,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #c 
,SITUATION ( ! ,PEASANTS 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c4 ,SITUATION ( ! ,PEASANTS 

  

,F\R SUCCESSIVE P]IODS MU/ BE DI/+UI%$4 

,AT FIR/1 SEEK+ TO GA9 & CONSOLIDATE ! SYMPA?IES ( ,RUSSIA'S VA/ LABOR+ MASSES & ! ,>MY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T PRACTIC$ A 0LAISSEZ FAIRE0 POLICY T[>D ! PEASANTS4 ,& ! PEASANTS -- AS ! READ] KN[S -- BEGAN TO TAKE ! L&1 ! L&LORDS EI!R BE+ 9 FLI<T OR HAV+ BE5 DRIV5 \T LONG BE=E ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,L59 REGIME HAD ONLY TO APPROVE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS4.<#c#g.> 

0,BY !MSELVES1 ! SOLDI]S /OPP$ ! W>1 :ILE ! PEASANTS TOOK OV] ! L& & ! WORK]S ! FACTORIES10 WE >E TOLD BY ,PAUL ,MILI\KOV1 WELL-KN[N ,RUSSIAN HI/ORIAN & WRIT]1 & EX-,=EIGN ,M9I/] ( ! FIR/ PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T4 0,L59 HAD ONLY TO SANCTION ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT TO MAKE SURE ( ! SYMPA?IES ( ! SOLDI]S1 ! PEASANTS1 & ! WORK]S40.<#c#h.> 

,!RE IS MU* TRU? 9 ?IS /ATEM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS LEAD]1 AL?\< HE IS WRONG NOT TO TAKE ANY NOTICE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ACTIVITY & PROPAG&A ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,) ?IS RES]VATION1 HIS TE/IMONY IS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+4 ,MILI\KOV ALWAYS WAS A KE5 OBS]V] & 9T]PRET] ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 ,HE HELD A PO/ :I* P]MITT$ HIM TO OBTA9 S\ND 9=MATION4 ,F9ALLY1 HE HAD NO REASON TO DIM9I% ! ROLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 7,WE %\LD NOTE 9 PASS+ ?AT ?IS TE/IMONY IS V]Y SUGGE/IVE1 NOT ONLY 9 REG>D TO ! WORK] & PEASANT PROBLEM DUR+ ! W>1 BUT ALSO TO ! PROBLEM ( W>74 

,NOTICE .<IS P]T95T H]E.> TO ALL :O1 9T5TIONALLY OR ?R\< IGNORANCE1 CONT5D ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS A*IEV$1 NOT BY ! MASSES1 BUT BY ! ,BOL%EVIKI4 ,H]E IS A PO9T TO UND]L9E3 ,?AT FUNDAM5TALLY1 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 LIKE ! ONE 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! MASSES1 ( C\RSE ) ! HELP & SUP4 PORT ( REVOLUTIONI/S ( ALL S*OOLS4 ,! MASSES W]E READY FR ! NEW REVOLUTION2 !Y A*IEV$ IT FROM DAY TO DAY1 EV]Y:]E AT ! MOM5T4 ,?AT IS :AT IS IMPORTANT2 ?AT IS :AT IT MEANS TO 0ACCOMPLI% A REVOLUTION04 ,AS = ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !Y P]=M$ A PURELY POLITICAL ACT 9 TAK+ P[]4 ,?AT 9EVITABLY HAD TO OCCUR 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS POPUL> REVOLUTION ON ! M>*4 ,BY !IR POLITICAL ACT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKI /OPP$ ! REAL ,REVOLUTION1 & CAUS$ ITS DEVIATION4 

,!Y CLAIM ?AT IF !Y HAD NOT TAK5 P[]1 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE REGA9$ CONTROL & ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,?AT ASS]TION IS GRATUIT\S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ABLE TO SEIZE P[] BECAUSE ! VA/ MASSES W]E = ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! 0MASSES0 MA9LY W]E ! .<9DU/RIAL.> WORK]S1 ! PEASANTS1 & ! SOLDI]S4 ,) ! WORK]S TAK+ OV] ! FACTORIES1 ! PEASANTS SEIZ+ ! L&1 ! REVOLUTION>IES HELP+ BO?1 & ! SOLDI]S BE+ P>TISANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 :AT .<POSSIBLE.> =CE -- )\T 9DU/RY1 )\T FUNDS1 )\T HELP1 & )\T AN >MY -- C\LD HAVE /OPP$ IT8 ,=EIGN 9T]V5TION8 ,:O KN[S :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! SITUATION & ! ATTITUDE 9 O!R C\NTRIES IF ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 ! C\RSE VISUALIZ$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S8 ,:O KN[S :AT ! CONSEQU5CES W\LD HAVE BE58 ,AT ?AT MOM5T1 ! TWO !SES %\LD HAVE BE5 DEBAT$ PUBLICLY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS PREF]R$ TO SUPPRESS ! O!R1 & ! WORLD HAS BE5 SUFF]+ ! CONSEQU5CES = A QU>T] ( A C5TURY4 

,! /ATEM5T .<BY ,MIL\KOV.>1 AMONG O!RS1 CONFIRMS ! FUNDAM5TAL !SIS ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,!Y HAD MA9TA9$1 9 FACT1 ?AT :5 ! ESS5TIAL & FAVORABLE CONDITIONS W\LD COME 9TO BE+1 ! MASSES W\LD BE P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( A*IEV+ ! ,REVOLUTION !MSELVES1 ) ! AID & SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,!Y ADD 7& ?IS IS ! ESS5TIAL PO9T ( !IR \TLOOK7 ?AT AFT] ! VICTORY1 ! ,REVOLUTION %\LD FOLL[ ! SAME C\RSE -- FREE ACTION ( ! MASSES1 SUPPORT$ BY ! FREE ACTION ( ! REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL S*OOLS1 )\T ANY POLITICAL P>TY1 HAV+ ELIM9AT$ ! O!RS1 9/ALL+ ITSELF 9 P[]1 IMPOS+ ITS DICTATOR%IP1 & MONOPOLIZ+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,!RE=E1 9 ! BEG9N+ -- 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD -- ,L59 DID NOT BO!R ! PEASANTS4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON1 AMONG O!RS1 ?AT ! LATT] SUPPORT$ HIM1 ?US LEAV+ HIM ! TIME NECESS>Y TO CONSOLIDATE HIS P[] & HIS ,/ATE4 ,AT ?AT /AGE IT WAS EV5 SAID -- ESPECIALLY ABROAD -- ?AT ! PEASANTS W]E ! ONES :O HAD GA9$ ! MO/ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 DESPITE ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E1 W]E OBLIG$ TO BASE !MSELVES1 NOT ON ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ON ! PEASANT CLASS4 

,BUT LAT] -- 9 ! SECOND P]IOD -- TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ,/ATE /R5G!N$ ITSELF & 9 ! MEASURE ?AT ! CITIES1 !IR PROVISIONS EXHAU/$1 TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO ! C\NTRY1 ,L59 BEGAN TO CLOSE ! CIRCLE >\ND ! PEASANTS MORE & MORE4 

,IF ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES & ! 9DU/RIAL REGIONS HAD HAD1 ?R\< !IR 9DEP5D5T & ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE & ACTION1 !Y C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE E/ABLI%$ DIRECT & FRUITFUL ECONOMIC CONTACT ) ! PEASANTS = PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,ONE CAN BE SURE ?AT SU* CONTACT BETWE5 ! FREE PRODUC]S ( ! CITIES & ! C\NTRY W\LD HAVE L$ TO ALLIANCES & F9ALLY TO A PRACTICAL & SATISFACTORY SOLUTION ( ?IS BASIC PROBLEM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION -- ?AT ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES ( TOIL]S1 BETWE5 ! TWO ESS5TIAL BRAN*ES ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 

,BUT1 LOOK6 ,! WORK]S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS HAD NO FRE$OM ( ACTION1 NO FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE4 ,& LIKEWISE ! PEASANTS HAD NEI!R4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT ALONE C\LD ACT1 V5TURE1 RESOLVE4 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 NATURALLY EV]YBODY AWAIT$ ITS DECISIONS4 

,! PEASANTS :O1 AT ! DIRECT SUGGE/IONS & PROPOSALS ( ! WORK]S C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE DONE1 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 LONG BE=E & 9 A NATURAL WAY1 SPONTANE\S & SIMPLE1 :AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! CITIES1 N[ DID NOT MOVE1 :ILE ! ,GOV]NM5T -- :I* WAS !RE = ?AT PURPOSE -- DID NOT MAKE ITS 9T5TIONS KN[N4 

,BY ITS PRES5CE & ITS V]Y FUNCTIONS1 A GOV]NM5T 9T]POSES ITSELF BETWE5 ! TWO /RATA ( WORK]S & SEP>ATES !M4 ,AUTOMATICALLY1 IT PREV5TS !M FROM CONF]R+1 S9CE IT TAKES *>GE ( 9T]V5+ BETWE5 ! TWO AS AN 9T]M$I>Y1 AN >BIT]4 

,!RE=E ,L59 9T]V5$4 ,NATURALLY1 AS A ,M>XI/ DICTATOR HE UND]/OOD NO?+ ( ! REAL SITUATION4 ,HE EXPLA9$ ! 9DIFF]5T ATTITUDE ( ! PEASANTS1 NOT AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! APPLICATION ( FALSE GOV]NM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 BUT AS A MANIFE/ATION ( !IR 0EGOISM01 !IR 0PETTY-B\RGEOIS M5TALITY01 !IR 0HO/ILITY TO ! CITIES04 

,HE ACT$ BRUTALLY4 ,?R\< A S]IES ( DECREES & ORD9ANCES1 HE CALL$ UPON ! PEASANTS TO TURN OV] ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR H>VE/ TO ! ,/ATE4 ,?AT SUMMONS WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! >M$ =CES & ! POLICE4 ,?IS WAS ! P]IOD ( REQUISITIONS1 ( IMPOSITIONS1 ( 0>M$ EXP$ITIONS01 9 %ORT1 ( 0W> ,COMMUNISM04 ,! MILIT>Y VIOL5CE WAS ?RU/ UPON ! PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO TAKE FROM !M ALL ?AT ! ,/ATE NE$$4 

,! PEASANTS W]E =BIDD5 TO SELL !IR PRODUCTS4 ,>\ND ! RAILROADS1 ON ! HI<WAYS1 & >\ND ! CITIES1 0B>RICADES0 W]E SET UP TO PREV5T SU* SELL+1 :I* ! ,/ATE CALL$ 0SPECULATION04 ,?\S&S ( PEASANTS & O!R 0CITIZ5S0 W]E >RE/$ & SOME ( !M W]E %OT = VIOLAT+ ?OSE .<ANTI-SALES DECREES.>4 ,IT %\LD BE UNNECESS>Y TO SAY ?AT IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! POOR WRET*ES :O W]E C>RY+ A SACK ( FL\R TO A CITY = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( 5ABL+ !MSELVES TO 9CREASE !IR DAILY SU/5ANCE1 OR ELSE ! PEASANTS :O CAME TO HELP !IR FAMI%$ RELATIVES OR FRI5DS1 :O W]E CAU<T4 ,! REAL BIG-TIME SPECULATORS EASILY 0=C$0 ! B>RICADES BY GREAS+ PALMS4 ,ONCE MORE1 9 A /ATI/ SY/EM1 ! REALITY MOCK$ ! 0!ORY04 

,SOON ?IS POLICY L$ TO S]I\S DI/URBANCES4 ,! PEASANTS OPPOS$ ! VIOL5CE ) FI]CE RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y HID !IR :EAT2 !Y R$UC$ !IR CROPS TO ! PROPORTIONS /RICTLY NECESS>Y TO SATISFY !IR [N NE$S2 !Y KILL$ !IR LIVE/OCK1 SABOTAG$ ! WORK2 !Y TOOK A /& AGA9/ ! P]QUISITIONS & REQUISITIONS H]E & !RE2 !Y ASSASS9AT$ MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY ! 0COMMISS>S0 9 *>GE ( !SE OP]ATIONS4 

,N[ ! CITIES F\ND !MSELVES ?REAT5$ ) FAM9E1 & NO IMPROVEM5T 9 ! SITUATION C\LD BE 5VISAG$4 ,! WORK]S1 UND]GO+ BITT] PRIVATIONS1 UND]/&+ MORE & MORE ! TRUE REASONS = ?IS FAILURE1 & SEEK+ TO SAVE ! ,REVOLUTION1 BEGAN TO BE S]I\SLY DI/URB$4 ,& P>T ( ! ,>MY %[$ ITSELF FAIRLY DISPOS$ TO SUPPORT ?IS MASS MOVEM5T4 7,IT WAS !N ?AT !RE >OSE1 9 ,M>*1 #a#i#b#a1 ! GREAT UPRIS+ 9 ,KRON/ADT74 ,! SITUATION BECAME CRITICAL4 

,BELIEV+ ?AT ! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ALL ! =CES ( SUPPORT & CO]CION1 W]E 9SUFFICI5TLY CONSOLIDAT$ TO IMPOSE ITS WILL UPON ! C\NTRY AT ANY CO/1 ,L59 RETREAT$4 ,SOON AFT] ,TROTSKY'S 0VICTORY0 OV] ,KRON/ADT1 HE .<,L59.> PROCLAIM$ ! FAM\S ,N4,E4,P41 ! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY04 

,! ,N4,E4,P4 M>KS ! ?IRD P]IOD 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM4 ,IT WAS 0NEW01 H[EV]1 ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! PITILESS RIGOR & ! MILIT>Y MEASURES ( ! PREC$+ P]IOD4 ,IT SIMPLY PROVID$ SOME DEGREE ( RELAXATION4 ,! PRESSURE WAS LET UP A LITTLE TO SATISFY ! BELLIES ( ! PEASANTS & TO APPEASE !IR SPIRITS4 ,! 0NEW POLICY0 GRANT$ !M A C]TA9 AM\NT ( LIB]TY 9 DISPOS+ ( ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR3 NOTABLY TO SELL A P>T ( IT FREELY 9 ! OP5 M>KET4 ,! B>RICADES W]E ELIM9AT$4 ,SMALL TRAD]S B5EFIT$ FROM SOME 0LIB]ALITIES04 ,9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY RECOV]$ SOME RI<TS4 

,BUT1 = A ?\S& REASONS1 ! ,N4,E4,P4 DID NOT *ANGE ANY?+ BASIC4 ,IT DID NOT CON/ITUTE A SOLUTION4 ,IT WAS A HALF-MEASURE1 VAGUE & D\BTFUL4 ,TO BE SURE1 IT CLE>$ ! ATMOSPH]E A BIT4 ,BUT IT CREAT$1 AT ! SAME TIME1 AN ASPECT ( IRRESOLUTION & DISORGANIZATION4 ,SPE$ILY IT L$ TO CONFUSION & CONTRADICTIONS HEAVY ) CONSEQU5CES1 BO? 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD & 9 ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY 9 G5]AL4 

,MOREOV]1 ! EQUIVOCAL & UN/ABLE SITUATION :I* IT BR\<T AB\T REPRES5T$ A DECID$ DANG] TO ! GOV]NM5T'S SECURITY4 ,HAV+ MADE CONCESSIONS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME ADMITT$ A C]TA9 WEAKNESS4 ,?IS 9DIRECT ADMISSION RAIS$ ! HOPES ( ! B\RGEOIS CIRCLES4 ,IT GAVE A NEW IMPETUS TO =CES & ELEM5TS :OSE ACTIVITY & SPIRIT C\LD QUICKLY BECOME S$ITI\S & EV5 P]IL\S = ! REGIME4 ,?IS WAS ALL ! MORE TRUE 9 ?AT ! SYMPA?IES = ! MASSES = ,BOL%EVISM HAD BE5 GREATLY WEAK5$ S9CE #a#i#a#g1 :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T KNEW V]Y WELL4 ,! EV5TUAL REAWAK5+ ( ! B\RGEOIS APPETITES AMONG SOME ELEM5TS ( ! PEASANTRY APPE>$ P>TICUL>LY S]I\S4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY & ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA ALREADY =M$ 9 ! NEW ,/ATE1 & FAIRLY 9FLU5TIAL1 W]E AFRAID4 ,!Y 9SI/$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! GOV]NM5T TO PUT AN 5D TO 0! PAUSE ( ! ,N4,E4,P40 & RETURN TO ! REGIME ( ! ,/ATE-EMPLOY] & ! ,/ATE MAIL$-FI/4 

,= AIL !SE REASONS ,JOSEF ,/AL91 ! SUCCESSOR ( ,L591 :O DI$ 9 #a#i#b#d1 FELT OBLIG$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 TWO SOLUTIONS3 EI!R 5L>GE ! ,N4,E4,P41 :I* W\LD MEAN1 DESPITE ! POSSESSION ( ! 0LEV]S ( CONTROL01 OP5+ ! DOORS TO ! ECONOMIC & P]HAPS POLITICAL RE/ORATION ( A PRIVATE CAPITALI/IC REGIME -- OR ELSE RETURN TO 9TEGRAL /ATISM1 TO A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME1 & RESUME ! (F5SIVE ( ! ,/ATE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS4 

,HAV+ WEI<$ EV]Y?+1 SURE ( ! ACQUIR$ P[] & MA/]Y ( ! ,/ATE1 ASSUR$ ( ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA AS WELL AS ( ! SUPPORT ( A SIZABLE P>T ( ! ,>MY1 COMPLETELY SUBJUGAT$1 & ( ALL ! CO]CIVE =CES ( HIS 0APP>ATUS01 ,/AL9 F9ALLY DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! SECOND SOLUTION4 ,AT ! 5D ( #aibh HE PROCE$$ TO EFFECT ! TOTAL NATIONALIZATION ( ,RUSSIA'S AGRICULTURE3 A NATIONALIZATION CALL$ 0COLLECTIVIZATION01 & REPRES5T+ ! F\R? P]IOD ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! PEASANT PROBLEM4 

,?R\< =CE ( >MS1 ?R\< T]ROR :I* BE=E LONG TOOK ON UNHE>D-( =MS & PROPORTIONS1 ! ,/ATE SET AB\T TAK+ AWAY FROM ! PEASANT :O HAD REMA9$ A L&-[N] HIS PIECE ( L&1 EV5 ?\< ?AT PROP]TY W]E MIDDLE-SIZ$ OR SMALL4 ,?US IT GA9$ EFFECTIVE & COMPLETE POSSESSION ( ! SOIL4 

,PRIOR TO ?AT OP]ATION IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ?REE FACTORS 9 ! SITUATION3  

,! SOVKHOZ1 AN ABBREVIATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORDS1 0,SOVIET POSSESSIONS01 :I* W]E EXPLOIT$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,/ATE4  

,! KOLKHOZ1 MEAN+ 0COLLECTIVE POSSESSIONS01 :I* W]E EXPLOIT$ COMMUNALLY BY ! PEASANTS1 WORK+ UND] ! CONTROL & DIRECTION ( ! ,/ATE4  

,! 9DIVIDUAL CULTIVATOR1 A SORT ( ,/ATE F>M]1 :O1 LIKE ! KOLKHOZ1 !N [$ A P>T ( HIS PRODUCT TO ! ,/ATE4  
  

,?IS DI/9CTION DISAPPE>$ ) ! 0COLLECTIVIZATION04 ,FROM ?AT TIME ONW>D ALL AGRICULTURE BECAME A DIRECT 5T]PRISE ( ! ,/ATE1 EFFECTIVE LORD ( ! L&4 ,EA* 0AGRICULTURAL WORK%OP0 TOOK ! NAME ( KOLKHOZ4 

,EV]Y PEASANT WAS COMPELL$ BY =CE TO 5T] A KOLKHOZ4 ,HIS PIECE ( L& & HIS O!R POSSESSIONS W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,&1 WE MU/ EMPHASIZE1 IT WAS NOT ONLY A QUE/ION ( ! MORE OR LESS WELL-(F PEASANTS1 BUT ALSO ( MILLIONS ( POOR F>M]S1 :O HAD JU/ 5\< TO FE$ !MSELVES1 NOT EMPLOY+ HELP & POSSESS+ SOLELY :AT WAS /RICTLY NECESS>Y = !IR 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 

,S9CE !N EV]Y PEASANT 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 HAS BE5 COMPULSORILY ATTA*$ TO A KOLKHOZ1 AS ! .<9DU/RIAL.> WORK] IS TO A FACTORY4 ,! ,/ATE HAS TRANS=M$ HIM NOT ONLY 9TO A ,/ATE F>M]1 BUT 9TO A S]F1 & =CES HIM TO WORK = HIS NEW MA/]4 ,& LIKE ALL REAL MA/]S1 IT LEAVES HIM1 \T ( ! PRODUCT ( HIS TOIL1 ONLY ! 9DISP5SABLE M9IMUM TO MA9TA9 LIFE4 ,! RE/1 ! MAJOR P>T1 IS PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,& ALSO1 LIKE ALL REAL MA/]S1 ! LATT] DECIDES H[ ?IS %ALL BE MADE USE (1 )\T ! PEASANT HAV+ ! SLI<TE/ SAY 9 ! MATT]4 ,TRUE1 ?IS SURPLUS DOES NOT GO TO 5RI* ! CAPITALI/S1 BUT !RE >E O!R /RATA .<! PRIVILEG$.> TO 5RI* 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,!ORETICALLY ! ,/ATE 0BUYS0 ! PRODUCTS FROM ! KOLKHOZ4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT IT REMUN]ATES ! PEASANTS = !IR LABOR4 ,BUT1 BE+ ! ONLY L&LORD & PUR*AS]1 IT PAYS AN ABSURDLY L[ PRICE = ?OSE COMMODITIES4 ,?AT REMUN]ATION IS ONLY A NEW =M ( EXPLOITATION ( ! PEASANT MASSES BY ! CAPITALI/IC ,/ATE4 

,TO UND]/& ?IS1 IT SUFFICES TO SAY ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORTS ( ! 0,SOVIET0 PRESS1 ! ,/ATE REALIZ$1 9 #a#i#c#f1 A PR(IT ( NE>LY #b#e11 RUBLES FROM ! RE-SALE ( PRODUCTS B\<T FROM ! KOLKHOZES4 ,AGA91 9 #a#i#c#g1 ! KOLHHOZI/S GOT ONLY #e P] C5T1 ( ! REAL VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR4 ,! REMA9D] WAS RETA9$ AS TAXES1 ADM9I/RATIVE EXP5SES1 V>I\S REV5UES1 ET CET]A4 

,NE>LY ALL ( ! PEASANT POPULATION 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 F9DS ITSELF TODAY 9 A /ATE ( S]FDOM4 ,?IS AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION RECALLS ! FAM\S 0MILIT>Y COLONIES0 ( ,>AKT*EIEV 9 ! TIME ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I4 ,9 FACT1 0,SOVIET0 AGRICULTURE IS 0ME*ANIZ$01 0BUREAUCRATIZ$01 0MILIT>IZ$04 

,TO >RIVE AT ?AT GOAL1 ,/AL9 HAD TO USE T]RIBLE ME?ODS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS4 ,9 MANY PLACES1 ! C\NTRYSIDE DID NOT ACCEPT ! ANN\NC$ RE=MS ) GOOD GRACE3 ,IT WAS RECALCITRANT4 ,/AL9 HAD EXPECT$ ?IS4 ,HE DID NOT HESITATE4 ,MILLIONS ( PEASANTS W]E IMPRISON$1 DEPORT$1 OR %OT = ! LEA/ RESI/ANCE4 ,DETA*M5TS ( 0SPECIAL0 TROOPS -- A SORT ( MILIT>IZ$ POLICE =CE -- PRIM>ILY FULFILL$ ?AT TASK4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( !SE 0EXP$ITIONS0 A NUMB] ( RECALCITRANT OR REBEL VILLAGES W]E DEMOLI%$ BY >TILL]Y & MA*9E-GUNS & BURN$4 

,&1 P>ALLEL ) ?OSE UPHEAVALS1 SEV]AL FAM9ES DEVA/AT$ :OLE REGIONS & C>RI$ (F O!R MILLIONS ( VICTIMS4 

,F9ALLY1 0MI<T WAS RI<T04 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BE A/ONI%$ OR TO BE SKEPTICAL AB\T \R REVELATIONS4 ,WE KN[ FROM O!R EXAMPLES1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,FASCISM & ,HITL]ISM1 TO :AT AN EXT5T AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME1 >M$ ) ALL 6! MOD]N ME?ODS1 CAN SUBJUGATE ! MASSES1 & IMPOSE ITS WILL UPON !M1 DESPITE ALL RESI/ANCE & ALL OB/ACLES1 SO LONG AS ! POLICE & ! ,>MY OBEY IT4 

,SOME SAY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T HAD NO O!R MEANS TO SAFEGU>D ITS REGIME1 TO SAVE ! C\NTRY FROM P]MAN5T FAM9E & O!R DISA/]S WORSE ?AN ! REM$Y1 TO 0MAKE AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS01 & TO 0ASSURE ! M>* T[>D ,SOCIALISM04 

,WE AGREE -- EXCEPT = ! GOALS4 

,YES1 ! /ATI/1 GOV]NM5TAL PROCESS HAS NO O!R MEANS ?A !SE4 ,BUT ?AT IS1 PRECISELY1 IRREFUTABLE PRO( ?AT ITS DOCTR9E IS ]RONE\S & ?AT ! SITUATION CREAT$ IS 9SOLUBLE4 ,= BY SU* MEANS ,SOCIALISM WILL NEV] HE A*IEV$4 

,?IS SY/EM CAN 0ASSURE0 A M>*1 NOT T[>D ,SOCIALISM1 BUT T[>D ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 :I* IS MORE ABOM9ABLE ?AN PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,& ?IS SY/EM IS NOT AT ALL A 0TRANSITIONAL0 /ATE1 AS !Y .<! 0,COMMUNI/S0.> FREQU5TLY WI% TO MAKE US BELIEVE2 IT IS SIMPLY ANO!R ME?OD ( DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,IT WILL HAVE TO BE COMBAT$ AS O!R SY/EMS1 BAS$ ON DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION1 HAVE BE5 & >E BE+ COMBAT$4 

,AS = ! 0PROGRESS ( AGRICULTURE01 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! TRUE PROGRESSIVE COLLECTIVIZATION ( ?IS BRAN* -- AS 9DE$ ( ! :OLE ECONOMY -- WILL HAVE TO BE A*IEV$ BY =CES :I* HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?OSE ( A /ATI/ POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP4 

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT = A :ILE ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM BECAME S]I\SLY COMPLICAT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ,! PEASANT MASSES C>RI$ ON A /RUGGLE1 BL9D BUT EFFECTIVE1 AGA9/ ! ,/ATE-EMPLOY]1 & SABOTAG$ ! WORK ( ! KOLKHOZ2 ! AGRICULTURAL \TPUT BEGAN TO FALL CATA/ROPHICALLY4 ,9 ORD] TO /IMULATE ! KOLKHOZI/S & TO RECONCILE !M TO ! SY/EM1 !Y W]E !N ALL[$1 )9 ! KOLKHOZ ITSELF1 A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 V]Y RE/RICT$1 A LITTLE L&1 A FEW ANIMALS1 SOME TOOLS4 ,& ! KOLKHOZI/ WAS P]MITT$ TO WORK A LITTLE = HIMSELF4 

,! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ?IS MEASURE WAS NOT SL[ 9 MAK+ ITSELF FELT3 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PEASANT & ! ,/ATE SOON CRY/ALLIZ$ ITSELF >\ND ?IS 0PRIVATE SECTOR0 70>\ND ! C[01 !Y .<! ,RUSSIANS.> 9 ! C\NTRY SAY74 

,S9CE !N ! PEASANTS HAVE TRI$ /UBBORNLY TO 9CREASE !IR 0PROP]TY01 !IR RI<TS1 & !IR P]SONAL WORK1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! KOLKHOZ4 ,NATURALLY ! ,/ATE HAS OPPOS$ ?IS T5D5CY4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO SP>E AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ! 09DIVIDUAL SECTOR01 ! \TPUT ( :I* IS SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! KOLKHOZ1 & :I* CONTRIBUTES L>GELY TO ! ,/ATE'S PROSP]ITY4 

,AT PRES5T ?IS /RUGGLO & !SO HESITATIONS COMB9E TO MAKE UP ! N]VE C5T] ( ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM 9 ! 0,SOVIET0 ,UNION4 ,IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ?AT DOMA9 IS ON ! EVE ( A NEW & FIF? P]IOD 9 ITS AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION4 

,WE MU/ NOTE1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE DETAILS & O!RS *ANGE NO?+ ( ! G5]AL PICTURE :I* WE HAVE JU/ PA9T$4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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