,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,MASS ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I,I4 ,UKRA9E 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a7 

  
,*APT] #a4 ,MASS ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E 

  

,?IS *APT] PUTS ME 9 A QU&>Y4 

,IF ,I DEVOT$ A HUNDR$ OR SO PAGES TO ! ,KRON/ADT MOVEM5T1 A PROP] TREATM5T ( ! EV5TS 9 ! ,UKRA9E W\LD REQUIRE AT LEA/ FIVE TIMES AS MU* SPACE1 9 VIEW ( !IR SCOPE1 !IR DURATION1 & ABOVE ALL !IR REVOLUTION>Y & MORAL IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,BESIDES1 MY DOCUM5TATION ON ?IS MOVEM5T IS LIMIT$ TO ! \T/&+ WORK ( ,PET] ,>%9OV3 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T4.<#a#f.> ,& 9 MY PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES ,I CANNOT COMPLETE ,>%9OV'S WORK4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 FILL+ PAGES ) DOCUM5TS ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 PUBLI%$ -- EV5 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT !IR SPECIFIC *>ACT] & ! BIBLIOGRAPHICAL R>ITY ( ! WORK -- SEEMS EXAGG]AT$4 

,I CAN OBVI\SLY 5RI* ! /UDY ) TWO IMPORTANT ELEM5TS3 7#a7 C]TA9 FACTS SET =? 9 VOLUMES ,I,I & ,I,I,I ( ! ,MEMOIRS ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 9ITIATOR & MILIT>Y LEAD] ( ! MOVEM5T1 :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ ONLY 9 ,RUSSIAN 79 #aicf & #a#i#c#g72 7#b7 C]TA9 P]SONAL EXP]I5CES ( MY [N1 S9CE ,I TOOK P>T 9 ?IS MOVEM5T ON TWO OCCASIONS1 AT ! 5D ( #aiai & AT ! 5D ( #a#i#b1 = AB\T SIX MON?S4 

,AS = ! ,MEMOIRS ( ,MAKHNO3 ! DEA? ( !IR AU?OR 5D$ ! WORK AT ITS V]Y BEG9N+S 7,MAKHNO DI$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#c#e74 ,! ?REE VOLUMES :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 7! FIR/ 9 ,RUSSIAN & 9 ,FR5*1 LONG BE=E ! FOLL[+ TWO7 ONLY TREAT ! P]IOD #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h2 !Y /OP PRECISELY ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! REAL MOVEM5T1 ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC & IMPORTANT EV5TS 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a74  

,! ACC\NT ( MY [N P]SONAL EXP]I5CES W\LD BE EXTREMELY USEFUL IF IT C\LD BE 9S]T$ 9TO A G5]AL & COMPLETE HI/ORY4 ,DETA*$ FROM ?IS :OLE1 !Y DO NOT HAVE ! SAME IMPORTANCE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO SPEAK ( ! MASS MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE /UDIES ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION FROM ! P]SPECTIVE :I* ,I HAVE 9 M9D4 

,?IS MOVEM5T PLAY$ AN EXCEPTIONALLY IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION3 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ?AT ( ,KRON/ADT4 ,?IS IMPORTANCE IS DUE TO ITS EXT5T1 ITS DURATION1 ITS ESS5TIALLY POPUL> *>ACT]1 ITS CLE>-CUT IDEOLOGICAL /&PO9T1 & F9ALLY ! TASKS IT SET \T TO ACCOMPLI%4 

,= REASONS ?AT ! READ] ( ?IS BOOK WILL EASILY UND]/&1 ALL ! AVAILABLE LIT]ATURE1 ( :ATEV] TYPE1 MAKES ABSOLUTELY NO M5TION ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,OR IF IT DOES1 IT DOES SO 9 A FEW L9ES & SOLELY ) A VIEW TO SL&]+ IT4 

,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! ,UKRA9IAN EPIC HAS UNTIL TODAY REMA9$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNKN[N4 ,& YET1 AMONG ! ELEM5TS ( ! 0,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION10 IT IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ REM>KABLE4 

,9 FACT1 EV5 ! WORK ( ,>%9OV1 NE>LY #d PAGES LONG1 IS ONLY A SUMM>Y4 ,IF ! ,UKRA9IAN MOVEM5T W]E TREAT$ AS IT DES]VES1 IT W\LD FILL SEV]AL VOLUMES4 ,! MOVEM5T'S DOCUM5TS1 :I* >E ( 5ORM\S HI/ORICAL VALUE1 W\LD ALONE FILL HUNDR$S ( PAGES4 ,PET] ,>%9OV WAS ONLY ABLE TO REPRODUCE A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( !M4 

,A WORK ( ?IS MAGNITUDE WILL HAVE TO BE UND]TAK5 BY FUTURE HI/ORIANS :O HAVE ALL ! REQUIR$ S\RCES AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,\R PRES5T TASK IS TO %$ AS MU* LI<T AS POSSIBLE ON ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,ALL !SE CONTRADICTORY CONSID]ATIONS F9ALLY L$ ME TO MAKE ! FOLL[+ DECISION3  

,TO URGE EV]Y S]I\S & G5U9ELY 9T]E/$ READ] TO READ ! BASIC WORK ( ,PET] ,>%9OV4 ,?IS BOOK CANNOT EASILY BE F\ND1 HAV+ BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 #aibd BY A SMALL LIB]T>IAN BOOK%OP4 ,BUT ! READ] WILL NOT REGRET ! TIME HE SP5DS LOOK+ = IT 9 BOOK%OPS1 ALONG ! QUAIS ( ,P>IS1 OR 9 L>GE LIBR>IES4  

,TO COMMUNICATE TO ! READ] ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! MOVEM5T1 BY DRAW+ HEAVILY FROM ,PET] ,>%9OV'S DOCUM5TATION4  

,TO COMPLETE ! EXPOSITION ) C]TA9 DETAILS DRAWN FROM ,N4 ,MAKHNO'S MEMOIRS4  

,TO COMPLETE IT ) P]SONAL EXP]I5CES1 ) MY P]SONAL IMPRESSIONS & EVALUATIONS4  
  

,! NAME ,UKRA9E 7OR ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA7 DESIGNATES A VA/ REGION ( S\?-WE/]N ,RUSSIA :OSE >EA IS AB\T #d#e1 SQU>E KILOMET]S 7NE>LY F\R-FIF?S ! SIZE ( ,FRANCE7 & :I* CONTA9S AB\T ?IRTY MILLION 9HABITANTS4 ,IT 9CLUDES ! DEP>TM5TS1 OR 0GOV]NM5TS10 ( ,KIEV1 ,T*]NIGOV1 ,POLTAVA1 ,KH>KOV1 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,KH]SON & ,TAURIDE4 ,! LATT] LIES AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,CRIMEA1 FROM :I* IT IS SEP>AT$ BY A P>T ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA1 BY ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS & BY ! /RAITS ( ! ,SEA ( ,AZOV4 

,)\T GETT+ 9VOLV$ 9 A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! ,UKRA9E1 ,I WILL BRIEFLY M5TION SEV]AL *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ! C\NTRY :I* ! READ] %\LD KN[ 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO UND]/& ! EV5TS :I* W]E UNFOLD$ !RE BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#b#a4 

,IT IS ONE ( ! WEAL?IE/ AGRICULTURAL REGIONS 9 ! WORLD4 ,! RI* & F]TILE BLACK SOIL YIELDS 9COMP>ABLE CROPS4 ,ONCE ! ,UKRA9E WAS CALL$ 0! GRAN>Y ( ,EUROPE10 = IT WAS A V]Y IMPORTANT S\RCE ( :EAT & O!R AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS = SEV]AL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,BESIDES GRA91 ,UKRA9E IS RI* 9 VEGETABLES & FRUITS1 9 F]TILE /EPPES1 & PA/URES1 9 =E/S & WAT]WAYS1 & F9ALLY1 9 ITS EA/]N P>T1 9 ! COAL ( ! ,DON ,BAS94 

,BY REASON ( ITS EXCEPTIONAL RI*NESS1 & ALSO BECAUSE ( ITS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION1 ! ,UKRA9E HAS AT ALL TIMES BE5 A P>TICUL>LY TEMPT+ PRIZE = NEI<BOR+ & EV5 DI/ANT C\NTRIES4 ,= C5TURIES ! ,UKRA9IAN POPULATION1 E?NOGRAPHICALLY MIX$ BUT V]Y MU* UNIT$ 9 ITS FIRM DESIRE TO SAFEGU>D ITS LIB]TY & 9DEP5D5CE1 EXP]I5C$ W>S & /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! ,TURKS1 ! ,POLES & ! ,G]MANS1 & P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ ITS P[]FUL IMM$IATE NEI<BOR1 ! ,GREAT ,RUSSIA ( ! ,CZ>S4 ,F9ALLY1 IT WAS 9CORPORAT$ P>TLY BY CONQUE/ & P>TLY VOLUNT>ILY 7S9CE IT FELT AN IMP]ATIVE NE$ TO BE EFFECTIVELY PROTECT$ BY A S+LE & P[]FUL NEI<BOR AGA9/ ! V>I\S COMPETITORS = ITS WEAL?71 9TO ! IMM5SE ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 

,H[EV]1 ! E?NIC COMPOSITION ( ! ,UKRA9IAN POPULATION1 !IR PECULI>ITIES ( *>ACT]1 TEMP]AM5T & M5TALITY1 !IR TRADITIONAL CONTACTS -- ?R\< W>F>E1 COMM]CE1 ETC4 -- ) ! WE/]N WORLD1 TOGE!R ) C]TA9 GEOGRAPHICAL & TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ( !IR REGION1 RESULT$ 9 ! MA9T5ANCE UND] ! ,CZ>S ( A FAIRLY M>K$ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SITUATION ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA & ?AT ( ! ,UKRA9E4 

,C]TA9 P>TS ( ! ,UKRA9E NEV] ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE :OLLY SUBJUGAT$1 AS HAD HAPP5$ 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,!IR POPULATION ALWAYS PRES]V$ A SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ( RESI/ANCE1 ( POPUL> REBELLION4 ,RELATIVELY CULTIVAT$ & REF9$1 9DIVIDUALI/IC & CAPABLE ( TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE )\T FL9*+1 JEAL\S ( HIS 9DEP5D5CE1 W>LIKE BY TRADITION1 READY TO DEF5D HIMSELF & ACCU/OM$1 = C5TURIES1 TO FEEL FREE & HIS [N MA/]1 ! ,UKRA9IAN WAS 9 G5]AL NEV] SUBJUGAT$ TO ?AT TOTAL SLAV]Y -- NOT ONLY ( ! BODY BUT ALSO ( ! SPIRIT -- :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! POPULATION ( ! RE/ ( ,RUSSIA4 

,?IS APPLI$ P>TICUL>LY TO ! 9HABITANTS ( C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 :O HAD EV5 OBTA9$ A SORT ( TACIT HABEAS CORPUS1 & LIV$ 9 FRE$OM1 S9CE !IR C\NTRY WAS RELATIVELY 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,CZ>S1 RA!R LIKE ! MAQUIS ( ,CORSICA4 

,ON ! ISL&S ( ! L[] ,DNIEP] -- 9 ! FAM\S ,ZAPOROJIE DI/RICT -- M5 9 LOVE ) LIB]TY HAD ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES1 FROM ! #a#d? C5TURY1 9 EXCLUSIVELY MASCUL9E CAMPS1 & /RUGGL$ = C5TURIES AGA9/ ! ATTEMPTS AT 5SLAVEM5T BY V>I\S NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4.<#a#g.> ,F9ALLY1 ?IS W>RIOR POPULATION HAD TO SUBMIT TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE4 ,BUT ! TRADITION ( ! VOLNITZA 7FREE LIFE7 WAS P]PETUAT$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E & C\LD NEV] BE /IFL$4 ,NO MATT] H[ GREAT W]E ! EF=TS ( ! ,CZ>S S9CE ,CA!R9E ,I,I TO WIPE FROM ! SPIRIT ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEOPLE ALL TRACE ( ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,ZAPOROJ ,REPUBLIC1 ?IS H]ITAGE ( PA/ C5TURIES 7#a#d?-#a#f?7 REMA9$4 

,S]FDOM1 PITILESS 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 HAD A SOME:AT MORE 0LIB]AL0 APPE>ANCE 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 BY REASON ( ! CON/ANT RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTS4 ,?\S&S ( !M ESCAP$ FROM LORDS :O W]E TOO BRUTAL1 FL$ TO ! BU% & TOOK REFUGE 9 ! VOLNITZA4 

,9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 ALL ?OSE :O DID NOT WANT TO BE S]FS ANY LONG]1 ?OSE :O WANT$ MORE LIB]TY1 ?OSE :O LOV$ ! 9DEP5D5T LIFE1 ?OSE :O HAD DIFFICULTIES ) ! POLICE OR FELL UND] ! KN\T ( ! ,IMP]IAL LAWS FL$ TO ! /EPPES1 ! =E/S & O!R 9ACCESSIBLE REGIONS ( ! ,UKRA9E1 & !RE BEGAN A NEW LIFE4 ,?US = C5TURIES1 ! ,UKRA9E WAS ! PROMIS$ L& ( FUGITIVES ( EV]Y K9D4 ,! PROXIMITY ( ! SEA & ! PORTS ( ,TAGANROG1 ,B]DIANSK1 ,KH]SON1 ,NIKOLAIEV & ,ODESSA1 ! NE>NESS ( ! ,CAUCASUS & ,CRIMEA1 REGIONS DI/ANT FROM ! C5T]S & FULL ( HID+ PLACES -- 9CREAS$ ! POSSIBILITIES = /RONG & 5T]PRIS+ 9DIVIDUALS TO LEAD A FREE1 UNSUBJUGAT$ LIFE1 BREAK+ ) EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,SOME ( !SE M5 LAT] PROVID$ A NUCLEUS = ?OSE VAGABONDS 7BOSSIAKI7 :O W]E SO MA/]FULLY DEPICT$ BY ,MAXIM ,GORKI4 

,?US ! :OLE ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,UKRA9E WAS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,GREAT ,RUSSIA1 & D[N TO \R [N TIME1 ! PEASANTS ( ! ,UKRA9E HAVE PRES]V$ A P>TICUL> LOVE = FRE$OM1 :I* HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! /UBBORN RESI/ANCE TO ALL P[]S ?AT HAVE S\<T TO SUBJUGATE !M4 

,9 VIEW ( !SE FACTS ! READ] WILL UND]/& :Y ! DICTATOR%IP & /ATISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5C\NT]$ A MU* MORE DET]M9$ & PROLONG$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,UKRA9E ?AN 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,O!R FACTORS FAVOR$ ?IS ATTITUDE3  

,! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W]E WEAK 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 9 COMP>ISON ) ?OSE 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS OV] ! PEASANTS & WORK]S !RE WAS ALWAYS 9SIGNIFICANT4  

,= ?IS & O!R REASONS1 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION TOOK EFFECT !RE MU* LAT]2 IT BEGAN AT ! 5D ( ,NOVEMB] #aiag & WAS /ILL GO+ ON 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h4 ,IT WAS FIR/ ! LOCAL NATIONALI/ B\RGEOISIE -- ! ,PETLURI/I1 OR P>TISANS ( ! 0DEMOCRAT0 ,PETLURA -- :O RETA9$ P[] 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 P>ALLEL+ ! P[] ( ,K]5SKY 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS F\<T ?IS P[] MORE ON MILIT>Y ?AN ON REVOLUTION>Y GR\NDS4  

,! UNPOPUL>ITY & ! IMPOT5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEANT ?AT ! TAK+ ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS WAS C>RI$ ON QUITE DIFF]5TLY ?AN 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4  
  

,9 ! ,UKRA9E1 ! ,SOVIETS W]E 9 A MU* MORE REAL S5SE MEET+S ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' DELEGATES4 ,NOT BE+ DOM9AT$ BY A POLITICAL P>TY -- = ! ,M5%EVIKS1 LIKEWISE1 DID NOT PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! ,UKRA9E -- !SE ,SOVIETS HAD NO MEANS = SUBORD9AT+ ! MASSES4 ,H5CE1 ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES1 & ! PEASANTS 9 ! VILLAGES FELT !MSELVES TO BE A G5U9E =CE4 ,9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES1 !Y W]E NOT ACCU/OM$ TO YIELD ! 9ITIATIVE TO ANYONE1 OR TO HAVE BY !IR SIDE A CON/ANT & 9FLEXIBLE TUTOR LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 A MU* GREAT] FRE$OM ( SPIRIT1 ( ?\<T & ACTION TOOK ROOT4 ,IT 9EVITABLY MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! MASS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 

,ALL !SE FACTORS MADE !MSELVES FELT FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,:ILE 9 ,GREAT ,RUSSIA ! REVOLUTION WAS BR\<T 9TO ! ORBIT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ /ATE QUICKLY & )\T DIFFICULTY1 ?IS PROCESS ( /ATIFICATION & DICTATOR%IP MET ) CONSID]ABLE OB/ACLES 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK 0,SOVIET APP>ATUS0 WAS 9/ALL$ PRIM>ILY BY MILIT>Y =CE4 

,AN AUTONOM\S MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 ESPECIALLY ! PEASANT MASSES1 5TIRELY NEGLECT$ BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 DEVELOP$ P>ALLEL TO ! PROCESS ( /ATIFICATION4 ,?IS 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY APPE>$ UND] ! 0DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC0 ( ,PETLURA4 ,IT DEVELOP$ SL[LY1 FEEL+ ITS WAY1 BUT IT SEEMS TO HAVE EXI/$ FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g4 ,IT WAS A SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T :I* WAS GROP+ = ! OV]?R[ ( ! S]F ECONOMY & ! CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM BAS$ ON ! COMMON [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! PR9CIPLE ( EXPLOIT+ ! L& BY ! MASSES !MSELVES4 

,9 ! NAME ( !SE PR9CIPLES1 ! WORK]S 9 MANY PLACES DROVE \T ! PROPRIETORS ( FACTORIES & PUT ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION UND] ! CONTROL ( !IR CLASS ORGANIZATIONS3 ! NEW UNIONS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ETC4 ,! PEASANTS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! L& ( ! G5TRY & ! KULAKS 7RI* PEASANTS71 &1 BY RES]V+ ! USE ( IT /RICTLY = ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 \TL9$ A NEW SY/EM ( AGR>IAN ECONOMY4 ,NATURALLY1 ?IS PROCESS SPREAD V]Y SL[LY1 9 A DISORGANIZ$ & SPONTANE\S MANN]4 ,!SE W]E ! FIR/ CLUMSY /EPS T[>DS A L>G]1 MORE CONSCI\S1 & BETT] ORGANIZ$ FUTURE ACTIVITY4 ,BUT ! MASSES 9TUITIVELY FELT ?AT ! ROAD ALONG :I* !Y W]E TRAVEL+ WAS ! RI<T ONE4  
  

0,?IS PRACTICE ( DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y ACTION BY ! WORK]S & PEASANTS10 SAYS ,PET] ,>*9OV1 0DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E ALMO/ UNOB/RUCT$ DUR+ ! :OLE FIR/ YE> ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ?US CREAT+ A PRECISE & :OLESOME L9E ( REVOLUTION>Y CONDUCT = ! MASSES4 ,EA* TIME SOME POLITICAL GR\P OR O!R1 HAV+ TAK5 P[]1 TRI$ TO BREAK ?IS L9E ( REVOLUTION>Y CONDUCT ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 ! LATT] BEGAN A REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION & /RUGGL$ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R AGA9/ !SE ATTEMPTS4 

0,?US1 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S T[>DS SOCIAL 9DEP5D5CE :I* HAD BEGUN 9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 DID NOT WEAK51 NO MATT] :AT P[] WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,IT WAS NOT EV5 EXT+UI%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O1 AFT] ! ,OCTOB] UPRIS+1 TRI$ TO 9TRODUCE !IR AU?ORIT>IAN /ATI/ SY/EM 9TO ! C\NTRY4 

0,:AT WAS ESPECIALLY *>ACT]I/IC AB\T ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ITS DESIRE TO ATTA9 ! REAL GOALS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! REVOLUTION1 ITS WILL TO CONQU] LABOR'S COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE1 & F9ALLY ITS DEFIANCE ( ! NON-LABOR+ SOCIAL GR\PS4 

0,DESPITE ALL ! SOPHISMS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 SEEK+ TO PROVE ?AT IT WAS ! BRA9 ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT ITS P[] WAS ?AT ( ! WORK]S1 EV]Y WORK] OR PEASANT :O HAD RETA9$ HIS CLASS SPIRIT OR 9/9CT WAS MORE & MORE AW>E ?AT 9 FACT ! P>TY WAS TURN+ ! WORK]S ( ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE AWAY FROM !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y TASKS2 ?AT P[] HAD !M UND] ITS CONTROL1 ?AT ! V]Y FACT ( A /ATI/ ORGANIZATION WAS A USURPATION ( !IR RI<T TO 9DEP5D5CE & TO ! FREE DISPOSITION ( !IR LABOR4 

,! ASPIRATION TO 9DEP5D5CE1 TO COMPLETE AUTONOMY1 BECAME ! BASIS ( ! MOVEM5T BORN 9 ! DEP?S ( ! MASSES4 ,9 ALL K9DS ( WAYS !IR ?\<TS W]E CON/ANTLY ROOT$ 9 ?IS IDEA4 ,! /ATI/ ACTION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PITILESSLY /IFL$ !SE ASPIRATIONS4 ,BUT IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS ACTION ( A PRESUMPTU\S P>TY1 9TOL]ANT ( ANY OBJECTION1 ?AT CL>IFI$ ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S & DROVE !M TO RESI/4 

0,9 ! BEG9N+1 ?IS MOVEM5T CONF9$ ITSELF TO IGNOR+ ! NEW P[] & P]=M+ SPONTANE\S ACTS :]EBY ! PEASANTS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! L&S & GOODS ( ! L&LORDS4 ,!Y F\ND !IR [N WAYS & MEANS40 

7,PET] ,>*9OV3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T1 PP #g-#g#b7  
  

,! BRUTAL OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS AFT] ! PEACE ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK1 ) ALL ITS T]RIBLE CONSEQU5CES = ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 CREAT$ NEW CONDITIONS- 9 ! C\NTRY & HA/5$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,H]E1 ,I WILL TAKE ! LIB]TY ( QUOT+ ALMO/ AN 5TIRE *APT] FROM ,PET] ,>*9OV'S WORK4 ,A BETT] EXPOSITION ( ! EV5TS :I* FOLL[$ ! PEACE ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK CANNOT BE GIV54 ,LET US RECALL ?AT ! PR9CIPAL CLAUSE ( ! PEACE TREATY GAVE ! ,G]MANS FREE ACCESS TO ! ,UKRA9E1 FROM :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS RETIR$4 

,>*9OV'S AC\NT IS RAPID1 SUB/ANTIAL & P5ETRAT+4 #a NE$ NOT IMPROVE OR ADD ANY?+4 ,IT IS ABSOLUTELY CORRECT FACTUALLY1 & EA* DETAIL IS IMPORTANT IF ! READ] WI%ES TO UND]/& SUBSEQU5T EV5TS4  
  

0,! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TREATY CONCLUD$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) ! ,IMP]IAL ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T OP5$ WIDE ! DOORS ( ! ,UKRA9E TO ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,!Y 5T]$ IT AS MA/]S4 ,!Y DID NOT CONF9E !MSELVES TO MILIT>Y ACTION1 BUT BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS TO APPROPRIATE ITS PRODUCTS4 

0,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS EASILY & COMPLETELY1 !Y REE/ABLI%$ ! P[] ( ! NOBLES & ! L&$ G5TRY :O HAD BE5 OV]?R[N BY ! PEOPLE1 & 9/ALL$ ! AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5T ( ! ,HETMAN ,SKOROPADSKY4 

0,!IR TROOPS W]E SY/EMATICALLY MISL$ BY !IR (FIC]S1 :O REPRES5T$ ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UKRA9E AS AN ORGY ( BL9D1 SAVAGE =CES1 DE/ROY+ ORD] 9 ! C\NTRY & T]RORIZ+ ! HONE/ WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,BY ?IS PROCESS1 !Y PROVOK$ 9 ! SOLDI]S A HO/ILITY T[>DS ! REBEL PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ?US HELP+ ! ACTION 7AN ACTION ( ABSOLUTE HE>TLESS1 COMMON ROBB]Y7 ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN >MIES4 

0,! ECONOMIC PILLAGE ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS ) ! CONNIVANCE & HELP ( ! ,SKOROPADSKY GOV]NM5T WAS COLOSSAL & HORRIFY+4 ,!Y C>RI$ (F EV]Y?+ -- :EAT1 LIVE/OCK1 P\LTRY1 EGGS1 RAW MAT]IALS1 ETC4 -- ALL 9 SU* QUANTITIES ?AT ! MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION WAS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,AS IT WAS BR\<T TO ! IMM5SE DEPOTS :I* W]E GIV5 OV] TO ! LOOT1 ! ,AU/RIANS & ! ,G]MANS HA/5$ TO TAKE AWAY AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 LOAD+ ONE TRA9 AFT] ANO!R4 ,HUNDR$S1 EV5 ?\S&S1 ( TRA9S C>RI$ EV]Y?+ (F4 ,:5 ! PEASANTS RESI/$ ?IS PILLAGE1 & TRI$ TO RETA9 ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 FLOGG+S1 REPRISALS1 & %OOT+S RESULT$4 

0,9 ADDITION TO ! VIOL5CE ( ! 9VAD]S & !IR CYNICAL MILIT>Y BRIG&AGE1 ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A FI]CE REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! G5TRY4 ,! ,HETMAN'S REGIME MEANT ! ANNIHILATION ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S ( ! WORK]S1 A COMPLETE RETURN TO ! PA/4 

0,IT WAS !RE=E NATURAL ?AT ?IS NEW CONDITION /RONGLY ACCEL]AT$ ! M>* ( ! MOVEM5TS PREVI\SLY BEGUN1 UND] ,PETLURA & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,EV]Y:]E1 PRIM>ILY 9 ! VILLAGES1 9SURRECTION>Y ACTS />T$ TO OCCUR AGA9/ ! G5TRY & ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS4 ,IT WAS ?US ?AT BEGAN ! VA/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS1 :I* WAS LAT] GIV5 ! NAME ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURRECTION4 

0,! ORIG9 ( ?IS 9SURRECTION IS (T5 SE5 AS M]ELY ! RESULT ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPATION1 & ! REGIME ( ! ,HETMAN4 ,?IS EXPLANATION IS 9SUFFICI5T & 9ACCURATE4 ,! 9SURRECTION HAD ITS ROOTS 9 ! TOTAL SITUATION & 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS AN ATTEMPT BY ! WORK]S TO LEAD ! ,REVOLUTION TO ITS NATURAL CONCLUSION3 ! TRUE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION & SUPREMACY ( LABOR4 ,! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN 9VASION & ! AGR>IAN REACTION ONLY ACCEL]AT$ ! PROCESS4 

0,! MOVEM5T RAPIDLY TOOK ON VA/ PROPORTIONS4 ,EV]Y:]E ! PEASANTS TOOK A /& AGA9/ ! G5TRY1 ASSASS9AT$ !M OR DROVE !M AWAY1 TOOK OV] !IR L& & !IR GOODS1 & PAID NO ATT5TION TO ! 9VAD]S4 

0,! ,HETMAN & ! ,G]MAN AU?ORITIES RESPOND$ BY IMPLACABLE REPRISALS4 ,! PEASANTS 9 ! REBELLI\S VILLAGES W]E FLOGG$ & %OT 5 MASSE1 :ILE ALL !IR GOODS W]E BURN$4 ,HUNDR$S ( VILLAGES SUFF]$1 9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME1 A T]RIBLE PUNI%M5T FROM ! MILIT>Y & L&$ CA/ES4 ,?IS OCCURR$ 9 ,JUNE1 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 #a#i#a#h4 

0,!N ! PEASANTS P]SEV]+ 9 !IR REVOLT1 ORGANIZ$ AS GU]RILLAS & />T$ H$GE W>F>E4 ,AS IF BY ORD] ( 9VISIBLE ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y =M$ 9 A NUMB] ( PLACES1 ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY1 A MULTITUDE ( P>TISAN DETA*M5TS1 ACT+ MILIT>ILY & ALWAYS BY SURPRISE AGA9/ ! NOBLES1 !IR GU>DS & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( P[]4 ,AS A RULE1 !SE DETA*M5TS CONSI/+ ( TW5TY1 FIFTY OR A HUNDR$ WELL >M$ HORSEM51 W\LD APPE> SUDD5LY :]E !Y W]E LEA/ EXPECT$1 ATTACK A NOBLEMAN OR ! .<,HETMAN'S.> ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 MASSACRE ALL ! 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS & DISAPPE> AS QUICKLY AS !Y HAD COME4 ,EV]Y LORD :O P]SECUT$ ! PEASANTS1 & ALL ( HIS FAI?FUL S]VANTS1 W]E NOT$ BY ! P>TISANS & W]E 9 CONT9UAL DANG] ( BE+ LIQUIDAT$4 ,EV]Y GU>D1 EV]Y ,G]MAN (FIC] WAS CONDEMN$ TO ALMO/ C]TA9 DEA?4 ,!SE EXPLOITS1 OCCURR+ DAILY 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 CUT \T ! HE>T ( ! AGR>IAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 UND]M9$ IT1 & PREP>$ ! WAY = ! TRIUMPH ( ! PEASANTS4 

0,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT1 LIKE ! VA/ & SPONTANE\S PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS1 :I* >OSE )\T ANY PREP>ATION1 !SE ORGANIZ$ GU]RILLA ACTIONS W]E ALWAYS P]=M$ BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES ) NO HELP OR DIRECTION FROM ANY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!IR ME?ODS ( ACT+ MADE IT NECESS>Y = !M TO LOOK AFT] ! NE$S ( ! MOVEM5T !MSELVES1 & TO DIRECT IT & LEAD IT TO VICTORY4 ,DUR+ !IR :OLE FI<T AGA9/ ! ,HETMAN & ! NOBLEM51 EV5 AT ITS MO/ DIFFICULT MOM5TS1 ! PEASANTS REMA9$ ALONE FAC+ !IR VICI\S1 WELL->M$ & ORGANIZ$ 5EMIES4 ,?IS FACT HAD A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! V]Y *>ACT] ( ! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,EV]Y:]E ?AT IT REMA9$ TO ! 5D A 'CLASS ACTION'1 )\T FALL+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( POLITICAL P>TIES OR NATIONALI/ ELEM5TS1 IT RETA9$ 9TACT NOT ONLY ! IMPR9T ( ITS ORIG9 9 ! V]Y DEP?S ( ! PEASANT MASS1 BUT ALSO A SECOND FUNDAM5TAL TRAIT -- ! P]FECT CONSCI\SNESS :I* ALL !SE PEASANTS POSSESS$1 ( BE+ !IR [N GUIDES & ! ANIMATORS ( !IR [N MOVEM5T4 ,! P>TISANS ESPECIALLY W]E P]MEAT$ ) ?IS IDEA4 ,!Y W]E PR\D ( ?IS SPECIAL QUALITY ( !IR MOVEM5T & FELT !MSELVES CAPABLE ( FULFILL+ !IR MISSION4 

0,! SAVAGE REPRISALS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION DID NOT /OP ! MOVEM5T2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y PROVID$ IT ) A MOTIVE = 5L>G+ & EXT5D+4 ,! PEASANTS BECAME 9CREAS+LY UNIT$ AMONG !MSELVES1 DRIV5 BY ! V]Y =CE ( EV5TS TO A G5]AL PLAN ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 

0,TO BE SURE1 ! PEASANTS ( ! :OLE ,UKRA9E W]E NEV] ORGANIZ$ 9TO A S+LE =CE ACT+ UND] A S+LE LEAD]%IP4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT !Y W]E ALL UNIT$1 BUT 9 PRACTICE1 !Y W]E MA9LY ORGANIZ$ LOCALLY1 BY REGIONS1 ! SMALL DETA*M5TS ( P>TISANS1 ISOLAT$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 UNIT+ TO =M L>G] & MORE P[]FUL UNITS4 ,9 SO F> AS ! 9SURRECTIONS BECAME MORE FREQU5T & ! REPRISALS MORE F]OCI\S & ORGANIZ$1 !SE UNIONS BECAME AN URG5T NECESSITY4 

0,9 ! S\? ( ! ,UKRA9E1 IT WAS ! REGION ( ,GULAI-,POLYA :I* TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 UNIFICATION4 ,!RE1 IT TOOK PLACE NOT ONLY = REASONS ( DEF5SE1 BUT ALSO & PRIM>ILY = ! PURPOSE ( ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ! AGR>IAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION40  
  

,?IS LATT] GOAL1 MORE IMPORTANT & DECISIVE 9 *>ACT]1 IMPOS$ ON ! MOVEM5T T[>DS UNIFICATION ( ! PEASANT MASSES A L>G] TASK2 ?AT ( 9CORPORAT+ 9 ! MOVEM5T REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS FROM O!R REGIONS1 & DEVELOP+1 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS1 IF POSSIBLE1 A GREAT ORGANIZ$ =CE CAPABLE ( FI<T+ REACTION AS A :OLE & VICTORI\SLY DEF5D+ ! FRE$OM & T]RITORY ( ! PEOPLE 9 REVOLT4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS WORK ( UNIFICATION & 9 ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTION 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E WAS P]=M$ BY ! DETA*M5T ( P>TISANS GUID$ BY A PEASANT NATIVE TO ! REGION3 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,?AT IS :Y ! MOVEM5T IS KN[N AS ! 0,MAKHNOVI/ MOVEM5T40 

0,FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! MOVEM5T10 SAYS ,PET] ,>*9OV1 0UP TO ITS CULM9AT+ PO9T :5 ! PEASANTS VANQUI%$ ! G5TRY1 ,MAKHNO PLAY$ A PREPOND]ANT & C5TRAL ROLE1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! :OLE 9SURG5T REGION & ! MO/ H]OIC MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE >E L9K$ TO HIS NAME4 ,:51 LAT] ON1 ! 9SURRECTION HAD TRIUMPH$ COMPLETELY OV] ! ,SKOROPADSKY C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 BUT ! REGION WAS ?REAT5$ ANEW BY ,D5IK91 ,MAKHNO BECAME ! RALLY+ PO9T = MILLIONS ( PEASANTS1 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! LATT]40 

,IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ONLY ! S\!RN P>T ( ! ,UKRA9E WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS VA/ OP]ATION4 0,=10 AS ,>*9OV CONT9UES1 0IT WAS NOT EV]Y:]E ?AT ! 9SURRECTION RETA9$ ITS CONSCI\SNESS1 ITS REVOLUTION>Y ESS5CE & ITS LOYALTY TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:ILE 9 ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E ! 9SURG5TS1 9CREAS+LY CONSCI\S ( !IR ROLE & !IR HI/ORIC MISSION1 RAIS$ ! BLACK FLAG ( AN>*ISM & SET =? ON ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ROAD ( ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 9 ! WE/ & NOR?-WE/]N REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 !Y GRADUALLY SLIPP$1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,HETMAN1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( =EIGN ELEM5TS2 5EMIES ( !IR CLASS1 NOTABLY ! NATIONAL-DEMOCRATS 7! PETLURIVTZI1 P>TISANS ( ,PETLURA74 ,= MORE ?AN TWO YE>S A P>TY ( ! 9SURG5TS 9 ! WE/]N ,UKRA9E SUPPORT$ ! LATT]1 :I*1 UND] ! NATIONALI/ BANN]1 PURSU$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS ( ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,KIEV1 ,VOLHYNY1 ,PODOLY & A P>T ( ,POLTAVA1 :ILE HAV+ COMMON ORIG9S ) ! RE/ ( ! 9SURG5TS1 W]E UNABLE1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 TO DISCOV] AMONG !MSELVES EI!R ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR HI/ORIC MISSION OR ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE1 & !Y FELL UND] ! ROD ( ! 5EMIES ( ! WORLD ( LABOR1 BECOM+ BL9D 9/RUM5TS 9 !IR H&S4 

0,! 9SURRECTION 9 ! S\? HAD AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T SIGNIFICANCE & TOOK ON A DIFF]5T ASPECT4 ,IT SEP>AT$ ITSELF /RICTLY FROM ! NON-LABOR+ ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 IT QUICKLY & RESOLUTELY GOT RID ( ! NATIONAL1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & O!R PREJUDICES ( ! REGIME ( OPPRESSION & SLAV]Y2 IT BAS$ ITSELF ON ! REAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRY & C>RI$ ON A BITT] W>F>E1 9 ! NAME ( !SE ASPIRATIONS1 AGA9/ ! MANY 5EMIES ( ,LABOR40 

,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ MORE ?AN ONCE ! NAME ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 A ,UKRA9IAN PEASANT :O PLAY$ A VA/ & EXCEPTIONAL P>T 9 ! GREAT PEASANT 9SURRECTION ( ! S\!RN ,UKRA9E1 :I* ALL ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 EXCEPT A FEW LIB]T>IAN WORKS1 PASSES OV] 9 SIL5CE -- OR M]ELY M5TIONS 9 A FEW DEFAMATORY L9ES4 ,AS = ,MAKHNO HIMSELF1 ! ANIMATOR & MILIT>Y GUIDE ( ?AT 9SURRECTION1 IF !Y DEIGN TO M5TION HIM AT ALL1 IT IS ONLY TO BE/[ ON HIM SU* TITLES AS 0B&IT01 0ASSASS901 0ROBB]01 0POGROMI/01 ETC4 ,ALWAYS !Y OB/9ATELY DRAG HIM 9 ! MUD1 SL&] HIM1 ABHOR HIM4 ,AT BE/1 !SE UNSCRUPUL\S AU?ORS1 )\T BO!R+ TO EXAM9E ! FACTS OR TO SEP>ATE !M FROM FABLES1 SPREAD ABSURD & UNUTT]ABLY /UPID LEG5DS AB\T ! LIFE & ACTS ( ?IS LIB]T>IAN MILITANT4.<#a#h.> 

.<,?IS SITUATION.> COMPELS US TO RECORD BRIEFLY ! AU!NTIC BIOGRAPHY ( ,MAKHNO UP TO ! TIME ( ,SKOROPADSKY'S OV]?R[4 ,IT IS 9DISP5SABLE TO KN[ ! P]SONALITY ( ,MAKHNO TO UND]/& ! C\RSE ( EV5TS4  
  

0,MAKHNO0 SAYS ,PET] ,>*9OV1 0WAS BORN ON ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#h#h#i1 & WAS BR\<T UP BY HIS MO!R 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,GULAI- ,POLYA1 9 ! DI/RICT ( ,ALEX&ROVSK1 DEP>TM5T ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( A POOR PEASANT FAMILY4 ,HE WAS ONLY T5 MON?S OLD :5 HIS FA!R DI$1 LEAV+ HIM & HIS F\R LITTLE BRO!RS 9 ! C>E ( !IR MO!R4 

0,BECAUSE ( ! EXTREME POV]TY ( ! FAMILY1 HE WORK$ FROM ! AGE ( SEV5 AS A H]D-BOY1 T5D+ ! C[S & %EEP ( ! PEASANTS ( HIS VILLAGE4 ,AT EI<T1 HE 5T]$ ! LOCAL S*OOL1 :I* HE ATT5D$ 9 W9T]1 ALWAYS S]V+ AS H]D-BOY 9 SUMM]4 

0,AT TWELVE1 HE LEFT S*OOL & HIS FAMILY TO TAKE A JOB4 ,HE WORK$ AS A F>M BOY ON ! E/ATES ( NOBLES & .<! F>MS (.> RI* ,G]MAN PEASANTS 7,KULAKS7 :OSE COLONIES W]E NUM]\S 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,ALREADY AT ?IS P]IOD1 BY ! AGE ( F\RTE5 OR FIFTE51 HE FELT A /RONG HATR$ T[>DS ! EXPLOIT]S & DREAM$ ( ! WAY HE C\LD SOME DAY 'GET EV5 ) !M'1 BO? = HIMSELF & = O!RS4 ,UNTIL ! AGE ( SIXTE51 H[EV]1 HE HAD NO CONTACT ) ! POLITICAL WORLD4 ,HIS SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS =M$ & TOOK PLACE SPONTANE\SLY1 9 A V]Y N>R[ CIRCLE ( PEASANTS1 PROLET>IANS LIKE HIMSELF4.<#a#i.> 

0,! REVOLUTION ( #aie MADE HIM BREAK IMM$IATELY \T ( HIS SMALL CIRCLE1 & ?REW HIM 9TO ! GREAT TORR5T ( REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS & ACTIONS4 ,HE WAS !N SEV5TE54 ,HE WAS FULL ( REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM & READY TO DO ANY?+ 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,AFT] HAV+ MADE SEV]AL CONTACTS ) POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 HE DECID$ TO 5T] ! RANKS ( ! ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S & FROM ?AT MOM5T BECAME AN 9DEFATIGABLE MILITANT4 ,HE C>RI$ ON A GREAT DEAL ( ACTIVITY & TOOK P>T 9 .<SOME (.> ! MO/ DANG]\S ACTS ( ! /RUGGLE = LIB]TY4 

0,9 #a#i#h1 HE FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,CZ>I/ AU?ORITIES1 :O CONDEMN$ HIM TO BE HANG$ = ,AN>*I/ ASSOCIATIONS & = P>TICIPAT+ 9 T]RORI/ ACTS4 ,BECAUSE ( HIS Y\?1 ! DEA? P5ALTY WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T AT H>D LABOR4 ,HE S]V$ HIS S5T5CE 9 ! ,BUTYRKI C5TRAL PRISON ( ,MOSC[4 ,AL?\< PRISON LIFW WAS )\T HOPE & V]Y DIFFICULT = HIM TO BE>1 ,MAKHNO US$ IT 9 ORD] TO $UCATE HIMSELF4.<#b.> ,HE %[$ GREAT P]SEV]ANCE1 & LE>N$ GRAMM>1 MA!MATICS1 LIT]ATURE4 ! HI/ORY ( CULTURE & POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,9 FACT1 PRISON WAS ! SOLE S*OOL 9 :I* ,MAKHNO ACQUIR$ ?AT HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL KN[L$GE :I* WAS A GREAT HELP TO HIM 9 HIS SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,LIFE1 ACTION1 DE$S W]E ! O!R S*OOLS 9 :I* HE LE>N$ TO KN[ & UND]/& M5 & SOCIAL EV5TS4 

0,IT WAS 9 PRISON1 :ILE HE WAS /ILL Y\NG1 ?AT ,MAKHNO 5DANG]$ HIS HEAL?4 ,/UBBORN & UNABLE TO ACCEPT ?AT COMPLETE EXT9CTION ( P]SONALITY ?AT ?OSE CONDEMN$ TO =C$ LABOR UND]W5T1 HE WAS ALWAYS 9SUBORD9ATE TO ! PRISON AU?ORITIES1 & WAS CONT9UALLY 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T :]E1 BECAUSE ( ! COLD & DAMP1 HE CONTRACT$ PULMON>Y TUB]CULOSIS4 ,DUR+ ! N9E YE>S ( HIS DET5TION HE WAS FREQU5TLY 9 IRONS = 'BAD BEHAVIOR'1 UNTIL HE WAS F9ALLY RELEAS$1 ) ALL ! O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S1 BY ! PROLET>IAN 9SURRECTION 9 ,MOSC[ ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#a#g4 

0,HE SOON RETURN$ TO ,GULAI-,POLYA :]E ! PEASANT MASSES %[$ PR(\ND SYMPA?Y = HIM4 ,9 ! :OLE VILLAGE1 HE WAS ! ONLY POLITICAL PRISON] :O WAS RETURN$ TO HIS FAMILY BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 & = ?AT REASON HE BECAME ! OBJECT ( SPONTANE\S RESPECT & CONFID5CE = ! PEASANTS4 ,HE WAS NO LONG] AN 9EXP]I5C$ Y\NG MAN1 BUT A TE/$ MILITANT1 ) A P[]FUL WILL & DEF9ITE IDEAS AB\T ! SOCIAL CONFLICT4 

0,AT ,GULAI-,POLYA1 HE IMM$IATELY ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TASK1 FIR/ SEEK+ TO ORGANIZE ! PEASANTS ( HIS VILLAGE & ITS SURR\ND+S4 ,HE F\ND$ A F>M-WORK]S' UNION2 HE ORGANIZ$ A FREE COMMUNE & A LOCAL PEASANTS' ,SOVIET4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT CONC]N$ HIM MO/ WAS ?AT ( UNIT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! PEASANTS 9TO A P[]FUL & FIRM ALLIANCE SO ?AT !Y W\LD BE ABLE ONCE & = ALL TO DRIVE \T ! L&$ G5TRY & ! POLITICAL RUL]S1 & TO MANAGE !IR [N LIVES4 ,IT WAS TO ?IS 5D ?AT HE GUID$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL WORK ( ! PEASANTS1 BO? AS A PROPAG&I/ & AS A MAN ( ACTION4 ,HE S\<T TO UNITE !M 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 TURN+ TO ACC\NT ! FLAGRANT DECEPTION1 9JU/ICE & OPPRESSION ( :I* !Y W]E VICTIMS4 

0,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T & 9 ! ,OCTOB] DAYS ( #a#i#a#g1 HE WAS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,REGIONAL ,PEASANTS' ,UNION1 ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,COMMISSION1 ! ,UNION ( ,METAL & ,C>P5TRY ,WORK]S &1 F9ALLY1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,PEASANTS' & ,WORK]S' ,SOVIET ( ,GULAI-,POLYA4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS LA/ CAPACITY ?AT1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g1 HE ASSEMBL$ ALL ! L&$ G5TRY ( ! REGION1 & MADE !M GIVE HIM ALL ! DOCUM5TS RELAT+ TO L&S & BUILD+S4 ,HE PROCE$$ TO TAKE AN EXACT 9V5TORY ( ALL ?IS PROP]TY1 & !N MADE A REPORT ON IT1 FIR/ AT A SESSION ( ! LOCAL ,SOVIET1 !N AT ! DI/RICT CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & F9ALLY AT ! REGIONAL CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,HE PROCE$$ TO EQUALIZE ! RI<TS ( ! L&$ G5TRY & ! RI* PEASANTS 7KULAKS7 ) ?OSE ( ! POOR PEASANT LABOR]S 9 REG>D TO ! USE ( ! L&4 ,FOLL[+ HIS PROPOSAL1 ! CONGRESS DECID$ TO LET ! L&LORDS & KULAKS HAVE A %>E ( L& 7AS WELL AS TOOLS & LIVE/OCK7 EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! LABOR]S4 ,SEV]AL PEASANT CONGRESSES 9 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,TAURIDE1 ,POLTAVA1 ,KH>KOV & ELSE:]E FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION & ADOPT$ ! SAME MEASURE4 

0,DUR+ ! TIME ,MAKHNO BECAME1 9 HIS REGION1 ! S\L ( ! PEASANTS' MOVEM5T :I* WAS TAK+ OV] ! L&S & GOODS ( ! G5TRY & EV51 IF NECESS>Y1 EXECUT+ C]TA9 RECALCITRANT L&LORDS4 ,HE ?US MADE HIMSELF ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! RI* & ( ! LOCAL B\RGEOIS GR\PS40  
  

,AT ! TIME ( ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,UKRA9E BY ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 A SECRET REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE CAME 9TO IMM$IATE EXI/5CE1 & GAVE ,MAKHNO ! TASK ( CREAT+ FI<T+ UNITS ( PEASANTS & WORK]S TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9VAD]S & ! NATIVE RUL]S4 

',HE DID :AT HE C\LD10 ,>*9OV RECORDS1 0BUT WAS =C$ TO RETREAT ) HIS P>TISANS FROM ! CITIES ( ,TAGANROG1 ,RO/OV & ,TS>ITS91 RI<T+ EV]Y /EP ( ! WAY4 ,! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE1 :O HAD BE5 /R5G!N$ BY ! MILIT>Y SUPPORT ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MANS1 PUT A PRICE ON HIS HEAD1 & HE HAD TO HIDE = SOME TIME4 ,9 REV5GE1 ! ,UKRA9IAN & ,G]MAN MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES BURN$ HIS MO!R'S H\SE & %OT HIS ELD] BRO!R ,EMELIAN1 :O WAS A CRIPPL$ W> VET]AN4 

0,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#h1 ,MAKHNO W5T TO ,MOSC[ TO CONSULT SEV]AL OLD ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS ON ME?ODS & DIRECTIONS TO FOLL[ 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN WORK AMONG ! PEASANTS ( ! ,UKRA9E4 ,BUT ! ,AN>*I/S :OM HE MET W]E AT ?IS TIME 9DECISIVE & PASSIVE 9 !IR ATTITUDE1.<#b#a.> & HE OBTA9$ NO SATISFACTORY SUGGE/IONS OR ADVICE40 

,IT IS WOR? M5TION+ ?AT DUR+ HIS BRIEF /AY 9 ,MOSC[ ,MAKHNO HAD A CONV]SATION ) ! OLD ,AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN1 PET] ,KROPOTK91 & ANO!R ) ,L594 ,HE GAVE A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( !M -- ESPECIALLY ( HIS CONV]SATION ) ,L59 -- 9 HIS MEMOIRS4 ,HE SAID ?AT HE GREATLY APPRECIAT$ C]TA9 ( ,KROPOTK9'S SUGGE/IONS4 ,AS = HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,L591 IT DEALT ) F\R PO9TS1 NAMELY3 ! M5TALITY ( ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS1 ! IMM$IATE PROSPECTS = ! C\NTRY1 ! NECESSITY = ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( CREAT+ A REGUL> >MY 7! ,R$ ,>MY71 & ! DISCORD BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,! CONV]SATION1 :ILE ( SOME 9T]E/1 WAS TOO %ORT & SUP]FICIAL TO HAVE ANY REAL IMPORTANCE4 ,WE %\LD M5TION ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS GAVE ,MAKHNO A C]TA9 AM\NT ( HELP 9 ! PRECAUTIONS HE TOOK 9 CROSS+ ! ,UKRA9IAN FRONTI] & GETT+ HOME ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE RISK4 

,MAKHNO CONSID]$ ! PEASANT MASS TO BE A P>TICUL>LY POT5T HI/ORICAL =CE4 0,= A LONG TIME10 CONT9UES ,>*9OV1 0HE CONSID]$ ! IDEA ( H[ TO ORGANIZE ! VA/ PEASANT MASSES1 9 ORD] TO BR+ \T ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ?AT HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$ 9 !M = C5TURIES & TO HURL ?IS =MIDABLE P[] AGA9/ ! EXI/+ REGIME ( OPPRESSION4 ,HE FELT ?AT ! MOM5T HAD >RIV$ TO PUT ?IS IDEA 9TO EXECUTION40 

,!RE=E1 AFT] A BRIEF /AY 9 ,MOSC[1 HE RETURN$ TO ! ,UKRA9E 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#a#h1 SEEK+ TO GET BACK TO HIS [N ,GULAI-,POLYA REGION4 

0,! TRIP WAS ACCOMPLI%$10 SAYS ,>*9OV1 0) GREAT DIFFICULTY1 & V]Y SECRETLY1 SO AS NOT TO FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,HETMAN'S AU?ORITIES4 ,ONCE ,MAKHNO WAS ALMO/ KILL$2 HE WAS >RE/$ BY AN ,AU/RO-,G]MAN DETA*M5T & WAS UN=TUNATELY C>RY+ LIB]T>IAN PAMPHLETS AT ! TIME4 ,A RI* ,JEW FROM ,GULAI-,POLYA1 :O HAD KN[N ,MAKHNO P]SONALLY = A LONG TIME1 SUCCE$$ 9 SAV+ HIM BY PAY+ A CONSID]ABLE SUM ( MONEY = HIS LIB]ATION4 

0,ON HIS WAY BACK1 ! ,COMMUNI/S PROPOS$ TO ,MAKHNO ?AT HE %\LD SELECT A C]TA9 REGION ( ! ,UKRA9E & C>RY ON SECRET REVOLUTION>Y WORK !RE 9 !IR NAME4 ,NATURALLY1 HE REFUS$ EV5 TO DISCUSS ?IS (F]2 ! TASKS HE HAD SET HIMSELF TO ACCOMPLI% HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS40 

,BACK 9 ,GULAI-,POLYA1 ,MAKHNO CAME TO ! DECISION TO DIE OR OBTA9 VICTORY = ! PEASANTS1 & 9 NO EV5T TO LEAVE ! REGION4 ,! NEWS ( HIS RETURN SPREAD RAPIDLY FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE4 ,HE DID NOT DELAY />T+ HIS MISSION OP5LY AMONG ! GREAT MASSES ( PEASANTS1 SPEAK+ AT IMPROVIS$ MEET+S1 WRIT+ & DI/RIBUT+ LETT]S & TRACTS4 ,BY P5 & M\?1 HE CALL$ ON ! PEASANTS = A DECISIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! P[] ( ,SKOROPADSKY & ! L&LORDS4 ,HE DECL>$ TIRELESSLY ?AT ! WORK]S %\LD N[ TAKE !IR FATES 9TO !IR [N H&S & NOT LET !IR FRE$OM TO ACT BE TAK5 FROM !M4 ,HIS /IRR+ APPEAL WAS HE>D1 9 A FEW WEEKS1 BY MANY VILLAGES & :OLE DI/RICTS1 PREP>+ ! MASSES = ! GREAT EV5TS ( ! FUTURE4 

,BESIDES HIS APPEALS1 ,MAKHNO PROCE$$ IMM$IATELY TO DIRECT ACTION4 ,HIS FIR/ CONC]N WAS TO =M A REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y UNIT1 SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO GU>ANTEE FRE$OM ( PROPAG&A & ACTION 9 ! VILLAGES & T[NS & AT ! SAME TIME TO BEG9 GU]RILLA OP]ATIONS4 ,?IS UNIT WAS QUICKLY ORGANIZ$1 = AMONG ! VILLAGES !RE W]E M>VEL\SLY COMBATIVE ELEM5TS1 READY = ACTION4 ,!Y ONLY LACK$ A GOOD ORGANIZ]4 ,MAKHNO WAS ! MAN4 

,HIS FIR/ UNIT UND]TOOK TWO URG5T TASKS1 NAMELY1 PURSU+ 5]GETICALLY ! WORK ( PROPAG&A & ORGANIZATION AMONG ! PEASANTS & C>RY+ ON A /UBBORN >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL !IR 5EMIES4 ,! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( ?IS M]CILESS /RUGGLE WAS AS FOLL[S4 ,NO LORD :O P]SECUT$ ! PEASANTS1 NO POLICEMAN ( ! ,HETMAN1 NO ,RUSSIAN OR ,G]MAN (FIC] :O WAS AN IMPLACABLE 5EMY ( ! PEASANTS1 DES]V$ ANY PITY2 HE MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 ,ALL :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! OPPRESSION ( ! POOR PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ALL :O S\<T TO SUPPRESS !IR RI<TS1 TO EXPLOIT !IR LABOR1 %\LD BE EXECUT$4 

,)9 TWO OR ?REE WEEKS1 ! UNIT HAD ALREADY BECOME ! T]ROR1 NOT ONLY ( ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ALSO ( ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN AU?ORITIES4 ,MAKHNO'S FIELD ( REVOLUTION>Y MILIT>Y ACTION WAS WIDE -- IT EXT5D$ FROM ,LOZOVAIA TO ,B]DIANSK1 ,M>IUPOL & ,TAGANROG1 & FROM ,LUGANSK TO ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ,ALEX&ROVSK & ,MELITOPOL4 

,RAPIDITY ( MOVEM5T WAS HIS SPECIAL TACTIC4 ,?ANKS TO IT & ALSO TO ! SIZE ( ! REGION1 HE C\LD ALWAYS APPE> SUDD5LY :]E HE WAS LEA/ EXPECT$4 ,9 A %ORT TIME HE 5VELOP$ )9 A CIRCLE ( IRON & FIRE ! :OLE REGION 9 :I* ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE W]E REE/ABLI%+ !IR P[]4 ,ALL ?OSE :O1 DUR+ ! PA/ TWO OR ?REE MON?S1 HAD SUCCE$$ 9 SETTL+ BACK 9TO !IR OLD E/ATES1 ALL ?OSE :O 5SLAV$ ! PEASANTS1 /OLE !IR L&S & 5JOY$ ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 ALL ?OSE :O RUL$ OV] !M AS MA/]S1 F\ND !MSELVES SUDD5LY UND] ! M]CILESS H& ( ,MAKHNO & HIS P>TISANS4 

,SWIFT AS ! W9D1 9TREPID1 PITILESS T[>DS !IR 5EMIES1 !Y FELL ?UND]\SLY ON SOME E/ATE1 MASSACR$ ALL ! SWORN 5EMIES ( ! PEASANTS & DISAPPE>$ AS RAPIDLY AS !Y HAD COME4 ,! NEXT DAY1 ,MAKHNO W\LD BE MORE ?AN #a KILOMET]S AWAY1 W\LD APPE> 9 SOME T[N1 MASSACRE ! 0NATIONAL GU>D0 7V>TA71 (FIC]S & NOBLEM51 & VANI% BE=E ! ,G]MAN TROOPS 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E ALL PREP>$ = HIM7 HAD TIME TO REALIZE :AT HAD HAPP5$4 ,! NEXT DAY HE W\LD BE #a KILOMET]S AWAY1 TAK+ ACTION AGA9/ A DETA*M5T ( ,HUNG>IANS :O W]E TAK+ REPRISALS1 OR HANG+ SOME GU>DS ( ! V>TA4 

,BO? ! V>TA & ! ,AU/RO-,G]MAN AU?ORITIES W]E AL>M$ .<BY ,MAKHNO'S ACTIVITIES.>1 & SEV]AL UNITS W]E S5T TO CAPTURE HIM4 ,IT WAS 9 VA94 ,EXCELL5T HORSEM5 S9CE *ILDHOOD1 HIS P>TISANS C\LD NOT BE CAU<T1 = 9 A DAY !Y C\LD COV] DI/ANCES ?AT W]E IMPOSSIBLE = REGUL> CAVALRY4 

,(T51 AS ?\< TO MOCK HIS 5EMIES1 ,MAKHNO W\LD SUDD5LY APPE> 9 ! V]Y C5T] ( ,GULAI-,POLYA1 OR 9 ,POLUGAI1 :]E MANY ,AU/RO-,G]MAN TROOPS W]E ALWAYS /ATION$1 OR 9 SOME O!R PLACE :]E TROOPS W]E CONC5TRAT$1 KILL+ ! (FIC]S :O FELL 9TO HIS H&S & ESCAP+1 SAFE & S\ND & )\T LEAV+ ! SLI<TE/ 9DICATION ( ! R\TE HE WAS TAK+4 ,OR ELSE1 :5 IT SEEM$ TO HIS PURSU]S ?AT !Y HAD AT LA/ F\ND A FRE% TRAIL1 :5 !Y W]E EXPECT+ TO OV]TAKE & CAPTURE HIM 9 A T[N ?AT HAD BE5 PO9T$ \T TO !M BY SOME PEASANT1 HE HIMSELF1 9 ! UNI=M ( ! V>TA1 W\LD P5ETRATE1 ALONG ) A SMALL NUMB] ( HIS P>TISANS1 9TO ! V]Y MID/ ( ! 5EMY1 LE>N+ !IR PLANS & PREP>ATIONS4 ,!N HE W\LD SET \T ) A DETA*M5T ( ! GU>D 09 PURSUIT ( ,MAKHNO01 & W\LD EXT]M9ATE !M ON ! WAY4 

,! :OLE PEASANT POPULATION GAVE ! P>TISANS DEVOT$1 ACTIVE & SKILLFUL SUPPORT4 ,EV]Y:]E ALONG !IR R\TES !Y W]E SURE ( F9D+1 :5EV] !Y NE$$ IT1 A SAFE LODG+1 FOOD1 HORSES1 EV5 >MS4 ,(T5 ! PEASANTS W\LD HIDE !M 9 !IR HOMES AT ! RISK ( !IR [N LIVES4 ,MANY TIMES1 ! 9HABITANTS ( SOME VILLAGE PUT ! PURSU+ TROOPS ON TO A FALSE TRAIL1 :ILE ,MAKHNO HIMSELF & HIS HORSEM5 W]E RI<T 9 ! VILLAGE1 OR W]E GO+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO ?AT :I* HAD BE5 PO9T$ \T TO ! PURSU]S4 

,MANY VILLAGES W]E PITILESSLY PUNI%$ = !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! 9SURG5TS1 ALL ! M5 BE+ ATROCI\SLY BEAT5 ) RAMRODS & SOME ( ! MORE /RONGLY SUSPECT$ PEASANTS BE+ %OT ON ! SPOT4 ,SOME VILLAGES W]E EV5 BURN$ D[N 9 REV5GE4 ,BUT NO?+ C\LD R$UCE ! FI]CE RESI/ANCE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE TO ! 9VAD]S & !IR AG5TS1 ! L&$ NOBILITY & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! P>TISANS HELD TO ! FOLL[+ G5]AL RULE 9 REG>D TO ! ,AU/RIAN1 ,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN TROOPS !Y 5C\NT]$3 !Y W\LD KILL ! (FIC]S & SET ! CAPTUR$ SOLDI]S FREE4 ,!Y W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT ! LATT] %\LD RETURN TO !IR [N C\NTRIES1 TELL :AT ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS W]E DO+1 & WORK = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,LIB]T>IAN LIT]ATURE & SOMETIMES MONEY W]E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG !M4 ,ONLY SOLDI]S KN[N TO HAVE BE5 GUILTY ( ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PEASANTS W]E EXECUT$4 ,?IS WAY ( TREAT+ ! CAPTUR$ ,AU/RIAN1 ,G]MAN & ,HUNG>IAN SOLDI]S HAD A C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE UPON !M4 

,DUR+ ?IS FIR/ P]IOD ( HIS 9SURRECTION>Y ACTIVITY1 ,MAKHNO WAS NOT ONLY ! ORGANIZ] & GUIDE ( ! PEASANTS1 BUT ALSO A R$\BTABLE AV5G] ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE4 .<,?R\< HIS 9ITIATIVE.> HUNDR$S ( NE/S ( ! NOBILITY W]E DE/ROY$1 ?\S&S ( OPPRESSORS & ACTIVE 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE W]E M]CILESSLY WIP$ \T4 

,HIS BOLD & RESOLUTE ME?OD ( ACT+1 ! RAPIDITY ( HIS APPE>ANCES & DISAPPE>ANCES1 ! PRECISION ( HIS BL[S & ! MANIFE/ IMPOSSIBILITY ( CAPTUR+ HIM1 DEAD OR ALIVE1 SOON MADE HIS NAME FAM\S 9 ! REGION4 ,IT WAS A NAME ?AT MADE ! B\RGEOISIE & ! AU?ORITIES TREMBLE ) T]ROR & HATR$4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AMONG ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 IT GAVE RISE TO FEEL+S ( DEEP SATISFACTION1 PRIDE & HOPE4 ,TO !M1 ,MAKHNO HAD ALREADY BECOME A LEG5D>Y FIGURE4 

,& 9 ,MAKHNO'S *>ACT] & HIS ACTIONS !RE W]E 9 FACT QUALITIES WOR?Y ( LEG5D3 HIS EXTRAORD9>Y BOLDNESS1 HIS /UBBORN WILL1 HIS RES\RCEFULNESS 9 ALL CIRCUM/ANCES &1 F9ALLY1 ! DELI<TFUL HUMOR ?AT FREQU5TLY ACCOMPANI$ HIS ACTIONS -- ALL !SE QUALITIES IMPRESS$ ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT !SE W]E NOT ALL ! IMPORTANT QUALITIES 9 ,MAKHNO'S P]SONALITY4 ,! W>LIKE SPIRIT ?AT WAS %[N 9 HIS 9SURRECTION>Y UND]TAK+S ( ?IS E>LY P]IOD ( HIS ACTIVITY1 WAS ONLY ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( AN 5ORM\S TAL5T AS A W>RIOR & ORGANIZ]1 ONLY LAT] REVEAL$ 9 ITS FULL SCOPE4 ,NOT M]ELY A REM>KABLE MILIT>Y GUIDE & ORGANIZ]1 BUT ALSO A GOOD AGITATOR1 ,MAKHNO CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( MEET+S ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! REGION :]E HE OP]AT$4 ,HE MADE REPORTS ON ! TASKS ( ! MOM5T1 ON ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ON ! FREE & 9DEP5D5T COMMUNAL LIFE = ! WORK]S ?AT WAS ! F9AL GOAL ( ! 9SURRECTION4 ,HE ALSO PUBLI%$ PAMPHLETS TO ?IS EFFECT1 AS WELL AS APPEALS TO ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 ! ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN SOLDI]S1 ! ,DON & ,KUBAN COSSACKS1 ETC4 

0,CONQU] OR DIE -- SU* IS ! DILEMMA :I* FACES ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WORK]S AT ?IS HI/ORIC MOM5T4 ,BUT WE CANNOT ALL DIE1 = WE >E 9NUM]ABLE -- WE >E MANK9D6 ,!RE=E WE WILL CONQU] 444 ,BUT WE WILL NOT CONQU] 9 ORD] TO REPEAT ! ]RORS ( ! PA/ YE>S1 ?AT ( PUTT+ \R FATE 9TO ! H&S ( NEW MA/]S4 ,WE WILL CONQU] 9 ORD] TO TAKE \R DE/9IES 9TO \R [N H&S1 TO CONDUCT \R LIVES ACCORD+ TO \R [N WILL & \R [N CONCEPTION ( ! TRU?40 ,?US1 9 ! WORDS ( ONE ( HIS FIR/ APPEALS1 ,MAKHNO SPOKE TO ! VA/ MASSES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/