#a#f.> 

,ONE SIDE EFFECT1 AS ,WEB] ALSO OBS]VES1 IS ?AT ONCE Y\ DO CREATE A BUREAUCRACY1 IT'S ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO GET RID ( IT4 ,! V]Y FIR/ BUREAUCRACIES WE KN[ ( W]E 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 & !SE CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 L>GELY UN*ANG$1 AS ONE DYNA/Y OR RUL+ ELITE REPLAC$ ANO!R1 = LIT]ALLY ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 WAVES ( SUCCESSFUL 9VAD]S W]E NOT 5\< TO DISLODGE ! ,*9ESE CIVIL S]VICE1 ) ITS BUREAUS1 REPORTS1 & EXAM9ATION SY/EM1 :I* REMA9$ FIRMLY 9 PLACE NO MATT] :O ACTUALLY CLAIM$ ! ,M&ATE ( ,HEAV54 ,9 FACT1 AS ,WEB] ALSO NOT$1 =EIGN 9VAD]S NE$$ ! SKILLS & KN[L$GE SO JEAL\SLY GU>D$ BY ,*9ESE BUREAUCRATS EV5 MORE ?AN 9DIG5\S RUL]S DID1 = OBVI\S REASONS4 ,! ONLY REAL WAY TO RID ONESELF ( AN E/ABLI%$ BUREAUCRACY1 ACCORD+ TO ,WEB]1 IS TO SIMPLY KILL !M ALL1 AS ,AL>IC ! ,GO? DID 9 ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 OR ,G5<IS ,KHAN 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,LEAVE ANY SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( FUNCTION>IES ALIVE1 & )9 A FEW YE>S1 !Y WILL 9EVITABLY 5D UP MANAG+ ONE'S K+DOM4 

,! SECOND POSSIBLE EXPLANATION IS ?AT BUREAUCRACY DOES NOT JU/ MAKE ITSELF 9DISP5SABLE TO RUL]S1 BUT HOLDS A G5U9E APPEAL TO ?OSE IT ADM9I/]S AS WELL4 ,ONE NE$ NOT AGREE H]E ) ,WEB]'S CURI\S CELEBRATION ( BUREAUCRATIC EFFICI5CY4 ,! SIMPLE/ EXPLANATION = ! APPEAL ( BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES LIES 9 !IR IMP]SONALITY4 ,COLD1 IMP]SONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC RELATIONS >E MU* LIKE CA% TRANSACTIONS1 & BO? (F] SIMIL> ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES4 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y >E S\LLESS4 ,ON ! O!R1 !Y >E SIMPLE1 PR$ICTABLE1 &--)9 C]TA9 P>AMET]S1 AT LEA/--TREAT EV]YONE MORE OR LESS ! SAME4 ,& ANYWAY1 :O REALLY WANTS TO LIVE 9 A WORLD :]E EV]Y?+ IS S\L8 ,BUREAUCRACY HOLDS \T AT LEA/ ! POSSIBILITY ( DEAL+ ) O!R HUMAN BE+S 9 WAYS ?AT DO NOT DEM& EI!R P>TY HAS TO 5GAGE 9 ALL ?OSE COMPLEX & EXHAU/+ =MS ( 9T]PRETIVE LABOR DESCRIB$ 9 ! FIR/ ESSAY 9 ?IS BOOK1 :]E JU/ AS Y\ CAN SIMPLY PLACE Y\R MONEY ON ! C\NT] & NOT HAVE TO WORRY AB\T :AT ! CA%I] ?9KS ( H[ Y\'RE DRESS$1 Y\ CAN ALSO PULL \T Y\R VALIDAT$ PHOTO ,I,D C>D )\T HAV+ TO EXPLA9 TO ! LIBR>IAN :Y Y\ >E SO KE5 TO READ AB\T HOMO]OTIC !MES 9 EI<TE5? C5TURY ,BRITI% V]SE4 ,SURELY ?IS IS P>T ( ! APPEAL4 ,9 FACT1 IF ONE REALLY POND]S ! MATT]1 IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E H[1 EV5 IF WE DO A*IEVE SOME UTOPIAN COMMUNAL SOCIETY1 SOME IMP]SONAL 7D>E ,I SAY1 BUREAUCRATIC87 9/ITUTIONS W\LD NOT /ILL BE NECESS>Y1 & = JU/ ?IS REASON4 ,TO TAKE ONE OBVI\S EXAMPLE3 LANGUI%+ ON SOME IMP]SONAL LOTT]Y SY/EM OR WAIT+ LI/ = A DESP]ATELY NE$$ ORGAN TRANSPLANT MI<T BE ALI5AT+ & DI/RESS+1 BUT IT'S DIFFICULT TO 5VISION ANY LESS IMP]SONAL WAY ( ALLOCAT+ A LIMIT$ POOL ( HE>TS OR KIDNEYS ?AT W\LD NOT BE IMMEASURABLY WORSE4 

,?IS IS1 AS ,I SAY1 ! SIMPLE/ EXPLANATION4 ,BUT 9 ?IS ESSAY ,I'D LIKE TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ALL ?IS GOES MU* DEEP]4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT ! IMP]SONAL RELATIONS BUREAUCRACIES AF=D >E CONV5I5T2 TO SOME DEGREE1 AT LEA/1 \R V]Y IDEAS ( RATIONALITY1 JU/ICE1 & ABOVE ALL1 FRE$OM1 >E F\ND$ ON !M4 ,TO EXPLA9 :Y ,I BELIEVE ?IS TO BE ! CASE1 LET ME BEG91 FIR/ ( ALL1 BY EXAM9+ TWO MOM5TS 9 HUMAN HI/ORY :5 NEW BUREAUCRATIC =MS ACTUALLY DID 9SPIRE NOT JU/ WIDESPREAD PASSIVE ACQUIESC5CE BUT GIDDY 5?USIASM1 EV5 9FATUATION1 & TRY TO UND]/& PRECISELY :AT IT WAS AB\T !M ?AT SEEM$1 TO SO MANY PEOPLE1 SO EXCIT+4 

,I4 ,! ,5*ANTM5T ( ,DIS5*ANTM5T1 OR ,! ,MAGICAL ,P[]S ( ! ,PO/ ,(FICE 

  

,ONE REASON IT WAS POSSIBLE = ,WEB] TO DESCRIBE BUREAUCRACY AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( RATIONAL EFFICI5CY IS ?AT 9 ! ,G]MANY ( HIS DAY1 BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS REALLY DID WORK WELL4 ,P]HAPS ! FLAG%IP 9/ITUTION1 ! PRIDE & JOY ( ! ,G]MAN CIVIL S]VICE WAS ! ,PO/ ,(FICE4 ,9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,G]MAN PO/AL S]VICE WAS CONSID]$ ONE ( ! GREAT WOND]S ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,ITS EFFICI5CY WAS SO LEG5D>Y1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT CA/S A K9D ( T]RIBLE %AD[ ACROSS ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,MANY ( ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( :AT WE N[ CALL 0HI< MOD]NISM0 W]E 9SPIR$ BY--OR 9 MANY CASES1 BUILT 9 DIRECT IMITATION (--! ,G]MAN ,PO/ ,(FICE4 ,& ONE C\LD 9DE$ MAKE A CASE ?AT MANY ( ! MO/ T]RIBLE WOES ( ?AT C5TURY CAN ALSO BE LAID AT ITS FEET4 

,TO UND]/& H[ ?IS C\LD BE1 WE NE$ TO UND]/& A LITTLE ( ! REAL ORIG9S ( ! MOD]N SOCIAL WELF>E /ATE1 :I* WE N[ L>GELY ?9K (--:5 WE ?9K ( !M AT ALL --AS HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY B5EVOL5T DEMOCRATIC ELITES4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 MO/ ( ! KEY 9/ITUTIONS ( :AT LAT] BECAME ! WELF>E /ATE-- EV]Y?+ FROM SOCIAL 9SURANCE & P5SIONS TO PUBLIC LIBR>IES & PUBLIC HEAL? CL9ICS-- W]E NOT ORIG9ALLY CREAT$ BY GOV]NM5TS AT ALL1 BUT BY TRADE UNIONS1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS1 COOP]ATIVES1 & WORK+-CLASS P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E 5GAG$ 9 A SELF-CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT ( 0BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD10 ( GRADUALLY CREAT+ ,SOCIALI/ 9/ITUTIONS FROM BEL[4 ,= SOME IT WAS COMB9$ ) ! AIM ( EV5TUALLY SEIZ+ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS1 = O!RS1 IT WAS A PROJECT 9 ITSELF4 ,ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT DUR+ ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 EV5 ! DIRECT HEIRS ( ,M>X'S ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD L>GELY AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( SEIZ+ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T BY =CE1 S9CE ?IS NO LONG] SEEM$ NECESS>Y2 9 A ,EUROPE AT PEACE & WITNESS+ RAPID TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 !Y FELT ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO CREATE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< PEACEFUL1 ELECTORAL MEANS4 

,G]MANY WAS ONE ( ! PLACES :]E SU* P>TIES W]E MO/ SUCCESSFUL4 ,EV5 ?\< ,*ANCELLOR ,OTTO VON ,BISM>CK1 ! GREAT MA/]M9D BEH9D ! CREATION ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 ALL[$ HIS P>LIAM5T ONLY LIMIT$ P[]S1 HE WAS CONF\ND$ BY ! RAPID RISE ( WORK]S' P>TIES1 & CONT9UALLY WORRI$ BY ! PROSPECT ( A ,SOCIALI/ MAJORITY1 OR A POSSIBLE ,P>IS ,COMMUNE-/YLE UPRIS+ 9 HIS NEW UNIT$ ,G]MANY4 ,HIS REACTION TO ,SOCIALI/ ELECTORAL SUCCESS FROM #ah< WAS TW(OLD3 ON ! ONE H&1 TO BAN ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 TRADE UNIONS1 & LEFTI/ NEWSPAP]S2 ON ! O!R1 :5 ?IS PROV$ 9EFFECTIVE 7,SOCIALI/ C&IDATES CONT9U$ TO RUN1 & W91 AS 9DEP5D5TS71 TO CREATE A TOP-D[N ALT]NATIVE TO ! FREE S*OOLS1 WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 FRI5DLY SOCIETIES1 LIBR>IES1 !AT]S1 & ! L>G] PROCESS ( BUILD+ SOCIALISM FROM BEL[4 ,?IS TOOK ! =M ( A PROGRAM ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE 7= UNEMPLOYM5T1 HEAL? & DISABILITY1 ETC471 FREE $UCATION1 P5SIONS1 & SO =?--MU* ( IT WAT]$-D[N V]SIONS ( POLICIES ?AT HAD BE5 P>T ( ! ,SOCIALI/ PLAT=M1 BUT 9 EV]Y CASE1 C>EFULLY PURG$ ( ANY DEMOCRATIC1 P>TICIPATORY ELEM5TS4 ,9 PRIVATE1 AT LEA/1 HE WAS UTT]LY C&ID AB\T DESCRIB+ !SE EF=TS AS A 0BRIBE10 AN EF=T TO BUY \T WORK+-CLASS LOYALTIES TO HIS CONS]VATIVE NATIONALI/ PROJECT4.<#a#a#g.> ,:5 LEFT-W+ REGIMES DID LAT] TAKE P[]1 ! TEMPLATE HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$1 & ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 !Y TOOK ! SAME TOP-D[N APPROA*1 9CORPORAT+ LOCALLY ORGANIZ$ CL9ICS1 LIBR>IES1 MUTUAL BANK+ 9ITIATIVES1 WORK]S' $UCATION C5T]S1 & ! LIKE 9TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE ( ! /ATE4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! REAL MODEL = ?IS NEW ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE WAS1 CURI\SLY1 ! PO/ (FICE--?\< :5 ONE UND]/&S ! HI/ORY ( ! PO/AL S]VICE1 IT MAKES A GREAT DEAL ( S5SE4 ,! PO/ (FICE WAS1 ESS5TIALLY1 ONE ( ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO APPLY TOP-D[N1 MILIT>Y =MS ( ORGANIZATION TO ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 PO/AL S]VICES FIR/ EM]G$ FROM ! ORGANIZATION ( >MIES & EMPIRES4 ,!Y W]E ORIG9ALLY WAYS ( CONVEY+ FIELD REPORTS & ORD]S OV] LONG DI/ANCES2 LAT]1 BY EXT5SION1 A KEY MEANS ( KEEP+ ! RESULT+ EMPIRES TOGE!R4 ,H5CE ,H]ODOTUS' FAM\S QUOTE AB\T ,P]SIAN IMP]IAL MESS5G]S1 ) !IR EV5LY SPAC$ PO/S ) FRE% HORSES1 :I* HE CLAIM$ ALL[$ ! SWIFTE/ TRAVEL ON E>?3 0,NEI!R SN[1 NOR RA91 NOR HEAT1 NOR GLOOM ( NI<T /AYS !SE C\RI]S FROM ! SWIFT COMPLETION ( !IR APPO9T$ R\NDS0 /ILL APPE>S C>V$ OV] ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,C5TRAL ,PO/ ,(FICE BUILD+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 OPPOSITE ,P5N ,/ATION4.<#a#a#h.> ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE HAD A SIMIL> SY/EM1 & PRETTY MU* ALL >MIES OP]AT$ ) PO/AL C\RI] SY/EMS UNTIL ,NAPOLEON ADOPT$ SEMAPHORE 9 #a#h#e4 

,ONE ( ! GREAT 9NOVATIONS ( EI<TE5?- & ESPECIALLY N9ETE5?-C5TURY GOV]NANCE WAS TO EXP& :AT HAD ONCE BE5 MILIT>Y C\RI] SY/EMS 9TO ! BASIS = AN EM]G+ CIVIL S]VICE :OSE PRIM>Y PURPOSE WAS PROVID+ S]VICES = ! PUBLIC4 ,IT HAPP5$ FIR/ 9 COMM]CE1 & !N EXP&$ AS ! COMM]CIAL CLASSES ALSO BEGAN TO USE ! PO/ = P]SONAL OR POLITICAL CORRESPOND5CE--UNTIL F9ALLY IT WAS BE+ US$ BY JU/ AB\T EV]YONE4.<#a#a#i.> ,BE=E LONG1 9 MANY ( ! EM]G+ NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS1 HALF ! GOV]NM5T BUDGET WAS SP5T ON--& MORE ?AN HALF ! CIVIL S]VICE EMPLOY$ 9--! PO/AL S]VICE4.<#a#b.> 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ONE C\LD EV5 MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT ! NATION WAS CREAT$1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 BY ! PO/ (FICE4 ,UND] ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! RI<T TO RUN A PO/AL C\RI] SY/EM )9 IMP]IAL T]RITORIES HAD BE5 GRANT$1 9 GOOD FEUDAL FA%ION1 TO A NOBLE FAMILY ORIG9ALLY FROM ,MILAN1 LAT] TO BE KN[N AS ! ,B>ONS VON ,?URN & ,TAXIS 7ONE LAT] SCION ( ?IS FAMILY1 ACCORD+ TO LEG5D1 WAS ! 9V5TOR ( ! TAXIMET]1 :I* IS :Y TAXICABS ULTIMATELY CAME TO BE> HIS NAME74 ,! ,PRUSSIAN ,EMPIRE ORIG9ALLY B\<T \T ! ,?URN & ,TAXIS MONOPOLY 9 #a#h#f#g1 & US$ IT AS ! BASIS = A NEW ,G]MAN NATIONAL PO/--& OV] ! NEXT TWO DECADES1 ! SURE SIGN ?AT A NEW /ATELET OR PR9CIPALITY HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! EM]G+ NATION-/ATE WAS ITS 9CORPORATION 9TO ! ,G]MAN PO/AL SY/EM4 ,P>TLY = ?IS REASON1 ! SP>KL+ EFFICI5CY ( ! SY/EM BECAME A PO9T ( NATIONAL PRIDE4 ,& 9DE$1 ! ,G]MAN PO/ ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS NO?+ IF NOT IMPRESSIVE1 BOA/+ UP TO FIVE OR EV5 N9E DELIV]Y TIMES A DAY 9 MAJOR CITIES1 &1 9 ! CAPITAL1 A VA/ NETWORK ( MILES ( PNEUMATIC TUBES DESIGN$ TO %OOT LETT]S & SMALL P>CELS ALMO/ 9/ANTLY ACROSS LONG DI/ANCES US+ A SY/EM ( PRESSURIZ$ AIR3 

,MAP ( ,B]L9 PNEUMATIC TUBE PO/AL SY/EM1 #ahgc 

,M>K ,TWA91 :O LIV$ BRIEFLY 9 ,B]L9 BETWE5 #ahia & #a#h#i#b1 WAS SO TAK5 ) IT ?AT HE COMPOS$ ONE ( HIS ONLY KN[N NON-SATIRICAL ESSAYS1 5TITL$ 0,PO/AL ,S]VICE10 JU/ TO CELEBRATE ITS WONDR\S EFFICI5CY4.<#a#b#a.> ,NOR WAS HE ! ONLY =EIGN] TO BE SO IMPRESS$4 ,JU/ A FEW MON?S BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ,VLADIMIR ,ILY* ,L59 WROTE3  
  

,A WITTY ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT ( ! SEV5TIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY CALL$ ! PO/AL S]VICE AN EXAMPLE ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS IS V]Y TRUE4 ,AT PRES5T ! PO/AL S]VICE IS A BUS9ESS ORGANIZ$ ON ! L9ES ( A /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,IMP]IALISM IS GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ ALL TRU/S 9TO ORGANIZATIONS ( A SIMIL> TYPE 444 ,TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE NATIONAL ECONOMY ON ! L9ES ( ! PO/AL S]VICE1 SO ?AT ! TE*NICIANS1 =EM51 BOOKKEEP]S1 AS WELL AS ALL (FICIALS1 %ALL RECEIVE SAL>IES NO HI<] ?AN 0A WORKMAN'S WAGE10 ALL UND] ! CONTROL & LEAD]%IP ( ! >M$ PROLET>IAT--?IS IS \R IMM$IATE AIM4.<#a#b#b.>  
  

,SO !RE Y\ HAVE IT4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS DIRECTLY MODEL$ ON ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN PO/AL S]VICE4 

,NEI!R W]E /ATE SOCIALI/S ! ONLY ONES TO BE IMPRESS$4 ,EV5 AN>*I/S JO9$ ! *ORUS2 ?\< !Y W]E LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ! NATIONAL SY/EM ?AN 9 RELATIONS BETWE5 !M--! FACT ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO S5D A LETT] FROM ,V5EZUELA TO ,*9A DESPITE ! ABS5CE ( ANY S+LE OV]>*+ /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 (T5 CIT$ ! 9T]NATIONAL 0UNIV]SAL PO/AL UNION0 ( #ah< 7ALONG ) ACCORDS BETWE5 RAILROAD COMPANIES7 AS A MODEL = AN>*ISM--AGA91 EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ?IS WAS SOME?+ ?AT WAS ALREADY TAK+ %APE AT ! TOP ( IMP]IAL SY/EMS3 

,! ,PO/AL ,UNION DID NOT ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL PO/AL P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO MAKE LAWS = ALL PO/AL ORGANIZATIONS ADH]5T TO ! ,UNION 444 ,!Y PROCE$$ BY MEANS ( AGREEM5T4 ,TO AGREE TOGE!R !Y RESORT$ TO CONGRESSES2 BUT1 :ILE S5D+ DELEGATES TO !IR CONGRESSES !Y DID NOT SAY TO !M1 0,VOTE AB\T EV]Y?+ Y\ LIKE--WE %ALL OBEY40 ,!Y PUT =W>D QUE/IONS & DISCUSS$ !M FIR/ !MSELVES2 !N !Y S5T DELEGATES ACQUA9T$ ) ! SPECIAL QUE/ION TO BE DISCUSS$ AT ! CONGRESS1 & !Y S5T DELEGATES--NOT RUL]S4.<#a#b#c.> 

,?IS VISION ( A POT5TIAL FUTURE P>ADISE EM]G+ FROM )9 ! ,PO/ ,(FICE WAS NOT CONF9$ TO ,EUROPE4 ,9DE$1 ! C\NTRY ?AT WAS SOON TO EM]GE AS ,G]MANY'S *IEF RIVAL = GLOBAL 9FLU5CE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WAS ALSO HELD \T AS A MODEL = A NEW TYPE ( CIVILIZATION1 & ! EFFICI5CY ( ITS [N ,PO/ ,S]VICE WAS CONSID]$ PRIMA FACIE EVID5CE4 ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#cS1 ,TOCQUEVILLE HAD BE5 />TL$ BY ! SIZE ( ! PO/AL SY/EM & ! %E] VOLUME ( LETT]S BE+ MOV$ AB\T EV5 ON ! FRONTI]4 ,DUR+ ONE J\RNEY ?R\< ,K5TUCKY TO ,MI*IGAN HE NOT$3 0,!RE IS AN A/ONI%+ CIRCULATION ( LETT]S & NEWSPAP]S AMONG !SE SAVAGE WOODS10 F> MORE1 HE CALCULAT$1 ?AN 9 EV5 ! MO/ POPUL\S & COMM]CIAL PROV9CES ( ,FRANCE4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ONE LAT] HI/ORIAN ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLIC3 

,AM]ICANS W\LD SOON MAKE !IR PO/AL SY/EM L>G] ?AN ! PO/AL SY/EMS ( EI!R ,BRITA9 OR ,FRANCE4 ,BY #ahaf ! PO/AL SY/EM HAD OV] ?IRTY-?REE HUNDR$ (FICES1 EMPLOY+ NE>LY #g P]C5T ( ! 5TIRE F$]AL CIVILIAN WORK=CE4 ,! AM\NT ( MAIL 9CREAS$ JU/ AS QUICKLY4 ,9 ! YE> #agi ! PO/AL SY/EM HAD C>RI$ ONLY ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& LETT]S1 ONE = AB\T EV]Y FIFTE5 P]SONS 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,BY #ahae IT TRANSMITT$ NE>LY SEV5 & A HALF MILLION LETT]S DUR+ ! YE>1 :I* WAS AB\T ONE = EV]Y P]SON 444 ,&1 UNLIKE ! SITUATION 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS1 ! MAIL WAS TRANSMITT$ )\T GOV]NM5T SURVEILLANCE OR CONTROL4.<#a#b#d.> 

,9 FACT1 = MU* ( ! C5TURY1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( A MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS1 ! PO/AL S]VICE EFFECTIVELY WAS ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T4 ,BY #a#h#c#a1 ITS /AFF ALREADY F> \TNUMB]$ ?AT ( ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( GOV]NM5T COMB9$1 IT WAS SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] ?AN ! >MY1 & = MO/ SMALL-T[N DWELL]S1 PO/AL EMPLOYES W]E ! ONLY ,F$]AL (FICIALS !Y W]E EV] LIKELY TO MEET4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS AT ?AT TIME ITSELF SE5 AS A K9D ( UTOPIAN EXP]IM5T1 ) ITS REJECTION ( LAISSEZFAIRE ECONOMICS1 & WIDESPREAD RELIANCE ON COOP]ATIVES & GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ PROJECTS & T>IFF PROTECTIONS4 ,IT WAS ONLY ) ! RISE ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALSO ADOPT$ SOME?+ CLOS] TO ! ,G]MAN MODEL ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,:5 IT DID1 ! PO/ (FICE MODEL CAME TO BE SE51 BY ,POPULI/S & ESPECIALLY ,PROGRESSIVES1 AS ! MAJOR VIABLE ALT]NATIVE4 ,AGA91 ! =MS ( A NEW1 FRE]1 MORE RATIONAL SOCIETY SEEM$ TO BE EM]G+ )9 ! V]Y /RUCTURES ( OPPRESSION ITSELF4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! T]M US$ WAS 0PO/ALIZATION0--A UNIQUE ,AM]ICAN CO9AGE = NATIONALIZATION 7& ONE :I* HAS1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 S9CE COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! LANGUAGE74 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME AS ,WEB] & ,L59 W]E 9VOK+ ! ,G]MAN PO/ (FICE AS A MODEL = ! FUTURE1 ,AM]ICAN ,PROGRESSIVES W]E >GU+ ?AT EV5 PRIVATE BUS9ESS W\LD BE MORE EFFICI5T W]E IT RUN LIKE ! PO/ (FICE1 & SCOR+ MAJOR VICTORIES = PO/ALIZATION1 SU* AS ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! ONCE-PRIVATE SUBWAY1 COMMUT]1 & 9T]/ATE TRA9 SY/EMS1 :I* 9 MAJOR ,AM]ICAN CITIES HAVE REMA9$ 9 PUBLIC H&S EV] S9CE4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 ALL !SE FANTASIES ( PO/AL UTOPIA SEEM RA!R QUA9T1 AT BE/4 ,WE N[ ASSOCIATE NATIONAL PO/AL SY/EMS MA9LY ) ! >RIVAL ( ?+S WE NEV] WANT$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE3 UTILITY BILLS1 OV]DRAFT AL]TS1 MAIL-ORD] CATALOGS1 SOLICITATIONS1 SWEEP/AKES1 CALLS TO JURY DUTY1 TAX AUDITS1 ONE-TIME-ONLY CR$IT-C>D (F]S1 & *>ITY APPEALS4 ,9S(> AS ,AM]ICANS HAVE A POPUL> IMAGE ( PO/AL WORK]S1 IT HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY SQUALID4 ,BUT ?IS DIDN'T JU/ HAPP54 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( 9T5TIONAL POLICY *OICES4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#hS1 LEGISLATORS HAVE L$ ! WAY 9 SY/EMATICALLY DEFUND+ ! PO/ (FICE & 5C\RAG+ PRIVATE ALT]NATIVES AS P>T ( AN ONGO+ CAMPAIGN TO CONV9CE ,AM]ICANS ?AT GOV]NM5T DOESN'T REALLY WORK4.<#a#b#e.> ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,PO/AL ,S]VICE QUICKLY BECAME ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( EV]Y?+ WE W]E SUPPOS$ TO ?9K WAS WRONG ) /ATE BUREAUCRACIES3 !RE W]E 5DLESS NEWSPAP] /ORIES AB\T /RIKES1 DRUG-ADDL$ WORK]S1 H\SES FULL ( YE>S' WOR? ( UNDELIV]$ MAIL1 & ( C\RSE1 MO/ FAM\SLY1 EMPLOYES P]IODICALLY 0GO+ PO/AL0 & OP5+ FIRE ON MANAG]S1 FELL[ WORK]S1 & MEMB]S ( ! POLICE OR G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,9 FACT ! ONLY REF]5CE ,I C\LD F9D TO ! T]M 0PO/ALIZATION0 9 CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE IS AN ESSAY ON WORKPLACE VIOL5CE CALL$ 0! PO/ALIZATION ( CORPORATE ,AM]ICA10 DECRY+ H[ AN EPIDEMIC ( VIOL5T ATTACKS ON BOSSES & C[ORK]S WAS SPREAD+ FROM ! PUBLIC SECTOR 9TO PRIVATE CORPORATIONS1 TOO4 

,9 A FASC9AT+ BOOK CALL$ ,GO+ ,PO/AL3 ,RAGE1 ,MURD]1 & ,REBELLION FROM ,REAGAN'S ,WORKPLACES TO ,CL9TON'S ,COLUMB9E & ,BEYOND1 ,M>K ,AMES C>EFULLY PICK$ ?R\< J\RNALI/IC ACC\NTS ( SU* EV5TS 7:I* DID1 9DE$1 QUICKLY SPREAD FROM ! ,PO/ ,(FICE TO PRIVATE (FICES & FACTORIES1 & EV5 TO PRIVATE PO/AL S]VICES LIKE ,U,P,S1 BUT 9 ! PROCESS1 BECAME SO COMMONPLACE ?AT MANY B>ELY MADE ! NATIONAL NEWS7 & NOT$ ?AT ! LANGUAGE !Y EMPLOY1 :I* ALWAYS DESCRIB$ !SE EV5TS AS ACTS ( 9EXPLICABLE 9DIVIDUAL RAGE & MADNESS--SEV]$ FROM ANY CONSID]ATION ( ! SY/EMATIC HUMILIATIONS ?AT ALWAYS SEEM TO SET !M (F--BE>S AN UNCANNY RESEMBLANCE TO ! WAY ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY PRESS TREAT$ SLAVE REVOLTS4.<#a#b#f.> ,AMES NOTES ?AT !RE W]E REM>KABLY FEW ORGANIZ$ SLAVE REBELLIONS 9 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,BUT !RE W]E A FAIR NUMB] ( 9CID5TS 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL SLAVES1 OR SMALL GR\PS1 /RUCK \T 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION AGA9/ OV]SE]S1 MA/]S1 & !IR FAMILIES ) AXES1 KNIVES1 POISON1 OR :ATEV] MEANS ( IMM$IATE VIOL5CE W]E AT H&4 ,9 BO? CASES1 J\RNALI/S TREAT$ SU* \TBREAKS AS ! RESULT ( EI!R 9DIVIDUAL 9SANITY1 OR 9EXPLICABLE MALICE4 ,9 FACT1 TO EV5 SUGGE/ POSSIBLE /RUCTURAL EXPLANATIONS--TO SPEAK ( ! EVILS ( SLAV]Y1 OR TO PO9T \T ?AT BE=E ! EI<TIES RE=MS 9 CORPORATE CULTURE ?AT DE/ROY$ E>LI] ASSURANCES ( SECURE LIFETIME EMPLOYM5T & PROTECTIONS = WORK]S AGA9/ >BITR>Y & HUMILIAT+ TREATM5T BY SUP]IORS1 !RE HAD NOT BE5 A S+LE WORKPLACE MASSACRE 9 ALL ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY 7O!R ?AN BY SLAVES7--SEEM$ SOMEH[ IMMORAL1 S9CE IT W\LD IMPLY SU* VIOL5CE WAS 9 SOME WAY JU/IFI$4 

,IT CAN'T BE D5I$1 TOO1 !RE WAS A MAJOR RACIAL COMPON5T 9 ! RHETORIC4 ,JU/ AS = MU* ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! PO/ (FICE /OOD1 9 ! EYES ( WORK+-CLASS ,AFRICAN- ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES1 AS ! V]Y P>ADIGM ( /ABLE1 SECURE1 BUT ALSO RESPECTABLE & COMMUNITY S]VICE-ORI5T$ EMPLOYM5T1.<#a#b#g.> SO AFT] ,REAGAN IT CAME TO BE PICTUR$ AS EMBODY+ ALL ! SUPPOS$ DEGRADATION1 VIOL5CE1 DRUG ABUSE1 & 9EFFICI5CY ( A WELF>E /ATE ?AT WAS VIEW$ 9 DEEPLY RACI/ T]MS4 7,?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS BO? ) ! /UFFY BUREAUCRAT1 & ) SC>Y R&OM VIOL5CE1 APPE>S AGA9 & AGA9 9 ,U4,S4 POPUL> CULTURE--?\< R>ELY1 IT'S TRUE1 BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IT IS A /RANGE1 REPETITIVE FEATURE ( ACTION MOVIES ?AT ! 9FURIAT+ GO-BY-!-RULES BOSS ( ! MAV]ICK H]O IS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ,BLACK47.<#a#b#h.> 

,YET AT ! V]Y SAME TIME ?AT SYMBOLIC W> WAS BE+ WAG$ ON ! ,PO/AL ,S]VICE--AS IT WAS DESC5D+ 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION 9TO A PLACE ( MADNESS1 DEGRADATION1 & VIOL5CE--SOME?+ REM>KABLY SIMIL> TO ! TURN-(-!-C5TURY 9FATUATION ) ! ,PO/AL ,S]VICE WAS HAPP5+ AGA94 ,LET US SUMM>IZE ! /ORY SO F>3 

#a4 

,A NEW COMMUNICATIONS TE*NOLOGY DEVELOPS \T ( ! MILIT>Y4 

#a4 

,IT SPREADS RAPIDLY1 RADICALLY RE%AP+ EV]YDAY LIFE4 

#a4 

,IT DEVELOPS A REPUTATION = DAZZL+ EFFICI5CY4 

#a4 

,S9CE IT OP]ATES ON NON-M>KET PR9CIPLES1 IT IS QUICKLY SEIZ$ ON BY RADICALS AS ! FIR/ /IRR+S ( A FUTURE1 NON- CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM ALREADY DEVELOP+ )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 

#a4 

,DESPITE ?IS1 IT QUICKLY BECOMES ! M$IUM1 TOO1 = GOV]NM5T SURVEILLANCE & ! DISSEM9ATION ( 5DLESS NEW =MS ( ADV]TIS+ & UNWANT$ PAP]WORK4 

,PUT IT 9 !SE T]MS1 IT %\LD BE OBVI\S 5\< :AT ,I'M REF]R+ TO4 ,?IS IS PRETTY MU* EXACTLY ! /ORY ( ! ,9T]NET4 ,:AT IS EMAIL1 AFT] ALL1 BUT A GIANT1 GLOBE-SPANN+1 ELECTRONIC1 SUP]-EFFICI5T ,PO/ ,(FICE8 ,HAS IT NOT1 TOO1 CREAT$ A S5SE ( A NEW1 REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE =M ( COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY EM]G+ FROM )9 ! %ELL ( CAPITALISM ITSELF-- EV5 AS IT HAS DELUG$ US ) SCAMS1 SPAM1 & COMM]CIAL (F]S1 & ALL[$ ! GOV]NM5T TO SPY ON US 9 NEW & CREATIVE WAYS8 

,OBVI\SLY1 !RE >E DIFF]5CES4 ,MO/ OBVI\SLY1 ! ,9T]NET 9VOLVES A MU* MORE P>TICIPATORY1 BOTTOM-UP =M ( COOP]ATION4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT4 ,BUT = ! MOM5T1 ,I AM LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ! L>G] HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PH5OM5ON ?AN ,I AM 9 ASK+3 :AT DOES ?IS TELL US AB\T ! APPEAL ( BUREAUCRACY ITSELF8 

,WELL1 FIR/ ( ALL1 IT SEEMS SIGNIFICANT ?AT :ILE BO? PO/AL S]VICES & ! ,9T]NET EM]GE FROM ! MILIT>Y1 !Y C\LD BE SE5 AS ADOPT+ MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGIES TO QU9TESS5TIAL ANTIMILIT>Y PURPOSES4 ,ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE1 AS ,I'VE >GU$1 9S(> AS IT IS A =M ( COMMUNICATION1 IS ONE ?AT RADICALLY /RIPS D[N1 SIMPLIFIES1 & ULTIMATELY PREV5TS COMMUNICATION2 9S(> AS IT AS A =M ( ACTION1 IT IS REALLY A =M ( ANTI-ACTION1 BECAUSE ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE IS TO PREV5T O!RS FROM BE+ ABLE TO ACT 7EI!R TO ACT 9 C]TA9 WAYS1 OR1 IF ONE KILLS !M1 TO EV] ACT 9 ANY WAY EV] AGA947 ,YET H]E WE HAVE A WAY ( TAK+ ?OSE V]Y /RIPP$-D[N1 M9IMALI/IC =MS ( ACTION & COMMUNICATION TYPICAL ( MILIT>Y SY/EMS--:E!R *A9S ( COMM& OR B9>Y CODES--& TURN+ !M 9TO ! 9VISIBLE BASE ON :I* EV]Y?+ !Y >E NOT CAN BE CON/RUCT$3 DREAMS1 PROJECTS1 DECL>ATIONS ( LOVE & PASSION1 >TI/IC EFFUSIONS1 SUBV]SIVE MANIFE/OS1 OR PRETTY MU* ANY?+ ELSE4 ,!Y ALL[ = ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT C\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$ O!RWISE4 ,BUT ALL ?IS ALSO IMPLIES ?AT BUREAUCRACY APPEALS TO US --?AT IT SEEMS AT ITS MO/ LIB]AT+--PRECISELY :5 IT DISAPPE>S3 :5 IT BECOMES SO RATIONAL & RELIABLE ?AT WE >E ABLE TO JU/ TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT WE CAN GO TO SLEEP ON A B$ ( NUMB]S & WAKE UP ) ALL ?OSE NUMB]S /ILL SNUGLY 9 PLACE4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 BUREAUCRACY 5*ANTS :5 IT CAN BE SE5 AS A SPECIES ( :AT ,I'VE CALL$ POETIC TE*NOLOGY1 ?AT IS1 ONE :]E ME*ANICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 USUALLY MILIT>Y 9 !IR ULTIMATE 9SPIRATION1 CAN BE M>%AL$ TO ! REALIZATION ( IMPOSSIBLE VISIONS3 TO CREATE CITIES \T ( NO?+1 SCALE ! HEAV5S1 MAKE ! DES]T BLOOM4 ,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY ?IS K9D ( P[] WAS ONLY AVAILABLE TO ! RUL]S ( EMPIRES OR COMM&]S ( CONQU]+ >MIES1 SO WE MI<T EV5 SPEAK H]E ( A DEMOCRATIZATION ( DESPOTISM4 ,ONCE1 ! PRIVILEG$ ( WAV+ ONE'S H& & HAV+ A VA/ 9VISIBLE >MY ( COGS & :EELS ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BR+ Y\R :IMS 9TO BE+ WAS AVAILABLE ONLY TO ! V]Y MO/ PRIVILEG$ FEW2 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 IT CAN BE SUBDIVID$ 9TO MILLIONS ( T9Y PORTIONS & MADE AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE ABLE TO WRITE A LETT]1 OR TO FLICK A SWIT*4.<#a#b#i.> 

,ALL ?IS IMPLIES A C]TA9 V]Y PECULI> NOTION ( FRE$OM4 ,EV5 MORE1 ,I ?9K1 IT M>KS A REV]SAL ( E>LI] WAYS ( ?9K+ AB\T RATIONALITY :OSE SIGNIFICANCE C\LD H>DLY BE MORE PR(\ND4 

,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS4 

,WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS HAVE ALWAYS T5D$ TO ASSUME ?AT HUMANS' P[]S ( REASON EXI/1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 AS WAYS ( RE/RA9+ \R BAS] 9/9CTS4 ,! ASSUMPTION CAN ALREADY BE F\ND 9 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE1 & IT WAS /RONGLY RE9=C$ :5 CLASSICAL !ORIES ( ! S\L W]E ADOPT$ 9TO ,*RI/IANITY & ,ISLAM4 ,YES1 ! >GUM5T W5T1 WE ALL HAVE ANIMALI/IC DRIVES & PASSIONS1 JU/ AS WE HAVE \R P[]S ( CREATIVITY & IMAG9ATION1 BUT !SE IMPULSES >E ULTIMATELY *AOTIC & ANTISOCIAL4 ,REASON--:E!R 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ! POLITICAL COMMUNITY--EXI/S TO KEEP \R L[] NATURE 9 *ECK1 TO REPRESS1 *ANNEL1 & CONTA9 POT5TIALLY VIOL5T 5]GIES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y DO NOT LEAD TO *AOS & MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 ,IT IS A MORAL =CE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 = 9/ANCE1 ! WORD POLIS1 ! POLITICAL COMMUNITY & PLACE ( RATIONAL ORD]1 IS ! SAME ROOT ?AT GIVES US BO? 0POLIT5ESS0 & 0POLICE40 ,AS A RESULT1 TOO1 !RE IS ALWAYS A LURK+ S5SE 9 ?IS TRADITION ?AT !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ AT LEA/ VAGUELY DEMONIC AB\T \R P[]S ( CREATIVITY4 

,! EM]G5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC POPULISM1 AS ,I'VE BE5 DESCRIB+ IT1 CORRESPONDS TO A COMPLETE REV]SAL ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( RATIONALITY--TO A NEW IDEAL1 ONE MO/ FAM\SLY SUMM$ UP BY ,DAVID ,HUME3 ?AT 0REASON IS & \<T ONLY TO BE ! SLAVE ( ! PASSIONS40.<#a#c.> ,RATIONALITY1 9 ?IS VIEW1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) MORALITY4 ,IT IS A PURELY TE*NICAL AFFAIR--AN 9/RUM5T1 A MA*9E1 A MEANS ( CALCULAT+ H[ TO MO/ EFFICI5TLY A*IEVE GOALS ?AT C\LD NOT !MSELVES BE 9 ANY WAY ASSESS$ 9 RATIONAL T]MS4 ,REASON CANNOT TELL US :AT WE %\LD WANT4 ,IT CAN ONLY TELL US H[ BE/ TO GET IT4 

,9 BO? V]SIONS1 REASON WAS SOMEH[ \TSIDE ( CREATIVITY1 DESIRE1 OR ! PASSIONS2 H[EV]1 9 ONE1 IT ACT$ TO RE/RA9 SU* PASSIONS2 9 ! O!R1 TO FACILITATE !M4 

,! EM]G+ FIELD ( ECONOMICS MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$ ?IS LOGIC ! FUR!/1 BUT IT IS A LOGIC ?AT TRACES BACK AT LEA/ AS MU* TO BUREAUCRACY AS TO ! M>KET4 7,& ONE MU/ REMEMB]1 MO/ ECONOMI/S >E1 & ALWAYS HAVE BE51 EMPLOY$ BY L>GE BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R47 ,! :OLE IDEA ?AT ONE CAN MAKE A /RICT DIVISION BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS1 BETWE5 FACTS & VALUES1 IS A PRODUCT ( ! BUREAUCRATIC M9D- SET1 BECAUSE BUREAUCRACY IS ! FIR/ & ONLY SOCIAL 9/ITUTION ?AT TREATS ! MEANS ( DO+ ?+S AS 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM :AT IT IS ?AT'S BE+ DONE4.<#a#c#a.> ,9 ?IS WAY1 BUREAUCRACY REALLY HAS BECOME EMB$D$ 9 ! COMMON S5SE ( AT LEA/ A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION = QUITE A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IT'S NOT AS IF ! OLD] IDEA ( RATIONALITY HAS EV] 5TIRELY GONE AWAY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! TWO COEXI/1 DESPITE BE+ ALMO/ COMPLETELY CONTRADICTORY--9 CON/ANT FRICTION4 ,AS A RESULT1 \R V]Y CONCEPTION ( RATIONALITY IS /RANGELY 9COH]5T4 ,IT'S 5TIRELY UNCLE> :AT ! WORD IS SUPPOS$ TO MEAN4 ,SOMETIMES IT'S A MEANS1 SOMETIMES IT'S AN 5D4 ,SOMETIMES IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) MORALITY1 SOMETIMES IT'S ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :AT'S RI<T & GOOD4 ,SOMETIMES IT'S A ME?OD = SOLV+ PROBLEMS2 O!R TIMES1 IT IS ITSELF ! SOLUTION TO ALL POSSIBLE PROBLEMS4 

,I,I4 ,RATIONALISM AS A ,=M ( ,SPIRITUALITY 

  

,?IS BIZ>RE /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS WOR? REFLECT+ ON1 BECAUSE IT IS AT ! V]Y CORE ( \R CONCEPTION ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE HAVE ! NOTION ?AT BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS >E SIMPLY NEUTRAL SOCIAL TE*NOLOGIES4 ,!Y >E JU/ WAYS ( GETT+ FROM ,A TO ,B1 & HAVE NO IMPLICATIONS :ATSOEV] = ! RI<TS & WRONGS ( ! MATT]4 ,I WELL REMEMB] A FRI5D :O ATT5D$ ! ,WOODR[ ,WILSON ,S*OOL ( ,PUBLIC & ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFFAIRS AT ,PR9CETON1 A WORLD-R5[N$ TRA9+ GR\ND = TOP-LEVEL ADM9I/RATORS1 REPORT+ TO ME ) AN ALMO/ %OCK$ DELI<T ?AT HE HAD JU/ BE5 OBLIG$ TO SIGN UP = A C\RSE 9 0VALUE FREE E?ICS40 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 ?IS S\NDS ABSURD4 ,BUT REALLY ! CONCEPT FOLL[S NECESS>ILY FROM ?IS NOTION ( ! ROLE ( BUREAUCRATS3 ?AT !Y >E PUBLIC S]VANTS1 & IT IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( S]VANTS TO DO !IR MA/]S' BIDD+1 NO MATT] :AT ?AT BIDD+ IS4 ,9S(> AS !IR MA/] IS SOME?+ CALL$ 0! PUBLIC10 H[EV]1 ?IS CREATES C]TA9 PROBLEMS3 H[ TO FIGURE \T :AT1 EXACTLY1 ! PUBLIC REALLY WANTS !M TO DO4 ,?IS WAS :AT !Y TAU<T BUDD+ FUNCTION>IES 9 ! 0VALUE FREE E?ICS0 C\RSE3 H[1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! CASE ( PLANN]S DESIGN+ A HI<WAY SY/EM1 ONE MI<T APPLY QUANTITATIVE ME?ODS TO DET]M9E ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE TO ! PUBLIC ( 7A7 GETT+ TO WORK ON TIME1 & 7B7 NOT BE+ KILL$ OR MAIM$ 9 A C> ACCID5T 79 ECONOMIC J>GON1 !IR 0REVEAL$ PREF]5CES0 ON ! MATT]71 & !N SET ! SPE$ LIMIT ACCORD+LY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION ) ?IS1 !RE REMA9S A MOD]N 9C>NATION ( ! E>LI] IDEA ( RATIONALITY AS MORAL ORD] & !RE=E AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,PRETTY MU* ANYONE ) A UTOPIAN VISION1 :E!R ,SOCIALI/1 FREE M>KET1 OR = ?AT MATT] RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALI/1 DREAMS ( CREAT+ A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT WILL1 UNLIKE CURR5T >RANGEM5TS1 MAKE SOME SORT ( COH]5T S5SE--& :I* WILL1 !RE=E1 REPRES5T ! TRIUMPH ( REASON OV] *AOS4.<#a#c#b.> ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 CREAT+ AN EFFECTIVE BUREAUCRACY ALWAYS TURNS \T TO BE ! CORN]/ONE ( ANY SU* PROJECT4 

,>GUM5TS AB\T ! ROLE ( 0RATIONALITY0 9 POLITICS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY PLAY FA/ & LOOSE ) !SE TWO CONTRADICTORY IDEAS4 

,IF ONE TRIES TO GO BACK TO BASIC DEF9ITIONS1 ?+S DON'T GET MU* BETT]4 ,9 MANY WAYS !Y BECOME CONSID]ABLY WORSE4 ,!RE IS NO CONS5SUS AMONG PHILOSOPH]S AB\T :AT ! WORD 0RATIONALITY0 EV5 MEANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE TRADITION1 = 9/ANCE1 RATIONALITY IS ! APPLICATION ( LOGIC1 ( PURE ?\<T UNTEMP]$ BY EMOTIONS2 ?IS PURE1 OBJECTIVE ?\<T IS !N SE5 AS ! BASIS ( SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY4 ,?IS HAS ATTA9$ A GREAT DEAL ( POPUL> PUR*ASE1 BUT !RE'S A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM3 SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY ITSELF HAS PROV$ IT CANNOT POSSIBLY BE TRUE4 ,COGNITIVE PSY*OLOGI/S HAVE DEMON/RAT$ AGA9 & AGA9 ?AT !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS PURE ?\<T DIVORC$ FROM EMOTIONS2 A HUMAN BE+ )\T EMOTIONS W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO ?9K AT ALL4.<#a#c#c.> 

,O!RS PREF] A MORE PRAGMATIC APPROA*1 CLAIM+ M]ELY ?AT A RATIONAL >GUM5T CAN BE DEF9$ AS ONE ?AT IS BO? GR\ND$ 9 EMPIRICAL REALITY1 & LOGICALLY COH]5T 9 =M4 ,! PROBLEM H]E IS ?AT !SE TWO CRIT]IA DON'T REALLY HAVE MU* TO DO ) ONE ANO!R4 ,ONE IS AB\T OBS]VATION2 ! O!R IS AB\T REASON+4.<#a#c#d.> ,:AT DO !Y HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,MA9LY1 IT SEEMS1 ?AT :5 SOMEONE MAKES AN >GUM5T ?AT IS EI!R DELUSIONAL OR 9COH]5T1 WE >E EQUALLY LIKELY TO WRITE ?AT P]SON (F AS NOT RI<T 9 ! HEAD4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 ?AT'S FAIR 5\<3 WE DO CALL CRAZY PEOPLE 0IRRATIONAL40 ,BUT IF SO1 CALL+ SOMEONE1 OR AN >GUM5T1 0RATIONAL0 IS SAY+ ALMO/ NO?+4 ,IT'S A V]Y WEAK /ATEM5T4 ,Y\'RE JU/ SAY+ !Y >E NOT OBVI\SLY 9SANE4 

,BUT ! MOM5T Y\ TURN IT >\ND1 Y\ REALIZE ?AT CLAIM+ ONE'S [N POLITICAL POSITIONS >E BAS$ ON 0RATIONALITY0 IS AN EXTREMELY /RONG /ATEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S EXTRAORD9>ILY >ROGANT1 S9CE IT MEANS ?AT ?OSE :O DISAGREE ) ?OSE POSITIONS >E NOT JU/ WRONG1 BUT CRAZY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 TO SAY ONE WI%ES TO CREATE A 0RATIONAL0 SOCIAL ORD] IMPLIES ?AT CURR5T SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS MI<T AS WELL HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( A LUNATIC ASYLUM4 ,N[1 SURELY1 ALL ( US HAVE FELT ?IS WAY AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,BUT IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT IS AN EXTRAORD9>ILY 9TOL]ANT POSITION1 S9CE IT IMPLIES ?AT ONE'S OPPON5TS >E NOT JU/ WRONG1 BUT 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 W\LDN'T EV5 KN[ :AT IT W\LD MEAN TO BE RI<T1 UNLESS1 BY SOME MIRACLE1 !Y C\LD COME >\ND & ACCEPT ! LI<T ( REASON & DECIDE TO ACCEPT Y\R [N CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & PO9T ( VIEW4 

,?IS T5D5CY TO 5%R9E RATIONALITY AS A POLITICAL VIRTUE HAS HAD ! P]V]SE EFFECT ( 5C\RAG+ ?OSE REPELL$ BY SU* PRET5TIONS1 OR BY ! PEOPLE :O PR(ESS !M1 TO CLAIM TO REJECT RATIONALITY 5TIRELY1 & EMBRACE 0IRRATIONALISM40 ,( C\RSE1 IF WE SIMPLY TAKE RATIONALITY 9 ITS M9IMAL DEF9ITION1 ANY SU* POSITION IS ABSURD4 ,Y\ CAN'T REALLY MAKE AN >GUM5T AGA9/ RATIONALITY1 BECAUSE = ?AT >GUM5T TO BE CONV9C+1 IT W\LD ITSELF HAVE TO BE FRAM$ 9 RATIONAL T]MS4 ,IF ONE IS WILL+ TO >GUE ) ANO!R P]SON AT ALL1 ONE MU/ ACCEPT1 AT LEA/ ON A TACIT LEVEL1 ?AT >GUM5TS BAS$ 9 AN ACCURATE ASSESSM5T ( REALITY >E BETT] ?AN ONES ?AT >E NOT 7?AT IS1 ?AT ANY >GUM5T ?AT PROCE$S FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL BUILD+S >E MADE ( GRE5 *EESE IS NOT WOR? TAK+ S]I\SLY71 & ?AT >GUM5TS ?AT FOLL[ ! LAWS ( LOGIC >E BETT] ?AN ?OSE ?AT VIOLATE !N 7I4E41 ?AT AN >GUM5T ?AT S9CE ! ,MAYOR ( ,C9C9NATI IS HUMAN1 ALL HUMANS >E ! ,MAYOR ( ,C9C9NATI1 CAN BE SIMIL>LY DISMISS$74 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO 5T] 9TO ALL ! LOGICAL TRAPS & CONTRADICTIONS ?AT RESULT FROM ?IS SITUATION4 ,I SIMPLY WI% TO ASK H[ WE EV] GOT TO ?IS PO9T AT ALL4 ,H]E ,I ?9K WE HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO GO BACK TO ! V]Y BEG9N+1 & LOOK AT ! HI/ORICAL ORIG9S ( ! ,WE/]N CONCEPT ( 0RATIONALITY0 9 ! ,GREEK CITIES ( ,S\!RN ,ITALY 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,B,C4 

,! FIR/ PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOL TO REPRES5T !MSELVES AS RATIONALI/S1 & TO TREAT RATIONALITY AS A VALUE 9 ITSELF1 W]E ! ,PY?AGOREANS1 :O W]E SIMULTANE\SLY A PHILOSOPHICAL & SCI5TIFIC S*OOL1 & A K9D ( POLITICAL CULT OR CONFRAT]NITY ?AT MANAG$1 AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 TO TAKE CONTROL ( SEV]AL ,ITALIAN CITIES4.<#a#c#e.> ,!IR GREAT 9TELLECTUAL DISCOV]Y WAS ?AT !RE WAS A =MAL SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! K9D ( MA!MATICAL RATIOS ?AT C\LD BE OBS]V$ 9 GEOMETRY1 MUSICAL 9T]VALS1 & ! MOVEM5TS ( ! PLANETS4 ,! CONCLUSION !Y REA*$ WAS ?AT ! UNIV]SE WAS1 ON SOME ULTIMATE LEVEL AT LEA/1 COMPOS$ ( NUMB]S--A NOTION N[ L>GELY REMEMB]$ = ! RA!R *>M+ CONCEPT ( ! 9AUDIBLE 0MUSIC ( ! SPH]ES40 ,! COSMOS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,PY?AGOREANS1 WAS RATIONAL BECAUSE IT WAS ULTIMATELY AN EXPRESSION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( NUMB]1 PIT*1 & VIBRATION1 & :5 ! HUMAN M9D 7OR S\L7 EX]CIS$ ITS P[]S ( REASON1 IT WAS SIMPLY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?AT L>G] RATIONAL ORD]1 ! COSMIC 0WORLD S\L0 ?AT ANIMAT$ ALL4.<#a#c#f.> 

,?IS WAS ! PICTURE ( ! UNIV]SE ,PLATO L>GELY ADOPT$ 9 ,TIMAEUS1 & IT HAD 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE4 ,BY ! FIR/ & SECOND C5TURY ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 9 FACT1 V>IATIONS ON ! BASIC ,PY?AGOREAN SET ( IDEAS HAD BE5 ADOPT$ BY PRETTY MU* ALL MAJOR PHILOSOPHICAL S*OOLS--NOT JU/ ! ,NEOPLATONI/S BUT ! ,/OICS & EV51 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! ,EPICUREANS4 ,:AT'S MORE1 IT =M$ ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS ( :AT ,HANS ,JOAS ORIG9ALLY DUBB$ ! EM]G+ 0COSMIC RELIGION0 ( LATE ,ANTIQUITY1 A FUSION ( ELEM5TS ( ,GREEK COSMOLOGICAL SPECULATION1 ,BABYLONIAN A/ROLOGY1 & ,EGYPTIAN !OLOGY1 (T5 COMB9$ ) /RA9S ( ,JEWI% ?\<T & V>I\S TRADITIONS ( POPUL> MAGIC4.<#a#c#g.> ,AS ,JOAS NOT$1 ?IS COSMIC RELIGION--:I* ASSUM$ ?AT ,GOD1 ,REASON1 & ! ,COSMOS W]E ! SAME1 & ! HI<] FACULTIES 9 HUMANS W]E !MSELVES A =M ( P>TICIPATION 9 ?IS RATIONAL COSMIC ORD]--= ALL ITS GR&EUR1 REPRES5T$ A K9D ( POLITICAL RETREAT4 ,! ,PY?AGOREANS1 LIKE MO/ ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S1 HAD BE5 AVID P>TICIPANTS 9 ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! CITY1 :I* !Y (T5 S\<T TO RECON/ITUTE ON RATIONAL GR\NDS4 ,UND] ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ALL POLITICAL QUE/IONS W]E N[ SETTL$4 ,A S+LE--& APP>5TLY ET]NAL --LEGAL & BUREAUCRATIC ORD] REGULAT$ PUBLIC AFFAIRS2 9/EAD ( ASPIR+ TO *ANGE ?IS /RUCTURE1 9TELLECTUALS 9CREAS+LY EMBRAC$ \TRI<T MY/ICISM1 ASPIR+ TO F9D NEW WAYS TO TRANSC5D E>?LY SY/EMS 5TIRELY1 RIS+ ?R\< ! V>I\S PLANET>Y SPH]ES1 PURG+ !MSELVES ( MAT]IALITY1 TO ! R>IFI$ SPH]E ( PURE REASON1 A DIV9E REALM ( TRANSC5D5T MA!MATICAL LAWS ?AT GOV]N$ TIME & MOTION & ULTIMATELY R5D]$ !M ILLUSORY4 ,GOD DID NOT IMPOSE !SE LAWS1 ,HE WAS ?OSE LAWS4 ,HUMAN REASON1 !N1 WAS SIMPLY ! ACTION ( ?AT DIV9E PR9CIPLE )9 US4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 RATIONALITY WAS NOT JU/ A SPIRITUAL NOTION1 IT WAS MY/ICAL3 A TE*NIQUE = A*IEV+ UNION ) ! DIV9E4 

,?IS SET ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( RATIONALITY1 ABSORB$ 9TO ,*RI/IANITY ?R\< ,AUGU/9E1 9=MS PRETTY MU* ALL ,M$IEVAL PHILOSOPHY AS WELL1 H[EV] DIFFICULT IT WAS TO RECONCILE ) ! NOTION ( A TRANSC5D5T WILLFUL ,CREATOR 7& 9DE$1 MU* ,M$IEVAL PHILOSOPHY WAS PRECISELY CONC]N$ ) >GU+ AB\T DIFF]5T WAYS ( RECONCIL+ !M74 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ALL !SE ASSUMPTIONS >E V]Y MU* /ILL ) US4 ,TAKE ! NOTION1 :I* WE ALL LE>N AS *ILDR5 & MO/ ( US ACCEPT AS SELF-EVID5T TRU?1 ?AT :AT SETS HUMANS AP>T FROM O!R ANIMALS IS RATIONALITY 7?AT WE1 AS A SPECIES1 0POSSESS ! FACULTY ( REASON407 ,?IS IS V]Y MU* A ,M$IEVAL NOTION4.<#a#c#h.> ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 IT ALSO DOESN'T MAKE A LOT ( S5SE4 ,IF 0RATIONALITY0 IS JU/ ! ABILITY TO ASSESS REALITY MORE OR LESS AS IT IS & TO DRAW LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS1 !N MO/ ANIMALS >E EXTREMELY RATIONAL4 ,!Y SOLVE PROBLEMS ALL ! TIME4 ,MO/ MI<T NOT BE NE>LY AS GOOD AT IT AS HUMANS BUT !RE IS NO FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE 9 K9D4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( O!R FACULTIES ?AT W\LD MAKE MU* BETT] C&IDATES--ONES ?AT ACTUALLY DO SEEM TO BE UNIQUE TO HUMANS4 ,ONE OBVI\S *OICE W\LD BE IMAG9ATION4 ,ANIMALS ACT 9 :AT SEEM LIKE RATIONAL1 CALCULAT+1 GOAL-DIRECT$ WAYS ALL ! TIME1 BUT IT'S H>D] TO MAKE A CASE ?AT MO/ ( !M 5GAGE 9 CREAT+ SELF-CONSCI\S FANTASY WORLDS4.<#a#c#i.> ,H5CE ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,$MUND ,LEA* ONCE REM>K$ ?AT :AT SETS HUMANS AP>T FROM ANIMALS IS NOT ?AT !Y POSSESS AN IMMORTAL S\L1 BUT RA!R1 ?AT !Y >E CAPABLE ( IMAG9+ ?AT !Y HAVE ONE4.<#a#d.> ,BUT ( C\RSE1 IF ! S\L IS ! SEAT ( ,REASON1 ! DIV9E ELEM5T 9 ,MAN1 TO SAY ?AT HUMANS >E 9 POSSESSION ( AN IMMORTAL S\L1 & TO SAY ?AT !Y >E RATIONAL CREATURES1 IS TO SAY PRECISELY ! SAME ?+4.<#a#d#a.> 

,?IS CONCLUSION 9EVITABLY FOLL[$ FROM ! LOGIC ( ! ,GREAT ,*A9 ( ,BE+1 :]E ALL LIV+ CREATURES W]E RANK$ 9 A S+LE HI]>*Y ( 9CREAS+ RATIONALITY ACCORD+ TO !IR PROXIMITY TO ,GOD1 ) HUMANS PLAC$ AT ! TOP ( ! NATURAL ORD]1 BETWE5 ANIMALS & ANGELS4 

,IT'S EASY TO SEE ! GR& COSMIC HI]>*IES ( LATE ,ANTIQUITY1 ) !IR >*ONS1 PLANETS1 & GODS1 ALL OP]AT+ UND] ! UNFOLD+ ( AB/RACT RATIONAL LAWS1 AS SIMPLY IMAGES ( ! ,ROMAN LEGAL BUREAUCRATIC ORD] WRIT V]Y1 V]Y L>GE4 ,! CURI\S ?+ IS H[ ?IS ULTIMATELY BUREAUCRATIC PICTURE ( ! COSMOS WAS MA9TA9$ = A ?\S& YE>S AFT] ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE HAD COLLAPS$4 ,M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE !OLOGIANS PRODUC$ 5DLESS SPECULATIVE TRACTS AB\T ANGELIC HI]>*IES ?AT IF ANY?+ REPRES5T$ ! UNIV]SE AS MORE SY/EMATICALLY BUREAUCRATIC ?AN ANY?+ ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S HAD IMAG9$3.<#a#d#b.> 

,SO1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ,M>SILIO ,FIC9O PROVID$ ! FOLL[+ SUMM>Y ( ! ANGELIC HI]>*Y1 DRAW+ FROM ! WORK ( A F\R? C5TURY ,*RI/IAN ,NEOPLATONI/ :OSE REAL NAME HAS LONG S9CE BE5 =GOTT51 VIA ! ELABORATIONS ( ,SA9T ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS & ,DANTE3 

,S]APHIM SPECULATE ON ! ORD] & PROVID5CE ( ,GOD4 ,*]UBIM SPECULATE ON ! ESS5CE & =M ( ,GOD4 ,?RONES ALSO SPECULATE1 ?\< SOME DESC5D TO WORKS4 ,DOM9IONS1 LIKE >*ITECTS1 DESIGN :AT ! RE/ EXECUTE4 

,VIRTUES EXECUTE1 & MOVE ! HEAV5S1 & CONCUR = ! WORK+ ( MIRACLES AS ,GOD'S 9/RUM5TS4 

,P[]S WAT* ?AT ! ORD] ( DIV9E GOV]NANCE IS NOT 9T]RUPT$ & SOME ( !M DESC5D TO HUMAN ?+S4 ,PR9CIPALITIES C>E = PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 NATIONS1 PR9CES1 MAGI/RATES4 

,>*ANGELS DIRECT ! DIV9E CULT & LOOK AFT] SACR$ ?+S4 

,ANGELS LOOK AFT] SMALL] AFFAIRS & TAKE *>GE ( 9DIVIDUALS AS !IR GU>DIAN ANGELS4.<#a#d#c.> 

,ANGELS >E 0CELE/IAL 9TELLIG5CES0 RANK$ 9 ORD] FROM ?OSE :O 5GAGE 9 PURE ?\<T TO ?OSE :O CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! ACTUAL GOV]NANCE ( WORLDLY AFFAIRS4 ,AT A TIME :5 ACTUAL GOV]NANCE 9 ,EUROPE WAS AS BROK5 & FRAGM5T$ AS IT C\LD POSSIBLY BE1 ITS 9TELLECTUALS W]E BUSY+ !MSELVES >GU+ AB\T ! EXACT DIVISION ( P[]S )9 A S+LE1 GR&1 UNIFI$1 IMAG9>Y SY/EM ( COSMIC ADM9I/RATION4 

,N[ADAYS1 ! GR& SYN!SIS ( LATE ,ANTIQUITY1 REVIV$ BY ,R5AISSANCE AL*EMI/S & MAGES LIKE ,FIC9O1 ,AGRIPPA1 & ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO 7& 9 ! PROCESS 9FUS$ ) ,KABBALAH1 & O!R SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS71 SURVIVES L>GELY AS ! BASIS ( ,WE/]N C]EMONIAL MAGIC4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE M>K$ A FUNDAM5TAL BREAK ) IT4 ,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURE ( ASSUMPTIONS DID NOT REALLY *ANGE4 ,! APPEAL TO RATIONALITY 9 ,DESC>TES & HIS SUCCESSORS REMA9S A FUNDAM5TALLY SPIRITUAL1 EV5 MY/ICAL1 COMMITM5T1 ?AT ! MA!MATICAL OR MA?-LIKE AB/RACTIONS ?AT >E ASSUM$ TO BE ! ESS5CE ( ?\<T1 >E ALSO ! ORD]+ PR9CIPLES ?AT REGULATE NATURE--& ?IS REMA9$ TRUE :E!R !Y W]E ID5TIFI$ ) ,GOD1 OR SE5 AS ! ULTIMATE PRO( ( ,GOD'S NONEXI/5CE4 

,IT IS H>D TO ?9K ?IS WAY BECAUSE ( C\RSE WE HAVE BY N[ COME TO ID5TIFY ! S\L NOT ) REASON1 BUT ) EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES US UNIQUE1 IDIOSYNCRATIC1 OR IMAG9ATIVE4 ,BUT ?IS VIEW IS A PRODUCT ( ! ,ROMANTIC ]A1 & ONE ?AT1 AT ! TIME1 M>K$ A NE> TOTAL BREAK FROM E>LI] CONCEPTIONS4 ,AGA91 ?IS IS H>DLY ! PLACE TO GO 9TO DETAIL CONC]N+ ! >GUM5TS AB\T ! RELATION BETWE5 REASON1 IMAG9ATION1 & DESIRE ?AT CAME \T ( IT1 BUT IT DOES HELP US UND]/& :Y IT IS ?AT ! NOTION ( 0RATIONALITY10 & P>TICUL>LY1 ( BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALITY1 NEV] SEEMS TO BE ABLE TO CONTA9 ITSELF TO SIMPLE QUE/IONS ( D$UCTIVE REASON+1 OR EV5 TE*NICAL EFFICI5CY1 BUT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 5DS UP TRY+ TO TURN ITSELF 9TO SOME GR&IOSE COSMOLOGICAL S*EME4 

,I,I,I4 ,ON ! ,BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,ANTIBUREAUCRATIC ,FANTASY 

  
  

0,! PO9T :5 ,I DECID$ ,I JU/ DIDN'T C>E AB\T ?AT .<ACADEMIC.> JOB ANY MORE WAS :5 ,I /OPP$ TURN+ (F ! S\ND ON MY COMPUT] GAMES DUR+ (FICE H\RS4 ,!RE'D BE SOME /UD5T WAIT+ \TSIDE = FE$BACK ON HIS ASSIGNM5T & ,I WAS LIKE1 ',WAIT1 JU/ LET ME F9I% KILL+ ?IS DW>F & ,I'LL GET BACK TO Y\40 

--ACADEMIC FRI5D 7NAME )HELD = OBVI\S REASONS7  
  

,! FACT ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE IS TO SOME DEGREE F\ND$ ON SPIRITUAL COMMITM5TS1 ( C\RSE1 9 NO WAY IMPLIES ?AT ITS F9D+S >E NOT TRUE4 ,BUT ,I ?9K IT DOES SUGGE/ ?AT WE MI<T DO WELL TO /EP BACK & ?9K V]Y C>EFULLY ! MOM5T :5EV] SOMEONE CLAIMS TO BE TRY+ TO CREATE A MORE RATIONAL SOCIAL ORD] 7ESPECIALLY1 :5 !Y C\LD HAVE JU/ AS EASILY DESCRIB$ ?AT SOCIAL ORD] AS REASONABLE1 MORE DEC5T1 LESS VIOL5T1 OR MORE JU/47 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES PRODUC$ ! VISION ( A VIRTUAL CELE/IAL BUREAUCRACY1 BAS$ DI/ANTLY ON ?AT ( ANCI5T ,ROME1.<#a#d#d.> :I* WAS SE5 AS ! EMBODIM5T ( COSMIC RATIONALITY1 9 A TIME :5 REAL BUREAUCRACY WAS P>TICUL>LY ?9 ON ! GR\ND4 ,OV] TIME1 ( C\RSE1 IT GREW CONSID]ABLY LESS SO4 ,BUT AS NEW BUREAUCRATIC /ATES DID EM]GE1 & P>TICUL>LY AS BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALITY BECAME ! PR$OM9ANT PR9CIPLE ( GOV]NANCE 9 EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURY ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 WE WITNESS A K9D ( C\NT]MOVEM5T3 ! RISE ( AN EQUALLY FANTA/IC VISION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 FULL ( PR9CES1 KNI<TS1 FA]IES1 DRAGONS1 SORC]]S1 & UNICORNS2 & EV5TUALLY1 HOBBITS1 DW>VES1 & ORCS4 ,9 MO/ IMPORTANT WAYS1 ?IS WORLD IS EXPLICITLY ANTIBUREAUCRATIC3 ?AT IS1 IT EV9CES AN EXPLICIT REJECTION ( VIRTUALLY ALL ! CORE VALUES ( BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 ! LA/ ESSAY1 ,I OBS]V$ ?AT SCI5CE FICTION HAS COME TO ASSEMBLE A FAIRLY /&>DIZ$ LI/ ( FUTURE 9V5TIONS--FROM TELEPORTATION TO W>P DRIVE--& TO DEPLOY !M SO REGUL>LY--NOT JU/ 9 LIT]ATURE BUT 9 GAMES1 ,T,V %[S1 COMICS1 & SIMIL> MAT]IAL--SU* ?AT PRETTY MU* ANY TE5AG] 9 ,CANADA1 ,NORWAY1 OR ,JAPAN CAN BE EXPECT$ TO KN[ :AT !Y >E4 ,! SAME C\LD BE SAID ( ! BASIC CON/ITU5TS ( ?IS FANTASY LIT]ATURE1 :I*1 ?\< OBVI\SLY V>Y+ FROM TEXT TO TEXT1 MOVIE TO MOVIE1 NONE!LESS C5T] ON A REM>KABLY CONSI/5T BASIC SET ( *>ACT] TYPES1 SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T 7MO/LY MAGICAL71 TE*NOLOGIES1 BEA/S1 & CULTURAL TRADITIONS4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY IT BE>S ALMO/ NO RESEMBLANCE1 ON ANY LEVEL1 TO :AT ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E REALLY LIKE4 ,BUT TO UND]/& ! REAL HI/ORICAL ORIG9S ( ?IS WORLD REQUIRES GO+ MU* FUR!R BACK 9 TIME4 

,WE >E US$ TO SPEAK+ ( 0! /ATE0 AS A S+LE 5TITY BUT ACTUALLY1 ,I ?9K1 MOD]N /ATES >E BETT] SE5 AS ! CONFLU5CE ( ?REE DIFF]5T ELEM5TS1 :OSE HI/ORICAL ORIG9S >E QUITE DI/9CT1 HAVE NO 9TR9SIC RELATION ) ONE ANO!R1 & MAY ALREADY BE 9 ! PROCESS ( F9ALLY DRIFT+ AP>T4 

,I WILL CALL !SE SOV]EIGNTY1 ADM9I/RATION1 & POLITICS4 

,SOV]EIGNTY IS USUALLY TAK5 TO BE ! DEF9+ FEATURE ( ! /ATE3 A SOV]EIGN /ATE IS ONE :OSE RUL] CLAIMS A MONOPOLY OV] ! LEGITIMATE USE ( VIOL5CE )9 A GIV5 T]RITORY4 ,MO/ GOV]NM5TS 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 OR = ?AT MATT] ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 NEV] CLAIM$ SOV]EIGNTY 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,NOR W\LD IT HAVE OCCURR$ TO !M TO DO SO3 ?IS WAS ! LOGIC ( CONQU]+ EMPIRES1 NOT ( ANY SORT ( CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITY4 

,! SECOND PR9CIPLE IS ADM9I/RATION1 :I* CAN & (T5 DOES EXI/ )\T ANY S+LE C5T] ( P[] TO 5=CE ITS DECISIONS4 ,IT C\LD ALSO1 ( C\RSE1 SIMPLY BE REF]R$ TO AS BUREAUCRACY4 ,9 FACT1 ! MO/ REC5T >*AEOLOGICAL EVID5CE FROM ,MESOPOTAMIA 9DICATES ?AT BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES EM]G$ NOT JU/ BE=E SOV]EIGN /ATES1 BUT EV5 BE=E ! EXI/5CE ( ! FIR/ CITIES4 ,!Y W]E NOT 9V5T$ TO MANAGE SCALE1 AS WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIETIES ?AT BECAME TOO BIG = FACE-TO-FACE 9T]ACTION4 ,RA!R1 !Y SEEM TO HAVE BE5 :AT 5C\RAG$ PEOPLE TO ASSEMBLE 9 SU* L>GE COMMUNITIES TO BEG9 )4 ,AT LEA/1 ?IS IS :AT ! RECORD SEEMS TO %[4 ,! /&>DIZATION ( PRODUCTS1 /ORAGE1 C]TIFICATION1 RECORD-KEEP+1 R$I/RIBUTION1 & ACC\NT+ ALL SEEM TO HAVE EM]G$ 9 SMALL T[NS ALONG ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES & ITS TRIBUT>IES 9 ! FIF? MILL5NIUM ,B,C,E1 A ?\S& YE>S BE=E ! 0URBAN REVOLUTION40.<#a#d#e.> ,WE DON'T REALLY KN[ H[ OR :Y2 WE DON'T EV5 KN[ :E!R !RE W]E ACTUAL BUREAUCRATS 79 ! S5SE ( A DI/9CT CLASS ( TRA9$ (FICEHOLD]S7 OR :E!R WE >E SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T ! EM]G5CE ( BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES4 ,BUT BY ! TIME HI/ORICAL RECORDS DO KICK 9 !RE C]TA9LY >E3 WE F9D VA/ TEMPLE & PALACE COMPLEXES ) A HI]>*Y ( TRA9$ SCRIBES C>EFULLY REGI/]+ & ALLOCAT+ RES\RCES ( EV]Y SORT4 

,WE CAN REF] TO ! ?IRD PR9CIPLE AS 0POLITICS0 IF ONE TAKES ?AT WORD 9 :AT MI<T BE T]M$ ITS MAXIMAL S5SE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !RE IS A M9IMAL S5SE 9 :I* ANY?+ PEOPLE DO CAN BE SAID TO HAVE A POLITICAL ASPECT1 9S(> IT 9VOLVES JOCKEY+ = P[]4 ,BUT !RE >E ONLY SOME SOCIAL SY/EMS 9 :I* POLITICS 9 ?IS S5SE BECOMES A SPECTATOR SPORT 9 ITS [N RI<T3 :]E P[]FUL FIGURES 5GAGE 9 CON/ANT PUBLIC CONTE/S ) ONE ANO!R AS A WAY ( RALLY+ FOLL[]S & GA!R+ SUPPORT4 ,WE N[ ?9K ( ?IS AS AN ASPECT ( DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT = MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 IT WAS SE5 AS MORE ( AN >I/OCRATIC PH5OM5ON4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ! H]OES ( ,HOM]IC1 OR = ?AT MATT] ,G]MANIC OR ,CELTIC OR ,H9DU EPICS1 :O >E CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 BOA/+1 DUEL+1 VY+ TO ORGANIZE ! MO/ SPL5DID FEA/S OR MO/ MAGNIFIC5T SACRIFICES1 OR TO \TDO ONE ANO!R ) ! GIV+ ( EXTRAVAGANT GIFTS4.<#a#d#f.> ,SU* 0H]OIC0 SOCIAL ORD]S1 AS !Y'VE BE5 CALL$1 REPRES5T ! QU9TESS5CE ( ! POLITICAL4 ,!Y RECOGNIZE NO PR9CIPLE ( SOV]EIGNTY1 BUT CREATE NO SY/EM ( ADM9I/RATION EI!R2 SOMETIMES !RE IS A HI< K+ BUT USUALLY HE HAS V]Y LIMIT$ P[]1 OR IS A PURE FIGUREHEAD2 REAL P[] FLUCTUATES CONT9UALLY AS *>ISMATIC >I/OCRATS ASSEMBLE B&S ( FOLL[]S1 ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL POA*+ (F !IR RIVALS' RET9UES1 :ILE O!RS CRA% MAGNIFIC5TLY1 OR DECL9E 9TO BROOD+ OBSCURITY4 

,POLITICS 9 ?IS S5SE HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ESS5TIALLY >I/OCRATIC PH5OM5ON4 7,!RE IS A REASON :Y ! ,U4,S4 ,S5ATE1 = EXAMPLE1 IS 9HABIT$ 5TIRELY BY MILLIONAIRES47 ,?IS IS :Y = MO/ ( ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 ELECTIONS W]E ASSUM$ TO BE NOT A DEMOCRATIC1 BUT AN >I/OCRATIC MODE ( SELECT+ PUBLIC (FICIALS4 0,>I/OCRACY0 AFT] ALL LIT]ALLY MEANS 0RULE BY ! BE/10 & ELECTIONS W]E SE5 AS MEAN+ ?AT ! ONLY ROLE ( ORD9>Y CITIZ5S WAS TO DECIDE :I*1 AMONG ! 0BE/0 CITIZ5S1 WAS TO BE CONSID]$ BE/ ( ALL1 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS A ,HOM]IC RETA9]1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 A ,MONGOL HORSEMAN MI<T SWIT* ALLEGIANCE TO SOME NEW *>ISMATIC W>-LEAD]4 7,! DEMOCRATIC WAY ( SELECT+ (FICIALS1 AT LEA/ FROM ,GREEK TIMES ONW>DS1 WAS 9 CONTRA/ ASSUM$ TO BE SORTITION1 :]EBY ORD9>Y CITIZ5S W]E *OS5 = PO/S BY R&OM LOTT]Y47 

,:AT DOES ALL ?IS HAVE TO DO ) DRAGONS & WIZ>DS8 ,QUITE A LOT1 ACTUALLY4 ,BECAUSE ALL EVID5CE WE HAVE SUGGE/S ?AT SU* H]OIC ORD]S DID NOT JU/ EM]GE SPONTANE\SLY1 ALONGSIDE BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES2 !Y EM]G$ 9 A K9D ( SYMBIOTIC RIVALRY ) !M2 & !Y W]E REMEMB]$ LONG AFT] BECAUSE !Y EMBODI$ A REJECTION ( EV]Y?+ BUREAUCRACY WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE AB\T4 

,H]E AGA9 ,I MU/ RETURN TO >*AEOLOGY1 & P>TICUL>LY TO ! WORK ( MY FRI5D ,DAVID ,W5GR[ ON ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/4.<#a#d#g.> ,! ACTUAL ORIG9S ( :AT ,I'M CALL+ 0H]OIC SOCIETIES0 SEEM TO LIE ON ! HILLS1 M\NTA9S1 DES]TS1 OR /EPPES ON ! FR+ES ( ! GREAT COMM]CIAL-BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ,EGYPT1 & ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY1 & !N1 LAT]1 EMPIRES LIKE ,ROME1 ,P]SIA1 OR ,*9A4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 !SE SOCIETIES W]E 9 MANY WAYS L9K$ TO ! URBAN C5T]S4 ,!Y T5D$ TO SUPPLY ! CITIES ) RAW MAT]IALS1 & TO IMPORT ALL SORTS ( FABUL\S WEAL? & TREASURES FROM URBAN WORK%OPS4 ,H[EV]1 FROM QUITE E>LY ON1 BO? SIDES ALSO CAME TO DEF9E !MSELVES AS EV]Y?+ ! O!R ONE WAS NOT4 ,URBANITES CAME TO DEF9E CIVILIZATION AS NOT ACT+ LIKE A B>B>IAN2 ! B>B>IANS1 9 TURN1 5D$ UP CREAT+ SOCIAL ORD]S ?AT TOOK ! KEY VALUES ( COMM]CIAL-BUREAUCRATIC CIVILIZATION & TURN$ !M PRECISELY ON !IR HEADS4 ,:]E ONE CREAT$ & TREASUR$ LIT]>Y MA/]WORKS1 ! O!R REJECT$ ! USE ( WRIT+1 BUT CELEBRAT$ B>DS :O C\LD EXTEMPORIZE WORKS ( EPIC V]SE AFRE% EA* TIME4 ,:]E ONE C>EFULLY /OR$ & REGI/]$ ITEMS ( MAT]IAL VALUE1 ! O!R SPONSOR$ VA/ POTLAT*-LIKE FE/IVALS 9 :I* PRICELESS TREASURES W]E EI!R DI/RIBUT$ TO FOLL[]S OR RIVALS AS A GE/URE ( CONTEMPT T[>DS ! PRET5TIONS ( MAT]IAL WEAL?1 OR EV5 AB&ON$1 SET ON FIRE1 OR ?R[N 9TO ! SEA4 ,:]E ONE DEVELOP$ A SELF-EFFAC+ BUREAUCRACY ?AT (F]$ PR$ICTABLE /ABILITY1 ! O!R ORGANIZ$ PUBLIC LIFE >\ND *>ISMATIC EGOMANIACS 9 A NEV]-5D+ /RUGGLE = SUPREMACY4 

,! ORIG9AL H]OIC SOCIETIES EM]G$ 9 ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 & BY ! TIME ( ,PLATO1 OR ,CONFUCIUS1 !Y MU/ HAVE BE5 ONLY V]Y DI/ANT MEMORIES4 ,YET NONE!LESS1 ?OSE MEMORIES REMA9$ VIVID4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! GREAT LIT]>Y TRADITIONS BEG9 ) H]OIC EPICS ?AT >E1 ESS5TIALLY1 LAT] FANCIFUL RECON/RUCTIONS ( :AT ?OSE ,BRONZE ,AGE H]OIC SOCIETIES MU/ HAVE BE5 LIKE4 ,WE MI<T WELL ASK :Y ?IS HAPP5$4 ,:Y DID ! V]Y SORTS ( PEOPLE RIDICUL$ AS IGNORANT B>B>IANS BY ONE CIVILIZATION ( URBANITES SO (T5 BECOME REIMAG9$ AS DI/ANT H]OIC ANCE/ORS ( A LAT] ONE8 ,:Y W]E /ORIES ( !IR EXPLOITS TOLD & RETOLD1 9 MANY CASES1 = ?\S&S ( YE>S8 

,I ?9K P>T ( ! ANSW] IS ?AT H]OIC SOCIETIES >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 SOCIAL ORD]S DESIGN$ TO G5]ATE /ORIES4 ,?IS TAKES US BACK TO QUE/IONS AB\T ! V]Y NATURE ( POLITICS4 ,ONE MI<T WELL >GUE ?AT POLITICAL ACTION--& ?IS IS TRUE EV5 ON ! MICRO-LEVEL--IS A MATT] ( ACT+ 9 A WAY ?AT WILL 9FLU5CE O!R PEOPLE AT LEA/ P>TIALLY BY !IR HE>+ OR F9D+ \T AB\T IT4.<#a#d#h.> ,EV]YDAY POLITICS--:E!R 9 A RURAL VILLAGE OR CORPORATE (FICE--HAS EV]Y?+ TO DO ) ! MANUFACTURE ( (FICIAL N>RATIVES1 RUMORS1 & ACC\NTS4 ,IT /&S TO REASON ?AT H]OIC SOCIETIES1 :I* TURN$ POLITICAL SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T 9TO AN >T =M1 W\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BECOME VA/ 5G9ES = ! G5]ATION ( /ORIES4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS TURN$ 9TO A PLAT=M = SOME SORT ( CONTE/1 SOME N>RATIVE ( P]SEV]ANCE1 TREA*]Y1 REV5GE1 IMPOSSIBLE *ALL5GES1 EPIC QUE/S1 OR MAGNIFIC5T ACTS ( SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,?IS IS :Y POETS W]E SO IMPORTANT4 ,! :OLE PO9T ( LIFE WAS TO DO ?+S ?AT O!R PEOPLE MI<T WI% TO S+ AB\T4 ,EV5 FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! 9HABITANTS ( BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES LIKE ,EGYPT OR ,BABYLONIA C\LD NOT HELP DEVELOP A C]TA9 FASC9ATION ) ! B>B>IAN H9T]L&S1 :I* QUICKLY BECAME MURKY L&S FULL ( MON/]S & /RANGE MAGICAL P[]S4 ,& ( C\RSE1 DRAMATIC /ORIES AB\T VIOL5T B>B>IANS BECAME EV5 MORE COMPELL+ 9 AGES :5 ACTUAL VIOL5T B>B>IANS W]E NO LONG] MU* >\ND4 

,B>B>IANS ALWAYS EXI/ 9 A SYMBIOTIC RELATION TO BUREAUCRATIC CIVILIZATION4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ,EURASIAN HI/ORY1 ! PATT]N RECURR$ AGA9 & AGA94 ,H]OIC SOCIETIES =M$ AT ! FR+ES ( EMPIRE2 (T5 7LIKE ! ,G]MANIC SOCIETIES ?AT =M$ ON ! FR+ES ( ! ,ROMAN ,IMP]IUM1 OR ! ,NOR!RN ,B>B>IANS ACROSS ! ,GREAT ,WALL FROM ,*9A1 OR ! ,HUNS ?AT SP5T TIME ON ! BORD]S ( BO?7 !Y W\LD EV5 SWEEP 9 & OV]:ELM ?OSE EMPIRES2 9 SU* CASES1 ?\<1 !Y W\LD USUALLY QUICKLY DISSOLVE AWAY 9TO LEG5D4.<#a#d#i.> 

,MOD]N FANTASY LIT]ATURE MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE ITS ORIG9S 9 LATE *IVALRIC ROMANCES LIKE ,AMADIS ( ,GAUL OR ,ORL&O ,FURIOSO1 BUT ! G5RE REALLY TAKES RECOGNIZABLE =M 9 ! ,VICTORIAN ,AGE1 >\ND ! SAME TIME AS ! HEI<T ( POPUL> 5?USIASM = ! PO/AL S]VICE4 ,IT IS SET 9 A V]Y PECULI> SORT ( TIME4 ,9 A WAY1 ?IS TIME IS JU/ A MOD]N V]SION ( ! 0ONCE UPON A TIME0 ( FAIRY TALES1 :I* WAS BO? A K9D ( FLOAT+1 UNSPECIFI$ PA/1 & ANO!R DIM5SION EXI/+ SIMULTANE\SLY ) \R [N 7AS MANY /ORIES CONFIRM1 !RE >E1 /ILL1 PORTALS BETWE5 \R WORLD & FAIRYL&1 A L& :]E TIME & SPACE WORK 5TIRELY DIFF]5TLY74 ,BUT ! TEMP] ( SU* FANTASY LIT]ATURE IS NOT AT ALL ! SAME4 ,FAIRY TALES REFLECT A WOM5'S & *ILDR5'S P]SPECTIVE ON ,M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N SOCIETY2 !IR H]OES >E MORE LIKELY TO BE MILKMAIDS & CRAFTY COBBL]S' SONS ?AN C\RTI]S & PR9CES2 9 :AT HAS TO BE COME TO KN[N AS FANTASY LIT]ATURE1 9 CONTRA/1 ?IS 0ONCE UPON A TIME0 HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 5TIRELY BY A MASSIVE 9FUSION ( H]OIC EPIC4 ,BY 0FANTASY LIT]ATURE10 H]E1 ,I AM REF]R+ ABOVE ALL TO :AT'S SOMETIMES CALL$ ! 0SWORD & SORC]Y0 G5RE1 :OSE ORIG9S LIE 9 LATE ,VICTORIAN FIGURES LIKE ,GEORGE ,MAC,DONALD & ,LORD ,DUNSANY1 & :OSE MO/ %9+ AVAT>S REMA9 ,J4,R4,R4 ,TOLKI51 ,C4 ,S4 ,LEWIS1 & ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU94.<#a#e.> ,IT'S )9 ?IS TRADITION ?AT ! /&>D SET ( *>ACT]S 7W>RIOR1 CL]IC1 MAGE71 TYPES ( SPELLS1 TYPES ( MON/R\S CREATURE1 ETC41 =M$3 A /&>D REP]TOIRE ?AT RECURS1 9 5DLESS IDIOSYNCRATIC V>IATIONS1 9 HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( WORKS ( CONTEMPOR>Y FICTION4 

,!SE BOOKS >E NOT JU/ APPEAL+ BECAUSE !Y CREATE 5DLESS DAYDREAM MAT]IAL = ! 9HABITANTS ( BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y APPEAL BECAUSE !Y CONT9UE TO PROVIDE A SY/EMATIC NEGATION ( EV]Y?+ BUREAUCRACY /&S =4 ,JU/ AS ,M$IEVAL CL]ICS & MAGICIANS LIK$ TO FANTASIZE AB\T A RADIANT CELE/IAL ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM1 SO DO WE1 N[1 FANTASIZE AB\T ! ADV5TURES ( ,M$IEVAL CL]ICS & MAGES1 EXI/+ 9 A WORLD 9 :I* EV]Y ASPECT ( BUREAUCRATIC EXI/5CE HAS BE5 C>EFULLY /RIPP$ AWAY4 

,:Y DO WE DO SO8 ,WELL1 ! SIMPLE/ EXPLANATION IS ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A =M ( IDEOLOGICAL 9OCULATION4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAYS = A SY/EM ( AU?ORITY TO T\T ITS VIRTUES IS NOT TO SPEAK ( !M DIRECTLY1 BUT TO CREATE A P>TICUL>LY VIVID IMAGE ( !IR ABSOLUTE NEGATION--( :AT IT CLAIMS LIFE W\LD BE LIKE 9 ! TOTAL ABS5CE (1 SAY1 PATRI>*AL AU?ORITY1 OR CAPITALISM1 OR ! /ATE4 ,AS AN IDEOLOGICAL PLOY1 ! TRICK WORKS BE/ :5 ! IMAGE IS ON SOME LEVEL1 PR(\NDLY APPEAL+4.<#a#e#a.> ,ONE IS FIR/ DRAWN 9 TO ! VISION ( ! ALT]NATIVE WORLD1 EXP]I5CES A K9D ( VIC>I\S ?RILL IMAG9+ IT-- ONLY TO ULTIMATELY RECOIL 9 HORROR AT ! IMPLICATIONS ( ONE'S [N DESIRES4 

,ROMAN GAMES PROVIDE AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE4 ,UNTIL ! COM+ ( ! EMPIRE1 MO/ ,M$IT]RANEAN CITIES HAD HAD SOME =M ( SELF-GOV]NANCE1 ) PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES DEBAT+ MATT]S ( PUBLIC CONC]N4 ,9 DEMOCRACIES1 EV5 LEGAL CASES W]E TRI$ BY PUBLIC JURIES CONSI/+ ( HUNDR$S ( CITIZ5S4 ,UND] ! ,EMPIRE1 ( C\RSE1 !SE W]E /RIPP$ ( ALL AU?ORITY1 & EV5TUALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,9/EAD1 ! MA9 OCCASION :5 L>GE NUMB]S ( CITIZ5S ASSEMBL$ 9 PUBLIC WAS AT ! ,COLISEUM OR ! ,CIRCUS1 = *>IOT RACES OR GLADIATORIAL GAMES1 OR TO WAT* CRIM9ALS BE TORN TO PIECES BY WILD ANIMALS4 ,9S(> AS ?OSE CITIZ5S HAD ANY EXP]I5CE ( VOT+ = ANY?+1 IT WAS TO PUT !IR ?UMBS UP OR D[N OV] ! QUE/ION ( :E!R SOME DEFEAT$ GLADIATOR W\LD BE PUT TO DEA?4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,EMPIRE NOT ONLY JU/IFI$ ITSELF L>GELY BY IMPOS+ A UNI=M SY/EM ( LAW OV] ITS SUBJECTS1 IT ALSO MADE A PO9T ( 5C\RAG+ ?OSE SUBJECTS TO =M ORGANIZ$ LYN* MOBS 7! GAMES W]E (T5 SPONSOR$ BY ! V]Y MAGI/RATES :O PRESID$ OV] ! C\RTS71 AS IF TO SAY1 0,DEMOCRACY8 ,N[ Y\ KN[ :]E ?AT WILL LEAD40 ,?IS WAS SO EFFECTIVE ?AT = ! NEXT TWO ?\S& YE>S1 W>N+S AB\T ! P]ILS ( DEMOCRACY--& ALMO/ ALL $UCAT$ ,EUROPEANS = MO/ ( ?IS P]IOD W]E /AUN*LY OPPOS$ TO DEMOCRACY--9SI/$ ?AT 0! PEOPLE0 9 SU* A SY/EM W\LD 9EVITABLY 5D UP BEHAV+ LIKE ! MOB AT ! ,ROMAN CIRCUS3 RIV5 BY VIOL5T FACTIONALISM1 C>E5+ IRRATIONALLY BETWE5 EXTREMES ( M]CY & CRUELTY1 BETWE5 BL9DLY FOLL[+ *>ISMATIC IDOLS & DE/ROY+ !M AGA94 ,& TO ?IS DAY1 ALMO/ ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE /ILL FEEL ?AT1 EV5 IF !Y >E WILL+ TO GRUDG+LY ACCEPT A FEW DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS 9 SOME ASPECTS ( SOCIETY1 !Y NE$ TO BE KEPT 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE & ! LAW4 

,I DON'T WANT TO LEAVE ! READ] ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT ALL SU* 9/ITUTIONS >E SIMPLY TRICKS SET UP BY ! RUL+ CLASSES TO MANIPULATE ! MASSES4 ,OR ?AT EV5 9S(> AS !Y >E1 !Y CAN'T BACKFIRE4 

,! ,ROMAN CIRCUSES MI<T HAVE BE5 UNUSUALLY EFFECTIVE--!Y W]E TRULY ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT ANTIDEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS EV] CREAT$--BUT ,M$IEVAL C>NIVALS1 TO TAKE ONE FAM\S EXAMPLE1 ) !IR DRUNK5 CELEBRATION ( GLUTTONY1 REVOLT1 & SEXUALITY1 W]E CLE>LY CONTE/$ GR\ND4 ,ITS WEAL?I] PATRONS NO D\BT SAW C>NIVAL AS A WAY ( W>N+ ! MASSES ( ! HORRORS ?AT MI<T 5SUE W]E ! HI]>*ICAL ORD]S ( SOCIETY TO DISSOLVE1 BUT IT'S OBVI\S MANY ( ! COMMON FOLK :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ACTUALLY ORGANIZ+ & PUTT+ ON ! BULK ( ! CELEBRATIONS DID NOT SEE ?IS PROSPECT AS NE>LY SO HORRIBLE 79DE$1 C>NIVALS (T5 BECAME ! OCCASION = ACTUAL REVOLTS74.<#a#e#b.> 

,NO D\BT FANTASY LIT]ATURE1 TOO1 IS CONTE/$ GR\ND4 ,ITS AU?ORS !MSELVES W]E (T5 UNSURE AB\T ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( !IR WORK4 ,J4,R4,R4 ,TOLKI5 = EXAMPLE ONCE REM>K$ ?AT POLITICALLY1 HE WAS EI!R AN AN>*I/1 OR AN 0UNCON/ITUTIONAL0 MON>*I/-- IT SEEMS HE C\LD NEV] MAKE UP HIS M9D QUITE :I*4.<#a#e#c.> ,! ONE ?+ BO? POSITIONS HAVE 9 COMMON ( C\RSE IS ?AT !Y >E BO? PR(\NDLY ANTIBUREAUCRATIC4 ,?IS IS TRUE ( ALMO/ ALL FANTASY LIT]ATURE3 ONLY EVIL PEOPLE MA9TA9 SY/EMS ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD SURVEY ! KEY FEATURES ( FANTASY LIT]ATURE PO9T BY PO9T & SEE EA* AS A PRECISE NEGATION ( SOME ASPECT ( BUREAUCRACY3 

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,FANTASY WORLDS T5D TO BE M>K$ BY AN ABSOLUTE DIVISION ( GOOD & EVIL 7OR AT BE/1 AMBIGU\S GOOD & ABSOLUTE EVIL71 IMPLY+ ! EXI/5CE ( =CES BETWE5 :I* W> IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE RELATION%IP4 ,9 FACT1 :5 IT COMES TO CONFLICT ) SU* ABSOLUTE VILLA9S1 EV5 W> T5DS TO BE ABSOLUTE1 UNM$IAT$ BY CU/OM1 ETIQUETTE1 OR *IVALRY4 ,?IS IS 9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ EI!R ) H]OIC OR ,M$IEVAL SOCIETIES1 :]E ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE--AN >I/OCRATIC PA/IME--T5D$ MORE (T5 TO RESEMBLE A RITUALIZ$ GAME 9 :I* HONOR WAS EV]Y?+4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ABSOLUTE EVIL SEEMS TO EXI/ TO NEGATE ! BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLE ( VALUE-FREE RULE-B\ND NEUTRALITY1 ! FACT ?AT PR9CIPLES SU* AS GOOD & EVIL >E UTT]LY ALI5 TO ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]S ( ANY K9D4 ,FANTASY WORLDS CREATE VALUES SO ABSOLUTE IT IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO BE VALUE-FREE4 

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,! EXI/5CE 9 FANTASY UNIV]SES ( DEMI-HUMAN SPECIES--GNOMES1 DR[1 TROLLS1 & SO ON--:I* >E FUNDAM5TALLY HUMAN1 BUT ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO 9TEGRATE UND] ! SAME L>G] SOCIAL1 LEGAL1 OR POLITICAL ORD]1 CREATES A WORLD :]E RACISM IS ACTUALLY TRUE4 ,(T5 ! LANGUAGE ( RACE IS DIRECTLY 9VOK$3 0! RACE ( ELVES10 0! RACE ( DW>VES10 & SO ON4 ,EV5 :5 IT IS NOT1 !SE >E WORLDS :]E !RE ACTUALLY >E DIFF]5T /OCKS ( HUMANOID CREATURES :O CAN SPEAK1 BUILD H\SES1 CULTIVATE FOOD1 CREATE >T & RITUALS1 ?AT IS1 :O LOOK & ACT BASICALLY LIKE HUMANS1 BUT :O NONE!LESS HAVE PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL QUALITIES4 ,?IS IS AMONG O!R ?+S ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLE ( 9DIFF]5CE1 ?AT ! RULES >E ! SAME = EV]YONE1 ?AT IT %\LDN'T MATT] :O Y\R P>5TS >E1 ?AT EV]YONE MU/ BE TREAT$ EQUALLY BE=E ! LAW4 ,IF SOME PEOPLE >E ORCS & O!RS >E PIXIES1 EQUAL TREATM5T IS IPSO FACTO 9CONCEIVABLE4 

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,LEGITIMATE P[] 9 FANTASY WORLDS T5DS TO BE BAS$ ON PURE *>ISMA1 OR ! MEMORY ( PA/ *>ISMA4 ,>AGORN NEV] CO]CES ANYONE TO FOLL[ HIM4 ,NEI!R DOES ,ASLAN4 ,OR ,G$4 ,ONLY BAD GUYS EV] CREATE A /ATELIKE APP>ATUS1 & :5 !Y DO1 ?AT APP>ATUS IS ONE ( PURE CO]CION4 ,:AT'S MORE1 *>ISMATIC AU?ORITY ?AT IS NOT CON/ANTLY R5EW$ T5DS TO WI!R & BECOME CORRUPT 7E4G41 ,D5E?OR1 ,GORM5<A/71 OR DEVELOP 9TO CREEPY1 ,GO?IC1 UNDEAD =MS4 ,S9CE ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( REAL1 VITAL1 *>ISMATIC AU?ORITY IS ALWAYS F\ND$ ON W>1 ?IS MEANS LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY IS ITSELF IMPOSSIBLE )\T CON/ANT PHYSICAL 9SECURITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! POLITICAL IDEAL ( MOD]N 0DEMOCRATIC0 ,REPUBLICS1 9 :I* POLITICIANS CON/ANTLY VIE = FOLL[]S1 IS MA9TA9$--H>DLY SURPRIS+LY1 S9CE AS ,I EMPHASIZ$ ?IS WAS ALWAYS ! H]OIC_/>I/OCRATIC ELEM5T 9 SU* ,REPUBLICS ANYWAY--BUT IT IS 5TIRELY DIVORC$ BO? FROM PR9CIPLES ( SOV]EIGNTY1 & ABOVE ALL1 FROM ! REGUL>ITY & PR$ICTABILITY ( BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES1 & ! R\T9IZATION ( =CE1 :I* 9 A BUREAUCRATIC ORD] IS SE5 AS LEGITIMATE ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS US$ TO UPHOLD ?AT PR9CIPLE ( REGUL>ITY4 ,9 %ORT1 9 FANTASY WORLDS1 TRULY LEGITIMATE FIGURES ( AU?ORITY >E USUALLY VIOL5T1 BUT !Y DON'T EMPLOY VIOL5CE TO 5=CE ! RULES4 

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,AS A COROLL>Y3 9 FANTASY1 AS 9 H]OIC SOCIETIES1 POLITICAL LIFE IS L>GELY AB\T ! CREATION ( /ORIES4 ,N>RATIVES >E EMB$D$ 9SIDE N>RATIVES2 ! /ORYL9E ( A TYPICAL FANTASY IS (T5 ITSELF AB\T ! PROCESS ( TELL+ /ORIES1 9T]PRET+ /ORIES1 & CREAT+ MAT]IAL = NEW ONES4 ,?IS IS 9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/ ) ! ME*ANICAL NATURE ( BUREAUCRATIC OP]ATIONS4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES >E V]Y MU* NOT AB\T ! CREATION ( /ORIES2 9 A BUREAUCRATIC SETT+1 /ORIES APPE> :5 SOME?+ GOES WRONG4 ,:5 ?+S RUN SMOO?LY1 !RE'S NO N>RATIVE >C ( ANY SORT AT ALL4 

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,:AT'S MORE1 PROTAGONI/S >E 5DLESSLY 5GAG+ ) RIDDLES 9 ANCI5T LANGUAGES1 OBSCURE MY?S & PROPHECIES1 MAPS ) RUNIC PUZZLES & ! LIKE4 ,BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES 9 CONTRA/ >E BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( TRANSP>5CY4 ,! RULES >E SUPPOS$ TO BE CLE>1 UNI=MLY EXPRESS$1 & ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 ,AS WE ALL KN[1 ?IS IS R>ELY ACTUALLY ! CASE4 ,BUT IT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE TRUE 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,= MO/ ( US1 ADM9I/RATIVE =MS >E AT LEA/ AS OBSCURE AS ELVI% RIDDLES ?AT ONLY BECOME VISIBLE AT C]TA9 PHASES ( ! MOON4 ,BUT !Y >E NOT SUPPOS$ TO BE4 ,9 FACT1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9FURIAT+ BUREAUCRATIC TACTICS IS TO DISGUISE 9=MATION ?R\< A FALSE PRET5SE ( TRANSP>5CY3 = 9/ANCE1 TO BURY A KEY PIECE ( 9=MATION 9 A FLURRY ( DEP>TM5TAL EMAILS--SO MANY ?AT NO ONE C\LD POSSIBLY READ ALL ( !M4 ,:5 WE COMPLA9 ?AT WE W]E NOT 9=M$ ( A NEW POLICY OR RESPONSIBILITY1 ! BUREAUCRATS TRIUMPHANTLY PRODUCE ! DATE 7USUALLY MON?S 9 ! PA/7 & DETAILS ( ! DOCUM5TS :]E ! NEW RULES W]E LI/$4.<#a#e#d.> ,COMP>$ TO ?IS1 !RE IS C]TA9LY A K9D ( PLEASURE 9 ! FANTASY MAT]IALS3 PUZZLES ACTUALLY >E PUZZLES1 !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO BE PUZZLES1 & !RE IS NO (FICI\S P]SON :O WILL %[ UP TO LECTURE Y\ ON H[ ?IS IS ALL P]FECTLY TRANSP>5T & SIMPLE & !RE'S OBVI\SLY SOME?+ WRONG ) Y\ = NOT HAV+ IMM$IATELY FIGUR$ IT \T4 

,AS ! LA/ EXAMPLE MAKES CLE>1 :5 WE DISCUSS !SE CON/ANTS1 WE >E SPEAK+ ( A C]TA9 AB/RACT IDEAL ( H[ BUREAUCRATIC SY/EMS %\LD WORK1 NOT ! WAY !Y ACTUALLY DO4 ,9 REALITY1 BUREAUCRACIES >E R>ELY NEUTRAL2 !Y >E ALMO/ ALWAYS DOM9AT$ BY OR FAVOR C]TA9 PRIVILEG$ GR\PS 7(T5 RACIAL GR\PS7 OV] O!RS2 & !Y 9V>IABLY 5D UP GIV+ ADM9I/RATORS 5ORM\S 9DIVIDUAL P]SONAL P[] BY PRODUC+ RULES SO COMPLEX & CONTRADICTORY ?AT !Y CANNOT POSSIBLY BE FOLL[$ AS !Y /&4 ,YET 9 ! REAL WORLD1 ALL !SE DEP>TURES FROM BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLE >E EXP]I5C$ AS ABUSES4 ,9 FANTASY WORLDS1 !Y >E EXP]I5C$ AS VIRTUES4 

,/ILL1 ?OSE VIRTUES >E CLE>LY 9T5D$ TO BE FLEET+4 ,FANTASYL& IS A ?RILL+ PLACE TO VISIT4 ,FEW ( US W\LD REALLY WANT TO LIVE !RE4 ,BUT IF ,I AM RI<T ?AT--:ATEV] ! AU?ORS' 9T5TIONS--SU* LIT]ATURE L>GELY 5DS UP OP]AT+ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CAUSE READ]S TO QUE/ION ! ULTIMATE IMPLICATIONS ( !IR [N SUSPICIONS ( BUREAUCRATIC EXI/5CE1 ?IS IS PRECISELY ! PO9T4 

,FANTASY LIT]ATURE !N1 IS L>GELY AN ATTEMPT TO IMAG9E A WORLD UTT]LY PURG$ ( BUREAUCRACY1 :I* READ]S 5JOY BO? AS A =M ( VIC>I\S ESCAPISM & AS REASSURANCE ?AT ULTIMATELY1 A BOR+1 ADM9I/]$ WORLD IS PROBABLY PREF]ABLE TO ANY IMAG9ABLE ALT]NATIVE4 

,/ILL1 BUREAUCRACY & BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLES >E NOT 5TIRELY ABS5T FROM SU* WORLDS4 ,!Y CREEP 9 FROM SEV]AL DIRECTIONS4 

,= ONE ?+1 ! OLD IMAG9>Y COSMIC ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IS NOT 5TIRELY NEGAT$ 9 MO/ FANTASY WORLDS4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE !SE >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY WORLDS :]E1 ?\< TE*NOLOGY IS LIMIT$ TO ! W9D & WAT] MILL LEVEL1 MAGIC ACTUALLY WORKS4 ,& ! TYPE ( MAGIC ?AT APPE>S 9 ! /ORIES T5DS MO/ (T5 TO BE DRAWN FROM ! ,WE/]N C]EMONIAL MAGIC TRADITION ?AT RUNS FROM ANCI5T !URGI/S LIKE ,IAMBLI*US TO ,VICTORIAN MAGES LIKE ,MAC,GREGOR ,MA!RS1 FULL ( DEMONS 9VOK$ 9 MAGIC CIRCLES1 *ANTS1 SPELLS1 ROBES1 TALISMANS1 SCROLLS1 & W&S4 ,SO ! COSMIC HI]>*IES1 ! COMPLEX LOGICAL ORD]S ( SPELLS1 ORD]S1 P[]S1 9FLU5CES1 CELE/IAL SPH]ES ) !IR DIFF]5T P[]S & D5OM9ATIONS & >EAS ( ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITY3 ALL !SE T5D TO BE PRES]V$1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 AS AT LEA/ ONE HIDD5 POT5TIAL =M ( P[] )9 ! FABRIC ( ! ANTIBUREAUCRATIC UNIV]SE ITSELF4 ,TRUE1 9 ! E>LIE/1 & MO/ RESOLUTELY ANTIBUREAUCRATIC UNIV]SES1 SORC]]S >E EI!R EVIL 7,ZUKALA 9 ,CONAN ! ,B>B>IAN OR A MILLION SIMIL> PULP FICTION VILLA9S1 OR EV5 ,MI*AEL ,MOORCOCK'S AMORAL ,ELRIC71.<#a#e#e.> OR1 IF !Y >E GOOD1 ! TE*NICAL ASPECT ( !IR >T IS M9IMIZ$ 7,G&ALF'S P[] SEEMS TO BE AN EXT5SION ( HIS P]SONAL *>ISMA RA!R ?AN D]IV+ FROM >CANE KN[L$GE ( SPELLS74 ,BUT AS TIME MOV$ ON FROM !RE TO ,! ,WIZ>D ( ,E>?SEA TO ,H>RY ,POTT]1 MAGIC--& MAGICAL KN[L$GE--TOOK MORE & MORE A C5TRAL PLACE4 ,& ( C\RSE BY ! TIME WE GET TO ,H>RY ,POTT]1 WE HAVE ALSO TRAVEL$ ALL ! WAY FROM EXPRESSLY H]OIC REALMS LIKE ,CIMM]IA OR ,ELFL& OR ,HYP]BOREA1 TO AN ANTIBUREAUCRATIC N>RATIVE ?AT'S SET )9 A CLASSIC BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION3 A ,BRITI% BO>D+ S*OOL1 9 A MAGICAL WORLD ?AT IS NONE!LESS REPLETE ) BANKS1 ,WIZ>D ,BO>DS1 ,COMMISSIONS ( ,9QUIRY1 & EV5 PRISONS4 ,9 ! ,H>RY ,POTT] BOOKS1 ?AT'S EXACTLY ! JOKE3 LET'S TAKE ! MO/ DRAB1 /UFFY1 9/ITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE = ! DIS5*ANTM5T ( ! WORLD1 & TRY TO CONCOCT ! MO/ WILDLY 5*ANT$ V]SIONS ( !M WE CAN POSSIBLY IMAG9E4 

,H[ C\LD ?IS HAVE HAPP5$8 ,WELL1 ONE REASON IS ?AT G5RES ( POPUL> FICTION >E 9CREAS+LY NOT CONF9$ TO BOOKS4 7,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IF *ILDR5 OR ADOLESC5TS >E 9 ANY WAY 9VOLV$47 ,NOR DO !Y JU/ EXT5D 9TO MOVIES & TELEVISION S]IES3 !RE >E ALSO EV]Y?+ FROM BO>D GAMES TO MODELS1 PUZZLES1 & ACTION FIGURES1 MULTIPLE =MS ( FAN LIT]ATURE1 Z9ES1 FAN >T1 VIDEO & COMPUT] GAMES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! FANTASY G5RE1 IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! LAT] DIRECTION ( ! LIT]ATURE )\T FIR/ ( ALL UND]/&+ ! RISE1 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES1 ( ! ROLE-PLAY+ GAME ,DUNGEONS @& ,DRAGONS1 :I* ALL[$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( TE5AG]S ACROSS ! WORLD TO EFFECTIVELY IMPROVISE !IR [N FANTASY WORLDS & FANTASY ADV5TURES1 AS IF !Y W]E COLLECTIVELY WRIT+ ! /ORY OR SCRIPT ( !IR [N ADV5TURES 9 REAL TIME4 

,D@&,D1 AS ITS AFICIONADOS CALL IT1 IS ON ONE LEVEL ! MO/ FREE-=M GAME IMAG9ABLE1 S9CE ! *>ACT]S >E ALL[$ TO DO ABSOLUTELY ANY?+1 )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! WORLD CREAT$ BY ! ,DUNGEON ,MA/]1 ) HIS BOOKS1 MAPS1 & TABLES & PRESET T[NS1 CA/LES1 DUNGEONS1 WILD]NESS4 ,9 MANY WAYS IT'S ACTUALLY QUITE AN>*I/IC1 S9CE UNLIKE CLASSIC W> GAMES :]E ONE COMM&S >MIES1 WE HAVE :AT AN>*I/S W\LD CALL AN 0AFF9ITY GR\P10 A B& ( 9DIVIDUALS COOP]AT+ ) A COMMON PURPOSE 7A QUE/1 OR SIMPLY ! DESIRE TO ACCUMULATE TREASURE & EXP]I5CE71 ) COMPLEM5T>Y ABILITIES 7FI<T]1 CL]IC1 MAGIC-US]1 ?IEF 44471 BUT NO EXPLICIT *A9 ( COMM&4 ,SO ! SOCIAL RELATIONS >E ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*IES4 ,H[EV]1 9 ANO!R S5SE1 ,D@&,D REPRES5TS ! ULTIMATE BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ANTIBUREAUCRATIC FANTASY4 ,!RE >E CATALOGS = EV]Y?+3 TYPES ( MON/]S 7/ONE GIANTS1 ICE GIANTS1 FIRE GIANTS 44471 EA* ) C>EFULLY TABULAT$ P[]S & AV]AGE NUMB] ( HIT PO9TS 7H[ H>D IT IS TO KILL !M72 HUMAN ABILITIES 7/R5G?1 9TELLIG5CE1 WISDOM1 DEXT]ITY1 CON/ITUTION 44472 LI/S ( SPELLS AVAILABLE AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( CAPACITY 7MAGIC MISSILE1 FIREBALL1 PASSWALL 44472 TYPES ( GODS OR DEMONS2 EFFECTIV5ESS ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( >MOR & WEAPONS2 EV5 MORAL *>ACT] 7ONE CAN BE LAWFUL1 NEUTRAL1 OR *AOTIC2 GOOD1 NEUTRAL1 OR EVIL2 COMB9+ !SE PRODUCES N9E POSSIBLE BASIC MORAL TYPES 44474 ,! BOOKS >E DI/ANTLY EVOCATIVE ( ,M$IEVAL BE/I>IES & GRIMOIRES4 ,BUT !Y >E L>GELY COMPOS$ ( /ATI/ICS4 ,ALL IMPORTANT QUALITIES CAN BE R$UC$ TO NUMB]4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT 9 ACTUAL PLAY1 !RE >E NO RULES2 ! BOOKS >E JU/ GUIDEL9ES2 ! ,DUNGEON ,MA/] CAN 79DE$ REALLY \<T TO7 PLAY >\ND ) !M1 9V5T+ NEW SPELLS1 MON/]S1 & A ?\S& V>IATIONS ON EXI/+ ONES4 ,EV]Y ,DUNGEON ,MA/]'S UNIV]SE IS DIFF]5T4 ,! NUMB]S >E 9 A S5SE A PLAT=M = CRAZY FEATS ( ! IMAG9ATION1 !MSELVES A K9D ( POETIC TE*NOLOGY4 

,/ILL1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( NUMB]S1 ! /&>DIZATION ( TYPES ( *>ACT]1 ABILITY1 MON/]1 TREASURE1 SPELL1 ! CONCEPT ( ABILITY SCORES & HIT-PO9TS1 HAD PR(\ND EFFECTS :5 ONE MOV$ FROM ! WORLD ( #f-1 #h-1 #a#b- & #b-SID$ DICE TO ONE ( DIGITAL 9T]FACES4 ,COMPUT] GAMES C\LD TURN FANTASY 9TO AN ALMO/ 5TIRELY BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URE3 ACCUMULATION ( PO9TS1 ! RAIS+ ( LEVELS1 & SO ON4 ,!RE WAS A RETURN TO ! COMM& ( >MIES4 ,?IS 9 TURN SET (F A MOVE 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 BY 9TRODUC+ ROLE-PLAY+ BACK 9TO ! COMPUT] GAMES 7,ELFQUE/1 ,WORLD ( ,W>CRAFT 44471 9 A CON/ANT WEAV+ BACK & =? ( ! IMP]ATIVES ( POETIC & BUREAUCRATIC TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT 9 DO+ SO1 !SE GAMES ULTIMATELY RE9=CE ! S5SE ?AT WE LIVE 9 A UNIV]SE :]E ACC\NT+ PROC$URES DEF9E ! V]Y FABRIC ( REALITY1 :]E EV5 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! ADM9I/]$ WORLD WE'RE CURR5TLY TRAPP$ 9 CAN ONLY 5D UP BE+ YET ANO!R V]SION ( ! EXACT SAME ?+4 

,I,V4 ,! ,UTOPIA ( ,RULES 

  

,ONE REASON ,I HAVE SE5 FIT TO SP5D SO MU* TIME ON FANTASY WORLDS IS BECAUSE ! TOPIC OP5S UP SOME FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( PLAY1 GAMES1 & FRE$OM--ALL ( :I*1 ,I BELIEVE1 LIE AT ! CORE ( BUREAUCRACY'S COV]T APPEAL4 ,ONE ! ONE H&1 A BUREAUCRACY IS ANY?+ BUT PLAYFUL4 ,ME*ANI/IC & IMP]SONAL1 IT W\LD APPE> TO REPRES5T ! NEGATION ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( PLAYFULNESS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 BE+ TRAPP$ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC RUN>\ND FEELS V]Y MU* LIKE BE+ CAU<T 9SIDE SOME K9D ( HORRIFIC GAME4 

,BUREAUCRACIES CREATE GAMES--!Y'RE JU/ GAMES ?AT >E 9 NO S5SE FUN4 ,BUT IT MI<T BE USEFUL H]E TO ?9K MORE C>EFULLY AB\T :AT GAMES REALLY >E1 & :AT IT IS ?AT MAKES !M FUN 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 :AT IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 PLAY & GAMES8 ,WE PLAY GAMES4 ,SO DOES ?AT MEAN PLAY & GAMES >E REALLY ! SAME ?+8 ,IT'S C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE IS SOME:AT UNUSUAL = EV5 MAK+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO--9 MO/ LANGUAGES1 ! SAME WORD COV]S BO?4 7,?IS IS TRUE EV5 ( MO/ ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES1 AS ) ! ,FR5* JEU OR ,G]MAN SPIELE47 ,BUT ON ANO!R LEVEL !Y SEEM TO BE OPPOSITES1 AS ONE SUGGE/S FREE-=M CREATIVITY2 ! O!R1 RULES4 

,! GREAT ,DUT* SOCIOLOGI/ ,JOHANN ,HUIZ+A WROTE A BOOK CALL$ ,HOMO ,LUD5S ?AT IS O/5SIBLY A !ORY ( PLAY4 ,9 FACT1 ! BOOK MAKES = A V]Y BAD !ORY ( PLAY1 BUT IT'S NOT AT ALL A BAD !ORY ( GAMES4.<#a#e#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,HUIZ+A1 GAMES HAVE C]TA9 COMMON FEATURES4 ,FIR/1 !Y >E CLE>LY B\ND$ 9 TIME & SPACE1 & !REBY FRAM$ (F FROM ORD9>Y LIFE4 ,!RE IS A FIELD1 A BO>D1 A />T+ PI/OL1 A F9I% L9E4 ,)9 ?AT TIME_/SPACE1 C]TA9 PEOPLE >E DESIGNAT$ AS PLAY]S4 ,!RE >E ALSO RULES1 :I* DEF9E PRECISELY :AT ?OSE PLAY]S CAN & CANNOT DO4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ALWAYS SOME CLE> IDEA ( ! /AKES1 ( :AT ! PLAY]S HAVE TO DO TO W9 ! GAME4 ,&1 CRITICALLY3 ?AT'S ALL !RE IS4 ,ANY PLACE1 P]SON1 ACTION1 ?AT FALLS \TSIDE ?AT FRAMEWORK IS EXTRANE\S2 IT DOESN'T MATT]2 IT'S NOT P>T ( ! GAME4 ,ANO!R WAY TO PUT ?IS W\LD BE TO SAY ?AT GAMES >E PURE RULE-GOV]N$ ACTION4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?IS IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE ?IS PRECISELY :Y GAMES >E FUN4 ,9 ALMO/ ANY O!R ASPECT ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ALL !SE ?+S >E AMBIGU\S4 ,?9K ( A FAMILY QU>REL1 OR A WORKPLACE RIVALRY4 ,:O IS OR IS NOT A P>TY TO IT1 :AT'S FAIR1 :5 IT BEGAN & :5 IT'S OV]1 :AT IT EV5 MEANS TO SAY Y\ WON--IT'S ALL EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,! H>DE/ ?+ ( ALL IS TO UND]/& ! RULES4 ,9 ALMO/ ANY SITUATION WE F9D \RSELVES 91 !RE >E RULES--EV5 9 CASUAL CONV]SATION1 !RE >E TACIT RULES ( :O CAN SPEAK 9 :AT ORD]1 PAC+1 TONE1 DEF]5CE1 APPROPRIATE & 9APPROPRIATE TOPICS1 :5 Y\ CAN SMILE1 :AT SORT ( HUMOR IS ALL[ABLE1 :AT Y\ %\LD BE DO+ ) Y\R EYES1 & A MILLION O!R ?+S BESIDES4 ,!SE RULES >E R>ELY EXPLICIT1 & USUALLY !RE >E MANY CONFLICT+ ONES ?AT C\LD1 POSSIBLY1 BE BR\<T TO BE> AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,SO WE >E ALWAYS DO+ ! DIFFICULT WORK ( NEGOTIAT+ BETWE5 !M1 & TRY+ TO PR$ICT H[ O!RS WILL DO ! SAME4 ,GAMES ALL[ US \R ONLY REAL EXP]I5CE ( A SITUATION :]E ALL ?IS AMBIGUITY IS SWEPT AWAY4 ,EV]YONE KN[S EXACTLY :AT ! RULES >E4 ,& NOT ONLY ?AT1 PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO FOLL[ !M4 ,& BY FOLL[+ !M1 IT IS EV5 POSSIBLE TO W96 ,?IS--ALONG ) ! FACT ?AT UNLIKE 9 REAL LIFE1 ONE HAS SUBMITT$ ONESELF TO ! RULES COMPLETELY VOLUNT>ILY--IS ! S\RCE ( ! PLEASURE4 

,GAMES1 !N1 >E A K9D ( UTOPIA ( RULES4 

,?IS IS ALSO H[ WE CAN UND]/& ! REAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 GAMES & PLAY4 ,TRUE1 ONE CAN PLAY A GAME2 BUT TO SPEAK ( 0PLAY0 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( RULES AT ALL4.<#a#e#g.> ,PLAY CAN BE PURELY IMPROVIZATIONAL4 ,ONE C\LD SIMPLY BE PLAY+ >\ND4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 PLAY 9 ITS PURE =M1 AS DI/9CT FROM GAMES1 IMPLIES A PURE EXPRESSION ( CREATIVE 5]GY4 ,9 FACT1 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO COME UP ) A WORKABLE DEF9ITION ( 0PLAY0 7?IS IS NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT7 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES3 PLAY CAN BE SAID TO BE PRES5T :5 ! FREE EXPRESSION ( CREATIVE 5]GIES BECOMES AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,IT IS FRE$OM = ITS [N SAKE4 ,BUT ?IS ALSO MAKES PLAY 9 A C]TA9 S5SE A HI<]-LEVEL CONCEPT ?AN GAMES3 PLAY CAN CREATE GAMES1 IT CAN G5]ATE RULES--9 FACT1 IT 9EVITABLY DOES PRODUCE AT LEA/ TACIT ONES1 S9CE %E] R&OM PLAY+ >\ND SOON BECOMES BOR+-- BUT !RE=E BY DEF9ITION PLAY CANNOT ITSELF BE 9TR9SICALLY RULE-B\ND4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE TRUE :5 PLAY BECOMES SOCIAL4 ,/UDIES ( *ILDR5'S PLAY1 = EXAMPLE1 9EVITABLY DISCOV] ?AT *ILDR5 PLAY+ IMAG9>Y GAMES SP5D AT LEA/ AS MU* TIME >GU+ AB\T ! RULES ?AN !Y DO ACTUALLY PLAY+ !M4 ,SU* >GUM5TS BECOME A =M ( PLAY 9 !MSELVES4.<#a#e#h.> 

,ON ONE LEVEL1 ALL ?IS IS OBVI\S3 WE >E JU/ TALK+ AB\T ! EM]G5CE ( =M4 ,FRE$OM HAS TO BE 9 T5SION ) SOME?+1 OR IT'S JU/ R&OMNESS4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT ! ABSOLUTE PURE =M ( PLAY1 ONE ?AT REALLY IS ABSOLUTELY UNTRAMMEL$ BY RULES ( ANY SORT 7O!R ?AN ?OSE IT ITSELF G5]ATES & CAN SET ASIDE AT ANY 9/ANCE7 ITSELF CAN EXI/ ONLY 9 \R IMAG9ATION1 AS AN ASPECT ( ?OSE DIV9E P[]S ?AT G5]ATE ! COSMOS4 

,H]E'S A QUOTE FROM ,9DIAN PHILOSOPH] ( SCI5CE ,%IV ,VISVANA?AN3 

,A GAME IS A B\ND$1 SPECIFIC WAY ( PROBLEM SOLV+4 ,PLAY IS MORE COSMIC & OP5- 5D$4 ,GODS PLAY1 BUT MAN UN=TUNATELY IS A GAM+ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,A GAME HAS A PR$ICTABLE RESOLUTION1 PLAY MAY NOT4 ,PLAY ALL[S = EM]G5CE1 NOVELTY1 SURPRISE4.<#a#e#i.> 

,ALL TRUE4 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO SOME?+ POT5TIALLY T]RIFY+ AB\T PLAY = JU/ ?IS REASON4 ,BECAUSE ?IS OP5-5D$ CREATIVITY IS ALSO :AT ALL[S IT TO BE R&OMLY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,CATS PLAY ) MICE4 ,PULL+ ! W+S (F FLIES IS ALSO A =M ( PLAY4 ,PLAYFUL GODS >E R>ELY ONES ANY SANE P]SON W\LD DESIRE TO 5C\NT]4 

,LET ME PUT =? A SUGGE/ION1 !N4 

,:AT ULTIMATELY LIES BEH9D ! APPEAL ( BUREAUCRACY IS FE> ( PLAY4 

,= ! SOCIAL !ORI/1 !RE IS ONE OBVI\S ANALOGY TO PLAY AS A PR9CIPLE ?AT G5]ATES RULES1 BUT IS NOT ITSELF B\ND BY !M4 ,?IS IS ! PR9CIPLE ( SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! READ] WILL REMEMB] SOV]EIGNTY WAS ONE ( ! ?REE PR9CIPLES--ALONG ) ADM9I/RATION & POLITICS--?AT ULTIMATELY CAME TOGE!R 9 \R CURR5T NOTION ( 0! /ATE40 ,! T]M 0SOV]EIGNTY0 IS MO/LY US$ 9 POLITICAL !ORY N[ADAYS AS A SYNONYM = 09DEP5D5CE0 OR 0AUTONOMY0--! RI<T ( A GOV]NM5T TO DO :AT IT LIKES )9 ITS [N BORD]S--BUT IT ORIG9ALLY EM]G$ FROM V]Y SPECIFIC ,EUROPEAN DEBATES AB\T ! P[] ( K+S4 ,BASICALLY1 ! QUE/ION WAS3 IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! SUPREME RUL] ( A K+DOM IS 9 ANY S5SE B\ND BY ITS LAWS8 

,?OSE :O >GU$ ?AT SOV]EIGNS W]E NOT B\ND BY ?OSE LAWS DREW AN ANALOGY ) DIV9E P[]4 ,GOD IS ! CREATOR1 & ULTIMATE 5=C]1 ( ANY SY/EM ( COSMIC MORALITY4 

,BUT 9 ORD] TO CREATE A SY/EM1 ONE MU/ BE PRIOR TO IT2 = ?IS REASON ,GOD HIMSELF CANNOT BE B\ND BY MORAL LAWS4 ,?IS IS NOT AT ALL AN UNUSUAL CONCLUSION4 ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 PROV]BIAL WISDOM WAS QUITE EXPLICIT AB\T ?IS3 ,GOD WAS REPRES5T$ AS BO? ! ULTIMATE JUDGE-- WAT*+ FROM ON HI< & PUNI%+ TRANSGRESSIONS--& SIMULTANE\SLY1 AS A COMPLETELY >BITR>Y FIGURE TOSS+ LI<TN+ BOLTS & BLA/+ MORTALS = NO REASON :ATSOEV]4 ,OCCASIONAL ,AFRICAN K+S TRI$ TO MAKE !MSELVES HUMAN EMBODIM5TS ( ?IS ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLE3 ! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE WAS ! ,KABAKA ( ! ,G&A K+DOM4 ,:5 HE MET ) ,5GLI% VISITORS :O TRI$ TO IMPRESS HIM BY PRES5T+ HIM ) SOME NEW EFFICI5T ,5GLI% RIFLE1 HE W\LD1 9 TURN1 IMPRESS !M BY TE/+ ! RIFLE \T ON R&OM SUBJECTS ON ! /REET4 7,HE WAS ALSO KN[N TO EXECUTE HIS WIVES = SNEEZ+47 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,KABAKA'S LEGITIMACY1 AS MON>*1 LAY ABOVE ALL 9 HIS REPUTATION = IMPOS+ IMP>TIAL JU/ICE 9 HIS CAPACITY AS ! K+DOM'S HI<E/ C\RT JUDGE4 ,AGA91 ! TWO W]E SE5 AS CONNECT$3 S9CE ! ,K+ C\LD DO 7OR TAKE7 ABSOLUTELY ANY?+ HE WANT$1 HE ALSO C\LD NOT BE BRIB$1 SO HE REALLY HAD NO REASON NOT TO BE IMP>TIAL4 ,! ,G&A K+DOM WAS UNUSUAL 9 TAK+ ! PR9CIPLE TO SU* EXTREMES 7& IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ,AFRICA1 K+S :O DID TAKE ?+S ?IS F> ALMO/ 9V>IABLY CAME TO A BAD 5D EV5TUALLY71 BUT /ILL1 !RE IS A DIRECT L9E ( CONT9UITY BETWE5 ?IS ABSOLUTE CONCEPTION ( TRANSC5D5T SOV]EIGNTY &1 SAY1 ,C>L ,S*MITT'S 0,POLITICAL ,!OLOGY10 :I* >GUES ?AT 9 MOD]N /ATES1 SOV]EIGN P[] IS ULTIMATELY ! P[] TO SET ASIDE ! LAWS4.<#a#f.> 

,SOV]EIGNTY 9 ?IS S5SE IS ULTIMATELY ID5TICAL TO PLAY AS ! G5]ATIVE PR9CIPLE ?AT PRODUCES GAMES2 BUT IF SO1 IT IS ALSO PLAY 9 ITS MO/ T]RIFY+1 COSMIC =M4 ,SOME HAVE CALL$ ?IS ! NOTION ( 0TOP-D[N0 PLAY1 A CONCEPT ?AT SEEMS TO BE MO/ EXPLICITLY DEVELOP$ 9 ,9DIAN !OLOGY1 :]E ! COSMOS ITSELF IS ESS5TIALLY ! PLAY ( ! DIV9E =CES4.<#a#f#a.> ,BUT AS ,BRIAN ,SUTTON-,SMI? NOTES 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,AMBIGUITIES ( ,PLAY1 ?IS WAS ! DOM9ANT VIEW ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T WORLD1 :]E HUMAN BE+S W]E ! PLAY?+S ( DE/9Y & FATE2 ! EXEMPL>Y HUMAN GAME1 9 SU* A UNIV]SE1 IS GAMBL+1 :]E WE WILL+LY SUBMIT \RSELVES TO ! R&OM :IMS ( ! GODS4.<#a#f#b.> 

,9 SU* A UNIV]SE1 FRE$OM REALLY IS A Z]O-SUM GAME4 ,! FRE$OM ( GODS OR K+S IS ! MEASURE ( HUMAN SLAV]Y4 

,IT %\LDN'T BE H>D TO SEE :]E ALL ?IS IS GO+4 ,MOD]N /ATES >E BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! DIV9E P[] ( K+S IS 9 ! H&S ( AN 5TITY CALL$ 0! PEOPLE40 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?\<1 IT'S 9CREAS+LY UNCLE> :AT POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY 9 ?AT S5SE IS EV5 SUPPOS$ TO MEAN4 ,MAX ,WEB] FAM\SLY PO9T$ \T ?AT A SOV]EIGN /ATE'S 9/ITUTIONAL REPRES5TATIVES MA9TA9 A MONOPOLY ON ! RI<T ( VIOL5CE )9 ! /ATE'S T]RITORY4.<#a#f#c.> ,NORMALLY1 ?IS VIOL5CE CAN ONLY BE EX]CIS$ BY C]TA9 DULY AU?ORIZ$ (FICIALS 7SOLDI]S1 POLICE1 JAIL]S71 OR ?OSE AU?ORIZ$ BY SU* (FICIALS 7AIRPORT SECURITY1 PRIVATE GU>DS 44471 & ONLY 9 A MANN] EXPLICITLY DESIGNAT$ BY LAW4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY1 SOV]EIGN P[] REALLY IS1 /ILL1 ! RI<T TO BRU% SU* LEGALITIES ASIDE1 OR TO MAKE !M UP AS ONE GOES ALONG4.<#a#f#d.> ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MI<T CALL ITSELF 0A C\NTRY ( LAWS1 NOT M510 BUT AS WE HAVE LE>N$ 9 REC5T YE>S1 ,AM]ICAN PRESID5TS CAN ORD] TORTURE1 ASSASS9ATIONS1 DOME/IC SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS1 EV5 SET UP EXTRA-LEGAL ZONES LIKE ,GUANTANAMO :]E !Y CAN TREAT PRISON]S PRETTY MU* ANY WAY !Y *OOSE TO4 ,EV5 ON ! L[E/ LEVELS1 ?OSE :O 5=CE ! LAW >E NOT REALLY SUBJECT TO IT4 ,IT'S EXTRAORD9>Y DIFFICULT1 = 9/ANCE1 = A POLICE (FIC] TO DO ANY?+ TO AN ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5 ?AT W\LD LEAD TO ?AT (FIC] BE+ CONVICT$ ( A CRIME4.<#a#f#e.> 

,BRIAN ,SUTTON-,SMI? >GUES ?AT 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD ! OLD]1 0TOP-D[N0 VIEW ( PLAY1 :AT SOME HAVE CALL$ 0D>K PLAY10 NO LONG] REALLY HOLDS SWAY4 ,S9CE ! ,ROMANTIC ]A1 IT HAS BE5 L>GELY REPLAC$ BY A :OLE HO/ ( MORE *E]FUL BOTTOM-UP RHETORICS ?AT SEE PLAY V>I\SLY AS SUBV]SIVE1 OR $UCATIONAL1 OR IMAG9ATIVE4 ,NO D\BT ALL ?IS IS TRUE4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! OLD] CONCEPTION HAS NOT VANI%$ 5TIRELY4.<#a#f#f.> ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT IS PRES]V$ ON A POLITICAL LEVEL1 :]E EV]Y >BITR>Y ACT ( P[] T5DS TO RE9=CE A FEEL+ ?AT IT'S NOT P[]1 BUT >BITR>9ESS--?AT IS1 FRE$OM ITSELF--?AT IS ! PROBLEM4.<#a#f#g.> 

,?IS IS1 9DE$1 ALMO/ PRECISELY :AT HAS HAPP5$ :]EV] ! REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T 7N[ L>GELY MISLABEL$ 0DEMOCRACY07 HAS BECOME ! NORM4 ,! LEGAL ORD]1 & H5CE ! ZONES :]E /ATE VIOL5CE IS ! ULTIMATE 5=C] ( ! RULES1 HAS EXP&$ TO DEF9E & REGULATE ALMO/ EV]Y POSSIBLE ASPECT ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,?US1 AS ,I'VE SAID E>LI]1 WE 5D UP ) REGULATIONS PRESCRIB+ EV]Y?+ FROM :]E ONE CAN S]VE OR CONSUME DIFF]5T SORTS ( BEV]AGES1 H[ ONE CAN WORK1 :5 ONE CAN & CAN'T WALK (F FROM WORK1 TO ! SIZE ( ADV]TISEM5TS VISIBLE FROM ! /REET4 ,! ?REAT ( =CE 9VADES PRACTICALLY EV]Y ASPECT ( \R EXI/5CE1 9 WAYS ?AT W\LD HAVE SIMPLY BE5 9CONCEIVABLE UND] ! RULE ( ,ELAGABALUS1 ,G5<IS ,KHAN OR ,SULEIMAN ! ,MAGNIFIC5T4 

,I'VE ALREADY WRITT5 AB\T ?IS 9VASION ( REGULATION1 & VIOL5CE1 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO >GUE H]E IS ?AT ?IS IMP]ATIVE ULTIMATELY D]IVES FROM A TACIT COSMOLOGY 9 :I* ! PLAY PR9CIPLE 7& BY EXT5SION1 CREATIVITY7 IS ITSELF SE5 AS FRI<T5+1 :ILE GAME-LIKE BEHAVIOR IS CELEBRAT$ AS TRANSP>5T & PR$ICTABLE1 & :]E AS A RESULT1 ! ADVANCE ( ALL !SE RULES & REGULATIONS IS ITSELF EXP]I5C$ AS A K9D ( FRE$OM4 

,?IS OCCURS EV5 9 CONTEXTS :]E ! ?REAT ( /ATE VIOL5CE IS MAXIMALLY F> AWAY4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE IS ! MANAGEM5T ( ACADEMIC DEP>TM5TS4 ,AS ,I'VE DISCUSS$1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E NOTORI\SLY RELUCTANT TO TURN !IR TOOLS ( ANALYSIS ON !IR [N 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5TS1 BUT !RE >E EXCEPTIONS1 & ONE EXCELL5T ONE IS ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN'S ANALYSIS ( :AT 9 ! ,U,K HAS COME TO BE KN[N AS 0AUDIT CULTURE40 ,! BASIC IDEA BEH9D AUDIT CULTURE IS ?AT 9 ! ABS5CE ( CLE>1 0TRANSP>5T0 CRIT]IA TO UND]/& H[ PEOPLE >E GO+ AB\T !IR JOBS1 ACADEMIA SIMPLY BECOMES A FEUDAL SY/EM BAS$ ON >BITR>Y P]SONAL AU?ORITY4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 IT'S H>D TO >GUE ) ?IS4 ,:O C\LD BE AGA9/ TRANSP>5CY8 ,/RA!RN WAS HEAD ( ! AN?ROPOLOGY DEP>TM5T AT ,CAMBRIDGE :5 !SE RE=MS W]E IMPOS$1 & 9 H] BOOK ,AUDIT ,CULTURES1 %E DOCUM5T$ ! ACTUAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS K9D ( BUREAUCRATIZATION4.<#a#f#h.> ,CAMBRIDGE WAS 9 ITS [N WAY ! QU9TESS5TIAL FEUDAL 9/ITUTION1 ) AN 5DLESS ACCRETION ( CU/OMS & TRADITIONS1 & AN?ROPOLOGY1 ?\< A RELATIVELY NEW DEP>TM5T1 HAD ITS [N TRADITIONAL WAYS ( GO+ AB\T EV]Y?+ ?AT NO ONE C\LD 5TIRELY >TICULATE2 9DE$1 ?AT NO ONE COMPLETELY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO BECOME 0TRANSP>5T0 TO ! ADM9I/RATION1 !Y HAD TO />T >TICULAT+ !M2 9 PRACTICE1 :AT ?IS MEANT WAS ?AT !Y HAD TO TAKE :AT HAD ALWAYS BE5 A SUBTLE1 NUANC$ =M ( PROC$URES & TURN !M 9TO AN EXPLICIT SET ( RULES4 ,9 EFFECT1 !Y HAD TO TURN CU/OM 9TO A K9D ( BO>D GAME4 ,FAC$ ) SU* DEM&S1 EV]YONE'S FIR/ IMPULSE WAS JU/ TO SAY1 0,WELL1 SURE1 WE'LL JU/ WRITE ?AT = ! AU?ORITIES & PROCE$ AS WE ALWAYS HAVE40 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ?IS QUICKLY BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! MOM5T ANY CONFLICTS CROP UP1 BO? P>TIES WILL AUTOMATICALLY APPEAL TO ! RULE-BOOK4 ,SU* RE=MS MAY AIM TO ELIM9ATE >BITR>Y P]SONAL AU?ORITY1 BUT ( C\RSE !Y NEV] ACTUALLY DO4 ,P]SONAL AU?ORITY JU/ JUMPS UP A LEVEL1 & BECOMES ! ABILITY TO SET ! RULES ASIDE 9 SPECIFIC CASES 7A SORT ( M9IATURE V]SION ( SOV]EIGN P[] AGA974 ,H[EV]1 9 PRACTICE1 ! FACT ?AT ! RE=MS DO NOT 9 ANY S5SE A*IEVE !IR /AT$ GOALS DOESN'T HAVE ! EFFECT ( UND]M9+ !IR LEGITIMACY4 ,9/EAD1 ! EFFECT IS QUITE ! OPPOSITE1 S9CE ANYONE :O OBJECTS TO SU* P]SONALIZ$ P[] CAN ONLY DO SO BY DEM&+ EV5 MORE RULES & EV5 MORE 0TRANSP>5CY40 ,SUDD5LY1 FRE$OM & JU/ICE REALLY DO BECOME A MATT] ( R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO A GAME4 

,IF WE ?9K AB\T IT1 ?IS SORT ( ?+ HAPP5S ALL ! TIME--& EV5 9 CONTEXTS ?AT HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) >BITR>Y P]SONAL AU?ORITY4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE IS LANGUAGE4 ,CALL IT ! GRAMM>-BOOK EFFECT4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT 9V5T LANGUAGES BY WRIT+ GRAMM>S1 !Y WRITE GRAMM>S--AT LEA/1 ! FIR/ GRAMM>S TO BE WRITT5 = ANY GIV5 LANGUAGE--BY OBS]V+ ! TACIT1 L>GELY UNCONSCI\S1 RULES ?AT PEOPLE SEEM TO BE APPLY+ :5 !Y SPEAK4 ,YET ONCE A BOOK EXI/S1 & ESPECIALLY ONCE IT IS EMPLOY$ 9 S*OOLROOMS1 PEOPLE FEEL ?AT ! RULES >E NOT JU/ DESCRIPTIONS ( H[ PEOPLE DO TALK1 BUT PRESCRIPTIONS = H[ !Y %\LD TALK4 

,IT'S EASY TO OBS]VE ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 PLACES :]E GRAMM>S W]E ONLY WRITT5 REC5TLY4 ,9 MANY PLACES 9 ! WORLD1 ! FIR/ GRAMM>S & DICTION>IES W]E CREAT$ BY ,*RI/IAN MISSION>IES 9 ! N9ETE5? OR EV5 TW5TIE? C5TURY1 9T5T ON TRANSLAT+ ! ,BIBLE & O!R SACR$ TEXTS 9TO :AT HAD BE5 UNWRITT5 LANGUAGES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! FIR/ GRAMM> = ,MALAGASY1 ! LANGUAGE SPOK5 9 ,MADAGASC>1 WAS WRITT5 9 ! #a#h#aS & '#bS4 ,( C\RSE1 LANGUAGE IS *ANG+ ALL ! TIME1 SO ! ,MALAGASY SPOK5 LANGUAGE--EV5 ITS GRAMM>--IS 9 MANY WAYS QUITE DIFF]5T ?AN IT WAS TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AGO4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE EV]YONE LE>NS ! GRAMM> 9 S*OOL1 IF Y\ PO9T ?IS \T1 PEOPLE WILL AUTOMATICALLY SAY ?AT SPEAK]S N[ADAYS >E SIMPLY MAK+ MI/AKES1 NOT FOLL[+ ! RULES CORRECTLY4 ,IT NEV] SEEMS TO OCCUR TO ANYONE--UNTIL Y\ PO9T IT \T--?AT HAD ! MISSION>IES CAME & WRITT5 !IR BOOKS TWO HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 CURR5T USAGES W\LD BE CONSID]$ ! ONLY CORRECT ONES1 & ANYONE SPEAK+ AS !Y HAD TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AGO W\LD !MSELVES BE ASSUM$ TO BE 9 ]ROR4 

,9 FACT1 ,I F\ND ?IS ATTITUDE MADE IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO LE>N H[ TO SPEAK COLLOQUIAL ,MALAGASY4 ,EV5 :5 ,I HIR$ NATIVE SPEAK]S1 SAY1 /UD5TS AT ! UNIV]SITY1 TO GIVE ME LESSONS1 !Y W\LD TEA* ME H[ TO SPEAK N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,MALAGASY AS IT WAS TAU<T 9 S*OOL4 ,AS MY PR(ICI5CY IMPROV$1 ,I BEGAN NOTIC+ ?AT ! WAY !Y TALK$ TO EA* O!R WAS NO?+ LIKE ! WAY !Y W]E TEA*+ ME TO SPEAK4 ,BUT :5 ,I ASK$ !M AB\T GRAMMATICAL =MS !Y US$ ?AT W]5'T 9 ! BOOKS1 !Y'D JU/ %RUG !M (F1 & SAY1 0,OH1 ?AT'S JU/ SLANG1 DON'T SAY ?AT40 ,9 ! 5D ,I F\ND ! ONLY WAY ,I C\LD REALLY LE>N CONTEMPOR>Y SPOK5 ,MALAGASY WAS TO TAPE-RECORD CONV]SATIONS1 TRY TO TRANSCRIBE !M MYSELF1 & !N ASK FRI5DS TO CL>IFY EV]Y TIME ,I CAME ACROSS AN UNFAMILI> USAGE OR EXPRESSION4 ,NO?+ ELSE W\LD WORK3 ONCE !Y HAD DECID$ !SE GRAMMATICAL =MS W]E ]RORS1 !Y SIMPLY C\LD NOT DESCRIBE !M TO ME 9 GRAMMATICAL T]MS4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! ,CAMBRIDGE AN?ROPOLOGY DEP>TM5T1 ! RULES W]E MADE EXPLICIT1 & W]E !N FROZ5 9 PLACE1 O/5SIBLY AS A WAY ( ELIM9AT+ >BITR>Y1 P]SONAL AU?ORITY4 ,! ,MALAGASY ATTITUDES T[>DS RULES ( GRAMM> CLE>LY HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) A DI/A/E = >BITR>Y AU?ORITY1 & EV]Y?+ TO DO ) A DI/A/E = >BITR>9ESS ITSELF--A DI/A/E :I* LEADS TO AN UN?9K+ ACCEPTANCE ( AU?ORITY 9 ITS MO/ =MAL1 9/ITUTIONAL =M4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT IS \R FIR/ EXP]I5CE ( =MAL1 RULE-GOV]N$ AU?ORITY IF NOT \R GRADE-S*OOL TEA*]S8 ,?IS IS AS MU* TRUE 9 ,MADAGASC> AS ANY:]E ELSE4 ,9 FACT1 :5 ,I ASK$ MY FRI5DS :Y PEOPLE DIDN'T REALLY SPEAK ! LANGUAGE DESCRIB$ 9 ! TEXTBOOKS1 ! 9EVITABLE REPLY WAS ALWAYS TO ! EFFECT ( 0WELL1 Y\ KN[1 PEOPLE >E LAZY40 ,CLE>LY1 ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT ! 5TIRE POPULATION HAD FAIL$ TO MEMORIZE !IR LESSONS PROP]LY4 ,BUT :AT !Y W]E ACTUALLY D5Y+ WAS ! LEGITIMACY ( COLLECTIVE CREATIVITY1 ! FREE PLAY ( ! SY/EM4 

,IT'S WOR? ?9K+ AB\T LANGUAGE = A MOM5T1 BECAUSE ONE ?+ IT REVEALS1 PROBABLY BETT] ?AN ANY O!R EXAMPLE1 IS ?AT !RE IS A BASIC P>ADOX 9 \R V]Y IDEA ( FRE$OM4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 RULES >E BY !IR NATURE CON/RA9+4 ,SPEE* CODES1 RULES ( ETIQUETTE1 & GRAMMATICAL RULES1 ALL HAVE ! EFFECT ( LIMIT+ :AT WE CAN & CANNOT SAY4 ,IT IS NOT = NO?+ ?AT WE ALL HAVE ! PICTURE ( ! S*OOLM>M RAPP+ A *ILD ACROSS ! KNUCKLES = SOME GRAMMATICAL ]ROR AS ONE ( \R PRIMORDIAL IMAGES ( OPPRESSION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IF !RE W]E NO %>$ CONV5TIONS ( ANY K9D--NO SEMANTICS1 SYNTAX1 PHONEMICS--WE'D ALL JU/ BE BABBL+ 9COH]5TLY & W\LDN'T BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R AT ALL4 ,OBVI\SLY 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES NONE ( US W\LD BE FREE TO DO MU* ( ANY?+4 ,SO AT SOME PO9T ALONG ! WAY1 RULES-AS-CON/RA9+ PASS OV] 9TO RULES-AS- 5ABL+1 EV5 IF IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY EXACTLY :]E4 ,FRE$OM1 !N1 REALLY IS ! T5SION ( ! FREE PLAY ( HUMAN CREATIVITY AGA9/ ! RULES IT IS CON/ANTLY G5]AT+4 ,& ?IS IS :AT L+UI/S ALWAYS OBS]VE4 ,!RE IS NO LANGUAGE )\T GRAMM>4 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO NO LANGUAGE 9 :I* EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ GRAMM>1 IS NOT CON/ANTLY *ANG+ ALL ! TIME4 

,WE R>ELY ASK \RSELVES :Y ?AT %\LD BE4 ,:Y IS IT ?AT LANGUAGES ALWAYS *ANGE8 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO SEE :Y WE NE$ TO HAVE COMMON AGREEM5TS ON GRAMM> & VOCABUL>Y 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO TALK TO ONE O!R4 ,BUT IF ?AT'S ALL ?AT WE NE$ LANGUAGE =1 ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT1 ONCE A GIV5 SET ( SPEAK]S F\ND A GRAMM> & VOCABUL>Y ?AT SUIT$ !IR PURPOSES1 !Y'D SIMPLY /ICK ) IT1 P]HAPS *ANG+ ! VOCABUL>Y >\ND IF !RE WAS SOME NEW ?+ TO TALK AB\T--A NEW TR5D OR 9V5TION1 AN IMPORT$ VEGETABLE--BUT O!RWISE1 LEAV+ WELL 5\< ALONE4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS NEV] HAPP5S4 ,WE DON'T KN[ ( A S+LE RECORD$ EXAMPLE ( A LANGUAGE ?AT1 OV] ! C\RSE (1 SAY1 A C5TURY1 DID NOT *ANGE BO? 9 S\ND & /RUCTURE4.<#a#f#i.> ,?IS IS TRUE EV5 ( ! LANGUAGES ( ! MO/ 0TRADITIONAL0 SOCIETIES2 IT HAPP5S EV5 :]E ELABORATE 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES HAVE BE5 CREAT$--LIKE GRAMM> S*OOLS1 OR ! ,ACADEMIE ,FRANCAISE--TO 5SURE ?AT IT DOES NOT4 ,NO D\BT SOME ( ?IS IS ! RESULT ( %E] REBELLI\SNESS 7Y\NG PEOPLE TRY+ TO SET !MSELVES (F FROM ELD]S1 = EXAMPLE7 BUT IT'S H>D TO ESCAPE ! CONCLUSION ?AT ULTIMATELY1 :AT WE >E REALLY CONFRONT+ H]E IS ! PLAY PR9CIPLE 9 ITS PURE/ =M4 ,HUMAN BE+S1 :E!R !Y SPEAK ,>APE%1 ,HOPI1 OR ,NORWEGIAN1 JU/ F9D IT BOR+ TO SAY ?+S ! SAME WAY ALL ! TIME4 ,!Y'RE ALWAYS GO+ TO PLAY >\ND AT LEA/ A LITTLE4 ,& ?IS PLAY+ >\ND WILL ALWAYS HAVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS4 

,:AT ?IS SUGGE/S IS ?AT PEOPLE1 EV]Y:]E1 >E PRONE TO TWO COMPLETELY CONTRADICTORY T5D5CIES3 ON ! ONE H&1 A T5D5CY TO BE PLAYFULLY CREATIVE JU/ = ! SAKE ( IT2 ON ! O!R1 A T5D5CY TO AGREE ) ANYONE :O TELLS !M ?AT !Y REALLY %\LDN'T ACT ?AT WAY4 ,?IS LATT] IS :AT MAKES ! GAME-IFICATION ( 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE POSSIBLE4 ,BECAUSE IF Y\ TAKE ! LATT] T5D5CY TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ALL FRE$OM BECOMES >BITR>9ESS1 & ALL >BITR>9ESS1 A =M ( DANG]\S1 SUBV]SIVE P[]4 ,IT IS JU/ ONE FUR!R /EP TO >GUE ?AT TRUE FRE$OM IS TO LIVE 9 AN UTT]LY PR$ICTABLE WORLD ?AT IS FREE FROM FRE$OM ( ?IS SORT4 

,LET ME F9I% ) ANO!R EXAMPLE FROM MY [N POLITICAL EXP]I5CE4 

,OV] ! LA/ ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS >\ND ! WORLD HAVE BE5 WORK+ ON CREAT+ NEW1 & MORE EFFECTIVE1 MODES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY--ONES ?AT MI<T OP]ATE )\T ANY NE$ = A BUREAUCRACY ( VIOL5CE TO 5=CE !M4 ,I'VE WRITT5 AB\T !SE EF=TS EXT5SIVELY ELSE:]E4 ,A LOT ( PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE4 ,BUT ?OSE WORK+ ON SU* PROJECTS (T5 F9D !MSELVES HAV+ TO DEAL ) EXACTLY ?IS SORT ( HORROR ( 0>BITR>Y0 P[]4 ,P>T ( ! WORK ( DEVELOP+ NEW =MS ( CONS5SUS PROCESS1 = EXAMPLE1 IS TO CREATE 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ?AT 5C\RAGE1 RA!R ?AN 9HIBIT1 IMPROVIZATION & CREATIVITY4 ,AS ACTIVI/S SOMETIMES PUT IT3 9 MO/ CIRCUM/ANCES1 IF Y\ BR+ TOGE!R A CR[D ( PEOPLE1 ?AT CR[D WILL1 AS A GR\P1 BEHAVE LESS 9TELLIG5TLY1 & LESS CREATIVELY1 ?AN ANY S+LE MEMB] ( ! CR[D IS LIKELY TO DO IF ON !IR [N4 ,ACTIVI/ DECISION- MAK+ PROCESS IS1 9/EAD1 DESIGN$ TO MAKE ?AT CR[D SM>T] & MORE IMAG9ATIVE ?AN ANY 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPANT4 

,IT IS 9DE$ POSSIBLE TO DO ?IS1 BUT IT TAKES A LOT ( WORK4 ,& ! L>G] ! GR\P1 ! MORE =MAL ME*ANISMS HAVE TO BE PUT 9 PLACE4 ,! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT ESSAY 9 ?IS :OLE ACTIVI/ TRADITION IS CALL$ 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS10.<#a#g.> WRITT5 9 ! #a#i#gS BY ,JO ,FREEMAN1 AB\T ORGANIZATIONAL CRISES ?AT OCCURR$ 9 E>LY FEM9I/ CONSCI\SNESS- RAIS+ CIRCLES :5 ?OSE GR\PS BEGAN TO ATTA9 A C]TA9 SIZE4 ,FREEMAN OBS]V$ ?AT SU* GR\PS ALWAYS />T$ \T ) A K9D ( R\<-&-READY AN>*ISM1 AN ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ = ANY =MAL1 P>LIAM5T>Y RULES-(-ORD] TYPE ME*ANISMS AT ALL4 ,PEOPLE W\LD JU/ SIT D[N 9 A SI/]LY MANN] & WORK ?+S \T4 ,& ?IS WAS1 9DE$1 :AT HAPP5$ AT FIR/4 ,H[EV]1 AS SOON AS ! GR\PS GREW TO OV]1 SAY1 TW5TY PEOPLE1 9=MAL CLIQUES 9V>IABLY BEGAN TO EM]GE1 & SMALL GR\PS ( FRI5DS OR ALLIES BEGAN CONTROLL+ 9=MATION1 SETT+ AG5DAS1 & WIELD+ P[] 9 ALL SORTS ( SUBTLE WAYS4 ,FREEMAN PROPOS$ A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T =MAL ME*ANISMS ?AT MI<T BE EMPLOY$ TO C\NT]ACT ?IS EFFECT1 BUT = PRES5T PURPOSES1 ! SPECIFICS DON'T REALLY MATT]4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT :AT IS N[ REF]R$ TO AS 0=MAL CONS5SUS PROCESS0 L>GELY EM]GES FROM ! CRISIS ,FREEMAN DESCRIB$1 & ! DEBATE H] 9T]V5TION SET (F4 

,:AT ,I DO WANT TO BR+ ATT5TION TO IS ?AT ALMO/ EV]YONE :O IS NOT EM]G+ FROM AN EXPLICITLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POSITION--& NO 9SIGNIFICANT NUMB] EV5 ( ?OSE :O >E--COMPLETELY MISREAD ,FREEMAN'S ESSAY1 & 9T]PRET IT NOT AS A PLEA = =MAL ME*ANISMS TO 5SURE EQUALITY1 BUT AS A PLEA = MORE TRANSP>5T HI]>*Y4 ,L59I/S >E NOTORI\S = ?IS SORT ( ?+1 BUT ,LIB]ALS >E JU/ AS BAD4 ,I CAN'T TELL Y\ H[ MANY >GUM5TS ,I'VE HAD AB\T ?IS4 ,!Y ALWAYS GO EXACTLY ! SAME WAY4 ,FIR/1 ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5T AB\T ! =MATION ( CLIQUES & 9VISIBLE P[] /RUCTURES IS TAK5 AS AN >GUM5T ?AT ANY GR\P ( OV] TW5TY PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS HAVE TO HAVE CLIQUES1 P[] /RUCTURES1 & PEOPLE 9 AU?ORITY4 ,! NEXT /EP IS TO 9SI/ ?AT IF Y\ WANT TO M9IMIZE ! P[] ( SU* CLIQUES1 OR ANY DELET]I\S EFFECTS ?OSE P[] /RUCTURES MI<T HAVE1 ! ONLY WAY TO DO SO IS TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE !M3 TO TAKE ! DE FACTO CABAL & TURN !M 9TO A C5TRAL COMMITTEE 7OR1 S9CE ?AT T]M N[ HAS A BAD HI/ORY1 USUALLY !Y SAY A COORD9AT+ COMMITTEE1 OR A /E]+ COMMITTEE1 OR SOME?+ ( ?AT SORT47 ,ONE NE$S TO GET P[] \T ( ! %AD[S--TO =MALIZE ! PROCESS1 MAKE UP RULES1 HOLD ELECTIONS1 SPECIFY EXACTLY :AT ! CABAL IS ALL[$ TO DO & :AT IT'S NOT4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 AT LEA/1 P[] WILL BE MADE TRANSP>5T & 0ACC\NTABLE40 7,NOTICE ?AT WORD AGA94 ,IT COMES FROM ACC\NTANCY PROC$URES47 ,IT WON'T 9 ANY S5SE BE >BITR>Y4 

,FROM A PRACTICAL1 ACTIVI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS PRESCRIPTION IS OBVI\SLY RIDICUL\S4 ,IT IS F> EASI] TO LIMIT ! DEGREE TO :I* 9=MAL CLIQUES CAN WIELD EFFECTIVE P[] BY GRANT+ !M NO =MAL /ATUS AT ALL1 & !RE=E NO LEGITIMACY2 :ATEV] 0=MAL ACC\NTABILITY /RUCTURES0 IT IS IMAG9$ WILL CONTA9 ! CLIQUES-N[-TURN$-COMMITTEES CAN ONLY BE F> LESS EFFECTIVE 9 ?IS REG>D1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE !Y 5D UP LEGITIMAT+ & H5CE MASSIVELY 9CREAS+ ! DIFF]5TIAL ACCESS TO 9=MATION :I* ALL[S SOME 9 O!RWISE EGALIT>IAN GR\PS TO HAVE GREAT] P[] TO BEG9 )4 ,AS ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ! FIR/ ESSAY1 /RUCTURES ( TRANSP>5CY 9EVITABLY1 AS ,I'VE DESCRIB$1 BEG9 TO BECOME /RUCTURES ( /UPIDITY AS SOON AS ?AT TAKES PLACE4 

,SO SAY ONE >GUES ?IS PO9T1 & ! CRITIC CONC$ES IT 7:I* USUALLY !Y HAVE TO BECAUSE IT'S PRETTY MU* COMMON S5SE74 ,IF SO1 ! NEXT L9E ( DEF5SE IS G5]ALLY ES!TIC3 ! CRITIC WILL 9SI/ IT'S SIMPLY DI/A/EFUL TO HAVE /RUCTURES ( REAL P[] ?AT >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ & ?AT CAN1 EV5 IF !Y 5TIRELY LACK ANY DEGREE ( VIOL5T 5=CEM5T1 BE CONSID]$ >BITR>Y4 ,USUALLY1 ONE'S 9T]LOCUTOR WON'T GO SO F> AS ACTUALLY ADMITT+ !IR OBJECTIONS >E ES!TIC4 ,USUALLY !Y WILL FRAME !IR >GUM5TS 9 MORAL T]MS4 ,BUT OCCASIONALLY1 Y\ WILL F9D SOME HONE/ 5\< TO ADMIT ?AT'S :AT'S GO+ ON4 ,I WELL REMEMB] HAV+ AN ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET-SPONSOR$ DEBATE 9 ,C5TRAL ,P>K 7,I'M SURE IT'S RECORD$ SOME:]E7 ) ,NORMAN ,F9KEL/E9--A BRILLIANT & ALTOGE!R ADMIRABLE ACTIVI/1 :O HAD COME ( AGE ) ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T & /ILL SAW GR\PS LIKE ! ,S\!RN ,*RI/IAN ,LEAD]%IP ,CONF]5CE AS HIS 9SPIRATION4 ,AT ?IS DEBATE1 ,F9KEL/E9 /AT$ ! MATT] \TRI<T4 ,MAYBE IT'S TRUE1 HE ADMITT$1 ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO KEEP SU* CLIQUES FROM ATTA9+ TOO MU* P[] IS TO MA9TA9 A PR9CIPLE ?AT !Y %\LD NOT EXI/4 ,BUT AS LONG AS SU* CLIQUES >E ALL[$ TO EXI/ )\T BE+ =MALLY ACKN[L$G$ & REGULAT$1 Y\'RE MA9TA9+ A SY/EM ?AT SAYS IT'S OKAY TO BE GOV]N$1 EV5 A T9Y BIT1 FROM ! %AD[S4 ,IT MI<T NOT BE ?AT MU* ( A PRACTICAL PROBLEM4 ,Y\ MI<T WELL BE RI<T ?AT =MALLY RECOGNIZ+ !IR EXI/5CE MI<T ACTUALLY 5D UP CREAT+ LESS OV]ALL FRE$OM ?AN LEAV+ WELL 5\< ALONE4 ,BUT 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ,I JU/ F9D ! IDEA ( BE+ GOV]N$ FROM ! %AD[S1 9 ANY S5SE1 DI/A/EFUL4 

,9 SU* >GUM5TS1 WE >E WITNESS+ A DIRECT CLA% BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T =MS ( MAT]IALIZ$ UTOPIANISM3 ON ! ONE H&1 AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AT1 9 ITS EMPHASIS ON CREATIVE SYN!SIS & IMPROVIZATION1 SEES FRE$OM BASICALLY 9 T]MS ( PLAY1 & ON ! O!R1 A TACIT REPUBLICANISM ?AT SEES FRE$OM ULTIMATELY AS ! ABILITY TO R$UCE ALL =MS ( P[] TO A SET ( CLE> & TRANSP>5T RULES4 

,= ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA--& 9CREAS+LY1 ELSE:]E--?AT LATT]1 BUREAUCRATIZ$ NOTION ( FRE$OM HAS T5D$ TO HOLD SWAY4 ,NEW 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT OP]ATE BY RULES SO /RICT & PR$ICTABLE !Y ESS5TIALLY DISAPPE>1 SO ?AT ONE DOESN'T EV5 KN[ :AT !Y >E 7SU* AS ! PHYSICAL OR ELECTRONIC PO/ (FICES ) :I* ,I BEGAN7 T5D TO BE PUT =W>D AS PLAT=MS = HUMAN FRE$OM ?AT EM]GE FROM ! V]Y TE*NICAL CONT+5CIES ( RUNN+ EFFICI5T /RUCTURES ( P[]4 ,!SE >RANGEM5TS SEEM TO PRES]VE ! POSITIVE ELEM5TS ( PLAY :ILE SOMEH[ CIRCUMV5T+ ITS MORE DI/URB+ POT5TIALS4 

,BUT TIME & AGA91 WE HAVE SE5 ! SAME RESULTS4 ,:E!R MOTIVAT$ BY A FAI? 9 0RATIONALITY0 OR A FE> ( >BITR>Y P[]1 ! 5D RESULT ( ?IS BUREAUCRATIZ$ NOTION ( FRE$OM IS TO MOVE T[>D ! DREAM ( A WORLD :]E PLAY HAS BE5 LIMIT$ 5TIRELY--OR1 AT BE/1 BOX$ AWAY 9 SOME REMOTE LOCATION F> FROM ANY S]I\S1 CONSEQU5TIAL HUMAN 5DEAVOR--:ILE EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE IS R$UC$ TO SOME K9D ( ELABORATE1 RULE-B\ND GAME4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT SU* A VISION LACKS APPEAL4 ,:O HASN'T DREAM$ ( A WORLD :]E EV]YONE KN[S ! RULES1 EV]YONE PLAYS BY ! RULES1 &--EV5 MORE--:]E PEOPLE :O PLAY BY ! RULES CAN ACTUALLY /ILL W98 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ?IS IS JU/ AS MU* A UTOPIAN FANTASY AS A WORLD ( ABSOLUTE FREE PLAY W\LD BE4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A GLIMM]+ ILLUSION ?AT DISSOLVES AWAY AS SOON AS WE T\* IT4 

,SU* ILLUSIONS >E NOT ALWAYS BAD ?+S4 ,ONE C\LD MAKE A CASE ?AT MO/ ( ! GREATE/ HUMAN ACCOMPLI%M5TS W]E ! RESULT ( SU* QUIXOTIC PURSUITS4 ,BUT 9 ?IS P>TICUL> CASE1 & 9 ?IS L>G] POLITICAL-ECONOMIC CONTEXT1 :]E BUREAUCRACY HAS BE5 ! PRIM>Y MEANS BY :I* A T9Y P]C5TAGE ( ! POPULATION EXTRACTS WEAL? FROM ! RE/ ( US1 !Y HAVE CREAT$ A SITUATION :]E ! PURSUIT ( FRE$OM FROM >BITR>Y P[] SIMPLY 5DS UP PRODUC+ MORE >BITR>Y P[]1 & AS A RESULT1 REGULATIONS *OKE EXI/5CE1 >M$ GU>DS & SURVEILLANCE CAM]AS APPE> EV]Y:]E1 SCI5CE & CREATIVITY >E SMO!R$1 & ALL ( US 5D UP F9D+ 9CREAS+ P]C5TAGES ( \R DAY TAK5 UP 9 ! FILL+ \T ( =MS4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

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