,*APT] #b 
,( ,FLY+ ,C>S & ! ,DECL9+ ,RATE ( ,PR(IT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,( ,FLY+ ,C>S & ! ,DECL9+ ,RATE ( ,PR(IT 

  
  

0,CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY IS ! BETA-V]SION ( A SCI5CE FICTION DREAM40 

--,RI*>D ,B>BROOK  
  

,!RE IS A SECRET %AME HOV]+ OV] ALL US 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY4 ,NO ONE SEEMS TO WANT TO ACKN[L$GE IT4 

,= ?OSE 9 :AT %\LD BE ! HI< PO9T ( !IR LIVES1 9 !IR =TIES & FIFTIES1 IT IS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE1 BUT 9 A BROAD] S5SE IT AFFECTS EV]YONE4 ,! FEEL+ IS ROOT$ 9 A PR(\ND S5SE ( DISAPPO9TM5T AB\T ! NATURE ( ! WORLD WE LIVE 91 A S5SE ( A BROK5 PROMISE--( A SOLEMN PROMISE WE FELT WE W]E GIV5 AS *ILDR5 AB\T :AT \R ADULT WORLD WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE4 ,I AM REF]R+ H]E NOT TO ! /&>D FALSE PROMISES ?AT *ILDR5 >E ALWAYS GIV5 7AB\T H[ ! WORLD IS FAIR1 AU?ORITIES >E WELL-MEAN+1 OR ?OSE :O WORK H>D %ALL BE REW>D$71 BUT AB\T A V]Y SPECIFIC G5]ATIONAL PROMISE --GIV5 ABOVE ALL TO ?OSE :O W]E *ILDR5 9 ! FIFTIES1 SIXTIES1 SEV5TIES1 OR EV5 EI<TIES--ONE ?AT WAS NEV] QUITE >TICULAT$ AS A PROMISE BUT RA!R AS A SET ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT \R ADULT WORLD W\LD BE LIKE4 ,& S9CE IT WAS NEV] QUITE PROMIS$1 N[ ?AT IT HAS SPECTACUL>LY FAIL$ TO COME TRUE1 WE'RE LEFT CONFUS$2 9DIGNANT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 EMB>RASS$ AT \R [N 9DIGNATION1 A%AM$ WE W]E EV] SO SILLY TO BELIEVE \R ELD]S TO BEG9 )4 

,I AM REF]R+1 ( C\RSE1 TO ! CONSPICU\S ABS5CE1 9 #b#a#e1 ( FLY+ C>S4 

,WELL1 ALL RI<T1 NOT JU/ FLY+ C>S4 ,I DON'T REALLY C>E AB\T FLY+ C>S--ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ,I DON'T EV5 DRIVE4 ,:AT ,I HAVE 9 M9D >E ALL ! TE*NOLOGICAL WOND]S ?AT ANY *ILD GR[+ UP 9 ! MID-TO-LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY SIMPLY ASSUM$ W\LD EXI/ BY #b#a#e4 ,WE ALL KN[ ! LI/3 ,=CE FIELDS4 ,TELEPORTATION4 ,ANTIGRAVITY FIELDS4 ,TRICORD]S4 ,TRACTOR BEAMS4 ,IMMORTALITY DRUGS4 ,SUSP5D$ ANIMATION4 ,&ROIDS4 ,COLONIES ON ,M>S4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO !M8 ,EV]Y N[ & !N IT'S WIDELY TRUMPET$ ?AT ONE IS AB\T TO MAT]IALIZE--CLONES1 = 9/ANCE1 OR CRYOG5ICS1 OR ANTI-AG+ M$ICATIONS1 OR 9VISIBILITY CLOAKS--BUT :5 !SE DON'T PROVE TO BE FALSE PROMISES1 :I* !Y USUALLY >E1 !Y EM]GE HOPELESSLY FLAW$4 ,PO9T ANY ( ?IS \T1 & ! USUAL RESPONSE IS A RITUAL 9VOCATION ( ! WOND]S ( COMPUT]S--:Y W\LD Y\ WANT AN ANTIGRAVITY SL$ :5 Y\ CAN HAVE SECOND LIFE8--AS IF ?IS IS SOME SORT ( UNANTICIPAT$ COMP5SATION4 ,BUT1 EV5 H]E1 WE'RE NOT NE>LY :]E PEOPLE 9 ! FIFTIES IMAG9$ WE'D HAVE BE5 BY N[4 ,WE /ILL DON'T HAVE COMPUT]S Y\ CAN HAVE AN 9T]E/+ CONV]SATION )1 OR ROBOTS ?AT CAN WALK ! DOG OR FOLD Y\R LAUNDRY4 

,SPEAK+ AS SOMEONE :O WAS EI<T YE>S OLD AT ! TIME ( ! ,APOLLO MOON L&+1 ,I HAVE V]Y CLE> MEMORIES ( CALCULAT+ ?AT ,I W\LD BE ?IRTY-N9E YE>S ( AGE 9 ! MAGIC YE> #b1 & WOND]+ :AT ! WORLD >\ND ME W\LD BE LIKE4 ,DID ,I HONE/LY EXPECT ,I W\LD BE LIV+ 9 A WORLD ( SU* WOND]S8 ,( C\RSE4 ,EV]YONE DID4 ,& SO DO ,I FEEL *EAT$ N[8 ,ABSOLUTELY4 

,C]TA9LY1 ,I DIDN'T ?9K ,I'D SEE ALL ! ?+S WE READ AB\T 9 SCI5CE FICTION REALIZ$ 9 MY LIFETIME 7EV5 ASSUM+ MY LIFETIME WAS NOT EXT5D$ BY C5TURIES BY SOME NEWLY DISCOV]$ LONGEVITY DRUG74 ,IF Y\ ASK$ ME AT ! TIME1 ,I'D HAVE GUESS$ AB\T HALF4 ,BUT IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT ,I W\LDN'T SEE ANY ( !M4 

,I HAVE LONG BE5 PUZZL$ & FASC9AT$ BY ! NE> SIL5CE SURR\ND+ ?IS ISSUE 9 PUBLIC DISC\RSE4 ,ONE DOES OCCASIONALLY SEE GRIP+ AB\T FLY+ C>S ON ! ,9T]NET1 BUT IT'S MUT$1 OR V]Y M>G9AL4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! TOPIC IS TREAT$ ALMO/ AS TABOO4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I WAS EXPECT+ AN \TP\R+ ( REFLECTIONS BY =TY- SOME?+S 9 ! POPUL> M$IA ON :AT WE HAD EXPECT$ ! WORLD ( #b TO BE LIKE1 & :Y WE HAD ALL GOTT5 IT SO WRONG4 ,I C\LDN'T F9D A S+LE ONE4 ,9/EAD1 JU/ AB\T ALL ! AU?ORITATIVE VOICES--BO? ,LEFT & ,RI<T--BEGAN !IR REFLECTIONS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT A WORLD ( TE*NOLOGICAL WOND]S HAD1 9 FACT1 >RIV$4 

,TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T1 ! SIL5CE IS DUE TO FE> ( BE+ RIDICUL$ AS FOOLI%LY NAIVE4 ,C]TA9LY IF ONE DOES RAISE ! ISSUE1 ONE IS LIKELY TO HE> RESPONSES LIKE 0,OH1 Y\ MEAN ALL ?AT ,JETSON /UFF80 ,AS IF TO SAY1 BUT ?AT WAS JU/ = *ILDR56 ,SURELY1 AS GR[N-UPS1 WE'RE SUPPOS$ TO UND]/& ?AT ! ,JETSONS FUTURE WAS AB\T AS REALI/IC AS ! ,FL9T/ONES PA/4 ,BUT ( C\RSE IT WASN'T JU/ ! ,JETSONS4 ,ALL S]I\S SCI5CE %[S DESIGN$ = *ILDR5 9 ! FIFTIES1 SIXTIES1 SEV5TIES1 & EV5 ! EI<TIES--! ,SCI5TIFIC ,AM]ICANS1 ! $UCATIONAL ,T,V PROGRAMS1 ! PLANET>IUM %[S 9 NATIONAL MUSEUMS--ALL ! AU?ORITATIVE VOICES :O TOLD US :AT ! UNIV]SE WAS LIKE & :Y ! SKY WAS BLUE1 :O EXPLA9$ ! P]IODIC TABLE ( ELEM5TS1 ALSO ASSUR$ US ?AT ! FUTURE WAS 9DE$ GO+ TO 9VOLVE COLONIES ON O!R PLANETS1 ROBOTS1 MATT] TRANS=MATION DEVICES1 & A WORLD MU* CLOS] TO ,/> ,TREK ?AN TO \R [N4 

,! FACT ?AT ALL !SE VOICES TURN$ \T TO BE WRONG DOESN'T JU/ CREATE A DEEP FEEL+ ( L>GELY 9EXPRESSIBLE BETRAYAL2 IT ALSO PO9TS TO SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS AB\T H[ WE %\LD EV5 TALK AB\T HI/ORY1 N[ ?AT ?+S HAV5'T UNFOLD$ AS WE ?\<T !Y W\LD4 ,!RE >E CONTEXTS :]E WE REALLY CAN'T JU/ WAVE \R H&S & MAKE ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 EXPECTATIONS & REALITY GO AWAY4 ,ONE OBVI\S ONE IS SCI5CE FICTION4 ,BACK 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 CREATORS ( SCI5CE FICTION MOVIES US$ TO COME UP ) CONCRETE DATES 9 :I* TO PLACE !IR FUTURI/IC FANTASIES4 ,(T5 !SE W]E NO MORE ?AN A G5]ATION 9 ! FUTURE4 ,?US 9 #a#i#f#h1 ,/ANLEY ,KUBRICK FELT ?AT A MOVIEGO+ AUDI5CE W\LD F9D IT P]FECTLY NATURAL TO ASSUME ?AT ONLY ?IRTY-?REE YE>S LAT]1 9 #b#a1 WE W\LD HAVE COMM]CIAL MOON FLI<TS1 CITY-LIKE SPACE /ATIONS1 & COMPUT]S ) HUMANLIKE P]SONALITIES MA9TA9+ A/RONAUTS 9 SUSP5D$ ANIMATION :ILE TRAVEL+ TO ,JUPIT]4.<#g#h.> ,9 FACT AB\T ! ONLY NEW TE*NOLOGY FROM #ba ?AT ACTUALLY DID APPE> W]E VIDEO TELEPHONES1 BUT ?OSE W]E ALREADY TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE 9 #a#i#f#h--AT ! TIME1 !Y W]E SIMPLY UNM>KETABLE BECAUSE NO ONE REALLY WANT$ TO HAVE ONE4.<#g#i.> ,SIMIL> PROBLEMS CROP UP :5EV] A P>TICUL> WRIT]1 OR PROGRAM1 TRIES TO CREATE A GR& MY?OS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! UNIV]SE CREAT$ BY ,L>RY ,NIV51 :I* ,I GOT TO KN[ AS A TE5AG]1 HUMANS 9 ?IS DECADE 7#b#aS7 >E LIV+ UND] A ONE-WORLD ,U4,N4 GOV]NM5T & CREAT+ !IR FIR/ COLONY ON ! MOON1 :ILE DEAL+ ) ! SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( M$ICAL ADVANCES ?AT HAVE CREAT$ A CLASS ( IMMORTAL RI* PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ,/> ,TREK MY?OS DEVELOP$ >\ND ! SAME TIME1 9 CONTRA/1 HUMANS W\LD N[ BE RECOV]+ FROM FI<T+ (F ! RULE ( G5ETICALLY 5G9E]$ SUP]M5 9 ! ,EUG5ICS ,W>S ( ! #a#i#iS--A W> :I* 5D$ :5 WE %OT !M ALL 9 SUSP5SION PODS 9TO \T] SPACE4 ,/> ,TREK WRIT]S 9 ! #a#i#iS W]E ?US =C$ TO />T PLAY+ >\ND ) ALT]NATE TIME L9ES & REALITIES JU/ AS A WAY ( KEEP+ ! :OLE PREMISE FROM FALL+ AP>T4 

,BY #a#i#h#i1 :5 ! CREATORS ( ,BACK TO ! ,FUTURE ,I,I DUTIFULLY PLAC$ FLY+ C>S & ANTIGRAVITY HOV]BO>DS 9 ! H&S ( ORD9>Y TE5AG]S 9 ! YE> #b#a#e1 IT WASN'T CLE> IF IT WAS MEANT AS A S]I\S PR$ICTION1 A B[ TO OLD] TRADITIONS ( IMAG9$ FUTURES1 OR AS A SLI<TLY BITT] JOKE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 IT M>K$ ONE ( ! LA/ 9/ANCES ( ?IS SORT ( ?+4 ,LAT] SCI5CE FICTION FUTURES W]E L>GELY DY/OPIAN1 MOV+ FROM BLEAK TE*N(ASCISM 9TO SOME K9D ( /ONE-AGE B>B>ISM1 AS 9 ,CL\D ,ATLAS1 OR ELSE1 /UDI\SLY AMBIGU\S3 ! WRIT]S REMA9+ COY AB\T ! DATES1 :I* R5D]S 0! FUTURE0 A ZONE ( PURE FANTASY1 NO DIFF]5T REALLY ?AN ,MIDDLE ,E>? OR ,CIMM]IA4 ,!Y MI<T EV51 AS ) ,/> ,W>S1 PLACE ! FUTURE 9 ! PA/1 0A LONG TIME AGO 9 A GALAXY F>1 F> AWAY40 ,?IS ,FUTURE IS1 MO/ (T51 NOT REALLY A FUTURE AT ALL1 BUT MORE LIKE AN ALT]NATIVE DIM5SION1 A DREAM-TIME1 SOME K9D ( TE*NOLOGICAL ,ELSE:]E1 EXI/+ 9 DAYS TO COME 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ELVES & DRAGON-SLAY]S EXI/$ 9 ! PA/2 JU/ ANO!R SCRE5 = ! PROJECTION ( MORAL DRAMAS & MY?IC FANTASIES4 ,SCI5CE FICTION HAS N[ BECOME JU/ ANO!R SET ( CO/UMES 9 :I* ONE CAN DRESS UP A ,WE/]N1 A W> MOVIE1 A HORROR FLICK1 A SPY ?RILL]1 OR JU/ A FAIRY TALE4 

,I ?9K IT W\LD BE WRONG1 H[EV]1 TO SAY ?AT \R CULTURE HAS COMPLETELY SIDE/EPP$ ! ISSUE ( TE*NOLOGICAL DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,EMB>RASSM5T OV] ?IS ISSUE HAS 5SUR$ ?AT WE'VE BE5 RELUCTANT TO 5GAGE ) IT EXPLICITLY4 ,9/EAD1 LIKE SO MANY O!R CULTURAL TRAUMAS1 PA9 HAS BE5 DISPLAC$2 WE CAN ONLY TALK AB\T IT :5 WE ?9K WE'RE TALK+ AB\T SOME?+ ELSE4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT 5TIRE F9 DE SIECLE CULTURAL S5SIBILITY ?AT CAME TO BE REF]R$ TO AS 0PO/MOD]NISM0 MI<T BE/ BE SE5 AS JU/ SU* A PROLONG$ M$ITATION ON TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ?AT NEV] HAPP5$4 ,! ?\<T FIR/ /RUCK ME :5 WAT*+ ONE ( ! NEW ,/> ,W>S MOVIES4 ,! MOVIE WAS AWFUL4 ,BUT ,I C\LDN'T HELP BUT BE IMPRESS$ BY ! QUALITY ( ! SPECIAL EFFECTS4 ,RECALL+ ALL ?OSE CLUMSY EFFECTS TYPICAL ( FIFTIES SCI-FI FILMS1 ! T9 SPACE%IPS BE+ PULL$ ALONG BY ALMO/-9VISIBLE /R+S1 ,I KEPT ?9K+ AB\T H[ IMPRESS$ A #a#i#eS AUDI5CE W\LD HAVE BE5 IF !Y'D KN[N :AT WE C\LD DO BY N[--ONLY TO IMM$IATELY REALIZE1 0ACTUALLY1 NO4 ,!Y W\LDN'T BE IMPRESS$ AT ALL1 W\LD !Y8 ,!Y ?\<T ?AT WE'D ACTUALLY BE DO+ ?IS K9D ( ?+ BY N[4 ,NOT JU/ FIGUR+ \T MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ WAYS TO SIMULATE IT40 

,?AT LA/ WORD1 0SIMULATE10 IS KEY4 ,:AT TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS WE HAVE SE5 S9CE ! SEV5TIES HAS L>GELY BE5 9 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES--?AT IS1 TE*NOLOGIES ( SIMULATION4 ,!Y >E TE*NOLOGIES ( :AT ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D & ,UMB]TO ,ECO US$ TO CALL ! 0HYP]- REAL0--! ABILITY TO MAKE IMITATIONS MORE REALI/IC ?AN ! ORIG9AL4 ,! 5TIRE PO/MOD]N S5SIBILITY1 ! FEEL+ ?AT WE HAD SOMEH[ BROK5 9TO AN UNPREC$5T$ NEW HI/ORICAL P]IOD :]E WE UND]/OOD ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ NEW2 ?AT GR& HI/ORICAL N>RATIVES ( PROGRESS & LIB]ATION W]E MEAN+LESS2 ?AT EV]Y?+ N[ WAS SIMULATION1 IRONIC REPETITION1 FRAGM5TATION & PA/I*E3 ALL ?IS ONLY MAKES S5SE 9 A TE*NOLOGICAL 5VIRONM5T :]E ! ONLY MAJOR BREAK?R\<S W]E ONES MAK+ IT EASI] TO CREATE1 TRANSF]1 & RE>RANGE VIRTUAL PROJECTIONS ( ?+S ?AT EI!R ALREADY EXI/$1 OR1 WE N[ CAME TO REALIZE1 NEV] REALLY W\LD4 ,SURELY1 IF WE W]E REALLY TAK+ \R VACATIONS 9 GEODESIC DOMES ON ,M>S1 OR TOT+ AB\T POCKET-SIZ$ NUCLE> FUSION PLANTS OR TELEK9ETIC M9D-READ+ DEVICES1 NO ONE W\LD EV] HAVE BE5 TALK+ LIKE ?IS4 ,! 0PO/MOD]N0 MOM5T WAS SIMPLY A DESP]ATE WAY TO TAKE :AT C\LD ONLY O!RWISE BE FELT AS A BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T1 & DRESS IT UP AS SOME?+ EPO*AL1 EXCIT+ & NEW4 

,IT'S WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT 9 ! E>LIE/ =MULATIONS ( PO/MOD]NISM1 :I* L>GELY CAME \T ( ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION1 A LOT ( ?IS TE*NOLOGICAL SUBTEXT WAS NOT EV5 SUBTEXT2 IT WAS QUITE EXPLICIT4 

,H]E'S A PASSAGE FROM ,FR$]ICK ,JAMESON'S ORIG9AL ,PO/MOD]NISM1 OR ! ,CULTURAL ,LOGIC ( ,LATE ,CAPITALISM1 9 #a#i#h#d3 

,IT IS APPROPRIATE TO RECALL ! EXCITEM5T ( MA*9]Y 9 ! MOM5T ( CAPITAL PREC$+ \R [N1 ! EXHIL>ATION ( FUTURISM1 MO/ NOTABLY1 & ( ,M>9ETTI'S CELEBRATION ( ! MA*9E GUN & ! MOTORC>4 ,!SE >E /ILL VISIBLE EMBLEMS1 SCULPTURAL NODES ( 5]GY :I* GIVE TANGIBILITY & FIGURATION TO ! MOTIVE 5]GIES ( ?AT E>LI] MOM5T ( MOD]NIZATION 444 ! WAYS 9 :I* REVOLUTION>Y OR COMMUNI/ >TI/S ( ! #a#i#cS ALSO S\<T TO REAPPROPRIATE ?IS EXCITEM5T ( MA*9E 5]GY = A ,PROME!AN RECON/RUCTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS A :OLE 444 

,IT IS IMM$IATELY OBVI\S ?AT ! TE*NOLOGY ( \R [N MOM5T NO LONG] POSSESSES ?IS SAME CAPACITY = REPRES5TATION3 NOT ! TURB9E1 NOR EV5 ,%EEL]'S GRA9 ELEVATORS OR SMOKE/ACKS1 NOT ! B>OQUE ELABORATION ( PIPES & CONVEYOR BELTS1 NOR EV5 ! /REAML9$ PR(ILE ( ! RAILROAD TRA9--ALL VEHICLES ( SPE$ /ILL CONC5TRAT$ AT RE/--BUT RA!R ! COMPUT]1 :OSE \T] %ELL HAS NO EMBLEMATIC OR VISUAL P[]1 OR EV5 ! CAS+S ( ! V>I\S M$IA !MSELVES1 AS ) ?AT HOME APPLIANCE CALL$ TELEVISION :I* >TICULATES NO?+ BUT RA!R IMPLODES1 C>RY+ ITS FLATT5$ IMAGE SURFACE )9 ITSELF4.<#h.> 

,:]E ONCE ! %E] PHYSICAL P[] ( TE*NOLOGIES !MSELVES GAVE US A S5SE ( HI/ORY SWEEP+ =W>D1 WE >E N[ R$UC$ TO A PLAY ( SCRE5S & IMAGES4 

,JAMESON ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ ! T]M 0PO/MOD]NISM0 TO REF] TO ! CULTURAL LOGIC APPROPRIATE TO A NEW PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 ONE ?AT ,]NE/ ,M&EL HAD1 AS E>LY AS #a#i#g#b1 DUBB$ A 0?IRD TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION40 ,HUMANITY1 ,M&EL >GU$1 /OOD ON ! BR9K ( A TRANS=MATION AS PR(\ND AS ! AGRICULTURAL OR 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS HAD BE53 ONE 9 :I* COMPUT]S1 ROBOTS1 NEW 5]GY S\RCES1 & NEW 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES W\LD1 EFFECTIVELY1 REPLACE OLD-FA%ION$ 9DU/RIAL LABOR--! 05D ( WORK0 AS IT SOON CAME TO BE CALL$--R$UC+ US ALL TO DESIGN]S & COMPUT] TE*NICIANS COM+ UP ) ! CRAZY VISIONS ?AT CYB]NETIC FACTORIES W\LD ACTUALLY PRODUCE4.<#h#a.> ,5D ( WORK >GUM5TS BECAME 9CREAS+LY POPUL> 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES & E>LY EI<TIES1 AS RADICAL ?9K]S POND]$ :AT W\LD HAPP5 TO TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE ONCE !RE WAS NO LONG] A WORK+ CLASS4 7,! ANSW]3 IT W\LD TURN 9TO ID5TITY POLITICS47 

,JAMESON ?\<T ( HIMSELF AS EXPLOR+ ! =MS ( CONSCI\SNESS & HI/ORICAL S5SIBILITIES LIKELY TO EM]GE FROM ?IS EM]G+ NEW AGE4 ,( C\RSE1 AS WE ALL KN[1 !SE TE*NOLOGICAL BREAK?R\<S DID NOT1 ACTUALLY1 HAPP54 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9/EAD IS ?AT ! SPREAD ( 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES & NEW WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ TRANSPORT--! CONTA9]IZATION ( %IPP+1 = EXAMPLE--ALL[$ ?OSE SAME 9DU/RIAL JOBS TO BE \TS\RC$ TO ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & O!R C\NTRIES :]E ! AVAILABILITY ( *EAP LABOR G5]ALLY ALL[$ MANUFACTUR]S TO EMPLOY MU* LESS TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ PRODUCTION-L9E TE*NIQUES ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO EMPLOY AT HOME4 ,TRUE1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ?OSE LIV+ 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 OR EV5 ,JAPAN1 ! RESULTS DID SEEM SUP]FICIALLY TO BE MU* AS PR$ICT$4 ,SMOKE/ACK 9DU/RIES DID 9CREAS+LY DISAPPE>2 JOBS CAME TO BE DIVID$ BETWE5 A L[] /RATUM ( S]VICE WORK]S & AN UPP] /RATUM SITT+ 9 ANTISEPTIC BUBBLES PLAY+ ) COMPUT]S4 ,BUT BEL[ IT ALL LAY AN UNEASY AW>5ESS ?AT ?IS :OLE NEW PO/-WORK CIVILIZATION WAS1 BASICALLY1 A FRAUD4 ,\R C>EFULLY 5G9E]$ HI<-TE* SNEAK]S W]E NOT REALLY BE+ PRODUC$ BY 9TELLIG5T CYBORGS OR SELF-REPLICAT+ MOLECUL> NANOTE*NOLOGY2 !Y W]E BE+ MADE ON ! EQUIVAL5T ( OLD-FA%ION$ ,S+] SEW+ MA*9ES1 BY ! DAU<T]S ( ,MEXICAN & ,9DONESIAN F>M]S :O HAD1 AS ! RESULT ( ,W,T,O OR ,N,A,F,T,A-SPONSOR$ TRADE DEALS1 BE5 \/$ FROM !IR ANCE/RAL L&S4 ,IT WAS ?IS GUILTY AW>5ESS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AT ULTIMATELY LAY BEH9D ! PO/MOD]N S5SIBILITY1 ITS CELEBRATION ( ! 5DLESS PLAY ( IMAGES & SURFACES1 & ITS 9SI/5CE ?AT ULTIMATELY1 ALL ?OSE MOD]NI/ N>RATIVES ?AT W]E SUPPOS$ TO GIVE ?OSE IMAGES DEP? & REALITY HAD BE5 PROV$ TO BE A LIE4 

,SO3 ,:Y DID ! PROJECT$ EXPLOSION ( TE*NOLOGICAL GR[? EV]YONE WAS EXPECT+--! MOON BASES1 ! ROBOT FACTORIES--FAIL TO MAT]IALIZE8 ,LOGICALLY1 !RE >E ONLY TWO POSSIBILITIES4 ,EI!R \R EXPECTATIONS AB\T ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE W]E UNREALI/IC1 9 :I* CASE1 WE NE$ TO ASK \RSELVES :Y SO MANY O!RWISE 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE FELT !Y W]E NOT4 ,OR \R EXPECTATIONS W]E NOT 9H]5TLY UNREALI/IC1 9 :I* CASE1 WE NE$ TO ASK :AT HAPP5$ TO ?R[ ! PA? ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T (F C\RSE4 

,:5 CULTURAL ANALY/S N[ADAYS DO CONSID] ! QUE/ION--:I* !Y R>ELY DO--!Y 9V>IABLY *OOSE ! FIR/ OPTION4 ,ONE COMMON APPROA* IS TO TRACE ! PROBLEM BACK TO ILLUSIONS CREAT$ BY ! ,COLD ,W> SPACE RACE4 ,:Y1 MANY HAVE ASK$1 DID BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BECOME SO OBSESS$ ) ! IDEA ( MANN$ SPACE TRAVEL 9 ! FIFTIES1 SIXTIES1 & SEV5TIES8 ,IT WAS NEV] AN EFFICI5T WAY TO 5GAGE 9 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,WAS IT NOT ! FACT ?AT BO? ! ,AM]ICANS & ,RUSSIANS HAD BE51 9 ! C5TURY BE=E1 SOCIETIES ( PIONE]S1 ! ONE EXP&+ ACROSS ! ,WE/]N FRONTI]1 ! O!R1 ACROSS ,SIB]IA8 ,WAS IT NOT ! SAME %>$ COMMITM5T TO ! MY? ( A LIMITLESS1 EXPANSIVE FUTURE1 ( HUMAN COLONIZATION ( VA/ EMPTY SPACES1 ?AT HELP$ CONV9CE ! LEAD]S ( BO? SUP]P[]S !Y HAD 5T]$ 9TO A NEW 0SPACE AGE0 9 :I* !Y W]E ULTIMATELY BATTL+ OV] CONTROL OV] ! FUTURE ITSELF8 ,& DID NOT ?AT BATTLE ULTIMATE PRODUCE1 ON BO? SIDES1 COMPLETELY UNREALI/IC CONCEPTIONS ( :AT ?AT FUTURE W\LD ACTUALLY BE LIKE8.<#h#b.> 

,OBVI\SLY !RE IS TRU? 9 ?IS4 ,!RE W]E P[]FUL MY?S AT PLAY4 ,BUT MO/ GREAT HUMAN PROJECTS >E ROOT$ 9 SOME K9D ( MY?IC VISION--?IS1 9 ITSELF1 PROVES NO?+1 ONE WAY OR ! O!R1 AB\T ! FEASIBILITY ( ! PROJECT ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY1 ,I WANT TO EXPLORE ! SECOND POSSIBILITY4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME !RE >E GOOD REASONS TO BELIEVE ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ?OSE VISIONS W]E NOT 9H]5TLY UNREALI/IC--& ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( !SE SCI5CE FICTION FANTASIES 7AT ?IS PO9T WE CAN'T KN[ :I* ONES7 C\LD 9DE$ HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9TO BE+4 ,! MO/ OBVI\S REASON IS BECAUSE 9 ! PA/1 !Y REGUL>LY HAD BE54 ,AFT] ALL1 IF SOMEONE GR[+ UP AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY READ+ ,JULES ,V]NE OR ,H4 ,G4 ,WELLS TRI$ TO IMAG9E :AT ! WORLD W\LD BE LIKE 91 SAY1 #a#i#f1 !Y IMAG9$ A WORLD ( FLY+ MA*9ES1 ROCKET %IPS1 SUBM>9ES1 NEW =MS ( 5]GY1 & WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 444 & ?AT WAS PRETTY MU* EXACTLY :AT !Y GOT4 ,IF IT WASN'T UNREALI/IC 9 #ai TO DREAM ( M5 TRAVEL+ TO ! MOON1 :Y WAS IT UNREALI/IC 9 ! SIXTIES TO DREAM ( JET-PACKS & ROBOT LAUNDRY-MAIDS8 ,IF FROM #age TO #aie NEW P[] S\RCES EM]G$ REGUL>LY 7/EAM1 ELECTRIC1 PETROLEUM1 NUCLE> 4447 WAS IT ?AT UNREASONABLE TO IMAG9E WE'D HAVE SE5 AT LEA/ ONE NEW ONE S9CE8 

,!RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT EV5 BY ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 ! REAL PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION WAS BEG9N+ TO SL[ FROM ! HEADY PACE ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY4 ,!RE WAS SOME?+ ( A LA/ SPATE ( 9V5TIONS 9 ! FIFTIES :5 MICR[AVE OV5S 7#a#i#e#d71 ! PILL 7#a#i#e#g71 & LAS]S 7#a#i#e#h7 ALL APPE>$ 9 RAPID SUCCESSION4 ,BUT S9CE !N1 MO/ APP>5T TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES HAVE L>GELY TAK5 ! =M ( EI!R CLEV] NEW WAYS ( COMB9+ EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES 7AS 9 ! SPACE RACE71 OR NEW WAYS TO PUT EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES TO CONSUM] USE 7! MO/ FAM\S EXAMPLE H]E IS TELEVISION1 9V5T$ 9 #a#i#b#f1 BUT ONLY MASS-PRODUC$ 9 ! LATE =TIES & E>LY FIFTIES1 9 A SELF-CONSCI\S EF=T TO CREATE NEW CONSUM] DEM& TO 5SURE ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY DIDN'T SLIP BACK 9TO DEPRESSION74 ,YET ! SPACE RACE HELP$ CONVEY ! NOTION ?AT ?IS WAS AN AGE ( REM>KABLE ADVANCES1 & ! PR$OM9ANT POPUL> IMPRESSION DUR+ ! SIXTIES WAS ?AT ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE WAS SPE$+ UP 9 T]RIFY+1 UNCONTROLLABLE WAYS4 ,ALV9 ,T(FL]'S #aig BREAKAWAY BE/SELL] ,FUTURE ,%OCK CAN BE SE5 AS A K9D ( HI<-WAT] M>K ( ?IS L9E ( ?\<T4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IT'S A FASC9AT+ & REVEAL+ BOOK4.<#h#c.> 

,T(FL] >GU$ ?AT ALMO/ ALL ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! #a#i#fS C\LD BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! 9CREAS+ PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE4 ,AS AN 5DLESS \TP\R+ ( NEW SCI5TIFIC BREAK?R\<S CONT9UALLY TRANS=M$ ! V]Y GR\NDS ( \R DAILY EXI/5CE1 HE WROTE1 ,AM]ICANS W]E LEFT RUDD]LESS1 )\T ANY CLE> IDEA ( :AT NORMAL LIFE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE LIKE4 ,P]HAPS IT WAS MO/ OBVI\S 9 ! CASE ( ! FAMILY1 :]E1 HE CLAIM$1 NOT JU/ ! PILL1 BUT ALSO ! PROSPECT ( 9 VITRO F]TILIZATION1 TE/ TUBE BABIES1 & SP]M & EGG DONATION W]E AB\T TO MAKE ! V]Y IDEA ( MO!RHOOD OBSOLETE4 ,T(FL] SAW SIMIL> ?+S HAPP5+ 9 EV]Y DOMA9 ( SOCIAL LIFE--NO?+ C\LD BE TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,& HUMANS W]E NOT PSY*OLOGICALLY PREP>$ = ! PACE ( *ANGE4 ,HE CO9$ A T]M = ! PH5OM5ON3 0ACCEL]ATIVE ?RU/40 ,?IS QUICK5+ ( ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE HAD BEGUN1 P]HAPS1 ) ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 BUT BY R\<LY #a#h#e1 HE >GU$1 ! EFFECT HAD BECOME UNMI/AKABLE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS EV]Y?+ >\ND US *ANG+1 MO/ ( IT-- ! %E] MASS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 ! SIZE ( ! POPULATION1 9DU/RIAL GR[?1 ! AM\NT ( 5]GY BE+ CONSUM$--WAS *ANG+ AT AN EXPON5TIAL RATE4 ,T(FL] 9SI/$ ?AT ! ONLY SOLUTION WAS TO BEG9 TO CREATE SOME K9D ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OV] ! PROCESS--9/ITUTIONS ?AT C\LD ASSESS EM]G+ TE*NOLOGIES & ! EFFECTS !Y W]E LIKELY TO HAVE1 BAN ?OSE TE*NOLOGIES LIKELY TO BE TOO SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE1 & GUIDE DEVELOPM5T 9 DIRECTIONS ?AT W\LD FO/] SOCIAL H>MONY4 

,! FASC9AT+ ?+ IS ?AT :ILE MANY ( ! HI/ORICAL TR5DS ,T(FL] DESCRIBES >E ACCURATE1 ! BOOK ITSELF APPE>$ AT ALMO/ PRECISELY ! MOM5T :5 MO/ ( !M CAME TO AN 5D4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IT WAS RI<T >\ND #aig :5 ! 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC PAP]S PUBLI%$ 9 ! WORLD--A FIGURE ?AT HAD BE5 D\BL+ EV]Y FIFTE5 YE>S S9CE R\<LY #a#f#h#e--BEGAN LEVEL+ (F4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! NUMB] ( BOOKS & PAT5TS4 ,9 O!R >EAS1 GR[? DID NOT JU/ SL[ D[N--IT /OPP$ 5TIRELY4 ,T(FL]'S *OICE ( ! WORD 0ACCEL]ATION0 TURNS \T TO HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY UN=TUNATE4 ,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ! TOP SPE$ AT :I* HUMAN BE+S C\LD TRAVEL HAD L+]$ >\ND TW5TY-FIVE MILES P] H\R4 ,BY #ai IT HAD 9CREAS$ TO P]HAPS #a MPH1 & = ! NEXT SEV5TY YE>S IT DID 9DE$ SEEM TO BE 9CREAS+ EXPON5TIALLY4 ,BY ! TIME ,T(FL] WAS WRIT+1 9 #a#i#g1 ! RECORD = ! FA/E/ SPE$ AT :I* ANY HUMAN HAD TRAVEL$ /OOD AT #b#d1#g#i#a MPH1 A*IEV$ BY ! CREW ( ,APOLLO #a :ILE RE5T]+ ! E>?'S ATMOSPH]E 9 #a#i#f#i1 JU/ A YE> BE=E4 ,AT SU* AN EXPON5TIAL RATE1 IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ REASONABLE TO ASSUME ?AT )9 A MATT] ( DECADES1 HUMANITY W\LD BE EXPLOR+ O!R SOL> SY/EMS4 ,YET NO FUR!R 9CREASE HAS OCCURR$ S9CE #a#i#g4 

,! RECORD = ! FA/E/ A HUMAN HAS EV] TRAVEL$ REMA9S ) ! CREW ( ,APOLLO #a4 ,TRUE1 ! MAXIMUM SPE$ ( COMM]CIAL AIR FLI<T DID PEAK ONE YE> LAT]1 AT #a#d1 MPH1 ) ! LAUN*+ ( ! ,CONCORDE 9 #a#i#g#a4 ,BUT AIRL9E SPE$ HAS NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO 9CREASE S9CE--IT HAS ACTUALLY DECREAS$ S9CE ! ,CONCORDE'S AB&ONM5T 9 #b#c4.<#h#d.> .<#h#e.> 

,! FACT ?AT ,T(FL] TURN$ \T TO BE WRONG AB\T ALMO/ EV]Y?+ HAD NO DELET]I\S EFFECTS ON HIS [N C>E]4 ,*>ISMATIC PROPHETS R>ELY SUFF] MU* :5 !IR PROPHECIES FAIL TO MAT]IALIZE4 ,T(FL] JU/ KEPT RETOOL+ HIS ANALYSIS & COM+ UP ) NEW SPECTACUL> PRON\NCEM5TS EV]Y DECADE OR SO1 ALWAYS TO GREAT PUBLIC RECOGNITION & APPLAUSE4 ,9 #aih HE PRODUC$ A BOOK CALL$ ,! ,?IRD ,WAVE1.<#h#f.> ITS >GUM5T LIFT$ DIRECTLY FROM ,]NE/ ,M&EL'S 0?IRD TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION0--EXCEPT ?AT :ILE ,M&EL >GU$ !SE *ANGES W\LD SPELL ! EV5TUAL 5D ( CAPITALISM1 ,T(FL] SIMPLY ASSUM$ ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD BE >\ND =EV]4 ,BY #a#i#i1 HE HAD BECOME ! P]SONAL 9TELLECTUAL GURU ( ,REPUBLICAN CONGRESSMAN ,NEWT ,G+RI*1 :O CLAIM$ ?AT HIS [N #aiid 0,CONTRACT ) ,AM]ICA0 WAS 9SPIR$1 9 P>T1 BY ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES NE$$ TO MOVE FROM AN ANTIQUAT$1 MAT]IALI/1 9DU/RIAL M9DSET TO A NEW1 FREE-M>KET1 9=MATION-AGE1 ,?IRD ,WAVE CIVILIZATION4 

,!RE >E ALL SORTS ( IRONIES H]E4 ,PROBABLY ONE ( ! GREATE/ REAL-WORLD A*IEVEM5TS ( ,FUTURE ,%OCK HAD BE5 TO 9SPIRE ! GOV]NM5T TO CREATE AN ,(FICE ( ,TE*NOLOGY ,ASSESSM5T 7,O,T,A7 9 #a#i#g#b1 MORE OR LESS 9 L9E ) ,T(FL]'S CALL = SOME SORT ( DEMOCRATIC OV]SI<T OV] POT5TIALLY DISRUPTIVE TE*NOLOGIES4 ,ONE ( ,G+RI*'S FIR/ ACTS ON W9N+ CONTROL ( ,CONGRESS 9 #aiie WAS TO DEFUND ! ,O,T,A AS AN EXAMPLE ( USELESS GOV]NM5T WA/E4 ,AGA91 NONE ( ?IS SEEM$ TO FAZE ,T(FL] AT ALL4 ,BY ?AT TIME1 HE HAD LONG S9CE GIV5 UP TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE POLICY BY APPEAL+ TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 OR EV5 REALLY TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE POLITICAL DEBATE2 HE WAS1 9/EAD1 MAK+ A LIV+ L>GELY BY GIV+ SEM9>S TO ,C,E,OS & ! D5IZ5S ( CORPORATE ?9K TANKS4 ,HIS 9SI<TS HAD1 EFFECTIVELY1 BE5 PRIVATIZ$4 

,G+RI* LIK$ TO CALL HIMSELF A 0CONS]VATIVE FUTUROLOGI/40 ,?IS MI<T SEEM OXYMORONIC2 BUT ACTUALLY1 IF Y\ LOOK BACK AT ,T(FL]'S WORK 9 RETROSPECT1 ! GURU'S POLITICS L9E UP PRECISELY ) HIS /UD5T'S1 & IT'S RA!R SURPRIS+ ANYONE EV] TOOK HIM = ANY?+ ELSE4 ,! >GUM5T ( ,FUTURE ,%OCK IS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( CONS]VATISM4 ,PROGRESS WAS ALWAYS PRES5T$ AS A PROBLEM ?AT NE$$ TO BE SOLV$4 ,TRUE1 HIS SOLUTION WAS O/5SIBLY TO CREATE =MS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL1 BUT 9 EFFECT1 0DEMOCRATIC0 OBVI\SLY MEANT 0BUREAUCRATIC10 ! CREATION ( PANELS ( EXP]TS TO DET]M9E :I* 9V5TIONS W\LD BE APPROV$1 & :I* PUT ON ! %ELF4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,T(FL] MI<T BE/ BE SE5 AS A LATT] DAY1 9TELLECTUALLY LI<TWEI<T V]SION ( ! E>LY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIAL !ORI/ ,AUGU/E ,COMTE4 ,COMTE1 TOO1 FELT ?AT HE WAS /&+ ON ! BR9K ( A NEW AGE--9 HIS CASE1 ! 9DU/RIAL AGE--DRIV5 BY ! 9EXORABLE PROGRESS ( TE*NOLOGY1 & ?AT ! SOCIAL CATACLYSMS ( HIS TIMES W]E REALLY CAUS$ BY ! SOCIAL SY/EM NOT HAV+ MANAG$ TO ADJU/4 ,! OLD]1 FEUDAL ORD]1 HAD DEVELOP$ NOT ONLY ,CA?OLIC !OLOGY1 A WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T MAN'S PLACE 9 ! COSMOS P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ! TIME1 BUT AN 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE1 ! ,*UR*1 ?AT CONVEY$ & 5=C$ SU* IDEAS 9 A WAY ?AT C\LD GIVE EV]YONE A S5SE ( MEAN+ & BELONG+4 ,! CURR5T1 9DU/RIAL AGE HAD DEVELOP$ ITS [N SY/EM ( IDEAS--SCI5CE--BUT SCI5TI/S HAD NOT SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ ANY?+ LIKE ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,COMTE CONCLUD$ ?AT WE NE$$ TO DEVELOP A NEW SCI5CE1 :I* HE DUBB$ 0SOCIOLOGY10 & ?AT SOCIOLOGI/S %\LD PLAY ! ROLE ( PRIE/S 9 A NEW ,RELIGION ( ,SOCIETY ?AT W\LD 9SPIRE ! MASSES ) A LOVE ( ORD]1 COMMUNITY1 WORK-DISCIPL9E1 & PATRI>*AL FAMILY VALUES4 ,T(FL] WAS LESS AMBITI\S3 HIS FUTUROLOGI/S W]E NOT SUPPOS$ TO ACTUALLY PLAY ! ROLE ( PRIE/S4 ,BUT HE %>$ ! SAME FEEL+ ?AT TE*NOLOGY WAS LEAD+ HUMANS TO ! BR9K ( A GREAT HI/ORICAL BREAK1 ! SAME FE> ( SOCIAL BREAKD[N1 &1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! SAME OBSESSION ) ! NE$ TO PRES]VE ! SACR$ ROLE ( MO!RHOOD--,COMTE WANT$ TO PUT ! IMAGE ( A PREGNANT WOMAN ON ! FLAG ( HIS RELIGI\S MOVEM5T4 

,G+RI* DID HAVE ANO!R GURU :O WAS OV]TLY RELIGI\S3 ,GEORGE ,GILD]1 A LIB]T>IAN !OLOGIAN1 & AU?OR1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ( A NEWSLETT] CALL$ ! 0,GILD] ,TE*NOLOGY ,REPORT40 ,GILD] WAS ALSO OBSESS$ ) ! RELATION ( TE*NOLOGY & SOCIAL *ANGE1 BUT 9 AN ODD WAY1 HE WAS F> MORE OPTIMI/IC4 ,EMBRAC+ AN EV5 MORE RADICAL V]SION ( ,M&EL'S ,?IRD ,WAVE >GUM5T1 HE 9SI/$ ?AT :AT WE W]E SEE+ S9CE ! #a#i#gS ) ! RISE ( COMPUT]S WAS A V]ITABLE 0OV]?R[ ( MATT]40 ,! OLD1 MAT]IALI/1 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 :]E VALUE CAME FROM PHYSICAL LABOR1 WAS GIV+ WAY TO AN 9=MATION AGE :]E VALUE EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ! M9DS ( 5TREPR5EURS1 JU/ AS ! WORLD HAD ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ EX NIHILO FROM ! M9D ( ,GOD1 JU/ AS MONEY1 9 A PROP] SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMY1 EM]G$ EX NIHILO FROM ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE & 9TO ! H&S ( CREATIVE1 VALUE- CREAT+1 CAPITALI/S4 ,SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMIC POLICIES1 HE CONCLUD$1 W\LD 5SURE ?AT 9VE/M5T W\LD CONT9UE TO /E] AWAY FROM OLD GOV]NM5T BOONDOGGLES LIKE ! SPACE PROGRAM1 & T[>DS MORE PRODUCTIVE 9=MATION & M$ICAL TE*NOLOGIES4 

,GILD]1 :O HAD BEGUN HIS C>E] DECL>+ ?AT HE ASPIR$ TO BE 0,AM]ICA'S PREMI] ANTIFEM9I/10 ALSO 9SI/$ ?AT SU* SALUT>Y DEVELOPM5TS C\LD ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY /RICT 5=CEM5T ( TRADITIONAL FAMILY VALUES4 ,HE DID NOT PROPOSE A NEW RELIGION ( SOCIETY4 ,HE DIDN'T FEEL HE HAD TO1 S9CE ! SAME WORK C\LD BE DONE BY ! ,*RI/IAN EVANGELICAL MOVEM5T ?AT WAS ALREADY =G+ ITS /RANGE ALLIANCE ) ! LIB]T>IAN RI<T4.<#h#g.> 

,ONE W\LD BE UNWISE1 P]HAPS1 TO DWELL TOO MU* ON SU* ECC5TRIC *>ACT]S1 H[EV] 9FLU5TIAL4 ,= ONE ?+1 !Y CAME V]Y LATE 9 ! DAY4 ,IF !RE WAS A CONSCI\S1 OR SEMICONSCI\S1 MOVE AWAY FROM 9VE/M5T 9 RESE>* ?AT MI<T HAVE L$ TO BETT] ROCKETS & ROBOTS1 & T[>DS RESE>* ?AT W\LD LEAD TO SU* ?+S AS LAS] PR9T]S & ,C,A,T SCANS1 IT HAD ALREADY BEGUN BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ,T(FL]'S ,FUTURE ,%OCK 7#a#i#g#a71 LET ALONE ,GILD]'S ,WEAL? & ,POV]TY 7#a#i#h#a74.<#h#h.> ,:AT !IR SUCCESS DOES %[ IS ?AT ! ISSUES !SE M5 RAIS$--! CONC]N ?AT EXI/+ PATT]NS ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T W\LD LEAD TO SOCIAL UPHEAVAL1 ! NE$ TO GUIDE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 DIRECTIONS ?AT DID NOT *ALL5GE EXI/+ /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY--F\ND A RECEPTIVE E> 9 ! V]Y HI<E/ CORRIDORS ( P[]4 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT /ATESM5 & CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY W]E 9DE$ ?9K+ AB\T SU* QUE/IONS1 & HAD BE5 = SOME TIME4.<#h#i.> 

,SO :AT HAPP5$8 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! RE/ ( ?IS ESSAY1 :I* IS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE P>TS1 ,I AM GO+ TO CONSID] A NUMB] ( FACTORS ?AT ,I ?9K CONTRIBUT$ TO 5SUR+ ! TE*NOLOGICAL FUTURES WE ALL ANTICIPAT$ NEV] HAPP5$4 ,!SE FALL 9TO TWO BROAD GR\PS4 ,ONE IS BROADLY POLITICAL1 HAV+ TO DO ) CONSCI\S %IFTS 9 ! ALLOCATION ( RESE>* FUND+2 ! O!R BUREAUCRATIC1 A *ANGE 9 ! NATURE ( ! SY/EMS ADM9I/]+ SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL RESE>*4 

,!SIS3 ,!RE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 A PR(\ND %IFT1 BEG9N+ 9 ! #a#i#gS1 FROM 9VE/M5T 9 TE*NOLOGIES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! POSSIBILITY ( ALT]NATIVE FUTURES TO 9VE/M5T TE*NOLOGIES ?AT FUR!R$ LABOR DISCIPL9E & SOCIAL CONTROL 

  
  

0,! B\RGEOISIE CANNOT EXI/ )\T CON/ANTLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 & !REBY ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ) !M ! :OLE RELATIONS ( SOCIETY 444 ,ALL FIX$1 FA/-FROZ5 RELATIONS1 ) !IR TRA9 ( ANCI5T & V5]ABLE PREJUDICES & OP9IONS1 >E SWEPT AWAY1 ALL NEW-=M$ ONES BECOME ANTIQUAT$ BE=E !Y CAN OSSIFY4 ,ALL ?AT IS SOLID MELTS 9TO AIR1 ALL ?AT IS HOLY IS PR(AN$1 & MAN IS AT LA/ COMPELL$ TO FACE ) SOB] S5SES HIS REAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & HIS RELATIONS ) HIS K9D40 

--,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7#a#h#d#g7  
  
  

0,I SAID ?AT FUN WAS V]Y IMPORTANT1 TOO1 ?AT IT WAS A DIRECT REBUTTAL ( ! K9D ( E?ICS & MORALS ?AT W]E BE+ PUT =? 9 ! C\NTRY TO KEEP PEOPLE WORK+ 9 A RAT RACE :I* DIDN'T MAKE ANY S5SE BECAUSE 9 A FEW YE>S ! MA*9ES W\LD DO ALL ! WORK ANYWAY1 ?AT !RE WAS A :OLE SY/EM ( VALUES ?AT PEOPLE W]E TAU<T TO PO/PONE !IR PLEASURE1 TO PUT ALL !IR MONEY 9 ! BANK1 TO BUY LIFE 9SURANCE1 A :OLE BUN* ( ?+S ?AT DIDN'T MAKE ANY S5SE TO \R G5]ATION AT ALL40 

--,ABBIE ,H(FMAN1 FROM ! TRIAL ( ! ,*ICAGO ,SEV5 7#a#i#g7  
  

,S9CE ITS 9CEPTION 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! SY/EM ?AT HAS COME TO BE KN[N AS 09DU/RIAL CAPITALISM0 HAS FO/]$ AN EXTREMELY RAPID RATE ( SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION--ONE UNP>ALLEL$ 9 PREVI\S HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,ITS ADVOCATES HAVE ALWAYS HELD ?IS \T AS ! ULTIMATE JU/IFICATION = ! EXPLOITATION1 MIS]Y1 & DE/RUCTION ( COMMUNITIES ! SY/EM ALSO PRODUC$4 ,EV5 ITS MO/ FAM\S DETRACTORS1 ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 W]E WILL+ TO CELEBRATE CAPITALISM--IF = NO?+ ELSE--= ITS MAGNIFIC5T UNLEA%+ ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES40 ,M>X & ,5GELS ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT ?AT V]Y T5D5CY1 OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 CAPITALISM'S V]Y NE$ TO CONT9UALLY REVOLUTIONIZE ! MEANS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 W\LD EV5TUALLY BE ITS UNDO+4 

,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT !Y W]E RI<T8 ,& IS IT ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT 9 ! SIXTIES1 CAPITALI/S1 AS A CLASS1 BEGAN TO FIGURE ?IS \T8 

,M>X'S SPECIFIC >GUM5T WAS ?AT1 = C]TA9 TE*NICAL REASONS1 VALUE1 & !RE=E PR(ITS1 CAN ONLY BE EXTRACT$ FROM HUMAN LABOR4 ,COMPETITION =CES FACTORY [N]S TO ME*ANIZE PRODUCTION1 SO AS TO R$UCE LABOR CO/S1 BUT :ILE ?IS IS TO ! %ORT-T]M ADVANTAGE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FIRM1 ! OV]ALL EFFECT ( SU* ME*ANIZATION IS ACTUALLY TO DRIVE ! OV]ALL RATE ( PR(IT ( ALL FIRMS D[N4 ,= ALMO/ TWO C5TURIES N[1 ECONOMI/S HAVE DEBAT$ :E!R ALL ?IS IS REALLY TRUE4 ,BUT IF IT IS TRUE1 ! O!RWISE MY/]I\S DECISION BY 9DU/RIALI/S NOT TO P\R RESE>* FUNDS 9TO ! 9V5TION ( ! ROBOT FACTORIES ?AT EV]YONE WAS ANTICIPAT+ 9 ! SIXTIES1 & 9/EAD TO BEG9 TO RELOCATE !IR FACTORIES TO MORE LABOR-9T5SIVE1 L[-TE* FACILITIES 9 ,*9A OR ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 MAKES P]FECT S5SE4.<#i.> 

,I'VE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT !RE'S REASON TO BELIEVE ! PACE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION 9 PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES--! FACTORIES !MSELVES--HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO SL[ D[N CONSID]ABLY 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES4 ,OBVI\SLY IT DIDN'T LOOK ?AT WAY AT ! TIME4 ,:AT MADE IT APPE> O!RWISE W]E L>GELY ! SIDE-EFFECTS ( ,U4,S4 RIVALRY ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TRUE 9 TWO WAYS4 ,ONE WAS A CONSCI\S POLICY3 ! ,COLD ,W> SAW FR5ETIC EF=TS BY ,U4,S4 9DU/RIAL PLANN]S.<#i#a.> TO F9D WAYS TO APPLY EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES TO CONSUM] PURPOSES1 TO CREATE AN OPTIMI/IC S5SE ( BURGEON+ PROSP]ITY & GU>ANTE$ PROGRESS ?AT1 IT WAS HOP$1 W\LD UND]CUT ! APPEAL ( RADICAL WORK+-CLASS POLITICS4 ,! FAM\S #aiei 0KIT*5 DEBATE0 BETWE5 ,RI*>D ,NIXON & ,NIKITA ,KHRU%*EV MADE ! POLITICS QUITE EXPLICIT3 0Y\R COMMUNI/ 'WORK]'S /ATE' MAY HAVE BEAT US 9TO \T] SPACE10 ,NIXON EFFECTIVELY >GU$1 0BUT IT'S CAPITALISM ?AT CREATES TE*NOLOGY LIKE WA%+ MA*9ES ?AT ACTUALLY IMPROVE ! LIVES ( ! TOIL+ MASSES40 ,! O!R WAS ! SPACE RACE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ! 9ITIATIVE REALLY CAME FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ITSELF4 ,ALL ?IS IS DIFFICULT = ,AM]ICANS TO REMEMB]1 BECAUSE ) ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ! POPUL> IMAGE ( ! ,U,S,S,R SWIT*$ SO QUICKLY FROM T]RIFY+ RIVAL TO PA!TIC BASKET CASE--! EXEMPL> ( A SOCIETY ?AT 0JU/ DIDN'T WORK40 ,BACK 9 ! FIFTIES1 MANY ,U4,S4 PLANN]S W]E LABOR+ UND] ! SUSPICION ?AT ! ,SOVIET SY/EM QUITE POSSIBLY WORK$ MU* BETT] ?AN !IR [N4 ,C]TA9LY1 !Y KE5LY RECALL$ ! FACT ?AT 9 ! #a#i#cS1 :ILE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS MIR$ 9 DEPRESSION1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS MA9TA9+ ALMO/ UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC GR[? RATES ( #a TO #ab P]C5T A YE>--AN A*IEVEM5T QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY ! PRODUCTION ( ! VA/ TANK >MIES ?AT DEFEAT$ ,HITL]1 & ( C\RSE1 ! LAUN*+ ( ,SPUTNIK 9 #a#i#e#g1 FOLL[$ BY ! FIR/ MANN$ SPACECRAFT1 ! ,VO/OK1 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,:5 ,KHRU%*EV ASSUR$ ,NIXON ?AT ,SOVIET LIV+ /&>DS W\LD SURPASS ?OSE ( ! ,AM]ICANS 9 SEV5 YE>S1 MANY ,AM]ICANS FE>$ HE MI<T ACTUALLY BE RI<T4 

,IT'S (T5 SAID ?AT ! ,APOLLO MOON L&+ WAS ! GREATE/ HI/ORICAL A*IEVEM5T ( ,SOVIET COMMUNISM4 ,SURELY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD NEV] HAVE CONTEMPLAT$ SU* A FEAT HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! COSMIC AMBITIONS ( ! ,SOVIET ,POLITBURO4 ,EV5 PUTT+ ?+S ?IS WAY IS A BIT />TL+4 0,COSMIC AMBITIONS80 ,WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( ! ,POLITBURO AS A GR\P ( UNIMAG9ATIVE GRAY BUREAUCRATS1 BUT :ILE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS C]TA9LY RUN BY BUREAUCRATS1 !Y W]E1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 BUREAUCRATS :O D>$ TO DREAM A/\ND+ DREAMS4 7,! DREAM ( WORLD REVOLUTION WAS JU/ ! FIR/47 ,( C\RSE1 MO/ ( !IR GR&IOSE PROJECTS--*ANG+ ! C\RSE ( MI<TY RIV]S1 ?AT SORT ( ?+--EI!R TURN$ \T TO BE ECOLOGICALLY & SOCIALLY DISA/R\S1 OR1 LIKE ,/AL9'S PROJECT$ ONE-HUNDR$-/ORY ,PALACE ( ! ,SOVIETS1 :I* WAS TO BE TOPP$ BY A TW5TY-/ORY /ATUE ( ,L591 NEV] GOT (F ! GR\ND4 ,& AFT] ! 9ITIAL SUCCESSES ( ! ,SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM1 MO/ PROJECTS REMA9$ ON ! DRAW+ BO>D4 ,BUT ! ,SOVIET LEAD]%IP NEV] CEAS$ COM+ UP ) NEW ONES4 ,EV5 9 ! EI<TIES1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS ATTEMPT+ ITS [N LA/--ITSELF ABORTIVE--GR&IOSE S*EME1 ,/> ,W>S1 ! ,SOVIETS W]E /ILL PLANN+ & S*EM+ WAYS TO TRANS=M ! WORLD ?R\< CREATIVE USES ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,FEW \TSIDE ( ,RUSSIA N[ REMEMB] MO/ ( !SE PROJECTS1 BUT VA/ RES\RCES W]E DEVOT$ TO !M4 ,IT'S ALSO WOR? NOT+ ?AT UNLIKE ! ,/> ,W>S PROJECT1 :I* WAS A PURELY MILIT>Y PROJECT DESIGN$ TO S9K ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 MO/ W]E PEACEFUL3 AS = 9/ANCE1 ! ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! WORLD HUNG] PROBLEM BY H>VE/+ LAKES & OCEANS ) AN $IBLE BACT]IA CALL$ SPIRUL9A1 OR TO SOLVE WORLD 5]GY PROBLEMS BY A TRULY BREA?TAK+ PLAN TO LAUN* HUNDR$S ( GIGANTIC SOL> P[] PLAT=MS 9TO ORBIT & BEAM+ ! RESULT+ ELECTRICITY BACK TO E>?4.<#i#b.> 

,EV5 ! GOLD5 AGE ( SCI5CE FICTION1 :I* HAD ITS HEYDAY 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 & :I* FIR/ DEVELOP$ ?AT /&>D REP]TOIRE ( FUTURE 9V5TIONS--=CE FIELDS1 TRACTOR BEAMS1 W>P DRIVES--?AT ANY CONTEMPOR>Y EI<T-YE>-OLD IS FAMILI> ) 7JU/ AS SURELY AS !Y WILL KN[ ?AT G>LIC1 CROSSES1 /AKES1 & SUNLI<T >E :AT'S MO/ LIKELY TO BE ( HELP 9 SLAY+ VAMPIRES7 OCCURR$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,U,S,S,R SIMULTANE\SLY4.<#i#c.> ,OR CONSID] ,/> ,TREK1 ?AT QU9TESS5CE ( ,AM]ICAN MY?OLOGY4 ,IS NOT ! ,F$]ATION ( ,PLANETS--) ITS HI<-M9D$ IDEALISM1 /RICT MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 & APP>5T LACK ( BO? CLASS DIFF]5CES & ANY REAL EVID5CE ( MULTIP>TY DEMOCRACY--REALLY JU/ AN ,AM]ICANIZ$ VISION ( A K9D]1 G5TL] ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & ABOVE ALL1 ONE ?AT ACTUALLY 0WORK$08.<#i#d.> 

,:AT ,I F9D REM>KABLE AB\T ,/> ,TREK1 9 P>TICUL>1 IS ?AT !RE IS NOT ONLY NO REAL EVID5CE ( DEMOCRACY1 BUT ?AT ALMO/ NO ONE SEEMS TO NOTICE ITS ABS5CE4 ,GRANT$1 ! ,/> ,TREK UNIV]SE HAS BE5 5DLESSLY ELABORAT$1 ) MULTIPLE S]IES1 MOVIES1 BOOKS & COMICS1 EV5 5CYCLOP$IAS1 NOT TO M5TION DECADES' WOR? ( EV]Y SORT ( FAN FICTION1 SO ! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,F$]ATION DID EV5TUALLY HAVE TO COME UP4 ,& :5 IT DID !RE WAS NO REAL WAY ANYONE C\LD SAY IT WAS NOT A DEMOCRACY4 ,SO ONE OR TWO LATE REF]5CES TO ! ,F$]ATION AS HAV+ AN ELECT$ ,PRESID5T & LEGISLATURE W]E DULY ?R[N 94 ,BUT ?IS IS MEAN+LESS4 ,SIGNS ( REAL DEMOCRATIC LIFE >E 5TIRELY ABS5T 9 ! %[--NO *>ACT] EV] MAKES EV5 A PASS+ REF]5CE TO ELECTIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 DIVISIVE ISSUES1 OP9ION POLLS1 SLOGANS1 PLEBISCITES1 PROTE/S1 OR CAMPAIGNS4 ,DOES ,F$]ATION 0DEMOCRACY0 EV5 OP]ATE ON A P>TY SY/EM8 ,IF SO1 :AT >E ! P>TIES8 ,:AT SORT ( PHILOSOPHY OR CORE CON/ITU5CY DOES EA* REPRES5T8 ,9 #gbf EPISODES WE'RE NOT GIV5 ! SLI<TE/ CLUE4.<#i#e.> 

,ONE MI<T OBJECT3 ! *>ACT]S !MSELVES >E P>T ( ,/> ,FLEET4 ,!Y'RE 9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,TRUE2 BUT 9 REAL DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES1 OR EV5 CON/ITUTIONAL REPUBLICS LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SOLDI]S & SAILORS REGUL>LY EXPRESS POLITICAL OP9IONS AB\T ALL SORTS ( ?+S4 ,Y\ NEV] SEE ANYONE 9 ,/> ,FLEET SAY+1 0,I NEV] %\LD HAVE VOT$ = ?OSE IDIOTS PU%+ ! EXPANSIONI/ POLICY1 N[ LOOK :AT A MESS !Y'VE GOTT5 9TO 9 ,SECTOR #e0 OR 0:5 ,I WAS A /UD5T ,I WAS ACTIVE 9 ! CAMPAIGN TO BAN T]RA=M+ ( CLASS-,C PLANETS BUT N[ ,I'M NOT SURE WE W]E RI<T40 ,:5 POLITICAL PROBLEMS DO >ISE1 & !Y REGUL>LY DO1 ?OSE S5T 9 TO DEAL ) !M >E 9V>IABLY BUREAUCRATS1 DIPLOMATS1 & (FICIALS4 ,/> ,TREK *>ACT]S COMPLA9 AB\T BUREAUCRATS ALL ! TIME4 ,!Y NEV] COMPLA9 AB\T POLITICIANS4 ,BECAUSE POLITICAL PROBLEMS >E ALWAYS ADDRESS$ SOLELY ?R\< ADM9I/RATIVE MEANS4.<#i#f.> 

,BUT ?IS IS ( C\RSE EXACTLY :AT ONE W\LD EXPECT UND] SOME =M ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,WE T5D TO =GET ?AT SU* REGIMES1 ALSO1 9V>IABLY CLAIM$ TO BE DEMOCRACIES4 ,ON PAP]1 ! ,U,S,S,R UND] ,/AL9 BOA/$ AN EXEMPL>Y CON/ITUTION1 ) F> MORE DEMOCRATIC CONTROLS ?AN ,EUROPEAN P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EMS ( ! TIME4 ,IT WAS JU/ ?AT1 MU* AS 9 ! ,F$]ATION1 NONE ( ?IS HAD ANY BE>+ ON H[ LIFE ACTUALLY WORK$4 

,! ,F$]ATION1 !N1 IS ,L59ISM BR\<T TO ITS FULL & ABSOLUTE COSMIC SUCCESS--A SOCIETY :]E SECRET POLICE1 RE$UCATION CAMPS1 & %[ TRIALS >E NOT NECESS>Y BECAUSE A HAPPY CONJUNCTURE ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE & IDEOLOGICAL CON=MITY 5SURES ! SY/EM CAN N[ RUN 5TIRELY BY ITSELF4 

,:ILE NO ONE SEEMS TO KN[ OR MU* C>E AB\T ! ,F$]ATION'S POLITICAL COMPOSITION1 ITS ECONOMIC SY/EM HAS1 FROM ! EI<TIES ONW>D1 BE5 SUBJECT TO 5DLESS CURIOSITY & DEBATE4 ,/> ,TREK *>ACT]S LIVE UND] A REGIME ( EXPLICIT COMMUNISM4 ,SOCIAL CLASSES HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,SO TOO HAVE DIVISIONS BAS$ ON RACE1 G5D]1 OR E?NIC ORIG94.<#i#g.> ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( MONEY1 9 E>LI] P]IODS1 IS CONSID]$ A WEIRD & SOME:AT AMUS+ HI/ORICAL CURIOSITY4 ,M5IAL LABOR HAS BE5 AUTOMAT$ 9TO NONEXI/5CE4 ,FLOORS CLEAN !MSELVES4 ,FOOD1 CLO?+1 TOOLS & WEAPONS CAN BE :ISK$ 9TO EXI/5CE AT WILL ) A M]E EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY1 & EV5 5]GY DOES NOT SEEM TO BE RATION$ 9 ANY SIGNIFICANT WAY4 ,ALL ?IS DID RAISE SOME HACKLES1 & IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO WRITE A POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ! DEBATE OV] ! ECONOMICS ( ! FUTURE IT SP>K$ 9 ! LATE EI<TIES & E>LY N9ETIES4 ,I WELL REMEMB] WAT*+ FILMMAK] ,MI*AEL ,MOORE1 9 A DEBATE ) $ITORS ( ,! ,NATION1 PO9T+ \T ?AT ,/> ,TREK %[$ ?AT ORD9>Y WORK+-CLASS ,AM]ICANS W]E F> MORE AM5ABLE TO OV]T ANTICAPITALI/ POLITICS ?AN ! BEACONS ( ! MA9/REAM 0PROGRESSIVE0 LEFT4 ,IT WAS >\ND ?AT TIME1 TOO1 ?AT CONS]VATIVES & LIB]T>IANS ON ! ,9T]NET ALSO BEGAN TO TAKE NOTICE1 FILL+ NEWSGR\PS & O!R ELECTRONIC =UMS ) CONDEMNATIONS ( ! %[ AS LEFTI/ PROPAG&A4.<#i#h.> ,BUT SUDD5LY1 WE LE>N$ ?AT MONEY HAD NOT 5TIRELY DISAPPE>$4 ,!RE WAS LAT9UM4 ,?OSE :O TRAD$ 9 IT1 H[EV]1 W]E AN ODI\S RACE :O SEEM$ TO BE ALMO/ EXACTLY MODEL$ ON ,M$IEVAL ,*RI/IAN /]EOTYPES ( ,JEWS1 EXCEPT ) OV]SIZE E>S 9/EAD ( OV]SIZE NOSES4 7,AMUS+LY1 !Y W]E GIV5 A NAME1 ,F]5GI1 ?AT IS ACTUALLY ! ,>ABIC & ,H9DI T]M = 0ANNOY+ :ITE P]SON407.<#i#i.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SUGGE/ION ?AT ! ,F$]ATION WAS PROMOT+ COMMUNISM WAS UND]CUT BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! ,BORG1 A HO/ILE CIVILIZATION SO UTT]LY COMMUNI/IC ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY HAD BE5 EFFAC$ COMPLETELY1 SUCK+ ANY S5TI5T LIFE =M IT ASSIMILAT$ 9TO ONE T]RIFY+ BEEHIVE M9D4 

,BY ! TIME ( ! MOON L&+ ( #a#i#f#h1 ,U4,S4 PLANN]S NO LONG] TOOK !IR COMPETITION S]I\SLY4 ,! ,SOVIETS HAD LO/ ! SPACE RACE1 & AS A RESULT1 ! ACTUAL DIRECTION ( ,AM]ICAN RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T C\LD %IFT AWAY FROM ANY?+ ?AT MI<T LEAD TO ! CREATION ( ,M>S BASES & ROBOT FACTORIES1 LET ALONE BECOME ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS = A COMMUNI/ UTOPIA4 

,! /&>D L9E1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT ?IS %IFT ( PRIORITIES WAS SIMPLY ! NATURAL RESULT ( ! TRIUMPH ( ! M>KET4 ,! ,APOLLO PROGRAM WAS ! QU9TESS5TIAL ,BIG ,GOV]NM5T PROJECT--,SOVIET-9SPIR$ 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT REQUIR$ A VA/ NATIONAL EF=T1 COORD9AT$ BY AN EQUALLY VA/ GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY4 ,AS SOON AS ! ,SOVIET ?REAT WAS SAFELY \T ( ! PICTURE1 ?IS /ORY GOES1 CAPITALISM WAS FREE TO REV]T TO L9ES ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T MORE 9 ACCORD ) ITS NORMAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 FREE-M>KET IMP]ATIVES--SU* AS PRIVATELY FUND$ RESE>* 9TO M>KETABLE PRODUCTS LIKE T\*-PAD PHONES1 ADV5TUR\S LITTLE />T- UPS1 & ! LIKE4 ,?IS IS1 C]TA9LY1 ! L9E ?AT M5 LIKE ,T(FL] & ,GILD] BEGAN TAK+ 9 ! LATE SEV5TIES & E>LY EI<TIES4 ,BUT IT'S OBVI\SLY WRONG4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! AM\NT ( REALLY 9NOVATIVE RESE>* BE+ DONE 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR HAS ACTUALLY DECL9$ S9CE ! HEYDAY ( ,BELL ,LABS & SIMIL> CORPORATE RESE>* DIVISIONS 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES4 ,P>TLY ?IS IS BECAUSE ( A *ANGE ( TAX REGIMES4 ,! PHONE COMPANY WAS WILL+ TO 9VE/ SO MU* ( ITS PR(ITS 9 RESE>* BECAUSE ?OSE PR(ITS W]E HI<LY TAX$--GIV5 ! *OICE BETWE5 S9K+ ! MONEY 9TO HI<] WAGES = ITS WORK]S 7:I* B\<T LOYALTY7 & RESE>* 7:I* MADE S5SE TO A COMPANY ?AT WAS /ILL LOCK$ 9 ! OLD M9D-SET ?AT SAID CORPORATIONS W]E ULTIMATELY AB\T MAK+ ?+S1 RA!R ?AN MAK+ MONEY71 & HAV+ ?AT SAME MONEY SIMPLY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ! *OICE WAS OBVI\S4 ,AFT] ! *ANGES 9 ! SEV5TIES & EI<TIES DESCRIB$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION1 ALL ?IS *ANG$4 ,CORPORATE TAXES W]E SLA%$4 ,EXECUTIVES1 :OSE COMP5SATION N[ 9CREAS+LY TOOK ! =M ( /OCK OPTIONS1 BEGAN NOT JU/ PAY+ ! PR(ITS TO 9VE/ORS 9 DIVID5DS1 BUT US+ MONEY ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE DIRECT$ T[>DS RAISES1 HIR+1 OR RESE>* BUDGETS ON /OCK BUYBACKS1 RAIS+ ! VALUES ( ! EXECUTIVES' PORTFOLIOS BUT DO+ NO?+ TO FUR!R PRODUCTIVITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TAX CUTS & F9ANCIAL RE=MS HAD ALMO/ PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE EFFECT AS !IR PROPON5TS CLAIM$ !Y W\LD4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T NEV] DID AB&ON GIGANTIC /ATE-CONTROLL$ S*EMES ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT JU/ %IFT$ !IR EMPHASIS %>PLY AWAY FROM CIVILIAN PROJECTS LIKE ! SPACE PROGRAM & 9 ! DIRECTION ( MILIT>Y RESE>*--NOT JU/ ,/> ,W>S1 :I* WAS ,REAGAN'S V]SION ( A VA/ ,SOVIET-SCALE PROJECT1 BUT AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( WEAPONS PROJECTS1 RESE>* 9 COMMUNICATIONS & SURVEILLANCE TE*NOLOGIES1 & SIMIL>1 0SECURITY-RELAT$0 CONC]NS4 ,TO SOME DEGREE ?IS HAD ALWAYS BE5 TRUE3 ! BILLIONS P\R$ 9TO MISSILE RESE>* ALONE HAD ALWAYS DW>F$ ! RELATIVELY 9SIGNIFICANT SUMS ALLOCAT$ TO ! SPACE PROGRAM4 ,YET BY ! #a#i#gS1 EV5 MU* BASIC RESE>* CAME TO BE CONDUCT$ FOLL[+ ESS5TIALLY MILIT>Y PRIORITIES4 ,! MO/ IMM$IATE REASON WE DON'T HAVE ROBOT FACTORIES IS ?AT1 = ! LA/ SEV]AL DECADES1 SOME #ie P]C5T ( ROBOTICS RESE>* FUND+ HAS BE5 *ANNEL$ ?R\< ! ,P5TAGON1 :I* IS ( C\RSE HAS F> MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! K9D ( DISCOV]IES ?AT MI<T LEAD TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( UNMANN$ DRONES ?AN FULLY AUTOMAT$ BAUXITE M9ES OR ROBOT G>D5]S4 

,!SE MILIT>Y PROJECTS DID HAVE !IR [N CIVILIAN SP9-(FS3 ! ,9T]NET IS ONE4 ,BUT !Y HAD ! EFFECT ( GUID+ DEVELOPM5T 9 V]Y SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS4 

,ONE MI<T SUGGE/ AN EV5 D>K] POSSIBILITY4 ,A CASE C\LD BE MADE ?AT EV5 ! %IFT 9TO ,R@&,D ON 9=MATION TE*NOLOGIES & M$IC9E WAS NOT SO MU* A REORI5TATION T[>DS M>KET-DRIV5 CONSUM] IMP]ATIVES1 BUT P>T ( AN ALL-\T EF=T TO FOLL[ ! TE*NOLOGICAL HUMBL+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) TOTAL VICTORY 9 ! GLOBAL CLASS W>3 NOT ONLY ! IMPOSITION ( ABSOLUTE ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y DOM9ANCE OV]SEAS1 BUT ! UTT] R\T ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS BACK HOME4 ,! TE*NOLOGIES ?AT EM]G$ W]E 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CASE ! K9D ?AT PROV$ MO/ CONDUCIVE TO SURVEILLANCE1 WORK DISCIPL9E1 & SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,COMPUT]S HAVE OP5$ UP C]TA9 SPACES ( FRE$OM1 AS WE'RE CON/ANTLY REM9D$1 BUT 9/EAD ( LEAD+ TO ! WORKLESS UTOPIA ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN OR ,GUY ,DEBORD IMAG9$1 !Y HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO PRODUCE ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,9=MATION TE*NOLOGY HAS ALL[$ A F9ANCIALIZATION ( CAPITAL ?AT HAS DRIV5 WORK]S EV] MORE DESP]ATELY 9TO DEBT1 :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ALL[$ EMPLOY]S TO CREATE NEW 0FLEXIBLE0 WORK REGIMES ?AT HAVE DE/ROY$ TRADITIONAL JOB SECURITY & L$ TO A MASSIVE 9CREASE 9 OV]ALL WORK+ H\RS = ALMO/ ALL SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION4 ,ALONG ) ! EXPORT ( TRADITIONAL FACTORY JOBS1 ?IS HAS PUT ! UNION MOVEM5T TO R\T & ?US DE/ROY$ ANY REAL POSSIBILITY ( EFFECTIVE WORK+-CLASS POLITICS4.<#a.> ,MEAN:ILE1 DESPITE UNPREC$5T$ 9VE/M5T 9 RESE>* ON M$IC9E & LIFE SCI5CES1 WE /ILL AWAIT CURES = CANC] OR EV5 ( ! COMMON COLD2 9/EAD1 ! MO/ DRAMATIC M$ICAL BREAK?R\<S WE HAVE SE5 HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( DRUGS LIKE ,PROZAC1 ,ZOL(T1 OR ,RITAL9--TAILOR-MADE1 ONE MI<T SAY1 TO 5SURE ?AT !SE NEW PR(ESSIONAL DEM&S DON'T DRIVE US COMPLETELY1 DYSFUNCTIONALLY1 CRAZY4 

,:5 HI/ORIANS WRITE ! EPITAPH = NEOLIB]ALISM1 !Y WILL HAVE TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS ! =M ( CAPITALISM ?AT SY/EMATICALLY PRIORITIZ$ POLITICAL IMP]ATIVES OV] ECONOMIC ONES4 

,?AT IS3 GIV5 A *OICE BETWE5 A C\RSE ( ACTION ?AT WILL MAKE CAPITALISM SEEM LIKE ! ONLY POSSIBLE ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & ONE ?AT WILL MAKE CAPITALISM ACTUALLY BE A MORE VIABLE LONG-T]M ECONOMIC SY/EM1 NEOLIB]ALISM HAS MEANT ALWAYS *OOS+ ! =M]4 ,DOES DE/ROY+ JOB SECURITY :ILE 9CREAS+ WORK+ H\RS REALLY CREATE A MORE PRODUCTIVE 7LET ALONE 9NOVATIVE1 LOYAL7 WORK=CE8 ,!RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE4 ,9 PURELY ECONOMIC T]MS ! RESULT ( NEOLIB]AL RE=M ( LABOR M>KETS IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY NEGATIVE--AN IMPRESSION ?AT OV]ALL L[] ECONOMIC GR[? RATES 9 JU/ AB\T ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD 9 ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES W\LD T5D TO RE9=CE4 ,H[EV] IT HAS BE5 SPECTACUL>LY EFFECTIVE 9 DEPOLITICIZ+ LABOR4 ,! SAME C\LD BE SAID ( ! BURGEON+ GR[? 9 >MIES1 POLICE1 & PRIVATE SECURITY S]VICES4 ,!Y'RE UTT]LY UNPRODUCTIVE--NO?+ BUT A RES\RCE S9K4 ,IT'S QUITE POSSIBLE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! V]Y WEI<T ( ! APP>ATUS CREAT$ TO 5SURE ! IDEOLOGICAL VICTORY ( CAPITALISM WILL ITSELF ULTIMATELY S9K IT4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO EASY TO SEE H[1 IF ! ULTIMATE IMP]ATIVE ( ?OSE RUNN+ ! WORLD IS *OK+ (F ! POSSIBILITY ( ANY S5SE ( AN 9EVITABLE1 R$EMPTIVE FUTURE ?AT WILL BE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T ?AN ! WORLD TODAY MU/ BE A CRUCIAL P>T ( ! NEOLIB]AL PROJECT4 

,ANTI!SIS3 ,YET EV5 ?OSE >EAS ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY ?AT DID RECEIVE MASSIVE FUND+ HAVE NOT SE5 ! BREAK?R\<S ORIG9ALLY ANTICIPAT$ 

  

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! PIECES W\LD SEEM TO BE FALL+ NEATLY 9TO PLACE4 ,BY ! #a#i#fS1 CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL =CES HAD BECOME SKITTI% AB\T ! SOCIALLY DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 :I* !Y BLAM$ = ! SOCIAL UPHEAVALS ( ! ]A1 & EMPLOY]S W]E BEG9N+ TO WORRY AB\T ! ECONOMIC IMPACT ( ME*ANIZATION4 ,! FAD+ ( ! ,SOVIET ?REAT ALL[$ = A MASSIVE REALLOCATION ( RES\RCES 9 DIRECTIONS SE5 AS LESS *ALL5G+ TO SOCIAL & ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS--& ULTIMATELY1 TO ONES ?AT C\LD SUPPORT A CAMPAIGN TO %>PLY REV]SE ! GA9S PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HAD MADE S9CE ! =TIES1 ?US A*IEV+ A DECISIVE VICTORY 9 :AT ,U4,S4 ELITES DID 9DE$ SEE AS A GLOBAL CLASS W>4 ,! *ANGE ( PRIORITIES WAS T\T$ AS A )DRAWAL ( BIG-GOV]NM5T PROJECTS & A RETURN TO ! M>KET1 BUT IT ACTUALLY 9VOLV$ A %IFT 9 ! ORI5TATION ( GOV]NM5T-DIRECT$ RESE>*1 AWAY FROM PROGRAMS LIKE ,N,A,S,A--OR1 SAY1 ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES--& T[>D EV5 MORE 9T5SE FOCUS ON MILIT>Y1 9=MATION1 & M$ICAL TE*NOLOGIES4 

,I ?9K ALL ?IS IS TRUE AS F> AS IT GOES2 BUT IT CAN'T EXPLA9 EV]Y?+4 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT CANNOT EXPLA9 :Y EV5 9 ?OSE >EAS ?AT HAVE BECOME ! FOCUS ( WELL-FUND$ RESE>* PROJECTS1 WE HAVE NOT SE5 ANY?+ LIKE ! K9D ( ADVANCES ANTICIPAT$ FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,TO TAKE ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE3 IF #ie P]C5T ( ROBOTICS RESE>* HAS BE5 FUND$ BY ! MILIT>Y1 :Y IS !RE /ILL NO SIGN ( ,KLAATU-/YLE KILL] ROBOTS %OOT+ DEA? RAYS FROM !IR EYES8 ,BECAUSE WE KN[ !Y'VE BE5 WORK+ ON ?AT4 

,OBVI\SLY1 !RE HAVE BE5 ADVANCES 9 MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY4 ,IT'S WIDELY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS WE ALL SURVIV$ ! ,COLD ,W> IS ?AT :ILE NUCLE> BOMBS WORK$ MORE OR LESS AS ADV]TIS$1 ! DELIV]Y SY/EMS DIDN'T2 ,9T]CONT95TAL ,BALLI/IC ,MISSILES W]5'T REALLY CAPABLE ( HITT+ CITIES1 LET ALONE SPECIFIC T>GETS 9SIDE !M1 :I* MEANT !RE WAS LITTLE PO9T 9 LAUN*+ A NUCLE> FIR/ /RIKE UNLESS Y\ W]E CONSCI\SLY 9T5D+ TO DE/ROY ! WORLD4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y CRUISE MISSILES1 9 CONTRA/1 >E FAIRLY ACCURATE4 ,/ILL1 ALL ?OSE MU*-VAUNT$ PRECISION WEAPONS NEV] SEEM CAPABLE ( TAK+ \T SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS 7,SADDAM1 ,OSAMA1 ,GADDAFI71 EV5 IF HUNDR$S >E DROPP$4 ,DRONES >E JU/ MODEL AIRPLANES1 DRIV5 BY REMOTE CONTROL4 ,& RAY GUNS ( ANY SORT HAVE NOT MAT]IALIZ$1 SURELY NOT = LACK ( TRY+--WE HAVE TO ASSUME ! ,P5TAGON HAS P\R$ BILLIONS 9TO COM+ UP ) ONE1 BUT ! CLOSE/ !Y'RE COME SO F> >E LAS]S 7A FIFTIES TE*NOLOGY7 ?AT MI<T1 IF AIM$ CORRECTLY1 MAKE AN 5EMY GUNN] LOOK+ DIRECTLY AT ! BEAM GO BL9D4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ UNSPORT+1 BUT RA!R PA!TIC4 ,PHAS]S ?AT CAN BE SET TO /UN DO NOT APPE> TO EV5 BE ON ! DRAW+ BO>DS2 9 FACT1 :5 IT COMES TO 9FANTRY COMBAT1 ! PREF]R$ WEAPON 9 #b#a#a1 ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 REMA9S ! ,A,K-#d#g1 A ,SOVIET DESIGN1 NAM$ AFT] ! YE> IT WAS FIR/ 9TRODUC$3 #a#i#d#g4.<#a#a.> 

,! SAME1 AS ,I'VE ALREADY NOT$1 CAN BE SAID ( WIDELY ANTICIPAT$ BREAK?R\<S 9 M$IC9E1 & EV5 7D>E ,I SAY87 COMPUT]S4 ,! ,9T]NET IS SURELY A REM>KABLE ?+4 ,/ILL1 IF A FIFTIES SCI-FI FAN W]E TO APPE> 9 ! PRES5T & ASK :AT ! MO/ DRAMATIC TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T ( ! 9T]V5+ SIXTY YE>S HAD BE51 IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E ! REACTION W\LD HAVE BE5 ANY?+ BUT BITT] DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,HE W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ALL WE >E REALLY TALK+ AB\T H]E IS A SUP]-FA/ & GLOBALLY ACCESSIBLE COMB9ATION ( LIBR>Y1 PO/ (FICE1 & MAIL ORD] CATALOG4 0,FIFTY YE>S & ?IS IS ! BE/ \R SCI5TI/S MANAG$ TO COME UP )8 ,WE W]E EXPECT+ COMPUT]S ?AT C\LD ACTUALLY ?9K60 

,ALL ?IS IS TRUE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT OV]ALL LEVELS ( RESE>* FUND+ HAVE 9CREAS$ DRAMATICALLY S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! PROPORTION ( ?AT FUND+ ?AT COMES FROM ! CORPORATE SECTOR HAS 9CREAS$ EV5 MORE DRAMATICALLY1 TO ! PO9T :]E PRIVATE 5T]PRISE IS N[ FUND+ TWICE AS MU* RESE>* AS ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! TOTAL 9CREASE IS SO L>GE ?AT ! OV]ALL AM\NT ( GOV]NM5T RESE>* FUND+1 9 REAL DOLL> T]MS1 IS /ILL MU* HI<] ?AN IT WAS BE=E4 ,AGA91 :ILE 0BASIC10 0CURIOSITY-DRIV510 OR 0BLUE SKIES0 RESE>*--! K9D ?AT IS NOT DRIV5 BY ! PROSPECT ( ANY IMM$IATE PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 & :I* IS !RE=E MO/ LIKELY TO LEAD TO UNEXPECT$ BREAK?R\<S--IS AN EV]-SMALL] PROPORTION ( ! TOTAL1 SO MU* MONEY IS BE+ ?R[N >\ND N[ADAYS ?AT OV]ALL LEVELS ( BASIC RESE>* FUND+ HAS ACTUALLY GONE UP4 ,YET MO/ HONE/ ASSESSM5TS HAVE AGRE$ ?AT ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 SURPRIS+LY PALTRY4 ,C]TA9LY WE NO LONG] SEE ANY?+ LIKE ! CONT9UAL /REAM ( CONCEPTUAL REVOLUTIONS--G5ETIC 9H]ITANCE1 RELATIVITY1 PSY*OANALYSIS1 QUANTUM ME*ANICS--?AT HUMANITY HAD GR[N US$ TO1 & EV5 TO EXPECT1 A HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E4 

,:Y8 

,ONE COMMON EXPLANATION IS ?AT :5 FUND]S DO CONDUCT BASIC RESE>*1 !Y T5D TO PUT ALL !IR EGGS 9 ONE GIGANTIC BASKET3 0,BIG ,SCI5CE10 AS IT HAS COME TO BE CALL$4 ,! ,HUMAN ,G5OME ,PROJECT IS (T5 HELD \T AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,9ITIAT$ BY ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T1 ! PROJECT 5D$ UP SP5D+ ALMO/ ?REE BILLION DOLL>S & EMPLOY+ ?\S&S ( SCI5TI/S & /AFF 9 FIVE DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 G5]AT+ 5ORM\S EXPECTATIONS1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT HUMAN G5E SEQU5CES >E NE>LY ID5TICAL TO ?OSE ( *IMPANZEES1 DI/9CTLY LESS COMPLICAT$ ?AN ! G5E SEQU5CES (1 SAY1 RICE1 & ?AT !RE W\LD APPE> TO BE V]Y LITTLE TO BE LE>N$ FROM !M ?AT'S ( IMM$IATE PRACTICAL APPLICATION4 ,EV5 MORE-- & ,I ?9K ?IS IS REALLY KEY--! HYPE & POLITICAL 9VE/M5T SURR\ND+ SU* PROJECTS DEMON/RATE ! DEGREE TO :I* EV5 BASIC RESE>* N[ SEEMS TO BE DRIV5 BY POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 & M>KET+ IMP]ATIVES 7! ,HUMAN ,G5OME ,PROJECT = 9/ANCE HAD ITS [N CORPORATE-/YLE LOGO7 ?AT MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY UNLIKELY ?AT ANY?+ P>TICUL>LY REVOLUTION>Y WILL RESULT4 

,H]E1 ,I ?9K \R COLLECTIVE FASC9ATION ) ! MY?IC ORIG9S ( ,SILICON ,VALLEY & ! ,9T]NET HAVE BL9D$ US TO :AT'S REALLY GO+ ON4 ,IT HAS ALL[$ US IMAG9E ?AT RESE>* & DEVELOPM5T IS N[ DRIV51 PRIM>ILY1 BY SMALL TEAMS ( PLUCKY 5TREPR5EURS1 OR ! SORT ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COOP]ATION ?AT CREATES OP5-S\RCE S(TW>E4 ,IT ISN'T4 ,!SE >E JU/ ! SORT ( RESE>* TEAMS MO/ LIKELY TO PRODUCE RESULTS4 ,IF ANY?+1 RESE>* HAS BE5 MOV+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,IT IS /ILL DRIV5 BY GIANT1 BUREAUCRATIC PROJECTS2 :AT HAS *ANG$ IS ! BUREAUCRATIC CULTURE4 ,! 9CREAS+ 9T]P5ETRATION ( GOV]NM5T1 UNIV]SITY1 & PRIVATE FIRMS HAS L$ ALL P>TIES TO ADOPT LANGUAGE1 S5SIBILITIES1 & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT ORIG9AT$ 9 ! CORPORATE WORLD4 ,:ILE ?IS MI<T HAVE HELP$ SOME:AT 9 SPE$+ UP ! CREATION ( IMM$IATELY M>KETABLE PRODUCTS--AS ?IS IS :AT CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES >E DESIGN$ TO DO--9 T]MS ( FO/]+ ORIG9AL RESE>*1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 CATA/ROPHIC4 

,H]E ,I CAN SPEAK FROM EXP]I5CE4 ,MY [N KN[L$GE COMES L>GELY FROM UNIV]SITIES1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,U,K4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S HAVE SE5 A V]ITABLE EXPLOSION ( ! PROPORTION ( WORK+ H\RS SP5T ON ADM9I/RATIVE PAP]WORK1 AT ! EXP5SE ( PRETTY MU* EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,9 MY [N UNIV]SITY1 = 9/ANCE1 WE HAVE NOT ONLY MORE ADM9I/RATIVE /AFF ?AN FACULTY1 BUT ! FACULTY1 TOO1 >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D AT LEA/ AS MU* TIME ON ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES AS ON TEA*+ & RESE>* COMB9$4.<#a#b.> ,?IS IS MORE OR LESS P> = ! C\RSE = UNIV]SITIES WORLDWIDE4 ,! EXPLOSION ( PAP]WORK1 9 TURN1 IS A DIRECT RESULT ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( CORPORATE MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES1 :I* >E ALWAYS JU/IFI$ AS WAYS ( 9CREAS+ EFFICI5CY1 BY 9TRODUC+ COMPETITION AT EV]Y LEVEL4 ,:AT !SE MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES 9V>IABLY 5D UP MEAN+ 9 PRACTICE IS ?AT EV]YONE W9DS UP SP5D+ MO/ ( !IR TIME TRY+ TO SELL EA* O!R ?+S3 GRANT PROPOSALS2 BOOK PROPOSALS2 ASSESSM5TS ( \R /UD5TS' JOB & GRANT APPLICATIONS2 ASSESSM5TS ( \R COLLEAGUES2 PROSPECTUSES = NEW 9T]DISCIPL9>Y MAJORS1 9/ITUTES1 CONF]5CE WORK%OPS1 & UNIV]SITIES !MSELVES1 :I* HAVE N[ BECOME BR&S TO BE M>KET$ TO PROSPECTIVE /UD5TS OR CONTRIBUTORS4 ,M>KET+ & ,P,R ?US COME TO 5GULF EV]Y ASPECT ( UNIV]SITY LIFE4 

,! RESULT IS A SEA ( DOCUM5TS AB\T ! FO/]+ ( 0IMAG9ATION0 & 0CREATIVITY10 SET 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT MI<T AS WELL HAVE BE5 DESIGN$ TO /RANGLE ANY ACTUAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( IMAG9ATION & CREATIVITY 9 ! CRADLE4 ,I AM NOT A SCI5TI/4 ,I WORK 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,BUT ,I HAVE SE5 ! RESULTS 9 MY [N FIELD ( 5DEAVOR4 ,NO MAJOR NEW WORKS ( SOCIAL !ORY HAVE EM]G$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,WE HAVE1 9/EAD1 BE5 L>GELY R$UC$ TO ! EQUIVAL5T ( ,M$IEVAL S*OLA/ICS1 SCRIBBL+ 5DLESS ANNOTATIONS ON ,FR5* !ORY FROM ! #a#i#gS1 DESPITE ! GUILTY AW>5ESS ?AT IF CONTEMPOR>Y 9C>NATIONS ( ,GILLES ,DELEUZE1 ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT1 OR EV5 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU W]E TO APPE> 9 ! ,U4,S4 ACADEMY1 !Y W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO EV5 MAKE IT ?R\< GRAD S*OOL1 & IF !Y SOMEH[ DID MAKE IT1 !Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE D5I$ T5URE4.<#a#c.> 

,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ACADEMIA WAS SOCIETY'S REFUGE = ! ECC5TRIC1 BRILLIANT1 & IMPRACTICAL4 ,NO LONG]4 ,IT IS N[ ! DOMA9 ( PR(ESSIONAL SELF-M>KET]S4 ,AS = ! ECC5TRIC1 BRILLIANT1 & IMPRACTICAL3 IT W\LD SEEM SOCIETY N[ HAS NO PLACE = !M AT ALL4 

,IF ALL ?IS IS TRUE 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES1 :]E RESE>* IS /ILL C>RI$ \T L>GELY BY 9DIVIDUALS1 ) M9IMAL OV]HEAD1 ONE CAN ONLY IMAG9E H[ MU* WORSE IT IS = PHYSICI/S4 ,& 9DE$1 AS ONE PHYSICI/ HAS REC5TLY W>N$ /UD5TS POND]+ A C>E] 9 ! SCI5CES1 EV5 :5 ONE DOES EM]GE FROM ! USUAL DECADE-LONG P]IOD LANGUI%+ AS SOMEONE ELSE'S FLUNKY1 ONE CAN EXPECT ONE'S BE/ IDEAS TO BE /YMI$ AT EV]Y PO9T4 

,Y\ .<WILL.> SP5D Y\R TIME WRIT+ PROPOSALS RA!R ?AN DO+ RESE>*4 ,WORSE1 BECAUSE Y\R PROPOSALS >E JUDG$ BY Y\R COMPETITORS Y\ CANNOT FOLL[ Y\R CURIOSITY1 BUT MU/ SP5D Y\R EF=T & TAL5TS ON ANTICIPAT+ & DEFLECT+ CRITICISM RA!R ?AN ON SOLV+ ! IMPORTANT SCI5TIFIC PROBLEMS 444 ,IT IS PROV]BIAL ?AT ORIG9AL IDEAS >E ! KISS ( DEA? = A PROPOSAL2 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 PROV$ TO WORK4.<#a#d.> 

,?AT PRETTY MU* ANSW]S ! QUE/ION ( :Y WE DON'T HAVE TELEPORTATION DEVICES OR ANTIGRAVITY %OES4 ,COMMON S5SE DICTATES ?AT IF Y\ WANT TO MAXIMIZE SCI5TIFIC CREATIVITY1 Y\ F9D SOME BRI<T PEOPLE1 GIVE !M ! RES\RCES !Y NE$ TO PURSUE :ATEV] IDEA COMES 9TO !IR HEADS1 & !N LEAVE !M ALONE = A :ILE4 ,MO/ WILL PROBABLY TURN UP NO?+1 BUT ONE OR TWO MAY WELL DISCOV] SOME?+ COMPLETELY UNEXPECT$4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO M9IMIZE ! POSSIBILITY ( UNEXPECT$ BREAK?R\<S1 TELL ?OSE SAME PEOPLE !Y WILL RECEIVE NO RES\RCES AT ALL UNLESS !Y SP5D ! BULK ( !IR TIME COMPET+ AGA9/ EA* O!R TO CONV9CE Y\ !Y ALREADY KN[ :AT !Y >E GO+ TO DISCOV]4.<#a#e.> 

,?AT'S PRETTY MU* ! SY/EM WE HAVE N[4.<#a#f.> 

,9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 TO ! TYRANNY ( MANAG]IALISM WE CAN ALSO ADD ! CREEP+ PRIVATIZATION ( RESE>* RESULTS4 ,AS ! ,BRITI% ECONOMI/ ,DAVID ,H>VIE HAS REC5TLY REM9D$ US1 0OP5 S\RCE0 RESE>* IS NOT NEW4 ,S*OL>LY RESE>* HAS ALWAYS BE5 OP5- S\RCE 9 ! S5SE ?AT S*OL>S %>E MAT]IALS & RESULTS4 ,!RE IS COMPETITION1 C]TA9LY1 BUT IT IS1 AS HE NICELY PUTS IT1 0CONVIVIAL03 

,CONVIVIAL COMPETITION IS :]E ,I 7OR MY TEAM7 WI% TO BE ! FIR/ TO PROVE A P>TICUL> CONJECTURE1 TO EXPLA9 A P>TICUL> PH5OM5ON1 TO DISCOV] A P>TICUL> SPECIES1 /> OR P>TICLE1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT IF ,I RACE MY BIKE AGA9/ MY FRI5D ,I WI% TO W94 ,BUT CONVIVIAL COMPETITION DOES NOT EXCLUDE COOP]ATION1 9 ?AT RIVAL RESE>*]S 7OR RESE>* TEAMS7 WILL %>E PRELIM9>Y RESULTS1 EXP]I5CE ( TE*NIQUES & SO ON 444 ,( C\RSE1 ! %>$ KN[L$GE1 ACCESSIBLE ?R\< BOOKS1 >TICLES1 COMPUT] S(TW>E & DIRECTLY1 ?R\< DIALOGUE ) O!R SCI5TI/S1 =MS AN 9TELLECTUAL COMMONS4.<#a#g.> 

,OBVI\SLY ?IS IS NO LONG] TRUE ( SCI5TI/S WORK+ 9 ! CORPORATE SECTOR1 :]E F9D+S >E JEAL\SLY GU>D$1 BUT ! SPREAD ( ! CORPORATE E?OS )9 ! ACADEMY & RESE>* 9/ITUTES !MSELVES HAS 9CREAS+LY CAUS$ EV5 PUBLICLY FUND$ S*OL>S TO TREAT !IR F9D+S AS P]SONAL PROP]TY4 ,LESS IS PUBLI%$4 ,ACADEMIC PUBLI%]S 5SURE ?AT F9D+S ?AT >E PUBLI%$ >E MORE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS1 FUR!R 5CLOS+ ! 9TELLECTUAL COMMONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 CONVIVIAL1 OP5-S\RCE COMPETITION SLIDES FUR!R 9TO SOME?+ MU* MORE LIKE CLASSIC M>KET COMPETITION4 

,!RE >E ALL SORTS ( =MS ( PRIVATIZATION1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ ! SIMPLE BUY+-UP & SUPPRESSION ( 9CONV5I5T DISCOV]IES BY L>GE CORPORATIONS = FE> ( !IR ECONOMIC EFFECTS4.<#a#h.> ,ALL ?IS IS MU* NOT$4 ,MORE SUBTLE IS ! WAY ! MANAG]IAL E?OS ITSELF MILITATES AGA9/ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ANY?+ REMOTELY ADV5TUR\S OR QUIRKY1 ESPECIALLY1 IF !RE IS NO PROSPECT ( IMM$IATE RESULTS4 ,ODDLY1 ! ,9T]NET CAN BE P>T ( ! PROBLEM H]E3 

,MO/ PEOPLE :O WORK 9 CORPORATIONS OR ACADEMIA HAVE WITNESS$ SOME?+ LIKE ! FOLL[+3 ,A NUMB] ( 5G9E]S >E SITT+ TOGE!R 9 A ROOM1 B\NC+ IDEAS (F EA* O!R4 ,\T ( ! DISCUSSION EM]GES A NEW CONCEPT ?AT SEEMS PROMIS+4 ,!N SOME LAPTOP-WIELD+ P]SON 9 ! CORN]1 HAV+ P]=M$ A QUICK ,GOOGLE SE>*1 ANN\NCES ?AT ?IS 0NEW0 IDEA IS1 9 FACT1 AN OLD ONE2 IT--OR AT LEA/ VAGUELY SIMIL>-- HAS ALREADY BE5 TRI$4 ,EI!R IT FAIL$1 OR IT SUCCE$$4 ,IF IT FAIL$1 !N NO MANAG] :O WANTS TO KEEP HIS OR H] JOB WILL APPROVE SP5D+ MONEY TRY+ TO REVIVE IT4 ,IF IT SUCCE$$1 !N IT'S PAT5T$ & 5TRY TO ! M>KET IS PRESUM$ TO BE UNATTA9ABLE1 S9CE ! FIR/ PEOPLE :O ?\<T ( IT WILL HAVE 0FIR/-MOV] ADVANTAGE0 & WILL HAVE CREAT$ 0B>RI]S TO 5TRY40 ,! NUMB] ( SEEM+LY PROMIS+ IDEAS ?AT HAVE BE5 CRU%$ 9 ?IS WAY MU/ NUMB] 9 ! MILLIONS4.<#a#i.> 

,I C\LD GO ON1 BUT ,I ASSUME ! READ] IS GETT+ ! IDEA4 ,A TIMID1 BUREAUCRATIC SPIRIT HAS COME TO SUFFUSE EV]Y ASPECT ( 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT COMES CLOAK$ 9 A LANGUAGE ( CREATIVITY1 9ITIATIVE1 & 5TREPR5EURIALISM4 ,BUT ! LANGUAGE IS MEAN+LESS4 ,! SORT ( ?9K]S MO/ LIKELY TO COME UP ) NEW CONCEPTUAL BREAK?R\<S >E ! LEA/ LIKELY TO RECEIVE FUND+1 & IF1 SOMEH[1 BREAK?R\<S NONE!LESS OCCUR1 !Y WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NEV] F9D ANYONE WILL+ TO FOLL[ UP ON ! MO/ D>+ IMPLICATIONS4 

,LET ME RETURN 9 MORE DETAIL TO SOME ( ! HI/ORICAL CONTEXT BRIEFLY \TL9$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION4 

,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I1 ! ,ITALIAN POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 HAS OBS]V$ ?AT AFT] ! ,S\? ,SEA ,BUBBLE1 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM L>GELY AB&ON$ ! CORPORATE =M4 ,! COMB9ATION ( HI< F9ANCE & SMALL FAMILY FIRMS ?AT HAD EM]G$ AFT] ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION CONT9U$ TO HOLD ?R\<\T ! NEXT C5TURY--,M>X'S ,LONDON1 A P]IOD ( MAXIMUM SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION2 OR ,MAN*E/]2 OR ,BIRM+HAM W]E NOT DOM9AT$ BY L>GE CONGLOM]ATES BUT MA9LY BY CAPITALI/S :O [N$ A S+LE FACTORY4 7,?IS IS ONE REASON ,M>X C\LD ASSUME CAPITALISM WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY CON/ANT CUT?ROAT COMPETITION47 ,BRITA9 AT ?AT TIME WAS ALSO NOTORI\S = BE+ JU/ AS G5]\S TO ITS ODDBALLS & ECC5TRICS AS CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICA IS 9TOL]ANT4 ,ONE COMMON EXP$I5T WAS TO ALL[ !M TO BECOME RURAL VIC>S1 :O1 PR$ICTABLY1 BECAME ONE ( ! MA9 S\RCES = AMATEUR SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES4.<#a#a.> 

,AS ,I M5TION$1 CONTEMPOR>Y1 BUREAUCRATIC1 CORPORATE CAPITALISM FIR/ >OSE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY4 ,! TWO BLOODY W>S !SE RIVALS F\<T CULM9AT$1 APPROPRIATELY 5\<1 9 VA/ GOV]NM5T-SPONSOR$ SCI5TIFIC PROGRAMS TO SEE :O W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO DISCOV] ! ATOM BOMB4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ! /RUCTURE ( ,U4,S4 UNIV]SITIES HAS ALWAYS BE5 BAS$ ON ! ,PRUSSIAN MODEL4 ,TRUE1 DUR+ !SE E>LY YE>S1 BO? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,G]MANY DID MANAGE TO F9D A WAY TO CULTIVATE !IR CREATIVE ECC5TRICS--9 FACT1 A SURPRIS+ NUMB] ( ! MO/ NOTORI\S ONES ?AT 5D$ UP 9 ,AM]ICA 7,ALB]T ,E9/E9 WAS ! P>ADIGM7 ACTUALLY W]E ,G]MAN4 ,DUR+ ! W>1 :5 MATT]S W]E DESP]ATE1 VA/ GOV]NM5T PROJECTS LIKE ! ,MANHATTAN ,PROJECT W]E /ILL CAPABLE ( ACCOMMODAT+ A :OLE HO/ ( BIZ>RE *>ACT]S 7,OPP5HEIM]1 ,FEYNMAN1 ,FU*S 44474 ,BUT AS ,AM]ICAN P[] GREW MORE & MORE SECURE1 ! C\NTRY'S BUREAUCRACY BECAME LESS & LESS TOL]ANT ( ITS \TLI]S4 ,& TE*NOLOGICAL CREATIVITY DECL9$4 

,! CURR5T AGE ( /AGNATION SEEMS TO HAVE BEGUN AFT] #a#i#d#e1 PRECISELY AT ! MOM5T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES F9ALLY & DEF9ITIVELY REPLAC$ ! ,U,K AS ORGANIZ] ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4.<#a#a#a.> ,TRUE1 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,U4,S4 ,SPACE ,PROGRAM--ANO!R P]IOD ( PANIC-- !RE WAS /ILL ROOM = G5U9E ODDBALLS LIKE ,JACK ,P>SONS1 ! F\ND] ( ,N,A,S,A'S ,JET ,PROPULSION ,LABORATORY4 ,P>SONS WAS NOT ONLY A BRILLIANT 5G9E]--HE WAS ALSO A ,!LEMITE MAGICIAN 9 ! ,ALEI/] ,CR[LEY TRADITION1 KN[N = REGUL>LY OR*E/RAT+ C]EMONIAL ORGIES 9 HIS ,CALI=NIA HOME4 ,P>SONS BELIEV$ ?AT ROCKET SCI5CE WAS ULTIMATELY JU/ ONE MANIFE/ATION ( DEEP]1 MAGICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT HE WAS EV5TUALLY FIR$4.<#a#a#b.> ,U4,S4 VICTORY 9 ! ,COLD ,W> GU>ANTE$ A CORPORATIZATION ( EXI/+ UNIV]SITY & SCI5TIFIC BUREAUCRACIES SUFFICI5TLY ?OR\< TO 5SURE ?AT NO ONE LIKE HIM W\LD EV] GET ANY:]E NE> A POSITION ( AU?ORITY TO />T )4 

,AM]ICANS DO NOT LIKE TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS A NATION ( BUREAUCRATS--QUITE ! OPPOSITE1 REALLY--BUT1 ! MOM5T WE /OP IMAG9+ BUREAUCRACY AS A PH5OM5ON LIMIT$ TO GOV]NM5T (FICES1 IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE HAVE BECOME4 ,! F9AL VICTORY OV] ! ,SOVIET ,UNION DID NOT REALLY LEAD TO ! DOM9ATION ( 0! M>KET40 ,MORE ?AN ANY?+1 IT SIMPLY CEM5T$ ! DOM9ANCE ( FUNDAM5TALLY CONS]VATIVE MANAG]IAL ELITES--CORPORATE BUREAUCRATS :O USE ! PRETEXT ( %ORT-T]M1 COMPETITIVE1 BOTTOM-L9E ?9K+ TO SQUEL* ANY?+ LIKELY TO HAVE REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( ANY K9D4 

,SYN!SIS3 ,ON ! ,MOVEM5T FROM ,POETIC TO ,BUREAUCRATIC ,TE*NOLOGIES 

  
  

0,ALL ! LABOR-SAV+ MA*9]Y ?AT HAS HI!RTO BE5 9V5T$ HAS NOT LESS5$ ! TOIL ( A S+LE HUMAN BE+40 

--,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL  
  

,IT IS ! PREMISE ( ?IS BOOK ?AT WE LIVE 9 A DEEPLY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,IF WE DO NOT NOTICE IT1 IT IS L>GELY BECAUSE BUREAUCRATIC PRACTICES & REQUIREM5TS HAVE BECOME SO ALL- P]VASIVE ?AT WE CAN B>ELY SEE !M--OR WORSE1 CANNOT IMAG9E DO+ ?+S ANY O!R WAY4 

,COMPUT]S HAVE PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ALL ( ?IS4 ,JU/ AS ! 9V5TION ( NEW =MS ( 9DU/RIAL AUTOMATION 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES HAD ! P>ADOXICAL EFFECT ( TURN+ MORE & MORE ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9TO FULL-TIME 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 SO HAS ALL ! S(TW>E DESIGN$ TO SAVE US FROM ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES 9 REC5T DECADES ULTIMATELY TURN$ US ALL 9TO P>T OR FULL-TIME ADM9I/RATORS4 ,JU/ AS UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS SEEM TO FEEL IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT !Y WILL SP5D MORE & MORE ( !IR TIME MANAG+ GRANTS1 SO DO P>5TS SIMPLY ACCEPT ?AT !Y WILL HAVE TO SP5D WEEKS ( EV]Y YE> FILL+ \T =TY-PAGE ONL9E =MS TO GET !IR *ILDR5 9TO ACCEPTABLE S*OOLS1 & /ORE CL]KS REALIZE ?AT !Y WILL BE SP5D+ 9CREAS+ SLICES ( !IR WAK+ LIVES PUN*+ PASSWORDS 9TO !IR PHONES TO ACCESS1 & MANAGE1 !IR V>I\S BANK & CR$IT ACC\NTS1 & PRETTY MU* EV]YONE UND]/&S ?AT !Y HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO P]=M JOBS ONCE RELEGAT$ TO TRAVEL AG5TS1 BROK]S1 & ACC\NTANTS4 

,SOMEONE ONCE FIGUR$ \T ?AT ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN WILL SP5D A CUMULATIVE SIX MON?S ( H] LIFE WAIT+ = ! LI<T TO *ANGE4 ,I DON'T KN[ IF SIMIL> FIGURES >E AVAILABLE = H[ LONG %E IS LIKELY TO SP5D FILL+ \T =MS1 BUT IT MU/ BE AT LEA/ ?AT MU*4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ,I ?9K IT'S SAFE TO SAY ?AT NO POPULATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD HAS SP5T NE>LY SO MU* TIME 5GAG$ 9 PAP]WORK4 

,YET ALL ( ?IS IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE HAPP5$ AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( HORRIFIC1 OLD-FA%ION$1 BUREAUCRATIC SOCIALISM1 & ! TRIUMPH ( FRE$OM & ! M>KET4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS IS ONE ( ! GREAT P>ADOXES ( CONTEMPOR>Y LIFE1 MU* ?\<--LIKE ! BROK5 PROMISES ( TE*NOLOGY--WE SEEM TO HAVE DEVELOP$ A PR(\ND RELUCTANCE TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEM4 

,CLE>LY1 !SE PROBLEMS >E L9K$--,I W\LD SAY1 9 MANY WAYS1 !Y >E ULTIMATELY ! SAME PROBLEM4 ,NOR IS IT M]ELY A MATT] ( BUREAUCRATIC1 OR MORE SPECIFICALLY MANAG]IAL1 S5SIBILITIES HAV+ *OK$ (F ALL =MS ( TE*NICAL VISION & CREATIVITY4 ,AFT] ALL1 AS WE'RE CON/ANTLY REM9D$1 ! ,9T]NET HAS UNLEA%$ ALL SORTS ( CREATIVE VISION & COLLABORATIVE +5UITY4 ,:AT IT HAS REALLY BR\<T AB\T IS A K9D ( BIZ>RE 9V]SION ( 5DS & MEANS1 :]E CREATIVITY IS M>%AL$ TO ! S]VICE ( ADM9I/RATION RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,I W\LD PUT IT ?IS WAY3 9 ?IS F9AL1 /ULTIFY+ /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 WE >E MOV+ FROM POETIC TE*NOLOGIES TO BUREAUCRATIC TE*NOLOGIES4 

,BY POETIC TE*NOLOGIES1 ,I REF] TO ! USE ( RATIONAL1 TE*NICAL1 BUREAUCRATIC MEANS TO BR+ WILD1 IMPOSSIBLE FANTASIES TO LIFE4 ,POETIC TE*NOLOGIES 9 ?IS S5SE >E AS OLD AS CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y C\LD EV5 BE SAID TO PR$ATE COMPLEX MA*9]Y4 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D US$ TO >GUE ?AT ! FIR/ COMPLEX MA*9ES W]E ACTUALLY MADE ( PEOPLE4 ,EGYPTIAN PH>AOHS W]E ONLY ABLE TO BUILD ! PYRAMIDS BECAUSE ( !IR MA/]Y ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROC$URES1 :I* !N ALL[$ !M TO DEVELOP PRODUCTION L9E TE*NIQUES1 DIVID+ UP COMPLEX TASKS 9TO DOZ5S ( SIMPLE OP]ATIONS & ASSIGN+ EA* TO ONE TEAM ( WORKM5--EV5 ?\< !Y LACK$ ME*ANICAL TE*NOLOGY MORE COMPLEX ?AN ! LEV] & 9CL9$ PLANE4 ,BUREAUCRATIC OV]SI<T TURN$ >MIES ( PEASANT F>M]S 9TO ! COGS ( A VA/ MA*9E4 ,EV5 MU* LAT]1 AFT] ACTUAL COGS HAD BE5 9V5T$1 ! DESIGN ( COMPLEX MA*9]Y WAS ALWAYS TO SOME DEGREE AN ELABORATION ( PR9CIPLES ORIG9ALLY DEVELOP$ TO ORGANIZE PEOPLE4.<#a#a#c.> 

,YET /ILL1 AGA9 & AGA91 WE SEE ?OSE MA*9ES--:E!R !IR MOV+ P>TS >E >MS & TORSOS OR PI/ONS1 :EELS1 & SPR+S--BE+ PUT TO WORK TO REALIZE O!RWISE IMPOSSIBLE FANTASIES3 CA!DRALS1 MOON %OTS1 TRANSCONT95TAL RAILWAYS1 & ON & ON4 ,C]TA9LY1 POETIC TE*NOLOGIES ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HAVE SOME?+ T]RIBLE AB\T !M2 ! POETRY IS LIKELY TO EVOKE D>K SATANIC MILLS AS MU* AS IT DOES GRACE OR LIB]ATION4 ,BUT ! RATIONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC TE*NIQUES >E ALWAYS 9 S]VICE TO SOME FANTA/IC 5D4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ALL ?OSE MAD ,SOVIET PLANS--EV5 IF NEV] REALIZ$--M>K$ ! HI<-WAT] M>K ( SU* POETIC TE*NOLOGIES4 ,:AT WE HAVE N[ IS ! REV]SE4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT VISION1 CREATIVITY1 & MAD FANTASIES >E NO LONG] 5C\RAG$4 ,IT'S ?AT \R FANTASIES REMA9 FREE-FLOAT+2 !RE'S NO LONG] EV5 ! PRET5SE ?AT !Y C\LD EV] TAKE =M OR FLE%4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! FEW >EAS 9 :I* FREE1 IMAG9ATIVE CREATIVITY ACTUALLY IS FO/]$1 SU* AS 9 OP5-S\RCE ,9T]NET S(TW>E DEVELOPM5T1 IT IS ULTIMATELY M>%AL$ 9 ORD] TO CREATE EV5 MORE1 & EV5 MORE EFFECTIVE1 PLAT=MS = ! FILL+ \T ( =MS4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN BY 0BUREAUCRATIC TE*NOLOGIES03 ADM9I/RATIVE IMP]ATIVES HAVE BECOME NOT ! MEANS1 BUT ! 5D ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! GREATE/ & MO/ P[]FUL NATION ?AT HAS EV] EXI/$ ON ?IS E>? HAS SP5T ! LA/ DECADES TELL+ ITS CITIZ5S ?AT WE SIMPLY CAN NO LONG] CONTEMPLATE GR&IOSE 5T]PRISES1 EV5 IF--AS ! CURR5T 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS SUGGE/S--! FATE ( ! E>? DEP5DS ON IT4 

,SO :AT1 !N1 >E ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS8 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT WE NE$ TO RADICALLY RE?9K SOME ( \R MO/ BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONE IS ?AT CAPITALISM IS SOMEH[ ID5TICAL TO ! M>KET1 & ?AT BO? >E !RE=E 9IMICAL TO BUREAUCRACY1 :I* IS A CREATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9 ITS NATURE TE*NOLOGICALLY PROGRESSIVE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 !IR GIDDY 5?USIASM = ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS ( !IR DAY1 W]E SIMPLY WRONG AB\T ?IS4 ,OR TO BE MORE PRECISE3 !Y W]E RI<T TO 9SI/ ?AT ! ME*ANIZATION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION W\LD EV5TUALLY DE/ROY CAPITALISM2 !Y W]E WRONG TO PR$ICT ?AT M>KET COMPETITION W\LD COMPEL FACTORY [N]S TO GO ON ) ME*ANIZATION ANYWAY4 ,IF IT DIDN'T HAPP51 IT CAN ONLY BE BECAUSE M>KET COMPETITION IS NOT1 9 FACT1 AS ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM AS !Y HAD ASSUM$4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ! CURR5T =M ( CAPITALISM1 :]E MU* ( ! COMPETITION SEEMS TO TAKE ! =M ( 9T]NAL M>KET+ )9 ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES ( L>GE SEMI-MONOPOLI/IC 5T]PRISES1 W\LD PRESUMABLY HAVE COME AS A COMPLETE SURPRISE TO !M4.<#a#a#d.> 

,DEF5D]S ( CAPITALISM G5]ALLY MAKE ?REE BROAD HI/ORICAL CLAIMS3 FIR/1 ?AT IT HAS FO/]$ RAPID SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T2 SECOND1 ?AT H[EV] MU* IT MAY ?R[ 5ORM\S WEAL? TO A SMALL M9ORITY1 IT DOES SO 9 SU* A WAY ?AT 9CREASES OV]ALL PROSP]ITY = EV]YONE2 ?IRD1 ?AT 9 DO+ SO1 IT CREATES A MORE SECURE & DEMOCRATIC WORLD4 ,IT IS QUITE CLE> ?AT 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 CAPITALISM IS NOT DO+ ANY ( !SE ?+S4 ,9 FACT1 EV5 ITS PROPON5TS >E 9CREAS+LY RETREAT+ FROM ANY CLAIM ?AT IT IS A P>TICUL> GOOD SY/EM1 FALL+ BACK 9/EAD ON ! CLAIM ?AT IT IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE SY/EM --OR AT LEA/1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE SY/EM = A COMPLEX1 TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIETY SU* AS \R [N4 

,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,I F9D MYSELF DEAL+ ) ?IS LATT] >GUM5T ALL ! TIME4 

,S,K,E,P,T,I,C3 ,Y\ CAN DREAM Y\R UTOPIAN DREAMS ALL Y\ LIKE1 ,I'M TALK+ AB\T A POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT C\LD ACTUALLY WORK4 ,& EXP]I5CE HAS %[N US ?AT :AT WE HAVE IS REALLY ! ONLY OPTION H]E4 

,M,E3 ,\R P>TICUL> CURR5T =M ( LIMIT$ REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T--OR CORPORATE CAPITALISM--IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC SY/EM8 ,EXP]I5CE %[S US NO SU* ?+4 ,IF Y\ LOOK AT HUMAN HI/ORY1 Y\ CAN F9D HUNDR$S1 EV5 ?\S&S ( DIFF]5T POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS4 ,MANY ( !M LOOK ABSOLUTELY NO?+ LIKE :AT WE HAVE N[4 

,S,K,E,P,T,I,C3 ,SURE1 BUT Y\'RE TALK+ AB\T SIMPL]1 SMALL-SCALE SOCIETIES1 OR ONES ) A MU* SIMPL] TE*NOLOGICAL BASE4 ,I'M TALK+ AB\T MOD]N1 COMPLEX1 TE*NOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ SOCIETIES4 ,SO Y\R C\NT]EXAMPLES >E IRRELEVANT4 

,M,E3 ,WAIT1 SO Y\'RE SAY+ ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS HAS ACTUALLY LIMIT$ \R SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES8 ,I ?\<T IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! O!R WAY >\ND6 

,BUT EV5 IF Y\ CONC$E ! PO9T1 & AGREE ?AT = :ATEV] REASON1 :ILE A WIDE V>IETY ( ECONOMIC SY/EMS MI<T ONCE HAVE BE5 EQUALLY VIABLE1 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY HAS CREAT$ A WORLD 9 :I* ?IS IS NO LONG] ! CASE--C\LD ANYONE S]I\SLY >GUE ?AT CURR5T ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS >E ALSO ! ONLY ONES ?AT WILL EV] BE VIABLE UND] ANY POSSIBLE FUTURE TE*NOLOGICAL REGIME AS WELL8 ,SU* A /ATEM5T IS SELF-EVID5TLY ABSURD4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 H[ C\LD WE POSSIBLY KN[8 

,GRANT$1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O TAKE ?AT POSITION--ON BO? 5DS ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM4 ,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ & AN>*I/1 ,I HAVE TO DEAL FAIRLY REGUL>LY ) 0ANTICIVILIZATIONAL0 TYPES :O 9SI/ NOT ONLY ?AT CURR5T 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY CAN ONLY LEAD TO CAPITALI/-/YLE OPPRESSION1 BUT ?AT ?IS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE TRUE ( ANY FUTURE TE*NOLOGY AS WELL3 & !RE=E1 ?AT HUMAN LIB]ATION CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY A RETURN TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,MO/ ( US >E NOT SU* TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9I/S4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY1 CLAIMS = ! PRES5T-DAY 9EVITABILITY ( CAPITALISM HAVE TO BE BAS$ ON SOME K9D ( TE*NOLOGICAL DET]M9ISM4 ,& = ?AT V]Y REASON1 IF ! ULTIMATE AIM ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM IS TO CREATE A WORLD :]E NO ONE BELIEVES ANY O!R ECONOMIC SY/EM C\LD REALLY WORK1 !N IT NE$S TO SUPPRESS NOT JU/ ANY IDEA ( AN 9EVITABLE R$EMPTIVE FUTURE1 BUT REALLY ANY RADICALLY DIFF]5T TE*NOLOGICAL FUTURE AT ALL4 ,!RE'S A K9D ( CONTRADICTION H]E4 ,IT CANNOT MEAN CONV9C+ US ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE HAS COME TO AN 5D--S9CE ?AT W\LD MEAN CAPITALISM IS NOT REALLY PROGRESSIVE4 ,IT MEANS CONV9C+ US ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS IS 9DE$ CONT9U+1 ?AT WE DO LIVE 9 A WORLD ( WOND]S1 BUT TO 5SURE ?OSE WOND]S L>GELY TAKE ! =M ( MODE/ IMPROVEM5TS 7! LATE/ I,PHONE671 RUMORS ( 9V5TIONS AB\T TO HAPP5 70,I HE> !Y ACTUALLY >E GO+ TO HAVE FLY+ C>S PRETTY SOON071.<#a#a#e.> EV5 MORE COMPLEX WAYS ( JUGGL+ 9=MATION & IMAG]Y1 & EV5 MORE COMPLEX PLAT=MS = ! FILL+ \T ( =MS4 

,I DO NOT MEAN TO SUGGE/ ?AT NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM--OR ANY O!R SY/EM--C\LD EV] BE P]MAN5TLY SUCCESSFUL 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,FIR/1 !RE'S ! PROBLEM ( TRY+ TO CONV9CE ! WORLD Y\ >E LEAD+ ! WAY 9 T]MS ( TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS :5 Y\ >E ACTUALLY HOLD+ IT BACK4 ,) ITS DECAY+ 9FRA/RUCTURE & P>ALYZES 9 ! FACE ( GLOBAL W>M+1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS DO+ A P>TICUL>LY BAD JOB ( ?IS AT ! MOM5T4 7,?IS IS NOT TO M5TION ITS SYMBOLICALLY DEVA/AT+ AB&ONM5T ( ! MANN$ SPACE PROGRAM1 JU/ AS ,*9A REVS UP ITS [N47 ,SECOND1 !RE'S ! FACT ?AT PACE ( *ANGE SIMPLY CAN'T BE HELD BACK =EV]4 ,AT BE/ IT CAN BE SL[$ D[N4 

,BREAK?R\<S WILL HAPP52 9CONV5I5T DISCOV]IES CANNOT BE P]MAN5TLY SUPPRESS$4 ,O!R1 LESS BUREAUCRATIZ$ P>TS ( ! WORLD --OR AT LEA/1 P>TS ( ! WORLD ) BUREAUCRACIES ?AT >E NOT QUITE SO HO/ILE TO CREATIVE ?9K+--WILL1 SL[LY1 9EVITABLY1 ATTA9 ! RES\RCES REQUIR$ TO PICK UP :]E ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ALLIES HAVE LEFT (F4 ,! ,9T]NET DOES PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES = COLLABORATION & DISSEM9ATION ?AT MAY EV5TUALLY HELP BREAK US ?R\< ! WALL1 AS WELL4 ,:]E WILL ! BREAK?R\< COME8 ,WE CAN'T KN[4 ,OV] ! LA/ C\PLE YE>S1 S9CE ! FIR/ V]SION ( ?IS ESSAY SAW PR9T1 !RE HAS BE5 A :OLE SPATE ( NEW POSSIBILITIES3 #c-,D PR9T+1 ADVANCES 9 MAT]IALS TE*NOLOGIES1 SELF-DRIV+ C>S1 A NEW G5]ATION ( ROBOTS1 & AS A RESULT1 A NEW SPATE ( DISCUSSION ( ROBOT FACTORIES & ! 5D ( WORK4 ,!RE >E H9TS1 TOO1 ( IMP5D+ CONCEPTUAL BREAK?R\<S 9 PHYSICS1 BIOLOGY1 & O!R SCI5CES1 MADE ALL ! MORE DIFFICULT BECAUSE ( ! ABSOLUTE 9/ITUTIONAL LOCK ( EXI/+ OR?ODOXIES1 BUT :I* MI<T WELL HAVE PR(\ND TE*NOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS AS WELL4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! ONE ?+ ,I ?9K WE CAN BE FAIRLY CONFID5T AB\T IT IS ?AT 9V5TION & TRUE 9NOVATION WILL NOT HAPP5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CONTEMPOR>Y CORPORATE CAPITALISM--OR1 MO/ LIKELY1 ANY =M ( CAPITALISM AT ALL4 ,IT'S BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT 9 ORD] TO REALLY />T SETT+ UP DOMES ON ,M>S1 LET ALONE DEVELOP ! MEANS TO FIGURE \T IF !RE ACTUALLY >E ALI5 CIVILIZATIONS \T !RE TO CONTACT--OR :AT W\LD ACTUALLY HAPP5 IF WE %OT SOME?+ ?R\< A WORMHOLE--WE'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO FIGURE \T A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC SY/EM 5TIRELY4 ,DOES IT REALLY HAVE TO TAKE ! =M ( SOME MASSIVE NEW BUREAUCRACY8 ,:Y DO WE ASSUME IT MU/8 ,P]HAPS IT'S ONLY BY BREAK+ UP EXI/+ BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES ?AT WE'LL EV] BE ABLE TO GET !RE4 ,& IF WE'RE GO+ TO ACTUALLY COME UP ) ROBOTS ?AT WILL DO \R LAUNDRY OR TIDY UP ! KIT*51 WE'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO MAKE SURE ?AT :ATEV] REPLACES CAPITALISM IS BAS$ ON A F> MORE EGALIT>IAN DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & P[]--ONE ?AT NO LONG] CONTA9S EI!R ! SUP]-RI* OR DESP]ATELY POOR PEOPLE WILL+ TO DO !IR H\SEWORK4 ,ONLY !N WILL TE*NOLOGY BEG9 TO BE M>%AL$ T[>D HUMAN NE$S4 ,& ?IS IS ! BE/ REASON TO BREAK FREE ( ! DEAD H& ( ! H$GE FUND MANAG]S & ! ,C,E,OS--TO FREE \R FANTASIES FROM ! SCRE5S 9 :I* SU* M5 HAVE IMPRISON$ !M1 TO LET \R IMAG9ATIONS ONCE AGA9 BECOME A MAT]IAL =CE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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