,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d ,! ,5D ( ! ,C5TURY2 ,M>XISM2 ,RAPID ,EVOLUTION2 ,REACTION 7#a#h#h#a-#a#i7 #aidgaidg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #d4 ,! ,5D ( ! ,C5TURY2 ,M>XISM2 ,RAPID ,EVOLUTION2 ,REACTION 7#a#h#h#a-#a#i7 ,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA P>TY'S VIOL5T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM1 O!R EV5TS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ! APPE>ANCE ( ,M>XISM4 ,AS IS KN[N1 ,M>XISM EXPRESS$ A NEW CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE3 A CONCEPTION :I* L$ TO A CONCRETE PROGRAM ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION &1 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE1 TO A WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL P>TY CALL$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL ! OB/ACLES1 ! SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( ,LASSALLE & ! CONCEPTS & A*IEVEM5TS ( ,M>XISM W]E KN[N1 /UDI$1 PREA*$1 & CL&E/9ELY PRACTIC$ 9 ,RUSSIA2 EV5 ! LEGAL LIT]ATURE EXCELL$ 9 ! >T ( DEAL+ ) SOCIALISM BY US+ A VEIL$ LANGUAGE4 ,! WELL-KN[N 0L>GE J\RNALS0 REAPPE>$ ) GREAT 5?USIASM2 AMONG !IR CONTRIBUTORS W]E ! BE/ J\RNALI/S & PUBLICI/S ( ! TIME1 :O REGUL>LY ANALYZ$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES1 & ! MEANS TO REALIZE !M4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( !SE PUBLICATIONS = ! CULTURAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY CANNOT BE EXAGG]AT$4 ,NO 9TELLECTUAL FAMILY C\LD BE )\T !M4 ,9 ! LIBR>IES1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PLACE ONE'S NAME ON A WAIT+ LI/ TO OBTA9 ! LATE/ ISSUE4 ,MORE ?AN ONE G5]ATION ( ,RUSSIANS RECEIV$ ITS SOCIAL $UCATION FROM !SE J\RNALS1 COMPLET+ ?IS $UCATION BY READ+ ALL TYPES ( CL&E/9E PUBLICATIONS4 ,?US ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY1 BAS+ ITSELF SOLELY ON ! ORGANIZ$ ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CAME TO REPLACE ! DISAPPO9T$ HOPES ( E>LI] CONSPIRATORIAL CIRCLES4 ,! O!R IMPORTANT EV5T WAS ! 9CREAS+LY RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & TE*NOLOGY1 ) ALL !IR F>- REA*+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,RAILWAY NETWORKS1 O!R MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 M9+1 OIL DRILL+1 METALLURGY1 TEXTILE & MA*9E TOOL 9DU/RIES -- ALL ( !SE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES DEVELOP$ ) GREAT /RIDES1 MAK+ UP = LO/ TIME4 ,9DU/RIAL REGIONS SPRANG UP ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,! 5VIRONM5T ( NUM]\S CITIES *ANG$ RAPIDLY DUE TO ! NEW FACTORIES & ! GR[+ POPULATION ( WORK]S4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL UPSURGE WAS SUPPORT$ BY A LABOR =CE CONSI/+ ( L>GE MASSES ( MIS]ABLE PEASANTS :O W]E =C$ EI!R TO AB&ON !IR 9ADEQUATE PLOTS ( L& P]MAN5TLY1 OR TO LOOK = ADDITIONAL WORK DUR+ W9T]4 ,AS ELSE:]E1 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T MEANT DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4 ,& AS ELSE:]E1 ?IS CLASS BEGAN TO FURNI% CONT+5TS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 DIFFUSION ( ,M>XI/ IDEAS & GR[? ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ON :I* ! ,M>XI/S DEP5D$1 W]E ! BASIC ELEM5TS :I* DET]M9$ ! NEW SITUATION4 ,9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! RIS+ /&>D ( LIV+ 9 G5]AL REQUIR$ 9 ALL FIELDS $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 PR(ESSIONALS1 TE*NICIANS & SKILL$ WORK]S4 ,! NUMB] ( S*OOLS ( ALL TYPES -- (FICIAL1 MUNICIPAL & PRIVATE-9CREAS$ CONT9UALLY 9 ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE2 UNIV]SITIES1 SPECIAL TE*NICAL S*OOLS & O!R HI<] 9/ITUTIONS1 PRIM>Y S*OOLS1 PR(ESSIONAL C\RSES1 SPRANG UP EV]Y:]E4 7,9 #a#h#g#e1 #g#i.0 ( ! DRAFT$ SOLDI]S W]E ILLIT]ATE2 BY #ahih ?IS FIGURE HAD FALL5 TO #e#e.047 ,?IS 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T TOOK PLACE \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ABSOLUTI/ POLITICAL REGIME & EV5 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,! REGIME /UBBORNLY HELD ON -- AN 9CREAS+LY RIGID1 ABSURD & OBTRUSIVE C>CASS ON TOP ( ! LIV+ BODY ( ! C\NTRY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 SPITE ( ! CRUEL REPRESSION1 ! ANTI-MON>*I/ MOVEM5T AS WELL AS REVOLUTION>Y & SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A BECAME 9CREAS+LY WIDESPREAD4 ,EV5 ! PEASANT POPULATION -- ! MO/ BACKW>D & ! MO/ OPPRESS$-BEGAN TO BUDGE1 PRODD$ AS MU* BY ! POV]TY & ! 9HUMAN EXPLOITATION AS BY ! E*OES ( WIDESPREAD AGITATION4 ,!SE E*OES W]E C>RI$ TO ! PEA-I SANTS BY ! NUM]\S 9TELLECTUALS :O WORK$ 9 ! 0,ZEM/VOS0 7AT ! TIME !SE PEOPLE W]E KN[N AS 0ZEM/KII RABOTNIKI03 0ZEM/VO WORK]S10 BY WORK]S :O HAD FAMILY TIES ) ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BY SEASONAL WORK]S & BY ! AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS P[]LESS AGA9/ ?IS PROPAG&A4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 TWO CLE>-CUT =CES CONFRONT$ EA* O!R IRRECONCILABLY4 ,ONE WAS ! ANCI5T =CE ( REACTION :I* CONSI/$ ( ! HI\ND ! ?RONE3 ! NOBILITY1 ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! L&[N]S1 ! MILIT>Y CA/E1 ! UPP] CL]GY & ! NASC5T B\RGEOISIE4 ,! O!R WAS ! Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y =CE :I* 9 #a#h#i-#a#i CONSI/$ MA9LY ( ! MASS ( /UD5TS BUT :I* HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO RECRUIT FROM AMONG Y\NG WORK]S 9 CITIES & 9DU/RIAL REGIONS4 ,9 #a#h#i#h1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CURR5T ) A ,M>XI/ T5D5CY CREAT$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7! FIR/ SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC GR\P1 CALL$ 0,EMANCIPATION ( ,LABOR10 HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#c74 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO CLE>LY OPPOS$ =CES /OOD A ?IRD1 :I* CONSI/$ MA9LY ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & A C]TA9 NUMB] ( 0DI/+UI%$0 9TELLECTUALS3 UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 LAWY]S1 WRIT]S1 DOCTORS4 ,IT WAS A TIMIDLY LIB]AL MOVEM5T4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y SECRETLY & V]Y PRUD5TLY GAVE SUPPORT TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 !SE PEOPLE HAD GREAT] FAI? 9 RE=MS1 HOP+ ?AT UND] ! ?REAT ( IMM95T REVOLUTION 7AS DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I7 ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME W\LD GRANT L>GE CONCESSIONS1 EV5TUALLY LEAD+ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME4 ,ONLY ! PEASANT MASSES CONT9U$ TO REMA9 \TSIDE ( ?IS F]M5T4 ,EMP]OR ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I DI$ 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,HIS PLACE WAS TAK5 BY HIS SON ,NI*OLAS1 ! LA/ ( ! ,ROMANOVS4 ,A VAGUE LEG5D CLAIM$ ?AT ! NEW ,CZ> PR(ESS$ LIB]AL IDEAS4 ,IT WAS EV5 SAID ?AT HE WAS DISPOS$ TO GRANT 0HIS PEOPLE0 A CON/ITUTION :I* W\LD S]I\SLY LIMIT ! ABSOLUTI/ P[]S ( ! ,CZ>S4 ,TAK+ !IR DESIRES = REALITIES1 C]TA9 LIB]AL 0ZEM/-VOS0 7MUNICIPAL C\NCILS7 PRES5T$ ! Y\NG ,CZ> ) PETITIONS 9 :I* !Y V]Y TIMIDLY ASK$ = SOME RIY1 #a#h#i#e1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! M>RIAGE ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I1 V>I\S DELEGATIONS ( ! NOBILITY1 ! MILIT>Y & ! 0,ZEM/VOS0 W]E C]EMONI\SLY RECEIV$ BY ! ,CZ> 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,TO ! GREAT AMAZEM5T ( ! MUNICIPAL DELEGATES1 ! NEW MA/]1 :ILE ACCEPT+ ! CONGRATULATIONS1 SUDD5LY GREW ANGRY &1 /AMP+ HIS FOOT & %\T+ HY/]ICALLY1 CALL$ ON ! 0ZEM/VOS0 TO R5\NCE !IR 0CRAZY DREAMS0 =EV]4 ,?IS DEM& WAS IMM$IATELY EMPHASIZ$ BY REPRESSIVE MEASURES AGA9/ C]TA9 09/IGATORS0 ( ! 0SUBV]SIVE0 ATTITUDE ( ! 0ZEM/VOS40 ,?US ABSOLUTISM & REACTION REAFFIRM$ !MSELVES ONCE AGA91 CONTEMPTU\S ( ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidf 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/