,*APT] #a 
,DEAD ,ZONES ( ! ,IMAG9ATION3 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,/RUCTURAL ,/UPIDITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,DEAD ,ZONES ( ! ,IMAG9ATION3 ,AN ,ESSAY ON ,/RUCTURAL ,/UPIDITY 

  

,LET ME BEG9 ) A /ORY AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 #b#f1 MY MO!R HAD A S]IES ( /ROKES4 ,IT SOON BECAME OBVI\S ?AT %E W\LD EV5TUALLY BE 9CAPABLE ( LIV+ AT HOME )\T ASSI/ANCE4 ,S9CE H] 9SURANCE W\LD NOT COV] HOME C>E1 A S]IES ( SOCIAL WORK]S ADVIS$ US TO PUT 9 = ,M$ICAID4 ,TO QUALIFY = ,M$ICAID1 H[EV]1 ONE'S TOTAL WOR? CAN ONLY AM\NT TO SIX ?\S& DOLL>S4 ,WE >RANG$ TO TRANSF] H] SAV+S--?IS WAS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 TE*NICALLY A SCAM1 ?\< IT'S A PECULI> SORT ( SCAM S9CE ! GOV]NM5T EMPLOYS ?\S&S ( SOCIAL WORK]S :OSE MA9 WORK SEEMS TO 9VOLVE TELL+ CITIZ5S EXACTLY H[ TO P]PETUATE SAID SCAM--BUT %ORTLY !REAFT]1 %E HAD ANO!R1 V]Y S]I\S /ROKE1 & F\ND H]SELF 9 A NURS+ HOME UND]GO+ LONG-T]M REHABILITATION4 ,:5 %E EM]G$ FROM ?AT1 %E WAS DEF9ITELY GO+ TO NE$ HOME C>E1 BUT !RE WAS A PROBLEM3 H] SOCIAL SECURITY *ECK WAS BE+ DEPOSIT$ DIRECTLY1 & %E WAS B>ELY ABLE TO SIGN H] NAME1 SO UNLESS ,I ACQUIR$ P[] ( ATTORNEY OV] H] ACC\NT & WAS ?US ABLE TO PAY H] MON?LY R5T BILLS = H]1 ! MONEY W\LD IMM$IATELY BUILD UP & DISQUALIFY H]1 EV5 AFT] ,I FILL$ \T ! 5ORM\S RAFT ( ,M$ICAID DOCUM5TS ,I NE$$ TO FILE TO QUALIFY H] = P5D+ /ATUS4 

,I W5T TO H] BANK1 PICK$ UP ! REQUISITE =MS1 & BR\<T !M TO ! NURS+ HOME4 ,! DOCUM5TS NE$$ TO BE NOT>IZ$4 ,! NURSE ON ! FLOOR 9=M$ ME !RE WAS AN 9- H\SE NOT>Y1 BUT ,I NE$$ TO MAKE AN APPO9TM5T2 %E PICK$ UP ! PHONE & PUT ME ?R\< TO A DISEMBODI$ VOICE1 :O !N TRANSF]R$ ME TO ! NOT>Y4 ,! NOT>Y PROCE$$ TO 9=M ME ,I FIR/ HAD TO GET AU?ORIZATION FROM ! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK1 & HUNG UP4 ,SO ,I ACQUIR$ HIS NAME & ROOM NUMB] & DULY TOOK ! ELEVATOR D[N/AIRS & APPE>$ AT HIS (FICE--ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT ! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK WAS1 9 FACT1 ! DISEMBODI$ VOICE ?AT HAD REF]R$ ME TO ! NOT>Y 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,! HEAD ( SOCIAL WORK PICK$ UP ! PHONE1 SAID1 0,M>JORIE1 ?AT WAS ME1 Y\'RE DRIV+ ?IS MAN CRAZY ) ?IS NONS5SE & Y\'RE DRIV+ ME CRAZY1 TOO10 &1 AFT] A SMALL APOLOGETIC GE/URE1 PROCE$$ TO SECURE ME AN APPO9TM5T = E>LY ! NEXT WEEK4 

,! NEXT WEEK ! NOT>Y DULY APPE>$1 ACCOMPANI$ ME UP/AIRS1 MADE SURE ,I'D FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( ! =M 7AS HAD BE5 REPEAT$LY EMPHASIZ$ TO ME71 & !N1 9 MY MO!R'S PRES5CE1 PROCE$$ TO FILL \T H] [N4 ,I WAS A LITTLE PUZZL$ ?AT %E DIDN'T ASK MY MO!R TO SIGN ANY?+1 ONLY ME1 BUT ,I FIGUR$ ?AT %E KNEW :AT %E WAS DO+4 ,! NEXT DAY ,I TOOK ! DOCUM5T TO ! BANK1 :]E ! WOMAN AT ! DESK TOOK ONE LOOK1 ASK$ :Y MY MO!R HADN'T SIGN$ IT1 & %[$ IT TO H] MANAG]1 :O TOLD ME TO TAKE IT BACK & DO IT RI<T4 ,IT SEEM$ ?AT ! NOT>Y 9DE$ HAD NO IDEA :AT %E WAS DO+4 ,SO ,I GOT NEW SET ( =MS1 DULY FILL$ \T MY SIDE ( EA*1 & MADE A NEW APPO9TM5T4 ,ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ! NOT>Y APPE>$1 & AFT] A FEW AWKW>D REM>KS AB\T H[ DIFFICULT !SE BANKS >E 7:Y DOES EA* BANK 9SI/ ON HAV+ ITS [N1 COMPLETELY DIFF]5T P[] ( ATTORNEY =M871 %E TOOK ME UP/AIRS4 ,I SIGN$1 MY MO!R SIGN$--) SOME DIFFICULTY1 %E WAS F9D+ IT H>D AT ?IS PO9T EV5 TO PROP H]SELF UP--& ! NEXT DAY ,I RETURN$ TO ! BANK4 ,ANO!R WOMAN AT A DIFF]5T DESK EXAM9$ ! =MS & ASK$ :Y ,I HAD SIGN$ ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO WRITE MY NAME & PR9T$ MY NAME ON ! L9E :]E IT SAID TO SIGN4 

0,I DID8 ,WELL1 ,I JU/ DID EXACTLY :AT ! NOT>Y TOLD ME TO DO40 0,BUT IT CLE>LY SAYS 'SIGNATURE' H]E40 

0,OH1 YES1 IT DOES1 DOESN'T IT8 ,I GUESS %E TOLD ME WRONG4 ,AGA94 ,WELL 444 ALL ! 9=MATION IS /ILL !RE1 ISN'T IT8 ,IT'S JU/ ?OSE TWO BITS ?AT >E REV]S$4 ,SO IS ?AT REALLY A PROBLEM8 ,! SITUATION IS K9D ( PRESS+1 & ,I'D REALLY RA!R NOT HAVE TO WAIT TO MAKE ANO!R APPO9TM5T40 

0,WELL1 NORMALLY WE DON'T EV5 ACCEPT !SE =MS )\T ALL ! SIGNATORIES BE+ H]E 9 P]SON40 

0,MY MO!R HAD A /ROKE4 ,%E'S B$RIDD54 ,?AT'S :Y ,I NE$ P[] ( ATTORNEY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE40 

,%E SAID %E'D *ECK ) ! MANAG]1 & AFT] T5 M9UTES RETURN$1 ! MANAG] HANG+ JU/ )9 E>%OT 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 TO ANN\NCE ! BANK C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! =MS 9 !IR PRES5T /ATE--& 9 ADDITION1 EV5 IF !Y W]E FILL$ \T CORRECTLY1 ,I W\LD /ILL NE$ A LETT] FROM MY MO!R'S DOCTOR C]TIFY+ ?AT %E WAS M5TALLY COMPET5T TO SIGN SU* A DOCUM5T4 

,I PO9T$ \T ?AT NO ONE HAD M5TION$ ANY SU* LETT] PREVI\SLY4 

0,:AT80 ! MANAG] SUDD5LY 9T]JECT$4 0,:O GAVE Y\ ?OSE =MS & DIDN'T TELL Y\ AB\T ! LETT]80 

,S9CE ! CULPRIT WAS ONE ( ! MORE SYMPA!TIC BANK EMPLOYES1 ,I DODG$ ! QUE/ION1.<#d.> NOT+ 9/EAD ?AT 9 ! BANKBOOK IT WAS PR9T$1 QUITE CLE>LY1 09 TRU/ = ,DAVID ,GRAEB]40 ,HE ( C\RSE REPLI$ ?AT W\LD ONLY MATT] IF %E WAS DEAD4 

,AS IT HAPP5$1 ! :OLE PROBLEM SOON BECAME ACADEMIC3 MY MO!R DID 9DE$ DIE A FEW WEEKS LAT]4 

,AT ! TIME1 ,I F\ND ?IS EXP]I5CE EXTREMELY DISCONC]T+4 ,HAV+ SP5T MU* ( MY LIFE LEAD+ A FAIRLY BOHEMIAN /UD5T EXI/5CE COMP>ATIVELY 9SULAT$ FROM ?IS SORT ( ?+1 ,I F\ND MYSELF ASK+ MY FRI5DS3 IS ?IS :AT ORD9>Y LIFE1 = MO/ PEOPLE1 IS REALLY LIKE8 ,RUNN+ >\ND FEEL+ LIKE AN IDIOT ALL DAY8 ,BE+ SOMEH[ PUT 9 A POSITION :]E ONE ACTUALLY DOES 5D UP ACT+ LIKE AN IDIOT8 ,MO/ W]E 9CL9$ TO SUSPECT ?AT ?IS WAS 9DE$ :AT LIFE IS MO/LY LIKE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! NOT>Y WAS UNUSUALLY 9COMPET5T4 ,/ILL1 ,I HAD TO SP5D OV] A MON? NOT LONG AFT] DEAL+ ) ! RAMIFY+ CONSEQU5CES ( ! ACT ( :ATEV] ANONYM\S FUNCTION>Y 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DEP>TM5T ( ,MOTOR ,VEHICLES HAD 9SCRIB$ MY GIV5 NAME AS 0,DAID10 NOT TO M5TION ! ,V]IZON CL]K :O SPELL$ MY SURNAME 0,GRUEB]40 ,BUREAUCRACIES PUBLIC & PRIVATE APPE>--= :ATEV] HI/ORICAL REASONS--TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GU>ANTEE ?AT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION ( ACTORS WILL NOT BE ABLE TO P]=M !IR TASKS AS EXPECT$4 ,IT'S 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,I'VE SAID ONE CAN FAIRLY SAY ?AT BUREAUCRACIES >E UTOPIAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 IS ?IS NOT :AT WE ALWAYS SAY ( UTOPIANS3 ?AT !Y HAVE A NAIVE FAI? 9 ! P]FECTIBILITY ( HUMAN NATURE & REFUSE TO DEAL ) HUMANS AS !Y ACTUALLY >E8 ,:I* IS1 >E WE NOT ALSO TOLD1 :AT LEADS !M TO SET IMPOSSIBLE /&>DS & !N BLAME ! 9DIVIDUALS = NOT LIV+ UP TO !M8.<#d#a.> ,BUT 9 FACT ALL BUREAUCRACIES DO ?IS1 9S(> AS !Y SET DEM&S !Y 9SI/ >E REASONABLE1 & !N1 ON DISCOV]+ ?AT !Y >E NOT REASONABLE 7S9CE A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS BE UNABLE TO P]=M AS EXPECT$71 CONCLUDE ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT ) ! DEM&S !MSELVES BUT ) ! 9DIVIDUAL 9ADEQUACY ( EA* P>TICUL> HUMAN BE+ :O FAILS TO LIVE UP TO !M4 

,ON A PURELY P]SONAL LEVEL1 PROBABLY ! MO/ DI/URB+ ?+ WAS H[ DEAL+ ) !SE =MS SOMEH[ R5D]$ ME /UPID1 TOO4 ,H[ C\LD ,I NOT HAVE NOTIC$ ?AT ,I WAS PR9T+ MY NAME ON ! L9E ?AT SAID 0SIGNATURE08 ,IT WAS WRITT5 RI<T !RE6 ,I LIKE TO ?9K ?AT ,I AM NOT1 ORD9>ILY1 A P>TICUL>LY /UPID P]SON4 ,9 FACT ,I'VE MADE SOME?+ ( A C>E] \T CONV9C+ O!RS ?AT ,I'M SM>T4 ,YET ,I WAS DO+ OBVI\SLY FOOLI% ?+S2 & NOT BECAUSE ,I WASN'T PAY+ ATT5TION2 9 FACT1 ,I HAD BE5 9VE/+ A GREAT DEAL ( M5TAL & EMOTIONAL 5]GY 9 ! :OLE AFFAIR4 ,! PROBLEM1 ,I REALIZ$1 WAS NOT ) ! 5]GY SP5T1 BUT ) ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ?IS 5]GY WAS BE+ SUNK 9TO ATTEMPTS TO TRY TO UND]/& & 9FLU5CE :OEV]1 AT ANY MOM5T1 SEEM$ TO HAVE SOME K9D ( BUREAUCRATIC P[] OV] ME--:51 9 FACT1 ALL ?AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS ! ACCURATE 9T]PRETATION ( ONE OR TWO ,LAT9 WORDS1 & CORRECT P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 PURELY ME*ANICAL FUNCTIONS4 ,SP5D+ SO MU* ( MY TIME WORRY+ AB\T H[ NOT TO SEEM LIKE ,I WAS RUBB+ ! NOT>Y'S FACE 9 H] 9COMPET5CE1 OR IMAG9+ :AT MI<T MAKE ME SEEM SYMPA!TIC TO V>I\S BANK (FICIALS1 MADE ME LESS 9CL9$ TO NOTICE :5 !Y TOLD ME TO DO SOME?+ FOOLI%4 ,IT WAS AN OBVI\SLY MISPLAC$ /RATEGY1 S9CE 9S(> AS ANYONE HAD ! P[] TO B5D ! RULES !Y W]E USUALLY NOT ! PEOPLE ,I WAS TALK+ TO2 MOREOV]1 IF ,I DID 5C\NT] SOMEONE :O DID HAVE SU* P[]1 !Y W\LD 9V>IABLY 9=M ME DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY ?AT IF ,I DID COMPLA9 9 ANY WAY1 EV5 AB\T A PURELY /RUCTURAL ABSURDITY1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE RESULT W\LD BE TO GET SOME JUNIOR FUNCTION>Y 9 TR\BLE4 

,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ALL ?IS /RUCK ME AS /RANGELY FAMILI>4 ,WE AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE MADE SOME?+ ( A SPECIALTY \T ( DEAL+ ) ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ BIR?1 M>RIAGE1 DEA?1 & SIMIL> RITES ( PASSAGE4 ,WE >E P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) RITUAL GE/URES ?AT >E SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S3 :]E ! M]E ACT ( SAY+ OR DO+ SOME?+ MAKES IT SOCIALLY TRUE4 7,?9K ( PHRASES LIKE 0,I APOLOGIZE10 0,I SURR5D]1 OR 0,I PRON\NCE Y\ MAN & WIFE407 ,HUMANS BE+ ! SOCIAL CREATURES ?AT !Y >E1 BIR? & DEA? >E NEV] M]E BIOLOGICAL EV5TS4 ,IT NORMALLY TAKES A GREAT DEAL ( WORK TO TURN A NEWBORN BABY 9TO A P]SON--SOMEONE ) A NAME & SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 7MO!R1 FA!R 4447 & A HOME1 T[>DS :OM O!RS HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES1 :O CAN SOM$AY BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES TO !M AS WELL4 ,USUALLY1 MU* ( ?IS WORK IS DONE ?R\< RITUAL4 ,SU* RITUALS1 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE NOT$1 CAN V>Y WILDLY 9 =M & CONT5T3 !Y MI<T 9VOLVE BAPTISMS1 CONFIRMATIONS1 FUMIGATIONS1 FIR/ HAIRCUTS1 ISOLATION1 DECL>ATIONS1 ! MAK+ & WAV+ & BURN+ & BURY+ ( RITUAL P>APH]NALIA1 SPELLS4 ,DEA? IS EV5 MORE COMPLICAT$ BECAUSE ?OSE SAME SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT ONE HAS ACQUIR$ 9 LIFE HAVE TO BE GRADUALLY SEV]$1 RE>RANG$4 ,IT (T5 TAKES YE>S1 REPEAT$ BURIALS 7EV5 REBURIALS71 BURN+1 BLEA*+ & RE>RANG+ ( BONES1 FEA/S1 & C]EMONIES BE=E SOMEONE IS 5TIRELY DEAD4 ,9 MO/ EXI/+ SOCIETIES AT ?IS PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 ?OSE RITUALS MAY OR MAY NOT BE C>RI$ \T1 BUT IT IS PRECISELY PAP]WORK1 RA!R ?AN ANY O!R =M ( RITUAL1 ?AT IS SOCIALLY EFFICACI\S 9 ?IS WAY1 ?AT ACTUALLY EFFECTS ! *ANGE4 ,MY MO!R1 = EXAMPLE1 WI%$ TO BE CREMAT$ )\T C]EMONY2 MY MA9 MEMORY ( ! FUN]AL HOME ?\< WAS ( ! PLUMP1 GOOD-NATUR$ CL]K :O WALK$ ME ?R\< A F\RTE5-PAGE DOCUM5T HE HAD TO FILE 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 A DEA? C]TIFICATE1 WRITT5 9 BALLPO9T ON C>BON PAP] SO IT CAME \T 9 TRIPLICATE4 0,H[ MANY H\RS A DAY DO Y\ SP5D FILL+ \T =MS LIKE ?AT80 ,I ASK$4 ,HE SI<$4 0,IT'S ALL ,I DO10 HOLD+ UP A H& B&AG$ FROM SOME K9D ( 9CIPI5T C>PAL TUNNEL SYNDROME4 ,HE HAD TO4 ,)\T ?OSE =MS1 NEI!R MY MO!R1 NOR ANY ( ! O!R PEOPLE CREMAT$ AT HIS E/ABLI%M5T1 W\LD BE LEGALLY--H5CE SOCIALLY--DEAD4 

,:Y1 !N1 ,I WOND]$1 >E !RE NOT VA/ E?NOGRAPHIC TOMES AB\T ,AM]ICAN OR ,BRITI% RITES ( PASSAGE1 ) LONG *APT]S AB\T =MS & PAP]WORK8 

,!RE IS AN OBVI\S ANSW]4 ,PAP]WORK IS BOR+4 ,ONE CAN DESCRIBE ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ IT4 ,ONE CAN OBS]VE H[ PEOPLE TALK AB\T OR REACT TO IT4 ,BUT :5 IT COMES TO ! PAP]WORK ITSELF1 !RE JU/ >5'T ?AT MANY 9T]E/+ ?+S ONE CAN SAY AB\T IT4 ,H[ IS ! =M LAID \T8 ,:AT AB\T ! COLOR S*EME8 ,:Y DID !Y *OOSE TO ASK = C]TA9 BITS ( 9=MATION & NOT O!RS8 ,:Y PLACE ( BIR? & NOT1 SAY1 PLACE :]E Y\ W5T TO GRADE S*OOL8 ,:AT'S SO IMPORTANT AB\T ! SIGNATURE8 ,BUT EV5 SO1 EV5 ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE COMM5TATOR PRETTY QUICKLY RUNS \T ( QUE/IONS4 

,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD GO FUR!R4 ,PAP]WORK IS SUPPOS$ TO BE BOR+4 ,& IT'S GETT+ MORE SO ALL ! TIME4 ,M$IEVAL *>T]S W]E (T5 QUITE BEAUTIFUL1 FULL ( CALLIGRAPHY & H]ALDIC EMBELLI%M5TS4 ,EV5 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SOME ( ?IS REMA9$3 ,I HAVE A COPY ( MY GR&FA!R'S BIR? C]TIFICATE1 ISSU$ 9 ,SPR+FIELD1 ,ILL9OIS1 9 #a#h#e#h1 & IT'S QUITE COLORFUL1 ) ,GO?IC LETT]S1 SCROLLS & LITTLE *]UBS 7IT'S ALSO WRITT5 5TIRELY 9 ,G]MAN74 ,MY FA!R'S1 9 CONTRA/1 ISSU$ 9 ,LAWR5CE1 ,KANSAS1 9 #a#i#a#d1 IS MONO*ROME & UTT]LY UNADORN$1 JU/ L9ES & BOXES1 ?\< !Y >E FILL$ \T 9 A NICE FLORID H&4 ,MY [N1 ISSU$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#f#a1 LACKS EV5 ?AT3 IT'S TYP$ & /AMP$ & UTT]LY )\T *>ACT]4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! COMPUT] 9T]FACES US$ = SO MANY =MS N[ADAYS >E MORE BOR+ /ILL4 ,IT'S AS IF ! CREATORS ( !SE DOCUM5TS W]E GRADUALLY TRY+ TO /RIP !M ( ANY?+ EV5 SLI<TLY PR(\ND1 OR REMOTELY SYMBOLIC4 

,IT'S H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ALL ?IS MI<T DRIVE AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ TO DESPAIR4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY4 ,! 9T]PRETATIVE TOOLS WE HAVE AT \R DISPOSAL >E BE/ SUIT$ TO W5D \R WAY ?R\< COMPLEX WEBS ( MEAN+ OR SIGNIFICATION --WE SEEK TO UND]/& 9TRICATE RITUAL SYMBOLISM1 SOCIAL DRAMAS1 POETIC =MS1 OR K9%IP NETWORKS4 ,:AT ALL !SE HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y T5D TO BE BO? 9F9ITELY RI*1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 OP5-5D$4 ,IF ONE S\<T \T TO EXHAU/ EV]Y MEAN+1 MOTIVE1 OR ASSOCIATION PACK$ 9TO A S+LE ,ROMANIAN H>VE/ RITUAL1 OR ,Z&E WIT*CRAFT ACCUSATION1 OR ,MEXICAN FAMILY SAGA1 ONE C\LD EASILY SP5D A LIFETIME--QUITE A NUMB] ( LIFETIMES1 9 FACT1 IF ONE W]E ALSO \T TO TRACE ! FAN ( RELATIONS ) O!R ELEM5TS 9 ! L>G] SOCIAL OR SYMBOLIC FIELDS SU* WORK 9V>IABLY OP5S UP4 ,PAP]WORK 9 CONTRA/ IS DESIGN$ TO BE MAXIMALLY SIMPLE & SELF-CONTA9$4 ,EV5 :5 =MS >E COMPLEX1 EV5 BAFFL+LY COMPLEX1 IT'S BY AN 5DLESS ACCRETION ( V]Y SIMPLE BUT APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY ELEM5TS1 LIKE A MAZE COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( ! 5DLESS JUXTAPOSITION ( TWO OR ?REE V]Y SIMPLE GEOMETRICAL MOTIFS4 ,& LIKE A MAZE1 PAP]WORK DOESN'T REALLY OP5 ON ANY?+ \TSIDE ITSELF4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE JU/ ISN'T V]Y MU* TO 9T]PRET4 ,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ BECAME FAM\S = (F]+ A 0?ICK DESCRIPTION0 ( ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<TS :]E HE TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT1 IF ONE W]E ABLE TO UNPACK EV]Y?+ GO+ ON 9 A GIV5 MAT*1 ONE W\LD BE ABLE TO UND]/& EV]Y?+ AB\T ,BAL9ESE SOCIETY3 !Y'RE CONCEPTIONS ( ! HUMAN CONDITION1 ( SOCIETY1 HI]>*Y1 NATURE1 ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL PASSIONS & DILEMMAS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,?IS SIMPLY W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO DO ) A MORTGAGE APPLICATION1 NO MATT] H[ D5SE ! DOCUM5T ITSELF2 & EV5 IF SOME DEFIANT S\L SET \T TO WRITE SU* AN ANALYSIS--JU/ TO PROVE IT C\LD BE DONE--IT W\LD BE EV5 H>D] TO IMAG9E ANYONE ELSE ACTUALLY READ+ IT4 

,ONE MI<T OBJECT3 BUT HAV5'T GREAT NOVELI/S (T5 WRITT5 COMPELL+ LIT]ATURE AB\T BUREAUCRACY8 ,( C\RSE !Y HAVE4 ,BUT !Y HAVE MANAG$ TO DO ?IS BY EMBRAC+ ! V]Y CIRCUL>ITY & EMPT9ESS--NOT TO M5TION IDIOCY--( BUREAUCRACY1 & PRODUC+ LIT]>Y WORKS ?AT P>TAKE ( SOME?+ LIKE ! SAME MAZELIKE1 S5SELESS =M4 ,?IS IS :Y ALMO/ ALL GREAT LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT TAKES ! =M ( HORROR-COM$Y4 ,FRANZ ,KAFKA'S ,! ,TRIAL IS ( C\RSE ! P>ADIGM 7AS IS ,! ,CA/LE71 BUT ONE CAN CITE ANY NUMB] ( O!RS3 FROM ,/ANISLAW ,LEM'S ,MEMOIRS ,F\ND 9 A ,BA?TUB1 :I* IS PRETTY MU* /RAI<T ,KAFKA1 TO ,ISMAIL ,KAD>E'S ,PALACE ( ,DREAMS & ,JOSE ,S>AMAGO'S ,ALL ! ,NAMES1 TO ANY NUMB] ( WORKS ?AT MI<T BE SAID TO BE 9=M$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC SPIRIT1 SU* AS MU* ( ,ITALO ,CALV9O OR MO/ ANY?+ BY ,BORGES4 ,JOSEPH ,HELL]'S ,CAT*-#b#b1 :I* TAKES ON MILIT>Y BUREAUCRACIES1 & ,SOME?+ ,HAPP5$1 AB\T CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES1 >E CONSID]$ LATT]-DAY MA/]WORKS 9 ?IS G5RE1 AS IS ,DAVID ,FO/] ,WALLACE'S UNF9I%$ ,! ,PALE ,K+1 AN IMAG9ATIVE M$ITATION ON ! NATURE ( BOR$OM SET 9 A ,MIDWE/]N (FICE ( ! ,U4,S4 ,9T]NAL ,REV5UE ,S]VICE4 ,IT'S 9T]E/+ ?AT JU/ AB\T ALL !SE WORKS ( FICTION NOT ONLY EMPHASIZE ! COMIC S5SELESSNESS ( BUREAUCRATIC LIFE1 BUT MIX IT ) AT LEA/ AN UND]TONE ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS MORE OBVI\S 9 SOME AU?ORS 7,KAFKA & ,HELL]1 = EXAMPLE7 ?AN O!RS1 BUT IT ALMO/ ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE LURK+ JU/ UND]NEA? ! SURFACE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 CONTEMPOR>Y /ORIES ?AT >E EXPLICITLY AB\T VIOL5CE HAVE A T5D5CY TO ALSO BECOME /ORIES AB\T BUREAUCRACY1 S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 MO/ ACTS ( EXTREME VIOL5CE EI!R TAKE PLACE 9 BUREAUCRATIC 5VIRONM5TS 7>MIES1 PRISONS 4447 OR ELSE1 !Y >E ALMO/ IMM$IATELY SURR\ND$ BY BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES 7CRIME74 

,GREAT WRIT]S1 !N1 KN[ H[ TO DEAL ) A VACUUM4 ,!Y EMBRACE IT4 ,!Y />E 9TO ! ABYSS UNTIL ! ABYSS />ES BACK 9TO !M4 ,SOCIAL !ORY1 9 CONTRA/1 ABHORS A VACUUM --OR1 ?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE IF ITS APPROA* TO BUREAUCRACY IS ANY?+ TO GO ON4 ,/UPIDITY & VIOL5CE >E PRECISELY ! ELEM5TS IT IS LEA/ 9CL9$ TO TALK AB\T4.<#d#b.> 

,! LACK ( CRITICAL WORK IS ESPECIALLY ODD BECAUSE ON ! SURFACE1 Y\ W\LD ?9K ACADEMICS >E P]SONALLY POSITION$ TO SPEAK ( ! ABSURDITIES ( BUREAUCRATIC LIFE4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE !Y >E BUREAUCRATS--9CREAS+LY SO4 0,ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES10 GO+ TO COMMITTEE MEET+S1 FILL+ \T =MS1 READ+ & WRIT+ LETT]S ( SUPPORT1 PLACAT+ ! :IMS ( M9OR DEANS--ALL ?IS TAKES UP AN EV]-EXP&+ PORTION ( ! AV]AGE ACADEMIC'S TIME4 ,BUT ACADEMICS >E ALSO RELUCTANT BUREAUCRATS1 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV5 :5 0ADM910 AS IT'S CALL$1 5DS UP BECOM+ MO/ ( :AT A PR(ESSOR ACTUALLY DOES1 IT IS ALWAYS TREAT$ AS SOME?+ TACK$ ON--NOT :AT !Y >E REALLY QUALIFI$ =1 C]TA9LY1 & NOT ! WORK ?AT DEF9ES :O !Y REALLY >E4.<#d#c.> ,!Y >E S*OL>S--PEOPLE :O RESE>*1 ANALYZE1 & 9T]PRET ?+S--EV5 IF 9CREAS+LY1 !Y'RE REALLY S*OL>LY S\LS TRAPP$ 9 A BUREAUCRAT'S BODY4 ,Y\ MI<T ?9K ?AT AN ACADEMIC'S REACTION W\LD BE TO RESE>*1 ANALYZE1 & 9T]PRET ?IS V]Y PH5OM5ON3 H[ DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT WE ALL 5D UP SP5D+ MORE & MORE ( \R TIME ON PAP]WORK8 ,:AT IS ! MEAN+ ( PAP]WORK ANYWAY8 ,:AT >E ! SOCIAL DYNAMICS BEH9D IT8 ,YET = SOME REASON1 ?IS NEV] HAPP5S4.<#d#d.> 

,IT HAS BE5 MY EXP]I5CE ?AT :5 ACADEMICS GA!R >\ND ! WAT] COOL] 7OR ! ACADEMIC EQUIVAL5T ( A WAT] COOL]1 :I* IS USUALLY A C(FEE MA*9E7 !Y R>ELY TALK AB\T !IR 0REAL0 WORK BUT SP5D ALMO/ ALL !IR TIME COMPLA9+ AB\T ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,BUT 9 ?OSE EV]-%R9K+ MOM5TS :]E !Y >E ALL[$ TO ?9K PR(\ND ?\<TS1 ?IS SEEMS TO BE ! LA/ ?+ !Y'D WI% TO ?9K AB\T4 

,BUT !RE IS SOME?+ EV5 DEEP] GO+ ON H]E1 ,I SUSPECT--SOME?+ ?AT BE>S ON ! V]Y NATURE ( :AT UNIV]SITIES >E & :Y !Y EXI/4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y PROM95CE 9 ,U4,S4 SOCIAL SCI5CE 9 ! PO/W> P]IOD ( TWO CONT95TAL !ORI/S3 ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/ ,MAX ,WEB] 9 ! FIFTIES & SIXTIES1 & ,FR5* HI/ORIAN & SOCIAL PHILOSOPH] ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT EV] S9CE4 ,EA* ATTA9$ A K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL HEGEMONY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT !Y NEV] MANAG$ TO A*IEVE 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,:AT MADE !M SO APPEAL+ TO ,AM]ICAN ACADEMICS8 ,NO D\BT !IR POPUL>ITY HAD MU* TO DO ) ! EASE ) :I* EA* C\LD BE ADOPT$ AS A K9D ( ANTI-,M>X1 !IR !ORIES PUT =? 7USUALLY 9 CRUDELY SIMPLIFI$ =M7 AS WAYS ( >GU+ ?AT P[] IS NOT SIMPLY OR PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( ! CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BUT RA!R A P]VASIVE1 MULTIFACET$1 & UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( ANY SOCIAL LIFE4 

,BUT ,I ALSO ?9K ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! APPEAL WAS !IR ATTITUDE T[>D BUREAUCRACY4 ,9DE$1 IT SOMETIMES SEEMS ?AT !SE W]E ! ONLY TWO 9TELLIG5T HUMAN BE+S 9 TW5TIE? C5TURY HI/ORY :O HONE/LY BELIEV$ ?AT ! P[] ( BUREAUCRACY LIES 9 ITS EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,?AT IS1 ?AT BUREAUCRACY REALLY WORKS4 ,WEB] SAW BUREAUCRATIC =MS ( ORGANIZATION AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( ,REASON 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 SO OBVI\SLY SUP]IOR TO ANY ALT]NATIVE =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y ?REAT5$ TO 5GULF EV]Y?+1 LOCK+ HUMANITY 9 A JOYLESS 0IRON CAGE10 B]EFT ( SPIRIT & *>ISMA4 ,F\CAULT WAS MORE SUBV]SIVE1 BUT HE WAS SUBV]SIVE 9 A WAY ?AT ONLY 5D[$ BUREAUCRATIC P[] ) MORE EFFECTIV5ESS1 NOT LESS4 ,9 HIS WORK ON ASYLUMS1 CL9ICS1 PRISONS1 & ! RE/1 ABSOLUTELY EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN LIFE--HEAL?1 SEXUALITY1 WORK1 MORALITY1 \R V]Y CONCEPTIONS ( TRU? --BECAME NO?+ 9 & ( !MSELVES1 BUT M]ELY PRODUCTS ( ONE OR ANO!R =M ( PR(ESSIONAL OR ADM9I/RATIVE DISC\RSE4 ,?R\< CONCEPTS LIKE GOV]NM5TALITY & BIOP[]1 HE >GU$ ?AT /ATE BUREAUCRACIES 5D UP %AP+ ! P>AMET]S ( HUMAN EXI/5CE 9 WAYS F> MORE 9TIMATE ?AN ANY?+ ,WEB] W\LD HAVE IMAG9$4 ,= ,F\CAULT1 ALL =MS ( KN[L$GE BECAME =MS ( P[]1 %AP+ \R M9DS & BODIES ?R\< L>GELY ADM9I/RATIVE MEANS4 

,IT'S H>D TO AVOID ! SUSPICION ?AT ,WEB] & ,F\CAULT'S POPUL>ITY [$ MU* TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITY SY/EM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD HAD ITSELF 9CREAS+LY BECOME AN 9/ITUTION D$ICAT$ TO PRODUC+ FUNCTION>IES = AN IMP]IAL ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 OP]AT+ ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS FIR/ E/ABLI%+ ITS GLOBAL ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 ALL ?IS WAS (T5 FAIRLY EXPLICIT4 ,SOCIOLOGI/S LIKE ,TALCOTT ,P>SONS & ,$W>D ,%ILS.<#d#e.> W]E DEEPLY EMB$D$ 9 ! ,COLD ,W> E/ABLI%M5T AT ,H>V>D1 & ! /RIPP$-D[N V]SION ( ,WEB] !Y CREAT$ WAS QUICKLY /RIPP$ D[N EV5 FUR!R & ADOPT$ BY ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T FUNCTION>IES & ! ,WORLD ,BANK AS 0DEVELOPM5T !ORY10 & ACTIVELY PROMOT$ AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>XI/ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM 9 ! BATTLEGR\ND /ATES ( ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 EV5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,M>G>ET ,MEAD1 ,RU? ,B5$ICT1 & ,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ HAD NO COMPUNCTIONS AGA9/ COOP]AT+ CLOSELY ) ! MILIT>Y-9TELLIG5CE APP>ATUS1 OR EV5 ! ,C,I,A4.<#d#f.> ,ALL ?IS *ANG$ ) ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( CAMPUS MOBILIZATIONS AGA9/ ! W>1 ?IS K9D ( COMPLICITY WAS ?R[N UND] A SPOTLI<T1 & ,P>SONS--& ) HIM1 ,WEB]--CAME TO BE SE5 AS ! V]Y EMBODIM5T ( EV]Y?+ RADICALS S\<T TO REJECT4 

,) ,WEB] DE?RON$1 IT WAS AT FIR/ UNCLE> :O1 IF ANYONE1 W\LD REPLACE HIM4 ,= A :ILE !RE WAS A LOT ( 9T]E/ 9 ,G]MAN ,M>XISM3 ,ADORNO1 ,B5JAM91 ,M>CUSE1 ,LUKACS1 ,FROMM4 ,BUT ! FOCUS EV5TUALLY %IFT$ TO ,FRANCE1 :]E ! UPRIS+ ( ,MAY #aifh HAD PRODUC$ AN EFFLORESC5CE ( EXTREMELY CREATIVE SOCIAL !ORY--9 ,FRANCE IT WAS JU/ CALL$ 0 '#f#h ?\<T0--?AT WAS SIMULTANE\SLY RADICAL 9 TEMP]AM5T1 & HO/ILE TO ALMO/ EV]Y TRADITIONAL MANIFE/ATION ( LEFTI/ POLITICS1 FROM UNION ORGANIZ+ TO 9SURRECTION4.<#d#g.> ,DIFF]5T !ORI/S %IFT$ 9 & \T ( FA%ION1 BUT OV] ! C\RSE ( ! EI<TIES1 ,F\CAULT MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% HIMSELF 9 A WAY NO ONE--EV51 REALLY1 ,WEB]--HAS BE=E OR S9CE4 ,OR1 AT LEA/1 HE DID SO )9 ?OSE DISCIPL9ES ?AT CONSID]$ !MSELVES 9 ANY WAY OPPOSITIONAL4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT MI<T BE BETT] TO SPEAK H]E ( ! EM]G5CE ( A K9D ( DIVISION ( ACADEMIC LABOR )9 ! ,AM]ICAN HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 ) ! OPTIMI/IC SIDE ( ,WEB] RE9V5T$ 79 EV5 MORE SIMPLIFI$ =M7 = ! ACTUAL TRA9+ ( BUREAUCRATS UND] ! NAME ( 0RATIONAL *OICE !ORY10 :ILE HIS PESSIMI/IC SIDE WAS RELEGAT$ TO ! ,F\CAULDIANS4 ,F\CAULT'S ASC5DANCY 9 TURN WAS PRECISELY )9 ?OSE FIELDS ( ACADEMIC 5DEAVOR ?AT ABSORB$ =M] CAMPUS RADICALS1 OR ?OSE :O ID5TIFI$ ) !M4 ,!SE DISCIPL9ES W]E ALMO/ COMPLETELY DIVORC$ FROM ANY ACCESS TO POLITICAL P[]1 OR 9CREAS+LY1 ANY 9FLU5CE ON SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 AS WELL--A DI/ANCE ?AT GAVE ,F\CAULT'S EMPHASIS ON ! 0P[]_/KN[L$GE0 NEXUS 7! ASS]TION ?AT =MS ( KN[L$GE >E ALWAYS ALSO =MS ( SOCIAL P[]--9DE$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( SOCIAL P[]7 A P>TICUL> APPEAL4 

,NO D\BT ANY SU* POCKET HI/ORICAL SUMM>Y CAN ONLY BE A BIT C>ICATURI% & UNFAIR4 ,/ILL1 ,I BELIEVE !RE IS A PR(\ND TRU? H]E4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT ACADEMICS >E DRAWN TO >EAS ( D5SITY1 :]E \R SKILLS AT 9T]PRETATION >E BE/ DEPLOY$4 ,WE ALSO HAVE AN 9CREAS+ T5D5CY TO ID5TIFY :AT'S 9T]E/+ ) :AT'S IMPORTANT1 & TO ASSUME ?AT PLACES ( D5SITY >E ALSO PLACES ( P[]4 ,! P[] ( BUREAUCRACY %[S JU/ H[ (T5 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE IS 9 FACT ! CASE4 

,BUT ?IS ESSAY IS NOT JU/--OR NOT EV5 PRIM>ILY--AB\T BUREAUCRACY4 ,IT IS PRIM>ILY AB\T VIOL5CE4 

,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE IS ?AT SITUATIONS CREAT$ BY VIOL5CE--P>TICUL>LY /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 BY :I* ,I MEAN =MS ( P]VASIVE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT >E ULTIMATELY BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M--9V>IABLY T5D TO CREATE ! K9DS ( WILLFUL BL9DNESS WE NORMALLY ASSOCIATE ) BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES4 ,TO PUT IT CRUDELY3 IT IS NOT SO MU* ?AT BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES >E 9H]5TLY /UPID1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y T5D TO PRODUCE BEHAVIOR ?AT !Y !MSELVES DEF9E AS /UPID--?\< !Y DO DO ?AT--BUT RA!R1 ?AT !Y >E 9V>IABLY WAYS ( MANAG+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS ?AT >E ALREADY /UPID BECAUSE !Y >E F\ND$ ON /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,?IS APPROA*1 ,I ?9K1 HAS ! POT5TIAL TO TELL US A GREAT DEAL AB\T BO? H[ BUREAUCRACY HAS COME TO P]VADE EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES1 & :Y WE DON'T NOTICE IT4 

,N[1 ,I ADMIT ?AT ?IS EMPHASIS ON VIOL5CE MI<T SEEM ODD4 ,WE >E NOT US$ TO ?9K+ ( NURS+ HOMES OR BANKS OR EV5 ,H,M,OS AS VIOL5T 9/ITUTIONS--EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ! MO/ AB/RACT & METAPHORICAL S5SE4 ,BUT ! VIOL5CE ,I'M REF]R+ TO H]E IS NOT AB/RACT4 ,I AM NOT SPEAK+ ( CONCEPTUAL VIOL5CE4 ,I AM SPEAK+ ( VIOL5CE 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE3 ! K9D ?AT 9VOLVES1 SAY1 ONE P]SON HITT+ ANO!R OV] ! HEAD ) A WOOD5 /ICK4 ,ALL ( !SE >E 9/ITUTIONS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES )9 A SY/EM ( PROP]TY RI<TS REGULAT$ & GU>ANTE$ BY GOV]NM5TS 9 A SY/EM ?AT ULTIMATELY RE/S ON ! ?REAT ( =CE4 0,=CE0 9 TURN IS JU/ A EUPHEMI/IC WAY TO REF] TO VIOL5CE3 ?AT IS1 ! ABILITY TO CALL UP PEOPLE DRESS$ 9 UNI=MS1 WILL+ TO ?REAT5 TO HIT O!RS OV] ! HEAD ) WOOD5 /ICKS4 

,IT IS CURI\S H[ R>ELY CITIZ5S 9 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACIES ACTUALLY ?9K AB\T ?IS FACT1 OR H[ 9/9CTIVELY WE TRY TO DISC\NT ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 = GRADUATE /UD5TS TO BE ABLE TO SP5D DAYS 9 ! /ACKS ( UNIV]SITY LIBR>IES POR+ OV] ,F\CAULT-9SPIR$ !ORETICAL TRACTS AB\T ! DECL9+ IMPORTANCE ( CO]CION AS A FACTOR 9 MOD]N LIFE )\T EV] REFLECT+ ON ?AT FACT ?AT1 HAD !Y 9SI/$ ON !IR RI<T TO 5T] ! /ACKS )\T %[+ A PROP]LY /AMP$ & VALIDAT$ ,I,D1 >M$ M5 W\LD HAVE BE5 SUMMON$ TO PHYSICALLY REMOVE !M1 US+ :ATEV] =CE MI<T BE REQUIR$4 ,IT'S ALMO/ AS IF ! MORE WE ALL[ ASPECTS ( \R EV]YDAY EXI/5CE TO FALL UND] ! PURVIEW ( BUREAUCRATIC REGULATIONS1 ! MORE EV]YONE CONC]N$ COLLUDES TO D[NPLAY ! FACT 7P]FECTLY OBVI\S TO ?OSE ACTUALLY RUNN+ ! SY/EM7 ?AT ALL ( IT ULTIMATELY DEP5DS ON ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL H>M4 

,ACTUALLY1 ! V]Y USE ( ! T]M 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 IS AN EXCELL5T CASE 9 PO9T4 ,:5 ,I FIR/ BEGAN WORK+ ON ?IS ESSAY1 ,I SIMPLY TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! T]M REF]R$ TO ACTUAL VIOL5CE ?AT OP]ATES 9 AN 9DIRECT =M4 ,IMAG9E1 IF Y\ WILL1 SOME W>LIKE TRIBE 7LET'S CALL !M ! ,ALPHAS7 ?AT SWEEPS \T ( ! DES]T & SEIZES A SWA? ( L& 9HABIT$ BY PEACEFUL F>M]S 7LET'S CALL !M ! ,OMEGAS74 ,BUT 9/EAD ( EXACT+ TRIBUTE1 !Y APPROPRIATE ALL ! F]TILE L&1 & >RANGE = !IR *ILDR5 TO HAVE PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO MO/ =MS ( PRACTICAL $UCATION1 AT ! SAME TIME 9ITIAT+ A RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY ?AT HOLDS ?AT !Y >E 9TR9SICALLY SUP]IOR BE+S1 F9] & MORE BEAUTIFUL & MORE 9TELLIG5T1 & ?AT ! ,OMEGAS1 N[ L>GELY R$UC$ TO WORK+ ON !IR E/ATES1 HAVE BE5 CURS$ BY ! DIV9E P[]S = SOME T]RIBLE S91 & HAVE BECOME /UPID1 UGLY1 & BASE4 ,& P]HAPS ! ,OMEGAS 9T]NALIZE !IR DISGRACE & COME TO ACT AS IF !Y BELIEVE !Y REALLY >E GUILTY ( SOME?+4 ,9 A S5SE P]HAPS !Y DO BELIEVE IT4 ,BUT ON A DEEP] LEVEL IT DOESN'T MAKE A LOT ( S5SE TO ASK :E!R !Y DO OR NOT4 ,! :OLE >RANGEM5T IS ! FRUIT ( VIOL5CE & CAN ONLY BE MA9TA9$ BY ! CONT9UAL ?REAT ( VIOL5CE3 ! FACT ?AT ! ,OMEGAS >E QUITE AW>E ?AT IF ANYONE DIRECTLY *ALL5G$ PROP]TY >RANGEM5TS1 OR ACCESS TO $UCATION1 SWORDS W\LD BE DRAWN & PEOPLE'S HEADS W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5D UP BE+ LOPP$ (F4 ,9 A CASE LIKE ?IS1 :AT WE TALK AB\T 9 T]MS ( 0BELIEF0 >E SIMPLY ! PSY*OLOGICAL TE*NIQUES PEOPLE DEVELOP TO ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES TO ?IS REALITY4 ,WE HAVE NO IDEA H[ !Y W\LD ACT1 OR :AT !Y W\LD ?9K1 IF ! ,ALPHAS' COMM& ( ! MEANS ( VIOL5CE W]E TO SOMEH[ DISAPPE>4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I HAD 9 M9D :5 ,I FIR/ BEGAN US+ ! PHRASE 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0-- /RUCTURES ?AT C\LD ONLY BE CREAT$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE1 EV5 IF 9 !IR ORD9>Y1 DAY-TO-DAY WORK+S1 NO ACTUAL PHYSICAL VIOL5CE NE$ TAKE PLACE4 ,IF ONE REFLECTS ON ! MATT]1 ! SAME CAN BE SAID ( MO/ PH5OM5A ?AT >E ORD9>ILY REF]R$ TO AS 0/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE0 9 ! LIT]ATURE--RACISM1 SEXISM1 CLASS PRIVILEGE--EV5 IF !IR ACTUAL MODE ( OP]ATION IS 9F9ITELY MORE COMPLEX4 

,H]E ,I WAS PROBABLY 9SPIR$ MO/ BY MY READ+S 9 FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE1 :I* (T5 DOES SPEAK ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE 9 ?IS WAY4.<#d#h.> ,IT IS WIDELY NOT$1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT RATES ( SEXUAL ASSAULT 9CREASE DRAMATICALLY AT PRECISELY ! MOM5TS :5 WOM5 BEG9 *ALL5G+ 0G5D] NORMS0 ( WORK1 COMPORTM5T1 OR DRESS4 ,IT'S REALLY QUITE ! SAME AS ! CONQU]ORS SUDD5LY TAK+ \T !IR SWORDS AGA94 ,BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 ACADEMICS DO NOT USE ! T]M ?IS WAY4 ,! CURR5T USAGE REALLY H>K5S BACK TO SIXTIES 0,PEACE ,/UDIES10 & IT IS US$ IT TO REF] TO 0/RUCTURES0 ?AT1 IT IS CLAIM$1 HAVE ! SAME EFFECTS AS VIOL5CE1 EV5 ?\< !Y MAY NOT 9VOLVE PHYSICAL ACTS ( VIOL5CE AT ALL4.<#d#i.> ,! LI/ ( /RUCTURES IS PRETTY MU* ! SAME LI/ 7RACISM1 SEXISM1 POV]TY1 & ! RE/71 BUT ! IMPLICATION IS !RE C\LD1 = EXAMPLE1 EXI/ A SY/EM ( PATRI>*Y ?AT OP]AT$ 9 ! TOTAL ABS5CE ( DOME/IC VIOL5CE OR SEXUAL ASSAULT1 OR A SY/EM ( RACISM ?AT WAS 9 NO WAY BACK$ UP BY GOV]NM5T-5=C$ PROP]TY RI<TS--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 NO EXAMPLE ( EI!R HAS EV] BE5 OBS]V$4.<#e.> ,ONCE AGA91 IT'S PUZZL+ :Y ANYONE W\LD MAKE SU* AN >GUM5T1 UNLESS !Y W]E = SOME REASON DET]M9$ TO 9SI/ ?AT ! PHYSICAL VIOL5CE ISN'T ! ESS5CE ( ! ?+1 ?AT ?IS ISN'T :AT REALLY NE$S TO BE ADDRESS$4 ,TO POSE ! QUE/ION ( VIOL5CE DIRECTLY W\LD1 APP>5TLY1 MEAN OP5+ A S]IES ( DOORS ?AT MO/ ACADEMICS SEEM TO FEEL W\LD REALLY BETT] BE LEFT %UT4 

,MO/ ( !SE DOORS LEAD DIRECTLY TO ! PROBLEM ( :AT WE CALL 0! /ATE0--& ! BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES ?R\< :I* IT ACTUALLY EX]CISES P[]4 ,IS ! /ATE'S CLAIM TO A MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE ULTIMATELY ! PROBLEM1 OR IS ! /ATE AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ANY POSSIBLE SOLUTION8 ,IS ! V]Y PRACTICE ( LAY+ D[N RULES & !N ?REAT5+ PHYSICAL H>M AGA9/ ANYONE :O DOES NOT FOLL[ !M ITSELF OBJECTIONABLE1 OR IS IT JU/ ?AT ! AU?ORITIES >E NOT DEPLOY+ SU* ?REATS 9 ! RI<T WAY8 ,TO TALK ( RACISM1 SEXISM1 & ! RE/ AS A BUN* ( AB/RACT /RUCTURES FLOAT+ AB\T IS ! BE/ WAY TO DODGE SU* QUE/IONS 5TIRELY4 

,9 MANY ( ! RURAL COMMUNITIES AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E MO/ FAMILI> )1 :]E MOD]N ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUES >E EXPLICITLY SE5 AS ALI5 IMPOSITIONS1 ?+S MU* MORE RESEMBLE MY EXAMPLE ( ! ,ALPHAS & ,OMEGAS4 ,WE >E USUALLY DEAL+ ) CONQU]$ POPULATIONS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R--H5CE1 ) PEOPLE :O >E KE5LY AW>E ?AT CURR5T >RANGEM5TS >E ! FRUIT ( VIOL5CE4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT W\LD NEV] OCCUR TO ANYONE TO D5Y ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS A FUNDAM5TALLY CO]CIVE 9/ITUTION--EV5 IF !Y MI<T ALSO BE P]FECTLY WILL+ TO CONC$E ?AT 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 IT C\LD ALSO BE A B5EVOL5T ONE4 ,9 ! P>T ( RURAL ,MADAGASC> :]E ,I DID MY FIELDWORK1 = EXAMPLE1 EV]YONE TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT /ATES OP]ATE PRIM>ILY BY 9SPIR+ FE>4 ,IT WAS ASSUM$ TO BE JU/ AS TRUE ( ! OLD ,MALAGASY K+DOMS AS ( ! SUBSEQU5T ,FR5* COLONIAL REGIME1 OR ITS CONTEMPOR>Y ,MALAGASY SUCCESSOR1 :I* WAS SE5 AS BASICALLY A SLI<TLY RETOOL$ V]SION ( ! SAME ?+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! FE> IT 9SPIR$ WAS DECID$LY SPORADIC1 S9CE MU* ( ! TIME1 ! /ATE1 OR ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 W]E NOT REALLY >\ND4 ,GOV]NM5T PLAY$ ALMO/ NO ROLE 9 REGULAT+ ! M9UTIAE ( DAILY LIFE3 !RE W]E NO BUILD+ CODES1 NO OP5 CONTA9] LAWS1 NO M&ATORY LIC5S+ & 9SURANCE ( VEHICLES1 NO RULES AB\T :O C\LD BUY OR SELL OR SMOKE OR BUILD OR EAT OR DR9K :AT :]E1 :]E PEOPLE C\LD PLAY MUSIC OR T5D !IR ANIMALS4 ,OR ANYWAY1 IF !RE W]E SU* LAWS1 NO ONE KNEW :AT !Y W]E BECAUSE IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO ANYONE1 EV5 ! POLICE1 TO 5=CE !M--EV5 9 T[N1 & DEF9ITELY NOT 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE1 :]E SU* MATT]S W]E 5TIRELY REGULAT$ BY CU/OM1 DELIB]ATION BY COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES1 OR MAGICAL TABOO4 ,9 SU* CONTEXTS1 IT BECAME ALL ! MORE APP>5T ?AT ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY WAS ! REGI/RATION ( TAXABLE PROP]TY1 & MA9TA9+ ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ?AT ALL[$ ?OSE :O COLLECT$ TAXES TO %[ UP & TAKE !IR ?+S AWAY4 

,?IS SITUATION ACTUALLY CREAT$ SOME 9T]E/+ DILEMMAS = MY [N RESE>*4 ,I HAD DONE A GOOD DEAL ( WORK 9 ! ,MALAGASY NATIONAL >*IVES BE=E HEAD+ \T TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M]9A K+DOM HAD BR\<T 9 =EIGN MISSION>IES TO HELP !M TRA9 A CIVIL S]VICE1 & ! RECORDS W]E ALL /ILL !RE1 ALONG ) ?OSE ( ! COLONIAL REGIME4 ,AS A RESULT1 FROM AB\T #ahge TO #a#i#e1 ,I HAD QUITE A WEAL? ( DATA = ! COMMUNITY ,I WAS /UDY+3 C5SUS DATA1 S*OOL RECORDS1 & ABOVE ALL1 PRECISE FIGURES AB\T ! SIZE ( EA* FAMILY & ITS HOLD+S 9 L& & CATTLE--& 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD1 SLAVES4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ,I >RIV$ ,I DISCOV]$ ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT MO/ PEOPLE ASSUM$ AN \TSID] >RIV+ FROM ! CAPITAL W\LD BE MO/ LIKELY TO ASK AB\T1 & !RE=E1 :I* !Y W]E LEA/ 9CL9$ TO TELL !M4 ,9 FACT1 PEOPLE W]E WILL+ TO TALK AB\T ALMO/ ANY?+ ELSE4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,I HAD ALMO/ COMPLETELY DIFF]5T SORTS ( DATA = ! TWO HI/ORICAL P]IODS4 

,AS ,I GOT TO KN[ PEOPLE BETT]1 ,I SL[LY REALIZ$ ?AT IT WASN'T JU/ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T DIDN'T REGULATE DAILY LIFE--9 MO/ IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 ! GOV]NM5T DIDN'T DO ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,/ATE P[] HAS A T5D5CY TO EBB & FL[ 9 ,MALAGASY HI/ORY1 & ?IS WAS A DEF9ITE EBB4 ,!RE W]E GOV]NM5T (FICES1 ( C\RSE1 & PEOPLE SAT 9 !M TYP+ & REGI/]+ ?+S1 BUT IT WAS MA9LY JU/ = %[--!Y W]E B>ELY PAID1 RECEIV$ NO MAT]IALS 7!Y HAD TO BUY !IR [N PAP]71 EV]YONE LI$ ON !IR TAX ASSESSM5TS1 & NO ONE REALLY PAID ! TAXES ANYWAY4 ,POLICE JU/ PATROLL$ ! HI<WAY & W\LD NOT GO 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE AT ALL4 ,YET EV]YONE W\LD TALK AB\T ! GOV]NM5T AS IF IT ACTUALLY EXI/$1 HOP+ \TSID]S W\LDN'T NOTICE1 :I* MI<T POSSIBLY LEAD TO SOMEONE 9 SOME (FICE 9 ! CAPITAL DECID+ !Y MI<T HAVE TO DO SOME?+ AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,SO ON ONE LEVEL1 BUREAUCRATIC P[] HAD ALMO/ NO EFFECT ON PEOPLE4 ,ON ANO!R1 IT COLOR$ EV]Y?+4 

,P>T ( ! REASON WAS ! 9ITIAL IMPACT ( CONQUE/ NE>LY A HUNDR$ YE>S BE=E4 ,AT ! TIME1 MO/ 9HABITANTS ( ! ,M]9A K+DOM HAD BE5 SLAVEHOLD]S1 AT ! HE>T ( A GREAT K+DOM4 ,AN IMPORTANT ?+ TO REMEMB] AB\T SLAV]Y IS ?AT IT IS NEV] SE5--BY ANYONE REALLY--AS A MORAL RELATION%IP1 BUT ONE ( SIMPLE >BITR>Y P[]3 ! MA/] CAN ORD] ! SLAVE TO DO :ATEV] HE PLEASES1 & !RE'S REALLY NO?+ ! SLAVE CAN DO AB\T IT4.<#e#a.> ,:5 ! ,FR5* OV]?REW ! ,M]9A K+DOM & TOOK OV] ,MADAGASC> 9 #a#h#i#e1 !Y SIMULTANE\SLY ABOLI%$ SLAV]Y & IMPOS$ A GOV]NM5T ?AT SIMIL>LY DID NOT EV5 PRET5D TO BE BAS$ ON A SOCIAL CONTRACT OR ! WILL ( ! GOV]N$1 BUT WAS SIMPLY BAS$ ON SUP]IOR FIREP[]4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 MO/ ,MALAGASY CONCLUD$ ?AT !Y HAD ALL BE5 EFFECTIVELY TURN$ 9TO SLAVES4 ,?IS HAD PR(\ND RELATIONS ON H[ PEOPLE CAME TO DEAL ) ONE ANO!R4 ,BE=E LONG1 ANY RELATION ( COMM&--?AT IS1 ANY ONGO+ RELATION%IP BETWE5 ADULTS :]E ONE R5D]S ! O!R A M]E EXT5SION ( HIS OR H] WILL--WAS CONSID]$ MORALLY OBJECTIONABLE1 ESS5TIALLY JU/ V>IATIONS ON SLAV]Y1 OR ! /ATE4 ,PROP] ,MALAGASY PEOPLE DIDN'T ACT ?IS WAY4 ,SO EV5 ?\< ! ,MALAGASY GOV]NM5T WAS F> AWAY1 ITS %AD[ WAS EV]Y:]E4 ,9 ! COMMUNITY ,I /UDI$1 SU* ASSOCIATIONS W]E MO/ LIKELY TO COME TO ! =E :5 PEOPLE SPOKE ( ! GREAT SLAVE-HOLD+ FAMILIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :OSE *ILDR5 W5T ON TO BECOME ! CORE ( ! COLONIAL-]A ADM9I/RATION1 L>GELY 7IT WAS ALWAYS REM>K$7 BY D9T ( !IR DEVOTION TO $UCATION & SKILL ) PAP]WORK1 & :OSE DESC5DANTS /ILL MO/LY WORK$ 9 FANCY (FICES 9 ! CAPITAL1 F> FROM ! WORRIES & RESPONSIBILITIES ( RURAL LIFE4 ,9 O!R CONTEXTS1 RELATIONS ( COMM&1 P>TICUL>LY 9 BUREAUCRATIC CONTEXTS1 W]E L+UI/ICALLY COD$3 !Y W]E FIRMLY ID5TIFI$ ) ,FR5*2 ,MALAGASY1 9 CONTRA/1 WAS SE5 AS ! LANGUAGE APPROPRIATE TO DELIB]ATION1 EXPLANATION1 & CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+4 ,M9OR FUNCTION>IES1 :5 !Y WI%$ TO IMPOSE >BITR>Y DICTATES1 W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SWIT* TO ,FR5*4 

,I HAVE P>TICUL>LY VIVID MEMORIES ( ONE OCCASION :5 AN AFFABLE M9OR (FICIAL :O HAD HAD MANY CONV]SATIONS ) ME 9 ,MALAGASY WAS FLU/]$ ONE DAY TO DISCOV] ME DROPP+ BY AT EXACTLY ! MOM5T EV]YONE HAD APP>5TLY DECID$ TO GO HOME E>LY TO WAT* A FOOTBALL GAME4 7,AS ,I M5TION$1 !Y W]5'T REALLY DO+ ANY?+ 9 !SE (FICES ANYWAY47 

0,! (FICE IS CLOS$10 HE ANN\NC$1 9 ,FR5*1 PULL+ HIMSELF UP 9TO AN UN*>ACT]I/ICALLY =MAL POSE4 0,IF Y\ HAVE ANY BUS9ESS AT ! (FICE Y\ MU/ RETURN TOMORR[ AT EI<T A4M40 

,?IS PUZZL$ ME4 ,HE KNEW ,5GLI% WAS MY NATIVE LANGUAGE2 HE KNEW ,I SPOKE FLU5T ,MALAGASY2 HE HAD NO WAY TO KN[ ,I C\LD EV5 UND]/& SPOK5 ,FR5*4 ,I PRET5D$ CONFUSION & REPLI$1 9 ,MALAGASY1 0,EXCUSE ME8 ,I'M SORRY1 ,I DON'T UND]/& Y\40 

,HIS RESPONSE WAS TO PULL HIMSELF UP EV5 TALL] & JU/ SAY ! SAME ?+ AGA91 SLI<TLY SL[] & L\D]4 ,I ONCE AGA9 FEIGN$ 9COMPREH5SION4 0,I DON'T GET IT10 ,I SAID1 0:Y >E Y\ SPEAK+ TO ME 9 A LANGUAGE ,I DON'T EV5 KN[80 ,HE DID IT AGA94 

,9 FACT1 HE PROV$ UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( REPEAT+ ! S5T5CE 9 ! V]NACUL>1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ( SAY+ ANY?+ ELSE AT ALL 9 ,MALAGASY4 ,I SUSPECT$ ?IS WAS BECAUSE IF HE HAD SWIT*$ TO EV]YDAY LANGUAGE1 HE W\LD NOT FEEL HE C\LD BE NE>LY SO ABRUPT4 ,O!RS LAT] CONFIRM$ ?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT WAS HAPP5+3 IF HE W]E SPEAK+ ,MALAGASY1 HE W\LD AT ! V]Y LEA/ HAVE HAD TO EXPLA9 :Y ! (FICE HAD CLOS$ AT SU* AN UNUSUAL TIME4 ,9 LIT]>Y ,MALAGASY1 ! ,FR5* LANGUAGE CAN ACTUALLY BE REF]R$ TO AS NY T5Y BAIKO1 0! LANGUAGE ( COMM&40 ,IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( CONTEXTS :]E EXPLANATIONS1 DELIB]ATION1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 CONS5T1 W]E NOT REQUIR$1 S9CE SU* CONTEXTS W]E %AP$ BY ! PRESUMPTION ( UNEQUAL ACCESS TO %E] PHYSICAL =CE4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 ! ACTUAL MEANS TO DEPLOY SU* =CE WAS NO LONG] PRES5T4 ,! (FICIAL C\LD NOT 9 FACT CALL ! POLICE1 & NOR W\LD HE WANT TO--HE JU/ WANT$ ME TO GO AWAY1 :I*1 AFT] TEAS+ HIM = A MOM5T ) MY LANGUAGE GAMES1 ,I DID4 ,BUT HE C\LDN'T EV5 EVOKE ! K9D ( ATTITUDE SU* P[] ALL[S ONE TO ADOPT )\T CALL+ UP ! %AD[ ( ! COLONIAL /ATE4 

,9 ,MADAGASC>1 BUREAUCRATIC P[] WAS SOME:AT R$EEM$ 9 MO/ PEOPLE'S M9DS BY ITS CONNECTION TO $UCATION1 :I* WAS HELD 9 NE>-UNIV]SAL E/EEM4 ,TO 5T] 9TO ! WORLD ( GOV]NM5T1 BUREAUS1 & G5D>ME /ATIONS WAS ALSO TO 5T] 9TO ! WORLD ( NOVELS1 WORLD HI/ORY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & POT5TIAL TRAVEL OV]SEAS4 ,IT WAS NOT !RE=E IRR$EEMABLY BAD OR 9TR9SICALLY ABSURD4 

,BUT ! ,MALAGASY /ATE WAS ALSO NOT P>TICUL>LY VIOL5T4 ,COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS SUGGE/S !RE IS A DIRECT RELATION H[EV] BETWE5 ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM1 & ! LEVEL ( ABSURDITY & IGNORANCE IT IS SE5 TO PRODUCE4 ,KEI? ,BRECK5RIDGE1 = EXAMPLE1 HAS DOCUM5T$ AT SOME L5G? ! REGIMES ( 0P[] )\T KN[L$GE0 TYPICAL ( COLONIAL ,S\? ,AFRICA1.<#e#b.> :]E CO]CION & PAP]WORK L>GELY SUB/ITUT$ = ! NE$ = UND]/&+ ,AFRICAN SUBJECTS4 ,! ACTUAL 9/ALLATION ( AP>!ID ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#i#eS1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS H]ALD$ BY A NEW PASS SY/EM ?AT WAS DESIGN$ TO SIMPLIFY E>LI] RULES ?AT OBLIG$ ,AFRICAN WORK]S TO C>RY EXT5SIVE DOCUM5TATION ( LABOR CONTRACTS1 SUB/ITUT+ A S+LE ID5TITY BOOKLET1 M>K$ ) !IR 0NAMES1 LOCALE1 F+]PR9TS1 TAX /ATUS1 & !IR (FICIALLY PRESCRIB$ 'RI<TS' TO LIVE & WORK 9 ! T[NS & CITIES10 & NO?+ ELSE4.<#e#c.> ,GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES APPRECIAT$ IT = /REAML9+ ADM9I/RATION1 POLICE = RELIEV+ !M ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( HAV+ TO ACTUALLY TALK TO ,AFRICAN WORK]S4 ,AFRICAN WORK]S1 = !IR P>TS1 UNIV]SALLY REF]R$ TO ! NEW DOCUM5T AS ! 0DOMPAS10 OR 0/UPID PASS10 = PRECISELY ?AT REASON4 

,&REW ,MA!WS'S BRILLIANT E?NOGRAPHY ( ! ,MEXICAN =E/RY S]VICE 9 ,OAXACA LIKEWISE DEMON/RATES ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! NE>-TOTAL 9EQUALITY ( P[] BETWE5 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & LOCAL F>M]S ?AT ALL[S =E/]S TO REMA9 9 A K9D ( IDEOLOGICAL BUBBLE1 MA9TA9+ SIMPLE BLACK-&-:ITE IDEAS AB\T =E/ FIRES 7= 9/ANCE7 ?AT ALL[ !M TO REMA9 PRETTY MU* ! ONLY PEOPLE 9 ,OAXACA :O DON'T UND]/& :AT EFFECTS !IR REGULATIONS ACTUALLY HAVE4.<#e#d.> 

,!RE >E TRACES ( ! L9K BETWE5 CO]CION & ABSURDITY EV5 9 ! WAY WE TALK AB\T BUREAUCRACY 9 ,5GLI%3 NOTE = EXAMPLE1 H[ MO/ ( ! COLLOQUIAL T]MS ?AT SPECIFICALLY REF] TO BUREAUCRATIC FOOLI%NESS--,S,N,A,F,U1 ,CAT*-#b#b1 & ! LIKE--D]IVE FROM MILIT>Y SLANG4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 POLITICAL SCI5TI/S HAVE LONG OBS]V$ A 0NEGATIVE CORRELATION10 AS ,DAVID ,APT] PUT IT1.<#e#e.> BETWE5 CO]CION & 9=MATION3 ?AT IS1 :ILE RELATIVELY DEMOCRATIC REGIMES T5D TO BE AWA% 9 TOO MU* 9=MATION1 AS EV]YONE BOMB>DS POLITICAL AU?ORITIES ) EXPLANATIONS & DEM&S1 ! MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE A REGIME1 ! LESS REASON PEOPLE HAVE TO TELL IT ANY?+--:I* IS :Y SU* REGIMES >E =C$ TO RELY SO HEAVILY ON SPIES1 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES1 & SECRET POLICE4 

,VIOL5CE'S CAPACITY TO ALL[ >BITR>Y DECISIONS1 & ?US TO AVOID ! K9D ( DEBATE1 CL>IFICATION1 & R5EGOTIATION TYPICAL ( MORE EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IS OBVI\SLY :AT ALL[S ITS VICTIMS TO SEE PROC$URES CREAT$ ON ! BASIS ( VIOL5CE AS /UPID OR UNREASONABLE4 ,MO/ ( US >E CAPABLE ( GETT+ A SUP]FICIAL S5SE ( :AT O!RS >E ?9K+ OR FEEL+ JU/ BY OBS]V+ !IR TONE ( VOICE1 OR BODY LANGUAGE--IT'S USUALLY NOT H>D TO GET A S5SE ( PEOPLE'S IMM$IATE 9T5TIONS & MOTIVES1 BUT GO+ BEYOND ?AT SUP]FICIAL (T5 TAKES A GREAT DEAL ( WORK4 ,MU* ( ! EV]YDAY BUS9ESS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 9 FACT1 CONSI/S 9 TRY+ TO DECIPH] O!RS' MOTIVES & P]CEPTIONS4 ,LET US CALL ?IS 09T]PRETIVE LABOR40 ,ONE MI<T SAY1 ?OSE RELY+ ON ! FE> ( =CE >E NOT OBLIG$ TO 5GAGE 9 A LOT ( 9T]PRETATIVE LABOR1 & ?US1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 !Y DO NOT4 

,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ,I KN[ ,I AM TREAD+ P]IL\S GR\ND H]E4 ,:5 !Y DO TURN !IR ATT5TION TO VIOL5CE1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S T5D TO EMPHASIZE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ASPECT3 ! WAYS ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E MEAN+FUL & COMMUNICATIVE--EV5 ! WAYS ?AT !Y CAN RESEMBLES POETRY4.<#e#f.> 

,ANYONE SUGGE/+ O!RWISE IS LIKELY TO BE 9/ANTLY ACCUS$ ( A K9D ( PHILI/9ISM3 0>E Y\ HONE/LY SUGGE/+ ?AT VIOL5CE IS NOT SYMBOLICALLY P[]FUL1 ?AT BULLETS & BOMBS >E NOT MEANT TO COMMUNICATE SOME?+80 ,SO = ! RECORD3 NO1 ,I'M NOT SUGGE/+ ?AT4 ,BUT ,I AM SUGGE/+ ?AT ?IS MI<T NOT BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 BECAUSE IT ASSUMES ?AT 0VIOL5CE0 REF]S PRIM>ILY TO ACTS ( VIOL5CE--ACTUAL %OV+S1 PUN*+S1 /ABB+S1 OR EXPLOSIONS--RA!R ?AN TO ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE1 & ! K9DS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ! P]VASIVE ?REAT ( VIOL5CE MAKES POSSIBLE4.<#e#g.> ,SECOND ( ALL1 BECAUSE ?IS SEEMS TO BE ONE >EA :]E AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 & ACADEMICS MORE G5]ALLY1 >E P>TICUL>LY PRONE TO FALL VICTIM TO ! CONFUSION ( 9T]PRETIVE DEP? & SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,?AT IS1 !Y AUTOMATICALLY ASSUME ?AT :AT IS MO/ 9T]E/+ AB\T VIOL5CE IS ALSO :AT'S MO/ IMPORTANT4 

,LET ME TAKE !SE PO9TS ONE AT A TIME4 ,IS IT ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ALSO ACTS ( COMMUNICATION8 ,IT C]TA9LY IS4 ,BUT ?IS IS TRUE ( PRETTY MU* ANY =M ( HUMAN ACTION4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT :AT IS REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T VIOL5CE IS ?AT IT IS P]HAPS ! ONLY =M ( HUMAN ACTION ?AT HOLDS \T EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( HAV+ SOCIAL EFFECTS )\T BE+ COMMUNICATIVE4 ,TO BE MORE PRECISE3 VIOL5CE MAY WELL BE ! ONLY WAY IT IS POSSIBLE = ONE HUMAN BE+ TO DO SOME?+ :I* WILL HAVE RELATIVELY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS ON ! ACTIONS ( A P]SON AB\T :OM !Y UND]/& NO?+4 ,9 PRETTY MU* ANY O!R WAY 9 :I* Y\ MI<T TRY TO 9FLU5CE ANO!R'S ACTIONS1 Y\ MU/ AT LEA/ HAVE SOME IDEA AB\T :O Y\ ?9K !Y >E1 :O !Y ?9K Y\ >E1 :AT !Y MI<T WANT \T ( ! SITUATION1 !IR AV]SIONS & PROCLIVITIES1 & SO =?4 ,HIT !M OV] ! HEAD H>D 5\<1 & ALL ( ?IS BECOMES IRRELEVANT4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! EFFECTS ONE CAN HAVE BY DISABL+ OR KILL+ SOMEONE >E V]Y LIMIT$4 ,BUT !Y >E REAL 5\<--& CRITICALLY1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO KN[ 9 ADVANCE EXACTLY :AT !Y >E GO+ TO BE4 ,ANY ALT]NATIVE =M ( ACTION CANNOT1 )\T SOME SORT ( APPEAL TO %>$ MEAN+S OR UND]/&+S1 HAVE ANY PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS AT ALL4 ,:AT'S MORE1 :ILE ATTEMPTS TO 9FLU5CE O!RS BY ! ?REAT ( VIOL5CE DO REQUIRE SOME LEVEL ( %>$ UND]/&+S1 !SE CAN BE PRETTY M9IMAL4 ,MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS--P>TICUL>LY ONGO+ ONES1 :E!R BETWE5 LONG/&+ FRI5DS OR LONG/&+ 5EMIES-->E EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$1 D5SE ) HI/ORY & MEAN+4 ,MA9TA9+ !M REQUIRES A CON/ANT & (T5 SUBTLE WORK ( IMAG9ATION1 ( 5DLESSLY TRY+ TO SEE ! WORLD FROM O!RS' PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I'VE ALREADY REF]R$ TO AS 09T]PRETIVE LABOR40 ,?REAT5+ O!RS ) PHYSICAL H>M ALL[S ! POSSIBILITY ( CUTT+ ?R\< ALL ?IS4 ,IT MAKES POSSIBLE RELATIONS ( A F> MORE SIMPLE & S*EMATIC K9D 70CROSS ?IS L9E & ,I WILL %OOT Y\10 0ONE MORE WORD \T ( ANY ( Y\ & Y\'RE GO+ TO JAIL074 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE :Y VIOL5CE IS SO (T5 ! PREF]R$ WEAPON ( ! /UPID4 ,ONE MI<T EV5 CALL IT ! TRUMP C>D ( ! /UPID1 S9CE 7& ?IS IS SURELY ONE ( ! TRAG$IES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE7 IT IS ! ONE =M ( /UPIDITY TO :I* IT IS MO/ DIFFICULT TO COME UP ) AN 9TELLIG5T RESPONSE4 

,I DO NE$ TO 9TRODUCE ONE CRUCIAL QUALIFICATION H]E4 ,EV]Y?+1 H]E1 DEP5DS ON ! BALANCE ( =CES4 ,IF TWO P>TIES >E 5GAG$ 9 A RELATIVELY EQUAL CONTE/ ( VIOL5CE--SAY1 G5]ALS COMM&+ OPPOS+ >MIES--!Y HAVE GOOD REASON TO TRY TO GET 9SIDE EA* O!R'S HEADS4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 ONE SIDE HAS AN OV]:ELM+ ADVANTAGE 9 !IR CAPACITY TO CAUSE PHYSICAL H>M ?AT !Y NO LONG] NE$ TO DO SO4 ,BUT ?IS HAS V]Y PR(\ND EFFECTS1 BECAUSE IT MEANS ?AT ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC EFFECT ( VIOL5CE1 ITS ABILITY TO OBVIATE ! NE$ = 09T]PRETIVE LABOR10 BECOMES MO/ SALI5T :5 ! VIOL5CE ITSELF IS LEA/ VISIBLE-- 9 FACT1 :]E ACTS ( SPECTACUL> PHYSICAL VIOL5CE >E LEA/ LIKELY TO OCCUR4 ,!SE >E ( C\RSE PRECISELY :AT ,I HAVE JU/ DEF9$ AS SITUATIONS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 SY/EMATIC 9EQUALITIES ULTIMATELY BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( =CE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 SITUATIONS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE 9V>IABLY PRODUCE EXTREME LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION4 

,!SE EFFECTS >E (T5 MO/ VISIBLE :5 ! /RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY TAKE ! MO/ DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ =MS4 ,G5D] IS AGA9 A CLASSIC CASE 9 PO9T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,AM]ICAN SITUATION COM$IES ( ! #a#i#eS1 !RE WAS A CON/ANT /APLE3 JOKES AB\T ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( UND]/&+ WOM54 ,! JOKES 7TOLD1 ( C\RSE1 BY M57 ALWAYS REPRES5T$ WOM5'S LOGIC AS FUNDAM5TALLY ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 0,Y\ HAVE TO LOVE !M10 ! MESSAGE ALWAYS SEEM$ TO RUN1 0BUT :O CAN REALLY UND]/& H[ !SE CREATURES ?9K80 ,ONE NEV] HAD ! IMPRESSION ! WOM5 9 QUE/ION HAD ANY TR\BLE UND]/&+ M54 ,! REASON IS OBVI\S4 ,WOM5 HAD NO *OICE BUT TO UND]/& M54 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ! FIFTIES W]E ! HEYDAY ( A C]TA9 IDEAL ( ! ONE-9COME PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 & AMONG ! MORE AFFLU5T1 ! IDEAL WAS (T5 A*IEV$4 ,WOM5 ) NO ACCESS TO !IR [N 9COME OR RES\RCES OBVI\SLY HAD NO *OICE BUT TO SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & 5]GY UND]/&+ :AT !IR M5FOLK ?\<T WAS GO+ ON4.<#e#h.> 

,?IS K9D ( RHETORIC AB\T ! MY/]IES ( WOMANK9D APPE>S TO BE A P]5NIAL FEATURE ( SU* PATRI>*AL >RANGEM5TS4 ,IT IS USUALLY PAIR$ ) A S5SE ?AT1 ?\< ILLOGICAL & 9EXPLICABLE1 WOM5 /ILL HAVE ACCESS TO MY/]I\S1 ALMO/ MY/ICAL WISDOM 70WOM5'S 9TUITION07 UNAVAILABLE TO M54 ,& ( C\RSE SOME?+ LIKE ?IS HAPP5S 9 ANY RELATION ( EXTREME 9EQUALITY3 PEASANTS1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ALWAYS REPRES5T$ AS BE+ BO? OAFI%LY SIMPLE1 BUT SOMEH[1 ALSO1 MY/ICALLY WISE4 ,G5]ATIONS ( WOM5 NOVELI/S--,VIRG9IA ,WOOLF COMES MO/ IMM$IATELY TO M9D 7,TO ! ,LI<?\SE7--HAVE DOCUM5T$ ! O!R SIDE ( SU* >RANGEM5TS3 ! CON/ANT EF=TS WOM5 5D UP HAV+ TO EXP5D 9 MANAG+1 MA9TA9+1 & ADJU/+ ! EGOS ( OBLIVI\S & SELF-IMPORTANT M51 9VOLV+ ! CONT9UAL WORK ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION1 OR 9T]PRETIVE LABOR4 ,?IS WORK C>RIES OV] ON EV]Y LEVEL4 ,WOM5 EV]Y:]E >E ALWAYS EXPECT$ TO CONT9UALLY IMAG9E :AT ONE SITUATION OR ANO!R W\LD LOOK LIKE FROM A MALE PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M5 >E ALMO/ NEV] EXPECT$ TO DO ! SAME = WOM54 ,SO DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ IS ?IS PATT]N ( BEHAVIOR ?AT MANY M5 REACT TO ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y MI<T DO O!RWISE AS IF IT W]E ITSELF AN ACT ( VIOL5CE4 ,A POPUL> EX]CISE AMONG HI< S*OOL CREATIVE WRIT+ TEA*]S 9 ,AM]ICA1 = EXAMPLE1 IS TO ASK /UD5TS TO IMAG9E !Y HAVE BE5 TRANS=M$1 = A DAY1 9TO SOMEONE ( ! OPPOSITE SEX1 & DESCRIBE :AT ?AT DAY MI<T BE LIKE4 ,! RESULTS1 APP>5TLY1 >E UNCANNILY UNI=M4 ,! GIRLS ALL WRITE LONG & DETAIL$ ESSAYS ?AT CLE>LY %[ !Y HAVE SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME ?9K+ AB\T ! SUBJECT4 ,USUALLY1 A GOOD PROPORTION ( ! BOYS REFUSE TO WRITE ! ESSAY 5TIRELY4 ,?OSE :O DO MAKE IT CLE> !Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ CONCEPTION :AT BE+ A TE5AGE GIRL MI<T BE LIKE1 & >E \TRAG$ AT ! SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE TO ?9K AB\T IT4.<#e#i.> 

,NO?+ ,I AM SAY+ H]E IS P>TICUL>LY NEW TO ANYONE FAMILI> ) ,FEM9I/ ,/&PO9T ,!ORY OR ,CRITICAL ,RACE ,/UDIES4 ,9DE$1 ,I WAS ORIG9ALLY 9SPIR$ TO !SE BROAD] REFLECTIONS BY A PASSAGE BY BELL HOOKS3 

,AL?\< !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY (FICIAL BODY ( BLACK PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O HAVE GA!R$ AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S &_/OR E?NOGRAPH]S TO /UDY :IT5ESS1 BLACK FOLKS HAVE1 FROM SLAV]Y ON1 %>$ 9 CONV]SATIONS ) ONE ANO!R 0SPECIAL0 KN[L$GE ( :IT5ESS GLEAN$ FROM CLOSE SCRUT9Y ( :ITE PEOPLE4 ,DEEM$ SPECIAL BECAUSE IT IS NOT A WAY ( KN[+ ?AT HAS BE5 RECORD$ FULLY 9 WRITT5 MAT]IAL1 ITS PURPOSE WAS TO HELP BLACK FOLKS COPE & SURVIVE 9 A :ITE SUPREMACI/ SOCIETY4 ,= YE>S BLACK DOME/IC S]VANTS1 WORK+ 9 :ITE HOMES1 ACT$ AS 9=MANTS :O BR\<T KN[L$GE BACK TO SEGREGAT$ COMMUNITIES--DETAILS1 FACTS1 PSY*OANALYTIC READ+S ( ! :ITE 0,O!R40.<#f.> 

,IF !RE IS A LIMITATION 9 ! FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE1 ,I W\LD SAY1 IT'S ?AT IT CAN BE IF ANY?+ A TAD TOO G5]\S1 T5D+ TO EMPHASIZE ! 9SI<TS ( ! OPPRESS$ OV] ! BL9DNESS OR FOOLI%NESS ( !IR OPPRESSORS4.<#f#a.> 

,C\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP A G5]AL !ORY ( 9T]PRETIVE LABOR8 ,WE'D PROBABLY HAVE TO BEG9 BY RECOGNIZ+ ?AT !RE >E TWO CRITICAL ELEM5TS H]E ?AT1 :ILE L9K$1 NE$ TO BE =MALLY DI/+UI%$4 ,! FIR/ IS ! PROCESS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION AS A =M ( KN[L$GE1 ! FACT ?AT )9 RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION1 IT IS G5]ALLY ! SUBORD9ATES :O >E EFFECTIVELY RELEGAT$ ! WORK ( UND]/&+ H[ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 QUE/ION REALLY WORK4 ,ANYONE :O HAS EV] WORK$ 9 A RE/AURANT KIT*51 = EXAMPLE1 KN[S ?AT IF SOME?+ GOES T]RIBLY WRONG & AN ANGRY BOSS APPE>S TO SIZE ?+S UP1 HE IS UNLIKELY TO C>RY \T A DETAIL$ 9VE/IGATION1 OR EV5 TO PAY S]I\S ATT5TION TO ! WORK]S ALL SCRAMBL+ TO EXPLA9 !IR V]SION ( :AT HAPP5$4 ,HE IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO TELL !M ALL TO %UT UP & >BITR>ILY IMPOSE A /ORY ?AT ALL[S 9/ANT JUDGM5T3 I4E41 0Y\1 ,JOE1 Y\ W\LDN'T HAVE MADE A MI/AKE LIKE ?AT2 Y\1 ,M>K1 Y\'RE ! NEW GUY1 Y\ MU/ HAVE SCREW$ UP--IF Y\ DO IT AGA91 Y\'RE FIR$40 ,IT'S ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE ! P[] TO HIRE & FIRE :O >E LEFT ) ! WORK ( FIGUR+ \T :AT ACTUALLY DID GO WRONG SO AS TO MAKE SURE IT DOESN'T HAPP5 AGA94 ,! SAME ?+ USUALLY HAPP5S ) ONGO+ RELATIONS3 EV]YONE KN[S ?AT S]VANTS T5D TO KN[ A GREAT DEAL AB\T !IR EMPLOY]S' FAMILIES1 BUT ! OPPOSITE ALMO/ NEV] OCCURS4 

,! SECOND ELEM5T IS ! RESULTANT PATT]N ( SYMPA!TIC ID5TIFICATION4 ,CURI\SLY1 IT WAS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 9 HIS ,!ORY ( ,MORAL ,S5TIM5TS1 :O FIR/ OBS]V$ ! PH5OM5ON WE N[ REF] TO AS 0COMPASSION FATIGUE40 ,HUMAN BE+S1 HE PROPOS$1 >E NORMALLY 9CL9$ NOT ONLY TO IMAG9ATIVELY ID5TIFY ) !IR FELL[S1 BUT AS A RESULT1 TO SPONTANE\SLY FEEL ONE ANO!R'S JOYS & SORR[S4 ,! POOR1 H[EV]1 >E SO CONSI/5TLY MIS]ABLE ?AT O!RWISE SYMPA!TIC OBS]V]S >E SIMPLY OV]:ELM$1 & >E =C$1 )\T REALIZ+ IT1 TO BLOT \T !IR EXI/5CE 5TIRELY4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT :ILE ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM ( A SOCIAL LADD] SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( TIME IMAG9+ ! P]SPECTIVES (1 & G5U9ELY C>+ AB\T1 ?OSE ON ! TOP1 IT ALMO/ NEV] HAPP5S ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,:E!R ONE IS DEAL+ ) MA/]S & S]VANTS1 M5 & WOM51 EMPLOY]S & EMPLOYES1 RI* & POOR1 /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITY--:AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE --9V>IABLY CREATES HI<LY LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,S9CE ,I ?9K ,SMI? WAS RI<T TO OBS]VE ?AT IMAG9ATION T5DS TO BR+ ) IT SYMPA?Y1 ! RESULT IS ?AT VICTIMS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE T5D TO C>E AB\T ITS B5EFICI>IES F> MORE ?AN ?OSE B5EFICI>IES C>E AB\T !M4 ,?IS MI<T WELL BE1 AFT] ! VIOL5CE ITSELF1 ! S+LE MO/ P[]FUL =CE PRES]V+ SU* RELATIONS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ,I CAN RETURN TO ! QUE/ION ( BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACIES1 ! LEGITIMATE ADM9I/RATION ( VIOL5CE IS TURN$ OV] TO :AT IS EUPHEMI/ICALLY REF]R$ TO AS 0CRIM9AL LAW 5=CEM5T0-- P>TICUL>LY1 TO POLICE (FIC]S4 ,I SAY 0EUPHEMI/ICALLY0 BECAUSE G5]ATIONS ( POLICE SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ONLY A V]Y SMALL PROPORTION ( :AT POLICE ACTUALLY DO HAS ANY?+ TO DO ) 5=C+ CRIM9AL LAW--OR ) CRIM9AL MATT]S ( ANY K9D4 ,MO/ ( IT HAS TO DO ) REGULATIONS1 OR1 TO PUT IT SLI<TLY MORE TE*NICALLY1 ) ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( PHYSICAL =CE1 OR ! ?REAT ( PHYSICAL =CE1 TO AID 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS4.<#f#b.> ,9 O!R WORDS !Y SP5D MO/ ( !IR TIME 5=C+ ALL ?OSE 5DLESS RULES & REGULATIONS AB\T :O CAN BUY OR SMOKE OR SELL OR BUILD OR EAT OR DR9K :AT :]E ?AT DON'T EXI/ 9 PLACES LIKE SMALL-T[N OR RURAL ,MADAGASC>4 

,SO3 ,POLICE >E BUREAUCRATS ) WEAPONS4 

,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 ?IS IS A REALLY +5I\S TRICK4 ,BECAUSE :5 MO/ ( US ?9K AB\T POLICE1 WE DO NOT ?9K ( !M AS 5=C+ REGULATIONS4 ,WE ?9K ( !M AS FI<T+ CRIME1 & :5 WE ?9K ( 0CRIME10 ! K9D ( CRIME WE HAVE 9 \R M9DS IS VIOL5T CRIME4.<#f#c.> ,EV5 ?\<1 9 FACT1 :AT POLICE MO/LY DO IS EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE3 !Y BR+ ! ?REAT ( =CE TO BE> ON SITUATIONS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,I F9D ?IS ALL ! TIME 9 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS4 ,:5 TRY+ TO COME UP ) A HYPO!TICAL EXAMPLE ( A SITUATION 9 :I* POLICE >E LIKELY TO BE 9VOLV$1 PEOPLE WILL ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ?9K ( SOME ACT ( 9T]P]SONAL VIOL5CE3 A MUGG+ OR ASSAULT4 ,BUT EV5 A MOM5T'S REFLECTION %\LD MAKE IT CLE> ?AT1 :5 MO/ REAL ACTS ( PHYSICAL ASSAULT DO OCCUR1 EV5 9 MAJOR CITIES LIKE ,M>SEILLE OR ,MONTEVIDEO OR ,M9NEAPOLIS--DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 GANG FI<TS1 DRUNK5 BRAWLS--! POLICE DO NOT GET 9VOLV$4 ,POLICE >E ONLY LIKELY TO BE CALL$ 9 IF SOMEONE DIES1 OR IS SO S]I\SLY HURT !Y 5D UP 9 ! HOSPITAL4 ,BUT ?IS IS BECAUSE ! MOM5T AN AMBULANCE IS 9VOLV$1 !RE IS ALSO PAP]WORK2 IF SOMEONE IS TREAT$ 9 ! HOSPITAL1 !RE HAS TO BE A CAUSE ( 9JURY1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES BECOME RELEVANT1 POLICE REPORTS HAVE TO BE FIL$4 

,& IF SOMEONE DIES !RE >E ALL SORTS ( =MS1 UP TO & 9CLUD+ MUNICIPAL /ATI/ICS4 ,SO ! ONLY FI<TS :I* POLICE >E SURE TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 >E ?OSE ?AT G5]ATE SOME K9D ( PAP]WORK4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( MUGG+S OR BURGL>IES >5'T REPORT$ EI!R1 UNLESS !RE >E 9SURANCE =MS TO BE FILL$ \T1 OR LO/ DOCUM5TS ?AT NE$ TO BE REPLAC$1 & :I* CAN ONLY BE REPLAC$ IF ONE FILES A PROP] POLICE REPORT4 ,SO MO/ VIOL5T CRIME DOES NOT 5D UP 9VOLV+ ! POLICE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 TRY DRIV+ D[N ! /REET ( ANY ONE ( ?OSE CITIES 9 A C> )\T LIC5SE PLATES4 ,WE ALL KN[ :AT'S GO+ TO HAPP54 ,UNI=M$ (FIC]S >M$ ) /ICKS1 GUNS1 &_/OR TAS]S WILL APPE> ON ! SC5E ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 & IF Y\ SIMPLY REFUSE TO COMPLY ) !IR 9/RUCTIONS1 VIOL5T =CE WILL1 MO/ DEF9ITELY1 BE APPLI$4 

,:Y >E WE SO CONFUS$ AB\T :AT POLICE REALLY DO8 ,! OBVI\S REASON IS ?AT 9 ! POPUL> CULTURE ( ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S OR SO1 POLICE HAVE BECOME ALMO/ OBSESSIVE OBJECTS ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION 9 POPUL> CULTURE4 ,IT HAS COME TO ! PO9T ?AT IT'S NOT AT ALL UNUSUAL = A CITIZ5 9 A CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIALIZ$ DEMOCRACY TO SP5D SEV]AL H\RS A DAY READ+ BOOKS1 WAT*+ MOVIES1 OR VIEW+ ,T,V %[S ?AT 9VITE !M TO LOOK AT ! WORLD FROM A POLICE PO9T ( VIEW1 & TO VIC>I\SLY P>TICIPATE 9 !IR EXPLOITS4 ,& !SE IMAG9>Y POLICE DO1 9DE$1 SP5D ALMO/ ALL ( !IR TIME FI<T+ VIOL5T CRIME1 OR DEAL+ ) ITS CONSEQU5CES4 

,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ALL ?IS ?R[S AN ODD WR9KLE 9TO ,WEB]'S FAM\S WORRIES AB\T ! IRON CAGE3 ! DANG] ?AT MOD]N SOCIETY WILL BECOME SO WELL ORGANIZ$ BY FACELESS TE*NOCRATS ?AT *>ISMATIC H]OES1 5*ANTM5T1 & ROMANCE WILL COMPLETELY DISAPPE>4.<#f#d.> ,ACTUALLY1 AS IT TURNS \T1 BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY DOES 9DE$ HAVE A T5D5CY TO PRODUCE ITS [N1 UNIQUE =MS ( *>ISMATIC H]O4 ,!SE HAVE1 S9CE ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 >RIV$ 9 ! =M ( AN 5DLESS ASSORTM5T ( MY?IC DETECTIVES1 POLICE (FIC]S1 & SPIES--ALL1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 FIGURES :OSE JOB IS TO OP]ATE PRECISELY :]E BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES = ORD]+ 9=MATION 5C\NT] ! ACTUAL APPLICATION ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 ,BUREAUCRACY1 AFT] ALL1 HAS BE5 >\ND = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETIES1 FROM ,SUM] & ,EGYPT1 TO ,IMP]IAL ,*9A1 HAVE PRODUC$ GREAT LIT]ATURE4 ,BUT MOD]N ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC SOCIETIES >E ! V]Y FIR/ TO HAVE CREAT$ G5RES ( LIT]ATURE :]E ! H]OES !MSELVES >E BUREAUCRATS1 OR OP]ATE 5TIRELY )9 BUREAUCRATIC 5VIRONM5TS4.<#f#e.> 

,IT /RIKES ME ?AT CONTEMPLAT+ ! ROLE ( ! POLICE 9 \R SOCIETY ACTUALLY ALL[S US SOME 9T]E/+ 9SI<TS 9TO SOCIAL !ORY4 ,N[1 ,I MU/ ADMIT ?AT OV] ! C\RSE ( ?IS ESSAY ,I HAVE NOT BE5 ESPECIALLY K9D TO ACADEMICS & MO/ ( !IR !ORETICAL HABITS & PR$ILECTIONS4 ,I W\LDN'T BE SURPRIS$ IF SOME W]E 9CL9$ TO READ :AT ,I'VE WRITT5 AS AN >GUM5T ?AT SOCIAL !ORY IS L>GELY PO9TLESS--! SELF-IMPORTANT FANTASIES ( A CLOI/]$ ELITE :O REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! SIMPLE REALITIES ( P[]4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT :AT ,I'M >GU+ AT ALL4 ,?IS ESSAY IS ITSELF AN EX]CISE 9 SOCIAL !ORY1 & IF ,I DIDN'T ?9K SU* EX]CISES HAD ! POT5TIAL TO ?R[ IMPORTANT LI<T ON >EAS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE REMA9 OBSCURE1 ,I W\LD NOT HAVE WRITT5 IT4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT K9D1 & TO :AT PURPOSE4 

,H]E A COMP>ISON ( BUREAUCRATIC KN[L$GE & !ORETICAL KN[L$GE IS REVEAL+4 ,BUREAUCRATIC KN[L$GE IS ALL AB\T S*EMATIZATION4 ,9 PRACTICE1 BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URE 9V>IABLY MEANS IGNOR+ ALL ! SUBTLETIES ( REAL SOCIAL EXI/5CE & R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO PRECONCEIV$ ME*ANICAL OR /ATI/ICAL =MULAS4 ,:E!R IT'S A MATT] ( =MS1 RULES1 /ATI/ICS1 OR QUE/IONNAIRES1 IT IS ALWAYS A MATT] ( SIMPLIFICATION4 ,TYPICALLY1 IT'S NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! BOSS :O WALKS 9TO ! KIT*5 TO MAKE >BITR>Y SNAP DECISIONS AS TO :AT W5T WRONG3 9 EI!R CASE IT IS A MATT] ( APPLY+ V]Y SIMPLE PREEXI/+ TEMPLATES TO COMPLEX & (T5 AMBIGU\S SITUATIONS4 ,! RESULT (T5 LEAVES ?OSE =C$ TO DEAL ) BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y >E DEAL+ ) PEOPLE :O HAVE = SOME >BITR>Y REASON DECID$ TO PUT ON A SET ( GLASSES ?AT ONLY ALL[S !M TO SEE ONLY #b P]C5T ( :AT'S 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,BUT SURELY1 SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> HAPP5S 9 SOCIAL !ORY AS WELL4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE TO DESCRIBE :AT !Y DO AS 0?ICK DESCRIPTION10 BUT 9 FACT AN E?NOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION1 EV5 A V]Y GOOD ONE1 CAPTURES AT BE/ #b P]C5T ( :AT'S HAPP5+ 9 ANY P>TICUL> ,NU] FEUD OR ,BAL9ESE COCKFI<T4 ,A !ORETICAL WORK ?AT DRAWS ON E?NOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS WILL TYPICALLY FOCUS ON ONLY A T9Y P>T ( ?AT1 PLUCK+ P]HAPS ONE OR TWO /R&S \T ( AN 5DLESSLY COMPLEX FABRIC ( HUMAN CIRCUM/ANCE1 & US+ !M AS ! BASIS ON :I* TO MAKE G5]ALIZATIONS3 SAY1 AB\T ! DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL CONFLICT1 ! NATURE ( P]=MANCE1 OR ! PR9CIPLE ( HI]>*Y4 

,I AM NOT TRY+ TO SAY !RE'S ANY?+ WRONG 9 ?IS K9D ( !ORETICAL R$UCTION4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I AM CONV9C$ SOME SU* PROCESS IS NECESS>Y IF ONE WI%ES TO SAY SOME?+ DRAMATICALLY NEW AB\T ! WORLD4 

,CONSID] ! ROLE ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS1 ( ! SORT ?AT 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES WAS MADE FAM\S BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 OR CLASSICI/S LIKE ,PAUL ,V]NANT4 

,ACADEMIC FA%ION BE+ :AT IT IS1 /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS CURR5TLY CONSID]$ DEF9ITIVELY PASSE1 & MO/ AN?ROPOLOGY /UD5TS F9D ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS'S 5TIRE CORPUS VAGUELY RIDICUL\S4 ,?IS /RIKES ME AS UN=TUNATE4 ,C]TA9LY 9S(> AS ,/RUCTURALISM CLAIM$ TO BE A S+LE1 GR&IOSE !ORY ( ! NATURE ( ?\<T1 LANGUAGE1 & SOCIETY1 PROVID+ ! KEY TO UNLOCK+ ALL ! MY/]IES ( HUMAN CULTURE1 IT WAS 9DE$ RIDICUL\S & HAS BE5 JU/IFIABLY AB&ON$4 ,BUT /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS WASN'T A !ORY1 IT WAS A TE*NIQUE1 & TO TOSS ?AT TOO \T ! W9D[1 AS HAS L>GELY BE5 DONE1 ROBS US ( ONE \R MO/ +5I\S TOOLS4 ,BECAUSE ! GREAT M]IT ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS IS ?AT IT PROVIDES A WELL-NI< FOOLPRO( TE*NIQUE = DO+ :AT ANY GOOD !ORY %\LD DO3 SIMPLIFY+ & S*EMATIZ+ COMPLEX MAT]IAL 9 SU* A WAY AS TO BE ABLE TO SAY SOME?+ UNEXPECT$4 ,?IS IS 9CID5TALLY H[ ,I CAME UP ) ! PO9T AB\T ,WEB] & H]OES ( BUREAUCRACY A FEW P>AGRAPHS ABOVE4 ,IT ALL CAME FROM AN EXP]IM5T DEMON/RAT+ /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS TO /UD5TS AT A SEM9> AT ,YALE4 

,! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS1 ,I WAS EXPLA9+1 IS ?AT ! T]MS ( A SYMBOLIC SY/EM DO NOT /& 9 ISOLATION--!Y >E NOT TO BE ?\<T ( 9 T]MS ( :AT !Y 0/& =10 BUT >E DEF9$ BY !IR RELATIONS TO EA* O!R4 ,ONE HAS TO FIR/ DEF9E ! FIELD1 & !N LOOK = ELEM5TS 9 ?AT FIELD ?AT >E SY/EMATIC 9V]SIONS ( EA* O!R4 ,TAKE VAMPIRES4 ,FIR/ Y\ PLACE !M3 VAMPIRES >E /OCK FIGURES 9 ,AM]ICAN HORROR MOVIES4 ,AM]ICAN HORROR MOVIES CON/ITUTE A K9D ( COSMOLOGY1 A UNIV]SE UNTO !MSELVES4 ,!N Y\ ASK3 :AT1 )9 ?IS COSMOS1 IS ! OPPOSITE ( A VAMPIRE8 ,! ANSW] IS OBVI\S4 ,! OPPOSITE ( A VAMPIRE IS A W]EWOLF4 ,ON ONE LEVEL !Y >E ! SAME3 !Y >E BO? MON/]S ?AT CAN BITE Y\ & BY BIT+ Y\1 TURN Y\1 TOO1 9TO ONE ( !IR [N K9D4 ,9 MO/ O!RS WAYS EA* IS AN EXACT 9V]SION ( ! O!R4 ,VAMPIRES >E RI*4 ,!Y >E TYPICALLY >I/OCRATS4 ,W]EWOLVES >E ALWAYS POOR4 ,VAMPIRES >E FIX$ 9 SPACE3 !Y HAVE CA/LES OR CRYPTS ?AT !Y HAVE TO RETREAT TO DUR+ ! DAYTIME2 W]EWOLVES >E USUALLY HOMELESS D]ELICTS1 TRAVEL]S1 OR O!RWISE ON ! RUN4 ,VAMPIRES CONTROL O!R CREATURES 7BATS1 WOLVES1 HUMANS ?AT !Y HYPNOTIZE OR R5D] ?RALLS47 ,W]EWOLVES CAN'T CONTROL !MSELVES4 ,YET--& ?IS IS REALLY ! CL9*] 9 ?IS CASE--EA* CAN BE DE/ROY$ ONLY BY ITS [N NEGATION3 VAMPIRES1 BY A /AKE1 A SIMPLE %>P5$ /ICK ?AT PEASANTS USE TO CON/RUCT F5CES2 W]EWOLVES1 BY A SILV] BULLET1 SOME?+ LIT]ALLY MADE FROM MONEY4 

,BY OBS]V+ !SE AXES ( 9V]SION1 WE CAN GET A S5SE ( :AT SU* SYMBOLS >E REALLY AB\T3 ?AT VAMPIRES1 = 9/ANCE1 >E NOT NECESS>ILY SO MU* AB\T DEA?1 OR FE>1 BUT AB\T P[]2 AB\T ! SIMULTANE\S FEEL+S ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION ?AT RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION T5D TO CREATE4 

,OBVI\SLY ?IS IS AN EXTREMELY SIMPLE EXAMPLE4 ,:AT ,I'VE DESCRIB$ IS JU/ ! 9ITIAL MOVE1 !RE'S A :OLE S]IES ( MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ONES ?AT NORMALLY FOLL[3 9V]SIONS )9 9V]SIONS1 M$IAT+ T]MS1 LEVELS ( HI]>*ICAL 5COMPASSM5T 444 ,!RE'S NO NE$ TO GO 9TO ANY ( ?AT H]E4 ,MY PO9T IS JU/ ?AT EV5 BY MAK+ ?IS 9ITIAL MOVE1 ONE WILL ALMO/ 9V>IABLY DISCOV] SOME?+ ONE W\LD NOT HAVE ?\<T ( O!RWISE4 ,IT'S A WAY ( RADICALLY SIMPLIFY+ REALITY ?AT LEADS TO 9SI<TS ONE W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY NEV] HAVE A*IEV$ IF ONE HAD SIMPLY ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE ON ! WORLD 9 ITS FULL COMPLEXITY4 

,I (T5 US$ ?AT EXAMPLE :5 EXPLA9+ /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS TO /UD5TS4 ,/UD5TS ALWAYS LIK$ IT4 ,ONE TIME1 ,I SUGGE/$ WE TRY COLLECTIVELY TRY \R H&S AT ANO!R ANALYSIS1 ( A SIMIL> POP CULTURE FIGURE1 & SOMEONE SUGGE/$ ,JAMES ,BOND4 

,?IS MADE S5SE TO ME3 ,JAMES ,BOND IS CLE>LY A MY?ICAL FIGURE ( SOME K9D4 ,BUT :O WAS HIS MY?IC OPPOSITE8 ,! ANSW] SOON BECAME OBVI\S4 ,JAMES ,BOND WAS ! /RUCTURAL 9V]SION ( ,%]LOCK ,HOLMES4 ,BO? >E ,LONDON-BAS$ CRIME-FI<T]S1 & BO? P]MAN5T ADOLESC5TS AFT] !IR [N FA%ION1 EV5 MILD SOCIOPA?S1 BUT O!RWISE1 !Y >E OPPOSITES 9 ALMO/ EV]Y WAY3  
  

,:]E ,HOLMES IS ASEXUAL BUT FOND ( COCA9E & OPIUM1 ,BOND IS OV]SEX$1 BUT UN9T]E/$ 9 DRUGS EXCEPT = LIQUOR4 ,HOLMES IS AN AMATEUR4 ,BOND IS ! QU9TESS5TIAL PR(ESSIONAL--HE SEEMS TO HAVE NO LIFE \TSIDE HIS WORK4 ,YET ,HOLMES IS AN AMATEUR :O IS ALMO/ PRET]NATURALLY DISCIPL9$ & COMPET5T1 F> MORE ?AN ! PR(ESSIONALS AT ,SCOTL& ,Y>D1 :ILE ,BOND IS A PR(ESSIONAL :O IS ALWAYS ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BECOME DI/RACT$1 BL[+ HIS COV]1 GETT+ CAPTUR$1 OR DISOBEY+ DIRECT ORD]S FROM HIS BOSS4.<#f#f.>  
  

,ALL ?IS1 ?\<1 REALLY JU/ SETS UP ! KEY 9V]SION1 :I* IS 9 T]MS ( :AT !Y ACTUALLY DO3 ,%]LOCK ,HOLMES SEEKS 9=MATION AB\T PA/ ACTS ( VIOL5CE 9SIDE HIS C\NTRY1 :ILE ,JAMES ,BOND SEEKS 9=MATION AB\T FUTURE ACTS ( VIOL5CE \TSIDE IT4 

,IT WAS 9 MAPP+ \T ! FIELD ?AT ,I CAME TO REALIZE ?AT EV]Y?+ H]E WAS ORGANIZ$1 PRECISELY1 >\ND ! RELATION BETWE5 9=MATION & VIOL5CE--& ?AT ,%]LOCK ,HOLMES & ,JAMES ,BOND >E1 BETWE5 !M1 ! QU9TESS5TIAL *>ISMATIC H]OES ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,! CLASSIC ,T,V COP1 OR H]O ( ANY ( ! LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S ( 0MAV]ICK-COP-:O-BREAKS-ALL- !-RULES0 MOVIES ?AT ,HOLLYWOOD HAS TRUNDL$ \T S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 IS CLE>LY A K9D ( SYN!SIS ( !SE TWO FIGURES3 CRIME-FI<T]S :O EXI/ )91 BUT >E CON/ANTLY BUR/+ \T1 ( ! BUREAUCRATIC ORD]1 :I* IS NONE!LESS !IR 5TIRE MEAN+ & EXI/5CE4.<#f#g.> 

,ONE MI<T OBJECT ?AT ALL ?IS IS A SIMPLIFICATION ( A MU* RI*]1 MORE COMPLEX & NUANC$1 TRADITION ( POPUL> CULTURE4 ,( C\RSE IT IS4 ,?AT'S ! :OLE PO9T4 ,/RUCTURAL ANALYSIS ( ?IS SORT MAKES A VIRTUE ( SIMPLIFICATION4 ,= MY [N P>T1 ,I SEE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS AS A K9D ( H]OIC FIGURE TOO1 A MAN ) ! %E] 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE TO PURSUE A FEW SIMPLE PR9CIPLES AS F> AS !Y W\LD GO1 NO MATT] H[ APP>5TLY ABSURD OR JU/ PLA9 WRONG ! RESULTS C\LD SOMETIMES BE 7! /ORY ( ,O$IPUS IS REALLY AB\T EYES & FEET2 ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS >E SIMPLY SY/EMS = ! EX*ANGE ( WOM57--OR1 IF Y\ PREF]1 H[ MU* VIOL5CE HE ?US DID TO REALITY4 ,BECAUSE IT'S A PRODUCTIVE VIOL5CE4 ,& NOBODY ACTUALLY GETS HURT4 

,AS LONG AS ONE REMA9S )9 ! DOMA9 ( !ORY1 !N1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT SIMPLIFICATION IS NOT NECESS>ILY A =M ( /UPIDITY--IT CAN BE A =M ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,EV5 ( BRILLIANCE4 ,! PROBLEMS >ISE AT ! MOM5T ?AT VIOL5CE IS NO LONG] METAPHORICAL4 ,H]E LET ME TURN FROM IMAG9>Y COPS TO REAL ONES4 ,JIM ,COOP]1 A =M] ,L,A,P,D (FIC] TURN$ SOCIOLOGI/1.<#f#h.> HAS OBS]V$ ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O 5D UP GETT+ BEAT5 OR O!RWISE BRUTALIZ$ BY POLICE TURN \T TO BE 9NOC5T ( ANY CRIME4 0,COPS DON'T BEAT UP BURGL>S10 HE WRITES4 ,! REASON1 HE EXPLA9$1 IS SIMPLE3 ! ONE ?+ MO/ GU>ANTE$ TO PROVOKE A VIOL5T REACTION FROM POLICE IS A *ALL5GE TO !IR RI<T TO1 AS HE PUTS IT1 0DEF9E ! SITUATION40 ,?AT IS1 TO SAY 0NO1 ?IS ISN'T A POSSIBLE CRIME SITUATION1 ?IS IS A CITIZ5-:O-PAYS-Y\R-SAL>Y-WALK+-HIS-DOG SITUATION1 SO %OVE (F10 LET ALONE ! 9V>IABLY DISA/R\S1 0WAIT1 :Y >E Y\ H&CUFF+ ?AT GUY8 ,HE DIDN'T DO ANY?+60 ,IT'S 0TALK+ BACK0 ABOVE ALL ?AT 9SPIRES BEAT-D[NS1 & ?AT MEANS *ALL5G+ :ATEV] ADM9I/RATIVE RUBRIC 7AN ORD]LY OR A DISORD]LY CR[D8 ,A PROP]LY OR IMPROP]LY REGI/]$ VEHICLE87 HAS BE5 APPLI$ BY ! (FIC]'S DISCRETION>Y JUDGM5T4 ,! POLICE TRUN*EON IS PRECISELY ! PO9T :]E ! /ATE'S BUREAUCRATIC IMP]ATIVE = IMPOS+ SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE S*EMA & ITS MONOPOLY ON CO]CIVE =CE COME TOGE!R4 ,IT ONLY MAKES S5SE !N ?AT BUREAUCRATIC VIOL5CE %\LD CONSI/ FIR/ & =EMO/ ( ATTACKS ON ?OSE :O 9SI/ ON ALT]NATIVE S*EMATA OR 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IF ONE ACCEPTS ,JEAN ,PIAGET'S FAM\S DEF9ITION ( MATURE 9TELLIG5CE AS ! ABILITY TO COORD9ATE BETWE5 MULTIPLE P]SPECTIVES 7OR POSSIBLE P]SPECTIVES7 ONE CAN SEE1 H]E1 PRECISELY H[ BUREAUCRATIC P[]1 AT ! MOM5T IT TURNS TO VIOL5CE1 BECOMES LIT]ALLY A =M ( 9FANTILE /UPIDITY4 

,?IS ANALYSIS1 TOO1 IS NO D\BT A SIMPLIFICATION1 BUT IT'S A PRODUCTIVE ONE4 ,LET ME TRY TO DEMON/RATE ?IS BY APPLY+ SOME ( !SE 9SI<TS TO UND]/&+ ! TYPE ( POLITICS ?AT CAN EM]GE )9 A FUNDAM5TALLY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY4 

,ONE ( ! C5TRAL >GUM5TS ( ?IS ESSAY SO F> IS ?AT /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE CREATES LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,?OSE ON ! BOTTOM ( ! HEAP HAVE TO SP5D A GREAT DEAL ( IMAG9ATIVE 5]GY TRY+ TO UND]/& ! SOCIAL DYNAMICS ?AT SURR\ND !M--9CLUD+ HAV+ TO IMAG9E ! P]SPECTIVES ( ?OSE ON TOP--:ILE ! LATT] CAN W&] AB\T L>GELY OBLIVI\S TO MU* ( :AT IS GO+ ON >\ND !M4 ,?AT IS1 ! P[]LESS NOT ONLY 5D UP DO+ MO/ ( ! ACTUAL1 PHYSICAL LABOR REQUIR$ TO KEEP SOCIETY RUNN+1 !Y ALSO DO MO/ ( ! 9T]PRETIVE LABOR AS WELL4 

,?IS MU* SEEMS TO BE ! CASE :]EV] ONE 5C\NT]S SY/EMATIC 9EQUALITY4 ,IT WAS JU/ AS TRUE 9 ANCI5T ,9DIA OR M$IEVAL ,*9A AS IT IS ANY:]E TODAY4 ,& IT WILL1 PRESUMABLY1 REMA9 TRUE SO LONG AS /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITIES 5DURE4 ,H[EV]1 \R [N BUREAUCRATIC CIVILIZATION 9TRODUCES A FUR!R ELEM5T4 ,BUREAUCRACIES1 ,I'VE SUGGE/$1 >E NOT !MSELVES =MS ( /UPIDITY SO MU* AS !Y >E WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ /UPIDITY--( MANAG+ RELATION%IPS ?AT >E ALREADY *>ACT]IZ$ BY EXTREMELY UNEQUAL /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATION1 :I* EXI/ BECAUSE ( ! EXI/5CE ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS :Y EV5 IF A BUREAUCRACY IS CREAT$ = 5TIRELY B5EVOL5T REASONS1 IT WILL /ILL PRODUCE ABSURDITIES4 ,& ?IS1 9 TURN1 IS :Y ,I BEGAN ! ESSAY ! WAY ,I DID4 ,I HAVE NO REASON TO BELIEVE ANYONE 9VOLV$ 9 MY MO!R'S P[] ( ATTORNEY DRAMA 7EV5 ! BANK MANAG]7 WAS ANY?+ O!R ?AN WELL- 9T5TION$4 ,YET AN ABSURD & APP>5TLY 5DLESS RUN>\ND NONE!LESS 5SU$4 

,:Y DOES ?IS HAPP58 ,BECAUSE EV5 ! MO/ B5EVOL5T BUREAUCRACIES >E REALLY JU/ TAK+ ! HI<LY S*EMATIZ$1 M9IMAL1 BL9K]$ P]SPECTIVES TYPICAL ( ! P[]FUL1 TURN+ !M 9TO WAYS ( LIMIT+ ?AT P[] OR AMELIORAT+ ITS MO/ P]NICI\S EFFECTS4 ,SURELY1 BUREAUCRATIC 9T]V5TIONS ALONG !SE L9ES HAVE DONE AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( GOOD 9 ! WORLD4 ,! ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL WELF>E /ATE1 ) ITS FREE $UCATION & UNIV]SAL HEAL? C>E1 CAN JU/LY BE CONSID]$--AS ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU ONCE REM>K$--ONE ( ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 9 TAK+ =MS ( WILLFUL BL9DNESS TYPICAL ( ! P[]FUL & GIV+ !M ! PRE/IGE ( SCI5CE--= 9/ANCE1 BY ADOPT+ A :OLE S]IES ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! MEAN+ ( WORK1 FAMILY1 NEI<BORHOOD1 KN[L$GE1 HEAL?1 HAPP9ESS1 OR SUCCESS ?AT HAD ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) ! WAY POOR OR WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE ACTUALLY LIV$ !IR LIVES1 LET ALONE :AT !Y F\ND MEAN+FUL 9 !M--IT SET ITSELF UP = A FALL4 ,& FALL IT DID4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY ! UNEAS9ESS ?IS BL9DNESS CREAT$ EV5 9 ! M9DS ( ITS GREATE/ B5EFICI>IES ?AT ALL[$ ! ,RI<T TO MOBILIZE POPUL> SUPPORT = ! POLICIES ?AT HAVE GUTT$ & DEVA/AT$ EV5 ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ( !SE PROGRAMS S9CE ! EI<TIES4 

,& H[ WAS ?IS UNEAS9ESS EXPRESS$8 ,L>GELY1 BY ! FEEL+ ?AT BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITY1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 REPRES5T$ A K9D ( W> AGA9/ ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION4 ,?IS BECOMES P>TICUL>LY CLE> IF WE LOOK AT ! Y\? REBELLIONS FROM ,*9A TO ,MEXICO TO ,NEW ,YORK ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,P>IS4 ,ALL W]E REBELLIONS FIR/ & =EMO/ AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITY2 ALL SAW BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITY AS FUNDAM5TALLY /IFL+ ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 ( CREATIVITY1 CONVIVIALITY1 IMAG9ATION4 ,! FAM\S SLOGAN 0,ALL P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION10 PA9T$ ON ! WALLS ( ! ,SORBONNE1 HAS HAUNT$ US EV] S9CE--5DLESSLY REPEAT$ ON PO/]S1 BUTTONS1 FLI]S1 MANIFE/OS1 FILMS1 & SONG LYRICS1 L>GELY BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO EMBODY SOME?+ FUNDAM5TAL1 NOT JU/ TO ! SPIRIT ( SIXTIES REBELLION1 BUT TO ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :AT WE HAVE COME TO CALL 0! ,LEFT40 

,?IS IS IMPORTANT4 ,ACTUALLY IT C\LD NOT BE MORE IMPORTANT4 ,BECAUSE ,I ?9K :AT HAPP5$ 9 '#f#h REVEALS A CONTRADICTION AT ! V]Y CORE ( ,LEFTI/ ?\<T1 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION--A CONTRADICTION ?AT ONLY FULLY REVEAL$ ITSELF AT PRECISELY ! HI<-WAT] M>K ( ITS HI/ORICAL SUCCESS4 ,9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ?IS VOLUME1 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,LEFT SUFF]S FROM ! LACK ( A COH]5T CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT IF Y\ REALLY GO BACK TO ! BEG9N+S--TO ! IDEA ?AT EM]G$ >\ND ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ?AT ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO A RI<T- & LEFT-W+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE--IT BECOMES CLE> ?AT ! ,LEFT1 9 ITS ESS5CE1 IS A CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY1 EV5 IF IT'S ONE ?AT HAS1 AGA9 & AGA91 BE5 =C$ TO ACCOMMODATE ITSELF 9 PRACTICE TO ! V]Y BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES & M9DSET IT ORIG9ALLY >OSE TO OPPOSE4.<#f#i.> 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ,LEFT'S CURR5T 9ABILITY TO =MULATE A CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY ?AT ACTUALLY SPEAKS TO ITS ]/:ILE CON/ITU5TS IS SYNONYM\S ) ! DECL9E ( ! ,LEFT ITSELF4 

,)\T SU* A CRITIQUE1 RADICAL ?\<T LOSES ITS VITAL C5T]--IT COLLAPSES 9TO A FRAGM5T$ SCATT] ( PROTE/S & DEM&S4 

,IT SEEMS ?AT EV]Y TIME ! ,LEFT DECIDES TO TAKE A SAFE1 0REALI/IC0 C\RSE1 IT JU/ DIGS ITSELF DEEP]4 

,TO UND]/& H[ ?IS HAPP5$1 LET ALONE :AT WE MI<T BE ABLE TO DO AB\T IT1 ,I ?9K IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO REEXAM9E SOME V]Y BASIC ASSUMPTIONS3 FIR/ & =EMO/1 AB\T :AT IT MEANS TO SAY ONE IS BE+ 0REALI/IC0 TO BEG9 )4  
  

,BE REALI/IC3 DEM& ! IMPOSSIBLE4 

7ANO!R '#f#h SLOGAN7  
  

,SO F>1 ,I HAVE BE5 DISCUSS+ H[ /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE CREATES LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( ! IMAG9ATION & H[ BUREAUCRACY BECOMES A WAY ( MANAG+ SU* SITUATIONS--& ! =MS ( /RUCTURAL BL9DNESS & /UPIDITY !Y 9EVITABLY 5TAIL4 ,EV5 AT !IR BE/1 BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES >E WAYS TO TURN /UPIDITY1 AS IT W]E1 AGA9/ ITSELF4 

,:Y DO MOVEM5TS *ALL5G+ SU* /RUCTURES SO (T5 5D UP CREAT+ BUREAUCRACIES 9/EAD8 ,NORMALLY1 !Y DO SO AS A K9D ( COMPROMISE4 ,ONE MU/ BE REALI/IC & NOT DEM& TOO MU*4 ,WELF>E /ATE RE=MS SEEM MORE REALI/IC ?AN DEM&+ A BROAD DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY2 A 0TRANSITIONAL0 /AGE ( /ATE SOCIALISM SEEMS MORE REALI/IC ?AN JUMP+ IMM$IATELY TO GIV+ P[] TO DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' C\NCILS1 & SO =?4 ,BUT ?IS RAISES ANO!R QUE/ION4 ,:5 WE SPEAK ( BE+ 0REALI/IC10 EXACTLY :AT REALITY IS IT WE >E REF]R+ TO8 

,H]E1 ,I ?9K AN ANECDOTE AB\T AN ACTIVI/ GR\P ,I WAS ONCE 9VOLV$ ) MI<T PROVE 9/RUCTIVE4 

,FROM E>LY #b TO LATE #b#b1 ,I WAS WORK+ ) ! ,NEW ,YORK ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK-- ! PR9CIPAL GR\P RESPONSIBLE = ORGANIZ+ MASS ACTIONS AS P>T ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY AT ?AT TIME4 ,I CALL IT A 0GR\P10 BUT TE*NICALLY ,D,A,N WAS NOT A GR\P AT ALL BUT A DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORK1 OP]AT+ ON PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY ACCORD+ TO AN ELABORATE1 BUT QUITE EFFECTIVE1 =M ( CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,IT PLAY$ A C5TRAL ROLE 9 ONGO+ EF=TS TO CREATE NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,D,A,N EXI/$ 9 A PURELY POLITICAL SPACE4 ,IT HAD NO CONCRETE RES\RCES--NOT EV5 A SIGNIFICANT TREASURY--TO ADM9I/]4 

,!N ONE DAY SOMEONE GAVE ,D,A,N A C>4 

,! ,D,A,N C> CAUS$ A M9OR1 BUT ONGO+1 CRISIS4 ,WE SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT LEGALLY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = A DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORK TO [N A C>4 ,C>S CAN BE [N$ BY 9DIVIDUALS1 OR !Y CAN BE [N$ BY CORPORATIONS 7:I* >E FICTIVE 9DIVIDUALS71 OR BY GOV]NM5TS4 ,BUT !Y CANNOT BE [N$ BY NETWORKS4 ,UNLESS WE W]E WILL+ TO 9CORPORATE \RSELVES AS A NONPR(IT CORPORATION 7:I* W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION & AN AB&ONM5T ( MO/ ( \R EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES7 ! ONLY EXP$I5T WAS TO F9D A VOLUNTE] WILL+ TO CLAIM TO BE ! LEGAL [N]4 ,BUT !N ?AT P]SON WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE = ALL \T/&+ F9ES & 9SURANCE FEES1 & HAD TO PROVIDE WRITT5 P]MISSION TO ALL[ ANYONE ELSE TO DRIVE ! C> \T ( /ATE4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY HE C\LD RETRIEVE ! C> IF IT W]E IMP\ND$4 ,ONE C\RAGE\S ACTIVI/ DID AGREE TO UND]TAKE ! RESPONSIBILITY1 BUT AS A RESULT1 WEEKLY MEET+S W]E OV]:ELM$ BY REPORTBACKS AB\T HIS LATE/ LEGAL PROBLEMS4 ,BE=E LONG ! ,D,A,N C> HAD BECOME SU* AN 5DLESS S\RCE ( TRIBULATION ?AT WE DECID$ TO ORGANIZE A FUNDRAIS]1 ?R[+ A BIG P>TY :]E WE PROVID$ A SL$GEHAMM] TO ANYONE WILL+ TO PAY FIVE DOLL>S TO TAKE A :ACK AT ! ?+4 

,IT /RUCK ME !RE WAS SOME?+ PR(\ND TO ?IS /ORY4 ,:Y IS IT ?AT PROJECTS LIKE ,D,A,N'S --PROJECTS AIM$ AT DEMOCRATIZ+ SOCIETY-->E SO (T5 P]CEIV$ AS IDLE DREAMS ?AT MELT AWAY AS SOON AS !Y 5C\NT] H>D MAT]IAL REALITY8 ,9 \R CASE1 AT LEA/1 IT HAD NO?+ TO DO ) 9EFFICI5CY3 POLICE *IEFS ACROSS ! C\NTRY HAD CALL$ US ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ =CE !Y'D EV] HAD TO DEAL )4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! REALITY EFFECT 7IF ONE MAY CALL IT ?AT7 COMES RA!R FROM ! FACT ?AT RADICAL PROJECTS T5D TO F\ND]--OR AT LEA/ BECOME 5DLESSLY DIFFICULT--! MOM5T !Y 5T] 9TO ! WORLD ( L>GE1 HEAVY OBJECTS3 BUILD+S1 C>S1 TRACTORS1 BOATS1 9DU/RIAL MA*9]Y4 ,?IS 9 TURN IS NOT BECAUSE !SE OBJECTS >E SOMEH[ 9TR9SICALLY DIFFICULT TO ADM9I/] DEMOCRATICALLY--HI/ORY IS FULL ( COMMUNITIES ?AT SUCCESSFULLY 5GAGE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ( COMMON RES\RCES--IT'S BECAUSE1 LIKE ! ,D,A,N C>1 !Y >E SURR\ND$ BY 5DLESS GOV]NM5T REGULATION1 & >E EFFECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE TO HIDE FROM ! GOV]NM5T'S >M$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ,I HAVE SE5 5DLESS EXAMPLES ( ?IS DILEMMA4 ,A SQUAT IS LEGALIZ$ AFT] A LONG /RUGGLE2 SUDD5LY1 BUILD+ 9SPECTORS >RIVE TO ANN\NCE IT WILL TAKE T5 ?\S& DOLL>S' WOR? ( REPAIRS TO BR+ IT UP TO CODE4 ,ORGANIZ]S >E !RE=E =C$ TO SP5D ! NEXT SEV]AL YE>S ORGANIZ+ BAKE SALES & SOLICIT+ CONTRIBUTIONS4 ,?IS MEANS SETT+ UP BANK ACC\NTS1 :I* MEANS1 9 TURN1 ADH]+ TO LEGAL REGULATIONS ?AT SPECIFY H[ ANY GR\P RECEIV+ FUNDS1 OR DEAL+ ) ! GOV]NM5T1 MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ 7AGA91 NOT AS AN EGALIT>IAN COLLECTIVE74 ,ALL !SE REGULATIONS >E 5=C$ BY VIOL5CE4 

,TRUE1 9 ORD9>Y LIFE1 POLICE R>ELY COME 9 SW++ BILLY CLUBS TO 5=CE BUILD+ CODE REGULATIONS1 BUT1 AS AN>*I/S (T5 >E (T5 UNIQUELY POSITION$ TO F9D \T1 IF ONE SIMPLY PRET5DS ! /ATE & ITS REGULATIONS DON'T EXI/1 ?IS WILL1 EV5TUALLY1 HAPP54 ,! R>ITY ) :I* ! NI<T/ICKS ACTUALLY APPE> JU/ HELPS TO MAKE ! VIOL5CE H>D] TO SEE4 ,?IS 9 TURN MAKES ! EFFECTS ( ALL !SE REGULATIONS--REGULATIONS ?AT ALMO/ ALWAYS ASSUME ?AT NORMAL RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS >E M$IAT$ BY ! M>KET1 & ?AT NORMAL GR\PS >E ORGANIZ$ 9T]NALLY BY RELATIONS ( HI]>*Y & COMM&--SEEM TO EMANATE NOT FROM ! GOV]NM5T'S MONOPOLY ( ! USE ( =CE1 BUT FROM ! L>G5ESS1 SOLIDITY1 & HEAV9ESS ( ! OBJECTS !MSELVES4 

,:5 ONE IS ASK$ TO BE 0REALI/IC10 !N1 ! REALITY ONE IS NORMALLY BE+ ASK$ TO RECOGNIZE IS NOT ONE ( NATURAL1 MAT]IAL FACTS1 NOR SOME SUPPOS$ UGLY TRU? AB\T HUMAN NATURE4 ,BE+ 0REALI/IC0 USUALLY MEANS TAK+ S]I\SLY ! EFFECTS ( ! SY/EMATIC ?REAT ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS POSSIBILITY EV5 ?READS \R LANGUAGE4 ,:Y1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A BUILD+ REF]R$ TO AS 0REAL PROP]TY10 OR 0REAL E/ATE08 ,! 0REAL0 9 ?IS USAGE IS NOT D]IV$ FROM ,LAT9 RES1 OR 0?+03 IT'S FROM ! ,SPANI% REAL1 MEAN+1 0ROYAL10 0BELONG+ TO ! K+40 ,ALL L& )9 A SOV]EIGN T]RITORY ULTIMATELY BELONGS TO ! SOV]EIGN--LEGALLY ?IS IS /ILL ! CASE4 ,?IS IS :Y ! /ATE HAS ! RI<T TO IMPOSE ITS REGULATIONS4 ,BUT SOV]EIGNTY ULTIMATELY COMES D[N TO A MONOPOLY ON :AT IS EUPHEMI/ICALLY REF]R$ TO AS 0=CE0-- ?AT IS1 VIOL5CE4 ,JU/ AS ! ,ITALIAN PHILOSOPH] ,GIORGIO ,AGAMB5 >GU$ ?AT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( SOV]EIGN P[]1 SOME?+ IS ALIVE BECAUSE Y\ CAN KILL IT1 SO PROP]TY IS 0REAL0 BECAUSE ! /ATE CAN SEIZE OR DE/ROY IT4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 :5 ONE TAKES A 0REALI/0 POSITION 9 ,9T]NATIONAL ,RELATIONS1 ONE ASSUMES ?AT /ATES WILL USE :ATEV] CAPACITIES !Y HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 9CLUD+ =CE ( >MS1 TO PURSUE !IR NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,:AT 0REALITY0 IS ONE RECOGNIZ+8 ,C]TA9LY NOT MAT]IAL REALITY4 ,! IDEA ?AT NATIONS >E HUMANLIKE 5TITIES ) PURPOSES & 9T]E/S IS PURELY METAPHYSICAL4 ,! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE HAD PURPOSES & 9T]E/S4 0,FRANCE0 DOES NOT4 ,:AT MAKES IT SEEM 0REALI/IC0 TO SUGGE/ IT DOES IS SIMPLY ?AT ?OSE 9 CONTROL ( NATION- /ATES HAVE ! P[] TO RAISE >MIES1 LAUN* 9VASIONS1 & BOMB CITIES1 & CAN O!RWISE ?REAT5 ! USE ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE 9 ! NAME ( :AT !Y DESCRIBE AS !IR 0NATIONAL 9T]E/S0--& ?AT IT W\LD BE FOOLI% TO IGNORE ?AT POSSIBILITY4 ,NATIONAL 9T]E/S >E REAL BECAUSE !Y CAN KILL Y\4 

,! CRITICAL T]M H]E IS 0=CE10 AS 9 0! /ATE'S MONOPOLY ON ! USE ( CO]CIVE =CE40 ,:5EV] WE HE> ?IS WORD 9VOK$1 WE F9D \RSELVES 9 ! PRES5CE ( A POLITICAL ONTOLOGY 9 :I* ! P[] TO DE/ROY1 TO CAUSE O!RS PA9 OR TO ?REAT5 TO BREAK1 DAMAGE1 OR MANGLE O!RS' BODIES 7OR JU/ LOCK !M 9 A T9Y ROOM = ! RE/ ( !IR LIVES7 IS TREAT$ AS ! SOCIAL EQUIVAL5T ( ! V]Y 5]GY ?AT DRIVES ! COSMOS4 ,CONTEMPLATE1 IF Y\ WILL1 ! METAPHORS & DISPLACEM5TS ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT ! FOLL[+ TWO S5T5CES3 

,SCI5TI/S 9VE/IGATE ! NATURE ( PHYSICAL LAWS SO AS TO UND]/& ! =CES ?AT GOV]N ! UNIV]SE4 

,POLICE >E EXP]TS 9 ! SCI5TIFIC APPLICATION ( PHYSICAL =CE 9 ORD] TO 5=CE ! LAWS ?AT GOV]N SOCIETY4 

,?IS IS TO MY M9D ! ESS5CE ( RI<T-W+ ?\<T3 A POLITICAL ONTOLOGY ?AT ?R\< SU* SUBTLE MEANS ALL[S VIOL5CE TO DEF9E ! V]Y P>AMET]S ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE & COMMON S5SE4.<#g.> 

,?IS IS :Y ,I SAY ?AT ! ,LEFT HAS ALWAYS BE51 9 ITS ESS5TIAL 9SPIRATION1 ANTIBUREAUCRATIC4 ,BECAUSE IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 F\ND$ ON A DIFF]5T SET ( ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT IS ULTIMATELY REAL--?AT IS1 AB\T ! V]Y GR\NDS ( POLITICAL BE+4 ,OBVI\SLY ,LEFTI/S DON'T D5Y ! REALITY ( VIOL5CE4 ,MANY ,LEFTI/ !ORI/S ?9K AB\T IT QUITE A LOT4 ,BUT !Y DON'T T5D TO GIVE IT ! SAME F\NDATIONAL /ATUS4 ,9/EAD1 ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT ,LEFTI/ ?\<T IS F\ND$ ON :AT ,I WILL CALL A 0POLITICAL ONTOLOGY ( ! IMAG9ATION0 7?\< IT C\LD ALSO1 P]HAPS JU/ AS WELL1 HAVE BE5 CALL$ AN ONTOLOGY ( CREATIVITY OR MAK+ OR 9V5TION47 ,N[ADAYS1 MO/ ( US T5D TO ID5TIFY ?IS T5D5CY ) ! LEGACY ( ,M>X1 ) HIS EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL REVOLUTION & =CES ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,M>X WAS ULTIMATELY ONLY A MAN ( HIS TIME1 & HIS T]MS EM]G$ FROM MU* WID] >GUM5TS AB\T VALUE1 LABOR1 & CREATIVITY CURR5T 9 RADICAL CIRCLES ( HIS DAY1 :E!R 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 OR = ?AT MATT] 9 V>I\S /RA9S ( ,ROMANTICISM & BOHEMIAN LIFE EM]G+ >\ND HIM 9 ,P>IS & ,LONDON AT ! TIME4 ,M>X HIMSELF1 = ALL HIS CONTEMPT = ! UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S ( HIS DAY1 NEV] CEAS$ TO 9SI/ ?AT :AT MAKES HUMAN BE+S DIFF]5T FROM ANIMALS IS ?AT >*ITECTS1 UNLIKE BEES1 FIR/ RAISE !IR /RUCTURES 9 ! IMAG9ATION4 ,IT WAS ! UNIQUE PROP]TY ( HUMANS1 = ,M>X1 ?AT !Y FIR/ 5VISION ?+S1 & ONLY !N BR+ !M 9TO BE+4 ,IT WAS ?IS PROCESS HE REF]R$ TO AS 0PRODUCTION40 

,>\ND ! SAME TIME1 UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,/4 ,SIMON W]E >GU+ ?AT >TI/S NE$$ TO BECOME ! AVANT-G>DE OR 0VANGU>D10 AS HE PUT IT1 ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 PROVID+ ! GR& VISIONS ?AT 9DU/RY N[ HAD ! P[] TO BR+ 9TO BE+4 ,:AT AT ! TIME MI<T HAVE SEEM$ ! FANTASY ( AN ECC5TRIC PAMPHLETE] SOON BECAME ! *>T] = A SPORADIC1 UNC]TA91 BUT APP>5TLY P]MAN5T ALLIANCE ?AT 5DURES TO ?IS DAY4 ,IF >TI/IC AVANT-G>DES & SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES HAVE FELT A PECULI> AFF9ITY = ONE ANO!R EV] S9CE1 BORR[+ EA* O!R'S LANGUAGES & IDEAS1 IT APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 9S(> AS BO? HAVE REMA9$ COMMITT$ TO ! IDEA ?AT ! ULTIMATE1 HIDD5 TRU? ( ! WORLD IS ?AT IT IS SOME?+ ?AT WE MAKE1 & C\LD JU/ AS EASILY MAKE DIFF]5TLY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 A PHRASE LIKE 0ALL P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION0 EXPRESSES ! V]Y QU9TESS5CE ( ! ,LEFT4 

,FROM A LEFT P]SPECTIVE1 !N1 ! HIDD5 REALITY ( HUMAN LIFE IS ! FACT ?AT ! WORLD DOESN'T JU/ HAPP54 ,IT ISN'T A NATURAL FACT1 EV5 ?\< WE T5D TO TREAT IT AS IF IT IS--IT EXI/S BECAUSE WE ALL COLLECTIVELY PRODUCE IT4 ,WE IMAG9E ?+S WE'D LIKE & !N WE BR+ !M 9TO BE+4 ,BUT ! MOM5T Y\ ?9K AB\T IT 9 !SE T]MS1 IT'S OBVI\S ?AT SOME?+ HAS GONE T]RIBLY WRONG4 ,S9CE :O1 IF !Y C\LD SIMPLY IMAG9E ANY WORLD ?AT !Y LIK$ & !N BR+ IT 9TO BE+1 W\LD CREATE A WORLD LIKE ?IS ONE8.<#g#a.> ,P]HAPS ! LEFTI/ S5SIBILITY WAS EXPRESS$ 9 ITS PURE/ =M 9 ! WORDS ( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPH] ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY1 :O ONCE WANT$ TO TITLE A BOOK1 0,/OP ,MAK+ ,CAPITALISM40.<#g#b.> ,CAPITALISM1 HE NOT$1 IS NOT SOME?+ IMPOS$ ON US BY SOME \TSIDE =CE4 ,IT ONLY EXI/S BECAUSE EV]Y DAY WE WAKE UP & CONT9UE TO PRODUCE IT4 ,IF WE WOKE UP ONE MORN+ & ALL COLLECTIVELY DECID$ TO PRODUCE SOME?+ ELSE1 !N WE W\LDN'T HAVE CAPITALISM ANYMORE4 ,?IS IS ! ULTIMATE REVOLUTION>Y QUE/ION3 :AT >E ! CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE TO EXI/ TO 5ABLE US TO DO ?IS--TO JU/ WAKE UP & IMAG9E & PRODUCE SOME?+ ELSE8 

,TO ?IS EMPHASIS ON =CES ( CREATIVITY & PRODUCTION1 ! ,RI<T T5DS TO REPLY ?AT REVOLUTION>IES SY/EMATICALLY NEGLECT ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! 0MEANS ( DE/RUCTION03 /ATES1 >MIES1 EXECUTION]S1 B>B>IAN 9VASIONS1 CRIM9ALS1 UNRULY MOBS1 & SO ON4 ,PRET5D+ SU* ?+S >E NOT !RE1 OR CAN SIMPLY BE WI%$ AWAY1 !Y >GUE1 HAS ! RESULT ( 5SUR+ ?AT LEFT-W+ REGIMES WILL 9 FACT CREATE F> MORE DEA? & DE/RUCTION ?AN ?OSE ?AT HAVE ! WISDOM TO TAKE A MORE 0REALI/IC0 APPROA*4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS SOME?+ ( A SIMPLIFICATION1 & ONE C\LD MAKE 5DLESS QUALIFICATIONS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE ( ,M>X'S TIME1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD AN EXTREMELY PRODUCTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY--ONE REASON ,M>X C\LD SEE IT AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,ELEM5TS ( ! ,RI<T DABBL$ ) ! >TI/IC IDEAL1 & TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,M>XI/ REGIMES (T5 EMBRAC$ ESS5TIALLY RI<T-W+ !ORIES ( P[] & PAID LITTLE MORE ?AN LIP S]VICE TO ! DET]M9ANT NATURE ( PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 !IR OBSESSION ) JAIL+ POETS & PLAYWRI<TS :OSE WORK !Y CONSID]$ ?REAT5+1 !Y EV9C$ A PR(\ND FAI? 9 ! P[] ( >T & CREATIVITY TO *ANGE ! WORLD--?OSE RUNN+ CAPITALI/ REGIMES R>ELY BO!R$1 CONV9C$ ?AT IF !Y KEPT A FIRM H& ON ! MEANS ( PRODUCTIONS 7&1 ( C\RSE1 ! >MY & POLICE71 ! RE/ W\LD TAKE C>E ( ITSELF4 

,ONE ( ! REASONS IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE ALL ?IS IS BECAUSE ! WORD 0IMAG9ATION0 CAN MEAN SO MANY DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,9 MO/ MOD]N DEF9ITIONS IMAG9ATION IS C\NT]POS$ TO REALITY2 0IMAG9>Y0 ?+S >E FIR/ & =EMO/ ?+S ?AT >5'T REALLY !RE4 ,?IS CAN CAUSE A GREAT DEAL ( CONFUSION :5 WE SPEAK ( IMAG9ATION 9 ! AB/RACT1 BECAUSE IT MAKES IT SEEM LIKE IMAG9ATION HAS MU* MORE DO ) ,SP5S]'S ,FA]IE ,QUE5E ?AN ) A GR\P ( WAITRESSES TRY+ TO FIGURE \T H[ TO PLACATE ! C\PLE AT ,TABLE #g BE=E ! BOSS %[S UP4 

,/ILL1 ?IS WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T IMAG9ATION IS RELATIVELY NEW1 & CONT9UES TO COEXI/ ) MU* OLD] ONES4 ,9 ! COMMON ,ANCI5T & ,M$IEVAL CONCEPTION1 = EXAMPLE1 :AT WE N[ CALL 0! IMAG9ATION0 WAS NOT SE5 AS OPPOS$ TO REALITY P] SE1 BUT AS A K9D ( MIDDLE GR\ND1 A ZONE ( PASSAGE CONNECT+ MAT]IAL REALITY & ! RATIONAL S\L4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE = ?OSE :O SAW ,REASON AS ESS5TIALLY AN ASPECT ( ,GOD1 :O FELT ?AT ?\<T !RE=E P>TOOK 9 A DIV9ITY :I* 9 NO WAY P>TOOK (--9DE$1 WAS ABSOLUTELY ALI5 TO--MAT]IAL REALITY4 7,?IS BECAME ! DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ! ,*RI/IAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES47 ,H[1 !N1 WAS IT POSSIBLE = ! RATIONAL M9D TO RECEIVE S5SE IMPRESSIONS FROM NATURE8 

,! SOLUTION WAS TO PROPOSE AN 9T]M$I>Y SUB/ANCE1 MADE \T ( ! SAME MAT]IAL AS ! />S1 ! 0PNEUMA10 A K9D ( CIRCULATORY SY/EM ?R\< :I* P]CEPTIONS ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD C\LD PASS1 BECOM+ EMOTIONALLY *>G$ 9 ! PROCESS & MIX+ ) ALL SORTS ( PHANTASMS1 BE=E ! RATIONAL M9D C\LD GRASP !IR SIGNIFICANCE4 ,9T5TIONS & DESIRES MOV$ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 CIRCULAT+ ?R\< ! IMAG9ATION BE=E !Y C\LD BE REALIZ$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT'S ONLY AFT] ,DESC>TES1 REALLY1 ?AT ! WORD 0IMAG9>Y0 CAME TO MEAN1 SPECIFICALLY1 ANY?+ ?AT IS NOT REAL3 IMAG9>Y CREATURES1 IMAG9>Y PLACES 7,N>NIA1 PLANETS 9 F>AWAY GALAXIES1 ! ,K+DOM ( ,PRE/] ,JOHN71 IMAG9>Y FRI5DS4 ,BY ?IS DEF9ITION1 A 0POLITICAL ONTOLOGY ( ! IMAG9ATION0 C\LD ONLY BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,! IMAG9ATION CANNOT BE ! BASIS ( REALITY4 ,IT IS BY DEF9ITION ?AT :I* WE CAN ?9K1 BUT :I* HAS NO REALITY4 

,I'LL REF] TO ?IS LATT] AS 0! TRANSC5D5T NOTION ( ! IMAG9ATION0 S9CE IT SEEMS TO TAKE AS ITS MODEL NOVELS OR O!R WORKS ( FICTION ?AT CREATE IMAG9>Y WORLDS ?AT PRESUMABLY REMA9 ! SAME NO MATT] H[ MANY TIMES ONE READS !M4 ,IMAG9>Y CREATURES--ELVES OR UNICORNS OR ,T,V COPS-->E NOT AFFECT$ BY ! REAL WORLD4 ,!Y CANNOT BE1 S9CE !Y DON'T EXI/4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! K9D ( IMAG9ATION ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ 9 ?IS ESSAY IS MU* CLOS] TO ! OLD1 IMMAN5T1 CONCEPTION4 ,CRITICALLY1 IT IS 9 NO S5SE /ATIC & FREE-FLOAT+1 BUT 5TIRELY CAU<T UP 9 PROJECTS ( ACTION ?AT AIM TO HAVE REAL EFFECTS ON ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 & AS SU*1 ALWAYS *ANG+ & ADAPT+4 ,?IS IS EQUALLY TRUE :E!R ONE IS CRAFT+ A KNIFE OR A PIECE ( JEWELRY1 OR TRY+ TO MAKE SURE ONE DOESN'T HURT A FRI5D'S FEEL+S4 

,IT WAS PRECISELY 9 ! MID- TO LATE-EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :I* SAW ! ORIG9S ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY1 & ! POLITICAL DIVISION BETWE5 RI<T & LEFT1 :]E ! NEW TRANSC5D5T CONCEPT ( IMAG9ATION REALLY CAME TO PROM95CE4 ,= ,ROMANTICS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,IMAG9ATION CAME TO TAKE ! PLACE ONCE HELD BY ! S\L-- RA!R ?AN M$IAT+ BETWE5 ! RATIONAL S\L & ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 IT WAS ! S\L1 & ! S\L WAS ?AT :I* WAS BEYOND ANY M]E RATIONALITY4 ,IT'S EASY TO SEE H[ ! ADV5T ( AN IMP]SONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC ORD] ( (FICES1 FACTORIES1 & RATIONAL ADM9I/RATION W\LD ALSO GIVE RISE TO ?IS SORT ( IDEA4 ,BUT 9S(> AS ! IMAG9ATION BECAME A RESIDUAL CATEGORY1 EV]Y?+ ?AT ! NEW ORD] WAS NOT1 IT ALSO WAS NOT PURELY TRANSC5D5T2 9 FACT1 IT NECESS>ILY BECAME A K9D ( CRAZY HODGEPODGE ( :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ TRANSC5D5T & IMMAN5T PR9CIPLES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! IMAG9ATION WAS SE5 AS ! S\RCE ( >T1 & ALL CREATIVITY4 ,ON ! O!R1 IT WAS ! BASIS ( HUMAN SYMPA?Y1 & H5CE MORALITY4.<#g#c.> 

,TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 WE MI<T DO WELL TO BEG9 TO SORT !SE MATT]S \T4 ,BECAUSE HONE/LY1 !RE'S A LOT AT /AKE H]E4 ,TO GET A S5SE ( JU/ H[ MU*1 LET'S RETURN = A MOM5T TO ?AT '#f#h SLOGAN3 0,ALL P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION40 ,:I* IMAG9ATION >E WE REF]R+ TO8 ,IF ONE TAKES ?IS TO REF] TO ! TRANSC5D5T IMAG9ATION--TO AN ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE SOME SORT ( PREFAB UTOPIAN VISION--! EFFECTS CAN BE DISA/R\S4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT HAS (T5 MEANT CREAT+ SOME VA/ BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E DESIGN$ TO IMPOSE SU* UTOPIAN VISIONS BY VIOL5CE4 ,WORLD-CLASS ATROCITIES >E LIKELY TO RESULT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ONE MI<T BY ! SAME TOK5 >GUE ?AT NOT GIV+ FULL P[] TO ! O!R1 IMMAN5T1 SORT ( IMAG9ATION--! PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE IMAG9ATION ( ORD9>Y COOKS1 NURSES1 ME*ANICS & G>D5]S--IS LIKELY TO 5D UP HAV+ EXACTLY ! SAME EFFECTS4 

,?IS CONFUSION1 ?IS JUMBL+ ( DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( IMAG9ATION1 RUNS ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( LEFTI/ ?\<T4 

,ONE CAN ALREADY SEE ! T5SION 9 ,M>X4 ,!RE IS A /RANGE P>ADOX 9 HIS APPROA* TO REVOLUTION4 ,AS ,I'VE NOT$1 ,M>X 9SI/S ?AT :AT MAKES US HUMAN IS ?AT RA!R ?AN RELY+ ON UNCONSCI\S 9/9CT LIKE SPID]S & BEES1 WE FIR/ RAISE /RUCTURES 9 \R IMAG9ATION1 & !N TRY TO BR+ ?OSE VISIONS 9TO BE+4 ,:5 A SPID] WEAVES H] WEB1 %E OP]ATES ON 9/9CT4 ,! >*ITECT FIR/ DRAWS UP A PLAN1 & ONLY !N />TS BUILD+ ! F\NDATIONS ( HIS $IFICE4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 ,M>X 9SI/S1 9 ALL =MS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION1 :E!R WE >E BUILD+ BRIDGES OR MAK+ BOOTS4 ,YET :5 ,M>X SPEAKS ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 HIS KEY EXAMPLE--! ONLY K9D ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY HE EV] TALKS AB\T ACTUALLY-- IS ALWAYS REVOLUTION1 & :5 HE DOES ?AT1 HE SUDD5LY *ANGES GE>S COMPLETELY4 ,9 FACT HE REV]SES HIMSELF4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y %\LD NEV] PROCE$ LIKE ! >*ITECT2 HE %\LD NEV] BEG9 BY DRAW+ UP A PLAN = AN IDEAL SOCIETY1 !N ?9K AB\T H[ TO BR+ IT 9TO BE+4 ,?AT W\LD BE UTOPIANISM4 ,& = UTOPIANISM1 ,M>X HAD NO?+ BUT WI!R+ CONTEMPT4 ,9/EAD1 REVOLUTION IS ! ACTUAL IMMAN5T PRACTICE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* WILL ULTIMATELY BE> FRUIT 9 WAYS ?AT WE CANNOT POSSIBLY IMAG9E FROM \R CURR5T VANTAGE PO9T4 

,:Y ! DISCREPANCY8 ,! MO/ G5]\S EXPLANATION1 ,I W\LD SUGGE/1 IS ?AT ,M>X DID UND]/&1 AT LEA/ ON SOME 9TUITIVE LEVEL1 ?AT ! IMAG9ATION WORK$ DIFF]5TLY 9 ! DOMA9 ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION ?AN IT DID 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS2 BUT ALSO1 ?AT HE LACK$ AN ADEQUATE !ORY AS TO :Y4 ,P]HAPS1 WRIT+ 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 LONG BE=E ! RISE ( FEM9ISM1 HE SIMPLY LACK$ ! 9TELLECTUAL TOOLS4.<#g#d.> ,GIV5 ! CONSID]ATIONS ALREADY \TL9$ 9 ?IS ESSAY1 ,I ?9K WE CAN CONFIRM ?AT ?IS IS 9DE$ ! CASE4 ,TO PUT IT 9 ,M>X'S [N T]MS3 9 BO? DOMA9S ONE CAN SPEAK ( ALI5ATION4 ,BUT 9 EA*1 ALI5ATION WORKS 9 PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,TO RECALL ! >GUM5T SO F>3 /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITIES ALWAYS CREATE :AT ,I'VE CALL$ 0LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATION10 ?AT IS1 DIVISIONS BETWE5 ONE CLASS ( PEOPLE :O 5D UP DO+ MO/ ( ! IMAG9ATIVE LABOR1 & O!RS :O DO NOT4 ,H[EV]1 ! SPH]E ( FACTORY PRODUCTION ?AT ,M>X CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) IS RA!R UNUSUAL 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! FEW CONTEXTS :]E IT IS ! DOM9ANT CLASS :O 5D UP DO+ MORE IMAG9ATIVE LABOR1 NOT LESS4 

,CREATIVITY & DESIRE--:AT WE (T5 R$UCE1 9 POLITICAL ECONOMY T]MS1 TO 0PRODUCTION0 & 0CONSUMPTION0-->E ESS5TIALLY VEHICLES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,/RUCTURES ( 9EQUALITY & DOM9ATION--/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 IF Y\ WILL--T5D TO SKEW ! IMAG9ATION4 ,/RUCTURAL VIOL5CE MI<T CREATE SITUATIONS :]E LABOR]S >E RELEGAT$ TO M9D-NUMB+1 BOR+1 ME*ANICAL JOBS1 & ONLY A SMALL ELITE IS ALL[$ TO 9DULGE 9 IMAG9ATIVE LABOR1 LEAD+ TO ! FEEL+1 ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT !Y >E ALI5AT$ FROM !IR [N LABOR1 ?AT !IR V]Y DE$S BELONG TO SOMEONE ELSE4 

,IT MI<T ALSO CREATE SOCIAL SITUATIONS :]E K+S1 POLITICIANS1 CELEBRITIES1 OR ,C,E,OS PRANCE AB\T OBLIVI\S TO ALMO/ EV]Y?+ >\ND !M :ILE !IR WIVES1 S]VANTS1 /AFF1 & H&L]S SP5D ALL !IR TIME 5GAG$ 9 ! IMAG9ATIVE WORK ( MA9TA9+ !M 9 !IR FANTASIES4 ,MO/ SITUATIONS ( 9EQUALITY ,I SUSPECT COMB9E ELEM5TS ( BO?4 

,! SUBJECTIVE EXP]I5CE ( LIV+ 9SIDE SU* LOPSID$ /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATION--! W>P+ & %ATT]+ ( IMAG9ATION ?AT RESULTS--IS :AT WE >E REF]R+ TO :5 WE TALK AB\T 0ALI5ATION40 

,! TRADITION ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 )9 :I* ,M>X WAS WRIT+1 T5DS TO SEE WORK 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES AS DIVID$ BETWE5 TWO SPH]ES3 WAGE LABOR1 = :I* ! P>ADIGM IS ALWAYS FACTORIES1 & DOME/IC LABOR--H\SEWORK1 *ILDC>E--RELEGAT$ MA9LY TO WOM54 ,! FIR/ IS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A MATT] ( CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,! SECOND IS PROBABLY BE/ SE5 AS A MATT] ( CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! DI/9CTION IS OBVI\SLY A BIT ( A C>ICATURE3 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 A SOCIETY1 NOT EV5 ,5GELS'S ,MAN*E/] OR ,VICTOR ,HUGO'S ,P>IS1 :]E MO/ M5 W]E FACTORY WORK]S & MO/ WOM5 WORK$ EXCLUSIVELY AS H\SEWIVES4 ,/ILL1 ?IS FRAMES H[ WE ?9K AB\T SU* ISSUES TODAY4 ,IT ALSO PO9TS TO ! ROOT ( ,M>X'S PROBLEM4 ,9 ! SPH]E ( 9DU/RY1 IT IS G5]ALLY ?OSE ON TOP ?AT RELEGATE TO !MSELVES ! MORE IMAG9ATIVE TASKS 7I4E41 !Y DESIGN ! PRODUCTS & ORGANIZE PRODUCTION71 :]EAS :5 9EQUALITIES EM]GE 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION1 IT IS ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM :O 5D UP EXPECT$ TO DO ! MAJOR IMAG9ATIVE WORK--NOTABLY1 ! BULK ( :AT ,I'VE CALL$ ! 0LABOR ( 9T]PRETATION0 ?AT KEEPS LIFE RUNN+4.<#g#e.> 

,SO F> ,I HAVE PROPOS$ ?AT BUREAUCRATIC PROC$URES1 :I* HAVE AN UNCANNY ABILITY TO MAKE EV5 ! SM>TE/ PEOPLE ACT LIKE IDIOTS1 >E NOT SO MU* =MS ( /UPIDITY 9 !MSELVES1 AS !Y >E WAYS ( MANAG+ SITUATIONS ALREADY /UPID BECAUSE ( ! EFFECTS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 ,AS A RESULT1 SU* PROC$URES COME TO P>TAKE ( ! V]Y BL9DNESS & FOOLI%NESS !Y SEEK TO MANAGE4 ,AT !IR BE/1 !Y BECOME WAYS ( TURN+ /UPIDITY AGA9/ ITSELF1 MU* 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE C\LD BE SAID TO BE4 ,BUT /UPIDITY 9 ! NAME ( FAIRNESS & DEC5CY IS /ILL /UPIDITY1 & VIOL5CE 9 ! NAME ( HUMAN LIB]ATION IS /ILL VIOL5CE4 ,IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ! TWO SO (T5 SEEM TO >RIVE TOGE!R4 

,= MU* ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y QUE/ION HAS ?US BE53 H[ DOES ONE AFFECT FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE 9 SOCIETY )\T SETT+ 9 TRA9 A PROCESS ?AT WILL 5D ) ! CREATION ( SOME NEW1 VIOL5T BUREAUCRACY8 ,IS UTOPIANISM ! PROBLEM--! V]Y IDEA ( IMAG9+ A BETT] WORLD & !N TRY+ TO BR+ IT 9TO BE+8 ,OR IS IT SOME?+ 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( SOCIAL !ORY ,%\LD WE ?US AB&ON SOCIAL !ORY8 ,OR IS ! NOTION ( REVOLUTION ITSELF FUNDAM5TALLY FLAW$8 

,S9CE ! SIXTIES1 ONE COMMON SOLUTION HAS BE5 TO />T BY L[]+ ONE'S SI<TS4 ,9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ,MAY '#f#h1 ! ,SITUATIONI/S FAM\SLY >GU$ ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DO ?IS ?R\< CREATIVE ACTS ( SUBV]SION ?AT UND]M9$ ! LOGIC ( :AT !Y CALL$ 0! ,SPECTACLE10 :I* R5D]$ US PASSIVE CONSUM]S4 ,?R\< !SE ACTS1 WE C\LD1 AT LEA/ MOM5T>ILY1 RECAPTURE \R IMAG9ATIVE P[]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !Y ALSO FELT ?AT ALL SU* ACTS W]E SMALL-SCALE DRESS REHE>SALS = ! GREAT 9SURRECTION>Y MOM5T TO :I* !Y W\LD NECESS>ILY LEAD--0!0 REVOLUTION1 PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,?IS IS :AT'S L>GELY GONE TODAY4 ,IF ! EV5TS ( ,MAY '#f#h %[$ ANY?+1 IT WAS ?AT IF ONE DOES NOT AIM TO SEIZE /ATE P[]1 !RE CAN BE NO FUNDAM5TAL1 ONETIME BREAK4 ,AS A RESULT1 AMONG MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>IES1 ?AT MILL5>IAN ELEM5T HAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY FALL5 AWAY4 ,NO ONE ?9KS ! SKIES >E AB\T TO OP5 ANY TIME SOON4 ,!RE IS A CONSOLATION1 ?\<3 ?AT AS A RESULT1 9S(> AS ONE ACTUALLY CAN COME TO EXP]I5C+ G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y FRE$OM1 ONE CAN BEG9 TO EXP]I5CE IT IMM$IATELY4 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T FROM ! ,CRIME?9C COLLECTIVE1 PROBABLY ! MO/ 9SPIR+ Y\NG AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S OP]AT+ 9 ! ,SITUATIONI/ TRADITION TODAY3 

,WE MU/ MAKE \R FRE$OM BY CUTT+ HOLES 9 ! FABRIC ( ?IS REALITY1 BY =G+ NEW REALITIES :I* WILL1 9 TURN1 FA%ION US4 ,PUTT+ Y\RSELF 9 NEW SITUATIONS CON/ANTLY IS ! ONLY WAY TO 5SURE ?AT Y\ MAKE Y\R DECISIONS UN5CUMB]$ BY ! 9]TIA ( HABIT1 CU/OM1 LAW1 OR PREJUDICE--& IT IS UP TO Y\ TO CREATE !SE SITUATIONS4 

,FRE$OM ONLY EXI/S 9 ! MOM5T ( REVOLUTION4 ,& ?OSE MOM5TS >E NOT AS R>E AS Y\ ?9K4 ,*ANGE1 REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 IS GO+ ON CON/ANTLY & EV]Y:]E-- & EV]YONE PLAYS A P>T 9 IT1 CONSCI\SLY OR NOT4 

,:AT IS ?IS BUT AN ELEGANT /ATEM5T ( ! LOGIC ( DIRECT ACTION3 ! DEFIANT 9SI/5CE ON ACT+ AS IF ONE IS ALREADY FREE8.<#g#f.> ,! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS H[ ?IS APPROA* CAN CONTRIBUTE TO AN OV]ALL /RATEGY--ONE ?AT %\LD LEAD1 P]HAPS NOT TO A S+LE MOM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y R$EMPTION1 BUT TO A CUMULATIVE MOVEM5T T[>DS A WORLD )\T /ATES & CAPITALISM4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 NO ONE IS COMPLETELY SURE4 ,MO/ ASSUME ! PROCESS C\LD ONLY BE ONE ( 5DLESS IMPROVIZATION4 

,9SURRECTION>Y MOM5TS !RE WILL SURELY BE4 ,LIKELY AS NOT1 QUITE A FEW ( !M4 ,BUT !Y WILL MO/ LIKELY BE ONE ELEM5T 9 A F> MORE COMPLEX & MULTIFACET$ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS :OSE \TL9ES C\LD H>DLY1 AT ?IS PO9T1 BE FULLY ANTICIPAT$4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 :AT SEEMS /RIK+LY NAIVE IS ! OLD ASSUMPTION ?AT A S+LE UPRIS+ OR SUCCESSFUL CIVIL W> C\LD1 AS IT W]E1 NEUTRALIZE ! 5TIRE APP>ATUS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 AT LEA/ )9 A P>TICUL> NATIONAL T]RITORY--?AT )9 ?AT T]RITORY1 RI<T-W+ REALITIES C\LD BE SIMPLY SWEPT AWAY1 TO LEAVE ! FIELD OP5 = AN UNTRAMMEL$ \TP\R+ ( REVOLUTION>Y CREATIVITY4 ,BUT ! TRULY PUZZL+ ?+ IS ?AT1 AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ?AT APPE>$ TO BE EXACTLY :AT WAS HAPP5+4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IF WE >E TO HAVE ANY *ANCE ( GRASP+ ! NEW1 EM]G+ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION1 WE NE$ TO BEG9 BY ?9K+ AGA9 AB\T ! QUALITY ( !SE 9SURRECTION>Y MOM5TS4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE ?+S AB\T SU* 9SURRECTION>Y UPHEAVALS IS H[ !Y CAN SEEM TO BUR/ \T ( NO:]E--& !N1 (T51 DISSOLVE AWAY JU/ AS QUICKLY4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT ! SAME 0PUBLIC0 ?AT TWO MON?S BE=E SAY1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 OR ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 HAD VOT$ 9 A FAIRLY MOD]ATE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REGIME WILL SUDD5LY F9D ITSELF WILL+ TO RISK !IR LIVES = ! SAME ULTRA-RADICALS :O RECEIV$ A FRACTION ( ! ACTUAL VOTE8 ,OR1 TO RETURN TO ,MAY '#f#h1 H[ IS IT ?AT ! SAME PUBLIC ?AT SEEM$ TO SUPPORT OR AT LEA/ FEEL /RONGLY SYMPA!TIC T[>D ! /UD5T_/WORK] UPRIS+ C\LD ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS RETURN TO ! POLLS & ELECT A RI<T-W+ GOV]NM5T8 ,! MO/ COMMON HI/ORICAL EXPLANATIONS--?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES DIDN'T REALLY REPRES5T ! PUBLIC OR ITS 9T]E/S1 BUT ?AT ELEM5TS ( ! PUBLIC P]HAPS BECAME CAU<T UP 9 SOME SORT ( IRRATIONAL EFF]VESC5CE--SEEM OBVI\SLY 9ADEQUATE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !Y ASSUME ?AT 0! PUBLIC0 IS AN 5TITY ) OP9IONS1 9T]E/S1 & ALLEGIANCES ?AT CAN BE TREAT$ AS RELATIVELY CONSI/5T OV] TIME4 ,9 FACT :AT WE CALL 0! PUBLIC0 IS CREAT$1 PRODUC$ ?R\< SPECIFIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ALL[ SPECIFIC =MS ( ACTION--TAK+ POLLS1 WAT*+ TELEVISION1 VOT+1 SIGN+ PETITIONS OR WRIT+ LETT]S TO ELECT$ (FICIALS OR ATT5D+ PUBLIC HE>+S--& NOT O!RS4 ,!SE FRAMES ( ACTION IMPLY C]TA9 WAYS ( TALK+1 ?9K+1 >GU+1 DELIB]AT+4 ,! SAME 0PUBLIC0 ?AT MAY WIDELY 9DULGE 9 ! USE ( RECREATIONAL *EMICALS MAY ALSO CONSI/5TLY VOTE TO MAKE SU* 9DULG5CES ILLEGAL2 ! SAME COLLECTION ( CITIZ5S IS LIKELY TO COME TO COMPLETELY DIFF]5T DECISIONS ON QUE/IONS AFFECT+ !IR COMMUNITIES IF ORGANIZ$ 9TO A P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 A SY/EM ( COMPUT]IZ$ PLEBISCITES1 OR A NE/$ S]IES ( PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES4 ,9 FACT ! 5TIRE AN>*I/ PROJECT ( RE9V5T+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS PREMIS$ ON ASSUM+ ?IS IS ! CASE4 

,TO ILLU/RATE :AT ,I MEAN1 CONSID] ?AT 9 ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ NATIONS1 ! SAME COLLECTION ( PEOPLE REF]R$ TO 9 ONE CONTEXT AS 0! PUBLIC0 CAN 9 ANO!R BE REF]R$ TO AS 0! WORK=CE40 ,!Y BECOME A 0WORK=CE10 ( C\RSE1 :5 !Y >E 5GAG$ 9 DIFF]5T SORTS ( ACTIVITY4 ,! 0PUBLIC0 DOES NOT WORK--A S5T5CE LIKE 0MO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC WORKS 9 ! S]VICE 9DU/RY0 W\LD NEV] APPE> 9 A MAGAZ9E OR PAP]1 & IF A J\RNALI/ W]E TO ATTEMPT TO WRITE SU* A S5T5CE1 H] $ITOR W\LD C]TA9LY *ANGE IT TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY ODD S9CE ! PUBLIC DOES APP>5TLY HAVE TO GO TO WORK3 ?IS IS :Y1 AS LEFTI/ CRITICS (T5 COMPLA91 ! M$IA WILL ALWAYS TALK AB\T H[1 SAY1 A TRANSPORT /RIKE IS LIKELY TO 9CONV5I5CE ! PUBLIC1 9 !IR CAPACITY ( COMMUT]S1 BUT IT WILL NEV] OCCUR TO !M ?AT ?OSE /RIK+ >E !MSELVES P>T ( ! PUBLIC--OR ?AT IF !Y SUCCE$ 9 RAIS+ WAGE LEVELS1 ?IS WILL BE A PUBLIC B5EFIT4 ,& C]TA9LY ! 0PUBLIC0 DOES NOT GO \T 9TO ! /REETS4 ,ITS ROLE IS AS AUDI5CE TO PUBLIC SPECTACLES1 & CONSUM]S ( PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,:5 BUY+ OR US+ GOODS & S]VICES PRIVATELY SUPPLI$1 ! SAME COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS BECOME SOME?+ ELSE 70CONSUM]S071 JU/ AS 9 O!R CONTEXTS ( ACTION !Y >E RELABEL$ A 0NATION10 0ELECTORATE10 OR 0POPULATION40 

,ALL !SE 5TITIES >E ! PRODUCT ( BUREAUCRACIES & 9/ITUTIONAL PRACTICES ?AT1 9 TURN1 DEF9E C]TA9 HORIZONS ( POSSIBILITY4 ,H5CE :5 VOT+ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ONE MI<T FEEL OBLIG$ TO MAKE A 0REALI/IC0 *OICE2 9 AN 9SURRECTION>Y SITUATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 SUDD5LY ANY?+ SEEMS POSSIBLE4 

,:AT 0! PUBLIC10 0! WORK=CE10 0! ELECTORATE10 0CONSUM]S10 & 0! POPULATION0 ALL HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y >E BR\<T 9TO BE+ BY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ FRAMES ( ACTION ?AT >E 9H]5TLY BUREAUCRATIC1 & !RE=E1 PR(\NDLY ALI5AT+4 ,VOT+ BOO?S1 TELEVISION SCRE5S1 (FICE CUBICLES1 HOSPITALS1 ! RITUAL ?AT SURR\NDS !M--ONE MI<T SAY !SE >E ! V]Y MA*9]Y ( ALI5ATION4 ,!Y >E ! 9/RUM5TS ?R\< :I* ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION IS SMA%$ & %ATT]$4 

,9SURRECTION>Y MOM5TS >E MOM5TS :5 ?IS BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS IS NEUTRALIZ$4 ,DO+ SO ALWAYS SEEMS TO HAVE ! EFFECT ( ?R[+ HORIZONS ( POSSIBILITY WIDE OP51 :I* IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ IF ONE ( ! MA9 ?+S ?AT ?AT APP>ATUS NORMALLY DOES IS TO 5=CE EXTREMELY LIMIT$ HORIZONS4 7,?IS IS PROBABLY :Y1 AS ,REBECCA ,SOLNIT HAS SO BEAUTIFULLY OBS]V$1.<#g#g.> PEOPLE (T5 EXP]I5CE SOME?+ V]Y SIMIL> DUR+ NATURAL DISA/]S47 ,ALL ( ?IS W\LD EXPLA9 :Y REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS ALWAYS SEEM TO BE FOLL[$ BY AN \TP\R+ ( SOCIAL1 >TI/IC1 & 9TELLECTUAL CREATIVITY4 ,NORMALLY UNEQUAL /RUCTURES ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION >E DISRUPT$2 EV]YONE IS EXP]IM5T+ ) TRY+ TO SEE ! WORLD FROM UNFAMILI> PO9TS ( VIEW2 EV]YONE FEELS NOT ONLY ! RI<T1 BUT USUALLY ! IMM$IATE PRACTICAL NE$ TO RE- CREATE & REIMAG9E EV]Y?+ >\ND !M4 

,! QUE/ION1 ( C\RSE1 IS H[ TO 5SURE ?AT ?OSE :O GO ?R\< ?IS EXP]I5CE >E NOT IMM$IATELY REORGANIZ$ UND] SOME NEW RUBRIC--! PEOPLE1 ! PROLET>IAT1 ! MULTITUDE1 ! NATION1 ! UMMAH1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE--?AT !N GIVES WAY TO ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW SET ( RULES1 REGULATIONS1 & BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS >\ND IT1 :I* WILL 9EVITABLY COME TO BE 5=C$ BY NEW CATEGORIES ( POLICE4 ,I ACTUALLY ?9K ?AT H]E1 SOME PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE4 ,A LOT ( ! CR$IT GOES TO FEM9ISM4 ,S9CE AT LEA/ ! SEV5TIES1 !RE HAS BE5 A SELF-CONSCI\S EF=T AMONG ?OSE SEEK+ RADICAL *ANGE TO %IFT ! EMPHASIS AWAY FROM MILL5>IAN DREAMS & ONTO MU* MORE IMM$IATE QUE/IONS AB\T H[ ?OSE 0HOLES CUT 9 ! FABRIC ( REALITY0 MI<T ACTUALLY BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A NON- BUREAUCRATIC FA%ION1 SO ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ?AT IMAG9ATIVE P[] CAN BE SU/A9$ OV] ! LONG T]M4 ,?IS WAS ALREADY TRUE ( ! GREAT ,FE/IVALS ( ,RESI/ANCE ORGANIZ$ >\ND TRADE SUMMITS BY ! ,GLOBAL ,JU/ICE MOVEM5T FROM #aiih TO #b#c1 :]E ! 9TRICATE DETAILS ( ! PROCESS ( DEMOCRATIC PLANN+ = ! ACTIONS WAS1 IF ANY?+1 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! ACTIONS !MSELVES1 BUT IT BECAME EV5 MORE TRUE 9 #baa ) ! CAMPS ( ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 ! GREAT ASSEMBLIES ( ,GREECE & ,SPA91 & F9ALLY1 ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!SE W]E SIMULTANE\SLY DIRECT ACTIONS1 PRACTICAL DEMON/RATIONS ( H[ REAL DEMOCRACY C\LD BE ?R[N 9 ! FACE ( P[]1 & EXP]IM5TS 9 :AT A G5U9ELY NON-BUREAUCRATIZ$ SOCIAL ORD]1 BAS$ ON ! P[] ( PRACTICAL IMAG9ATION1 MI<T LOOK LIKE4 

,SU* IS ! LESSON1 ,I ?9K1 = POLITICS4 ,IF ONE RESI/S ! REALITY EFFECT CREAT$ BY P]VASIVE /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE--! WAY ?AT BUREAUCRATIC REGULATIONS SEEM TO DISAPPE> 9TO ! V]Y MASS & SOLIDITY ( ! L>GE HEAVY OBJECTS >\ND US1 ! BUILD+S1 VEHICLES1 L>GE CONCRETE /RUCTURES1 MAK+ A WORLD REGULAT$ BY SU* PR9CIPLES SEEM NATURAL & 9EVITABLE1 & ANY?+ ELSE A DREAMY FANTASY--IT IS POSSIBLE TO GIVE P[] TO ! IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT IT ALSO REQUIRES AN 5ORM\S AM\NT ( WORK4 

,P[] MAKES Y\ LAZY4 ,9S(> AS \R E>LI] !ORETICAL DISCUSSION ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE REVEAL$ ANY?+1 IT WAS ?IS3 ?AT :ILE ?OSE 9 SITUATIONS ( P[] & PRIVILEGE (T5 FEEL IT AS A T]RIBLE BURD5 ( RESPONSIBILITY1 9 MO/ WAYS1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 P[] IS ALL AB\T :AT Y\ DON'T HAVE TO WORRY AB\T1 DON'T HAVE TO KN[ AB\T1 & DON'T HAVE TO DO4 ,BUREAUCRACIES CAN DEMOCRATIZE ?IS SORT ( P[]1 AT LEA/ TO AN EXT5T1 BUT !Y CAN'T GET RID ( IT4 ,IT BECOMES =MS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LAZ9ESS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE MAY 9VOLVE ! EXHIL>ATION ( ?R[+ (F IMAG9ATIVE %ACKLES1 ( SUDD5LY REALIZ+ ?AT IMPOSSIBLE ?+S >E NOT IMPOSSIBLE AT ALL1 BUT IT ALSO MEANS MO/ PEOPLE WILL HAVE TO GET OV] SOME ( ?IS DEEPLY HABITUAT$ LAZ9ESS & />T 5GAG+ 9 9T]PRETIVE 7IMAG9ATIVE7 LABOR = A V]Y LONG TIME TO MAKE ?OSE REALITIES /ICK4 

,I HAVE SP5T MU* ( ! LA/ TWO DECADES ?9K+ AB\T H[ SOCIAL !ORY MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS PROCESS4 ,AS ,I'VE EMPHASIZ$1 SOCIAL !ORY ITSELF C\LD BE SE5 AS K9D ( RADICAL SIMPLIFICATION1 A =M ( CALCULAT$ IGNORANCE1 A WAY ( PUTT+ ON A SET ( BL9K]S DESIGN$ TO REVEAL PATT]NS ONE C\LD NEV] O!RWISE BE ABLE TO SEE4 

,:AT ,I'VE BE5 TRY+ TO DO1 !N1 IS TO PUT ON ONE SET ( BL9K]S ?AT ALL[S US TO SEE ANO!R4 

,?AT'S :Y ,I BEGAN ! ESSAY AS ,I DID1 ) ! PAP]WORK SURR\ND+ MY MO!R'S ILLNESS & DEA?4 ,I WANT$ TO BR+ SOCIAL !ORY TO BE> ON ?OSE PLACES ?AT SEEM MO/ HO/ILE TO IT4 ,!RE >E DEAD ZONES ?AT RIDDLE \R LIVES1 >EAS SO DEVOID ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( 9T]PRETIVE DEP? ?AT !Y REPEL EV]Y ATTEMPT TO GIVE !M VALUE OR MEAN+4 ,!SE >E SPACES1 AS ,I DISCOV]$1 :]E 9T]PRETIVE LABOR NO LONG] WORKS4 ,IT'S H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT WE DON'T LIKE TO TALK AB\T !M4 ,!Y REPEL ! IMAG9ATION4 ,BUT ,I ALSO BELIEVE WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO CONFRONT !M1 BECAUSE IF WE DON'T1 WE RISK BECOM+ COMPLICIT 9 ! V]Y VIOL5CE ?AT CREATES !M4 

,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS4 ,! T5D5CY 9 EXI/+ SOCIAL !ORY IS TO ROMANTICIZE VIOL5CE3 TO TREAT VIOL5T ACTS ABOVE ALL AS WAYS TO S5D DRAMATIC MESSAGES1 TO PLAY ) SYMBOLS ( ABSOLUTE P[]1 PURIFICATION1 & T]ROR4 ,N[1 ,I'M NOT SAY+ ?IS IS EXACTLY UNTRUE4 ,MO/ ACTS ( VIOL5CE >E ALSO1 9 ?IS SORT ( V]Y LIT]AL S5SE1 ACTS ( T]RORISM4 ,BUT ,I W\LD ALSO 9SI/ ?AT FOCUS+ ON !SE MO/ DRAMATIC ASPECTS ( VIOL5CE MAKES IT EASY TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! SALI5T FEATURES ( VIOL5CE1 & ( SITUATIONS IT CREATES1 IS ?AT IT IS V]Y BOR+4 ,9 ,AM]ICAN PRISONS1 :I* >E EXTRAORD9>Y VIOL5T PLACES1 ! MO/ VICI\S =M ( PUNI%M5T IS SIMPLY TO LOCK A P]SON 9 AN EMPTY ROOM = YE>S ) ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO4 ,?IS EMPTY+ ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( COMMUNICATION OR MEAN+ IS ! REAL ESS5CE ( :AT VIOL5CE REALLY IS & DOES4 ,YES1 S5D+ SOMEONE 9TO SOLIT>Y IS A WAY ( S5D+ A MESSAGE TO !M1 & TO O!R PRISON]S4 ,BUT ! ACT CONSI/S L>GELY ( /IFL+ \T ! POSSIBILITY ( S5D+ ANY FUR!R MESSAGES ( ANY K9D4 

,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT1 :5 A MA/] :IPS A SLAVE1 HE IS 5GAG+ 9 A =M ( MEAN+FUL1 COMMUNICATIVE ACTION1 CONVEY+ ! NE$ = UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE1 & AT ! SAME TIME TRY+ TO CREATE A T]RIFY+ MY?IC IMAGE ( ABSOLUTE & >BITR>Y P[]4 ,ALL ( ?IS IS TRUE4 ,IT IS QUITE ANO!R TO 9SI/ ?AT ?AT IS ALL ?AT IS HAPP5+1 OR ALL ?AT WE NE$ TO TALK AB\T4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF WE DO NOT GO ON TO EXPLORE :AT 0UNQUE/ION+0 ACTUALLY MEANS--! MA/]'S ABILITY TO REMA9 COMPLETELY UNAW>E ( ! SLAVE'S UND]/&+ ( ANY SITUATION1 ! SLAVE'S 9ABILITY TO SAY ANY?+ EV5 :5 %E BECOMES AW>E ( SOME DIRE PRACTICAL FLAW 9 ! MA/]'S REASON+1 ! =MS ( BL9DNESS OR /UPIDITY ?AT RESULT1 ! FACT !SE OBLIGE ! SLAVE TO DEVOTE EV5 MORE 5]GY TRY+ TO UND]/& & ANTICIPATE ! MA/]'S CONFUS$ P]CEPTIONS-->E WE NOT1 9 H[EV] SMALL A WAY1 DO+ ! SAME WORK AS ! :IP8 ,IT'S NOT REALLY AB\T MAK+ ITS VICTIMS TALK4 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT'S AB\T P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! PROCESS ?AT %UTS !M UP4 

,!RE IS ANO!R REASON ,I BEGAN ) ?AT /ORY AB\T MY MO!R & ! NOT>Y4 ,AS MY APP>5TLY 9EXPLICABLE CONFUSION OV] ! SIGNATURES MAKES CLE>1 SU* DEAD ZONES CAN1 TEMPOR>ILY AT LEA/1 R5D] ANYBODY /UPID4 ,JU/ AS1 ! FIR/ TIME ,I CON/RUCT$ ?IS >GUM5T1 ,I WAS ACTUALLY UNAW>E ?AT MO/ ( !SE IDEAS HAD ALREADY BE5 DEVELOP$ )9 FEM9I/ /&PO9T !ORY4 ,?AT !ORY ITSELF HAD BE5 SO M>G9ALIZ$ ,I WAS ONLY VAGUELY AW>E ( IT4 ,!SE T]RITORIES PRES5T US ) A K9D ( BUREAUCRATIC MAZE ( BL9DNESS1 IGNORANCE1 & ABSURDITY1 & IT IS P]FECTLY UND]/&ABLE ?AT DEC5T PEOPLE SEEK TO AVOID !M--9 FACT1 ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE /RATEGY ( POLITICAL LIB]ATION YET DISCOV]$ LIES PRECISELY 9 AVOID+ !M--BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS ONLY AT \R P]IL ?AT WE SIMPLY PRET5D ?AT !Y'RE NOT !RE4 

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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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