,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,RUSSIA AT ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY2 ,BIR? ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aidgaidg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOL9E 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I4 ,! ,FIR/ ,FRUITS 7#a#h#b#e-#a#i#e7 

  
 ,*APT] #a4 ,RUSSIA AT ! ,BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? ,C5TURY2 ,BIR? ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

  

,! 5ORM\S SIZE ( ! C\NTRY1 A SP>SE POPULATION :OSE DISUNITY MAKES IT AN EASY PREY = 9VAD]S1 ,MONGOL DOM9ATION = MORE ?AN TWO C5TURIES1 CONT9UAL W>S1 V>I$ CATA/ROPHES & O!R UNFAVORABLE FACTORS CAUS$ ! 5ORM\S POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA 9 RELATION TO O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,POLITICALLY1 ,RUSSIA 5T]$ ! #a#i? C5TURY UND] ! RULE ( AN ABSOLUTE MON>*Y 7! AUTOCRATIC 0,CZ>07 :I* WAS DEP5D5T ON AN 5ORM\S L&$ & MILIT>Y >I/OCRACY1 AN OMNIPOT5T BUREAUCRACY1 AN EXT5SIVE & PI\S CL]GY1 & A PEASANT MASS CONSI/+ ( #g#e11 S\LS -- PRIMITIVE1 ILLIT]ATE & PRO/RATE BE=E !IR 0LITTLE FA!R10 ! ,CZ>4 

,ECONOMICALLY1 ! C\NTRY HAD REA*$ ! /AGE ( A TYPE ( AGR>IAN FEUDALISM4 ,EXCEPT = ! TWO CAPITALS 7,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[7 & SOME CITIES 9 ! ,S\?1 ! CITIES W]E H>DLY DEVELOP$4 ,COMM]CE & P>TICUL>LY 9DU/RY /AGNAT$4 ,! ECONOMIC BASE ( ! C\NTRY WAS AGRICULTURE :I* SUPPORT$ #i#e.0 ( ! POPULATION4 ,! L& DID NOT BELONG TO ! DIRECT PRODUC]S1 ! PEASANTS1 BUT WAS ! PROP]TY ( ! ,/ATE OR ( L>GE L&$ PROPRIETORS1 ! 0POME%*IKS40 ,! PEASANTS1 LEGALLY TI$ TO ! L& & TO ! PROP]TY-[N]1 W]E HIS S]FS4 ,! L>GE/ PROPRIETORS [N$ V]ITABLE FIEFS1 9H]IT$ FROM !IR ANCE/ORS :O1 9 TURN1 HAD RECEIV$ !M FROM ! SOV]EIGN1 ! FIR/ PROPRIETOR1 9 EX*ANGE = S]VICES R5D]$ 7MILIT>Y1 ADM9I/RATIVE OR O!R74 ,! 0LORD0 DET]M9$ ! LIFE & DEA? ( HIS S]FS4 ,HE NOT ONLY MADE !M WORK AS SLAVES2 HE C\LD ALSO SELL !M1 PUNI% !M & MAKE M>TYRS \T ( !M 7HE C\LD KILL !M )\T MU* 9CONV5I5CE TO HIMSELF74 ,?IS S]FDOM1 ?IS SLAV]Y ON ! P>T ( #g#e11 PEOPLE1 WAS ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO TALK ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( SU* A 0SOCIETY40 ,ON TOP W]E ! ABSOLUTE MA/]S3 ! ,CZ>1 HIS NUM]\S RELATIVES1 HIS SLAVI% C\RT1 ! HI< NOBILITY1 ! MILIT>Y CA/E1 ! HI< CL]GY4 ,ON ! BOTTOM1 ! SLAVES3 PEASANT-S]FS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! L[] CLASS PEOPLE ( ! CITIES1 :O LACK$ ALL NOTIONS ( CIVIC LIFE1 ALL RI<TS1 ALL FRE$OMS4 ,BETWE5 ! TWO1 !RE W]E C]TA9 9T]M$IATE /RATA3 M]*ANTS1 BUREAUCRATS1 FUNCTION>IES1 >TISANS & O!RS -COLORLESS & 9SIGNIFICANT4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! SOCIETY WAS NOT V]Y HI<4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ALREADY = ?IS P]IOD WE HAVE TO MAKE AN IMPORTANT RES]VATION3 A /RIK+ CONTRA/ :I* WE WILL AGA9 DESCRIBE LAT]1 EXI/$ BETWE5 ! UN$UCAT$ & POV]TY-/RICK5 POPULATION ( ! CITIES & VILLAGES & ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA :OSE $UCATION & TRA9+ W]E QUITE ADVANC$4 

,! S]FDOM ( ! MASSES WAS ! PLAGUE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,A FEW NOBLE-SPIRIT$ 9DIVIDUALS HAD ALREADY PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS ABOM9ATION T[>D ! 5D ( ! #a#h? C5TURY4 ,!Y HAD TO PAY DE>LY = !IR G5]\S GE/URE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PEASANTS REBELL$ ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 ,BESIDES LOCAL UPRIS+S ( A MORE OR LESS 9DIVIDUAL NATURE 7AGA9/ ONE OR ANO!R LORD :O W5T TOO F>71 ! PEASANT MASSES GAVE RISE TO TWO EXT5SIVE MOVEM5TS 7! ,RAZ9 UPRIS+ 9 ! #a#g? & ! ,PUGA*EV UPRIS+ 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY7 :I*1 ?\< !Y FAIL$1 CREAT$ 5ORM\S PROBLEMS = ! ,CZ>I/ GOV]NM5T & NE>LY OV]?REW ! 5TIRE SY/EM4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT !SE TWO SPONTANE\S MOVEM5TS W]E DIRECT$ MA9LY AGA9/ ! IMM$IATE 5EMY3 ! L&$ NOBILITY1 ! URBAN >I/OCRACY & ! CORRUPT ADM9I/RATION4 ,NO G5]AL IDEA ( OV]?R[+ ! SOCIAL SY/EM 9 ITS 5TIRETY & REPLAC+ IT ) ANO!R & MORE EQUITABLE SY/EM WAS =MULAT$4 ,BY US+ TREA*]Y & VIOL5CE1 ) ! HELP ( ! CL]GY & O!R REACTION>Y ELEM5TS1 ! GOV]NM5T SUCCE$$ 9 TOTALLY SUBJUGAT+ ! PEASANTS1 EV5 0PSY*OLOGICALLY10 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ANY MOVEM5T ( WIDESPREAD REVOLT WAS R5D]$ NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 

,! FIR/ CONSCI\SLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! REGIME APPE>$ 9 #ahbe :51 AFT] ! DEA? ( ,ALEX&] ,I1 :O LEFT NO DIRECT HEIR1 ! CR[N1 REJECT$ BY HIS BRO!R ,CON/ANT9E1 PASS$ TO HIS O!R BRO!R ,NI*OLAS4 ,SOCIALLY1 ! PROGRAM ( ?IS MOVEM5T AIM$ = ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM2 POLITICALLY1 = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REPUBLIC OR AT LEA/ A CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME4 

,?IS MOVEM5T EM]G$1 NOT FROM AMONG ! OPPRESS$1 BUT FROM ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,! CONSPIRATORS1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S PREOCCUPATION ) DYNA/IC PROBLEMS1 BEGAN TO C>RY \T ! PROJECTS !Y HAD LONG BE5 PREP>+4 ,9 ! REVOLT :I* BROKE \T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 !Y W]E SUPPORT$ BY SOME ( ! REGIM5TS 9 ! CAPITAL4 7,AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T !RE W]E SOME (FIC]S ( ! IMP]IAL >MY47 ,! REBELLION WAS DEFEAT$ AFT] A %ORT BATTLE AT ! ,S5ATE ,SQU>E BETWE5 ! 9SURG5TS & ! TROOPS :I* REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,SEV]AL UPRIS+S :I* HAD BE5 PLANN$ 9 ! PROV9CES W]E NIPP$ 9 ! BUD4 

,! REVOLT MADE A PR(\ND IMPRESSION ON ! NEW ,CZ>1 ,NI*OLAS ,I1 & HE P]SONALLY SUP]VIS$ AN EXTREMELY ?OR\< 9VE/IGATION4 ,! 9VE/IGATORS S\<T & F]RET$ \T EV5 ! MO/ DI/ANT & PLATONIC SYMPA?IZ]S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! REPRESSION1 9 ITS DESIRE TO BE DEF9ITIVE & 0EXEMPL>Y10 DID NOT /OP %ORT ( CRUELTY4 ,! FIVE PR9CIPAL 9/IGATORS DI$ ON ! SCAFFOLD2 HUNDR$S W]E IMPRISON$1 EXIL$ OR CONDEMN$ TO H>D LABOR4 

,S9CE ! REVOLT TOOK PLACE 9 ,DECEMB]1 ! P>TICIPANTS CAME TO BE KN[N AS ,DECEMBRI/S4 ,NE>LY ALL BELONG$ TO ! NOBILITY OR TO O!R PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,NE>LY ALL HAD RECEIV$ PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ OR HI<] $UCATION4 ,OP5-M9D$ & S5SITIVE1 !Y W]E PA9$ BY ! SI<T ( A PEOPLE WEI<$ D[N BY AN >BITR>Y & UNJU/ REGIME1 BY IGNORANCE1 POV]TY1 & SLAV]Y4 ,!Y TOOK UP ! PROTE/S ( !IR #a#h? C5TURY PR$ECESSORS & TRANSLAT$ !M 9TO ACTION4 ,:AT GAVE !M ! NECESS>Y IMPETUS WAS L>GELY ! J\RNEY MANY ( !M HAD TAK5 TO ,FRANCE AFT] ! W> ( #a#h#a#b1 :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO COMP>E ! RELATIVELY HI< LEVEL ( CIVILIZATION 9 ,EUROPE ) ! B>B>IC LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN POPULATION4 ,!Y RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA HAV+ MADE ! FIRM DECISION TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! BACKW>D POLITICAL & SOCIAL SY/EM :I* OPPRESS$ !IR C\NTRYM54 ,!Y RALLI$ MANY $UCAT$ 9DIVIDUALS TO !IR CAUSE4 ,PE/EL1 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T1 EV5 ELABORAT$ SOME VAGUELY SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9 HIS PROGRAM4 ,! FAM\S POET ,PU%K9 7BORN 9 #a#g#i#i7 SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! MOVEM5T1 AL?\< HE DID NOT JO9 IT4 

,AS SOON AS ! REVOLT WAS PUT D[N1 ! FRI<T5$ NEW EMP]OR1 ,NI*OLAS ,I1 PU%$ ! DESPOTIC1 BUREAUCRATIC & POLICE RULE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE TO ITS EXTREME4 

,IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !RE WAS NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PEASANTS' REVOLTS AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS ON ! ONE H&1 & !IR BL9D V5]ATION ( ! 0LITTLE FA!R ! ,CZ>0 ON ! O!R4 ,! PEASANT REVOLTS1 AS WE SAID E>LI]1 W]E ALWAYS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! IMM$IATE OPPRESSORS3 ! L&[N]S 70POME%*IKS071 ! NOBLES1 ! FUNCTION>IES1 ! POLICE4 ,IT DID NOT OCCUR TO ! PEASANTS TO LOOK = ! S\RCE ( ! OPPRESSION FUR!R1 9 ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME ITSELF1 P]SONIFI$ BY ! ,CZ>1 GR& PROTECTOR ( ! NOBLES & ! PRIVILEG$1 FIR/ & MO/ HI<LY PRIVILEG$ NOBLEMAN4 ,TO ! PEASANTS ! ,CZ> WAS A TYPE ( IDOL1 A SUP]IOR BE+ HI< ABOVE ORD9>Y MORTALS1 ABOVE !IR SMALL 9T]E/S & WEAKNESSES1 GUID+ ! GREAT DE/9IES ( ! /ATE4 ,! AU?ORITIES1 ! BUREAUCRATS1 & ABOVE ALL ! PRIE/S 7! 0POPES07 DID ALL !Y C\LD TO 5GRAVE ?IS IDEA 9 ! PEASANTS' HEADS4 ,! PEASANTS F9ALLY ACCEPT$ ! LEG5D1 & LAT] IT BECAME UN%AKABLE4 ,! ,CZ>1 !Y TOLD !MSELVES1 WANTS NO?+ BUT ! WELL-BE+ ( HIS 0*ILDR502 BUT ! PRIVILEG$ 9T]M$I>IES1 9T]E/$ 9 PRES]V+ !IR RI<TS & ADVANTAGES1 /& BETWE5 ! ,CZ> & HIS PEOPLE & KEEP HIM FROM KN[+ !IR MIS]Y4 7,! PEASANT MASSES W]E CONV9C$ ?AT IF ! PEOPLE & ! ,CZ> C\LD FACE EA* O!R DIRECTLY1 ! ,CZ>1 TEMPOR>ILY MISL$ BY ! PRIVILEG$1 W\LD SEE ! TRU?1 W\LD GET RID ( HIS BAD ADVIS]S & O!R DI%ONE/ PEOPLE1 & W\LD DEAL ) ! SUFF]+S ( ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL2 HE W\LD FREE !M FROM !IR YOKE & W\LD GIVE TO !M ALL ( ! GOOD L& :I* BY RI<TS \<T TO BELONG TO ?OSE :O WORK IT47 ,?US1 :ILE SOMETIMES REVOLT+ AGA9/ !IR MO/ CRUEL MA/]S1 ! PEASANTS WAIT$ ) HOPE & RESIGNATION = ! DAY :5 ! WALL SEP>AT+ !M FROM ! ,CZ> W\LD BE DEMOLI%$ & SOCIAL JU/ICE W\LD BE REE/ABLI%$ BY ! ,CZ>4 ,!IR RELIGI\S MY/ICISM HELP$ !M ACCEPT ! P]IOD ( WAIT+ & SUFF]+ AS A PUNI%M5T & TRIAL IMPOS$ BY ,GOD4 ,!Y RESIGN$ !MSELVES TO IT ) A PRIMITIVE FATALISM4 

,?IS \TLOOK WAS EXTREMELY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT MASSES4 ,IT BECAME EV5 MORE PRON\NC$ DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 9 SPITE ( GR[+ DISCONT5T & 9CREAS+LY FREQU5T 9DIVIDUAL OR LOCAL ACTS ( REVOLT4 ,! PEASANTS W]E LOS+ PATI5CE4 ,BUT ! MORE IMPATI5T !Y BECAME1 ! MORE F]V5TLY !Y WAIT$ = !IR 0LIB]ATOR10 ! ,CZ>4 

,?IS 0LEG5D ( ! ,CZ>0 WAS A C5TRAL *>ACT]I/IC ( POPUL> ,RUSSIAN LIFE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,FAILURE TO TAKE IT 9TO ACC\NT WILL MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[4 ,?IS LEG5D CL>IFIES C]TA9 PH5OM5A :I* W\LD O!RWISE BE UNEXPLA9ABLE4 ,IT GOES A LONG WAY T[>D EXPLA9+ ! ,RUSSIAN P>ADOX :I* WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$1 A P>ADOX :I* %OCK$ SO MANY ,EUROPEANS1 & :I* DID NOT DISAPPE> UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION3 ON ! ONE SIDE >E NUM]\S 9DIVIDUALS :O >E CULTUR$1 $UCAT$1 ADVANC$1 :O WANT TO SEE !IR PEOPLE FREE & HAPPY1 :O >E AW>E ( ! IDEAS ( !IR TIME1 & :O /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 = DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE >E PEOPLE :O DO NO?+ = !IR LIB]ATION 7ASIDE FROM A FEW M9OR & UNIMPORTANT REVOLTS71 PEOPLE :O REMA9 OB/9ATELY PRO/RATE BE=E !IR IDOL & !IR DREAM1 PEOPLE :O DO NOT EV5 UND]/& ! GE/URE ( ONE :O SACRIFICES HIMSELF = !M4 ,9DIFF]5T1 BL9D TO TRU?1 DEAF TO ALL APPEALS1 !SE PEOPLE WAIT = ! LIB]ATOR ,CZ> JU/ AS ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS WAIT$ = ! ,MESSIAH4.<#a.> 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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