,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #cb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT]4 #cb ,! ,RISE ( ,PROLET>IAN ,SOCIALISMS 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,FR5* SOCIALISM W\LD NEV] BE ! SAME4 ,! ,JACOB9 MY/IQUE1 :I* HAD L+]$ AMONG WORK]S & RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS = SO MANY DECADES1 DISAPPE>$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY1 & ! ANTIROYALISM & &CL]ICALISM ?AT HAD =M]LY BE5 ! PROV9CE ( ! ,JACOB9S W]E ABSORB$ BY ! MORE CONV5TIONAL REPUBLICAN P>TIES-- NOTABLY ! SO-CALL$ ,RADICALS--:O COMM&$ A CONSID]ABLE FOLL[+ AMONG %OPKEEP]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS1 & EV5 WORK]S4 ,PR\DHON'S 9DIVIDUALI/IC 0MUTUALISM10 ) ITS HO/ILITY TO ASSOCIATIONS1 /RIKES1 & EV5 TRADE UNIONS1 ALSO LO/ ITS POPUL> FOLL[+1 TO BE REPLAC$ BY SYNDICALISM--AN EXPLICITLY COLLECTIVI/IC =M ( F$]ALISM /RUCTUR$ >\ND TRADE UNIONS & ! MO/ SWEEP+ ( WORK+-CLASS 9ITIATIVES1 ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,?IS %IFT1 AS WE HAVE SE51 HAD BE5 UND] WAY WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,AS ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE OBS]VES1 

AGA9/ ! ,PR\DHONI/S 9 ! ,FR5* ,TRADE ,UNION MOVEM5T W]E RANG$ ! 0COLLECTIVI/S10 HEAD$ BY ,EUG5E ,V>L92 & BY #ahga ! COLLECTIVI/S W]E ! DOM9ANT GR\P 9 ! ,P>IS >EA1 AS WELL AS AT ,LYONS & ,M>SEILLES4 ,V>L91 NO D\BT1 HAD AT BOTTOM A GREAT DEAL MORE 9 COMMON ) ,PR\DHON ?AN ) ,M>X2 BUT ON ! ISSUE ?AT WAS UPP]MO/ 9 ! #a#h#fS HE & HIS GR\P F\ND !MSELVES ON ! SAME SIDE AS ,M>X BECAUSE !Y FAVOR$ COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,V>L91 AS WE HAVE SE51 ALSO ADVANC$ A PROGRAM ?AT WAS DI/9CDY COMMUNALI/IC1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON CONF$]ATIONS ( MUNICIPALITIES1 AS WELL AS SYNDICALI/IC1 OP5+ A NEW VI/A = LIB]T>IANS :O HAD =M]LY BE5 FOCUS$ ON 9DIVIDUALI/IC =MS ( ACTION4 ,BUT ,V>L9 & HIS ASSOCIATES W]E BY NO MEANS 0COLLECTIVI/S0 9 ! S5SE ( /&+ = ,/ATE [N]%IP ( L& & O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y WANT$ ! L& & ! 9/RUM5TS ( L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION TO BE [N$ BY ! LOCAL ,COMMUNES1 OR :5 NECESS>Y1 BY F$]AL AG5CIES SET UP BY ! COMMUNES4 ,!Y WANT$ ! ACTUAL OP]ATIONS ( PRODUCTION TO BE C>RI$ ON AS F> AS POSSIBLE BY ,COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES EMANAT+ FROM ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS2444 ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS W]E ?US ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE 9 !IR VISION ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 9DE$ !Y T5D$1 AL?\< NOT V]Y EXPLICIDY1 TO ?9K ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ! FUTURE AS RE/+ RA!R ON ! F$]AT$ SYNDICATE .<TRADE UNIONS.> ( ! LOCALITY ?AN ON ANY POLITICAL F\NDATIONS4.<#e#g#d.> 

,TRAGICALLY1 H[EV]1 ,V>L9 WAS ONLY ?IRTY-TWO :5 HE WAS MURD]$ BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,HAD HE LIV$ = ANO!R ?IRTY YE>S1 ?IS IMM5SELY GIFT$ MAN--9 VIEW ( HIS LEVEL ( 9SI<T & HIS P]SONAL POPUL>ITY ) WORK]S--MI<T HAVE HAD AN 9CALCULABLE EFFECT UPON ! TRAJECTORY ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 POSSIBLY PU%+ IT T[>D A COMMUNALI/IC DEVELOPM5T AS WELL AS A SYNDICALI/ ONE4 

,L,E,S,S,O,N,S ,( ,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E 

,SIGNIFIC&Y1 MO/ ( ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE--! 0LESSONS0 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S ( ! DAY D]IV$ FROM IT--W]E 9/ITUTIONAL RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC4 ,! ,BLANQUI/S PO9T$ TO ITS FAILURES AS EVID5CE ( ! NE$ = A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 9DE$ DICTATORIAL1 TYPE ( REGIME TO RU?LESSLY CRU% ! B\RGEOISIE1 & !Y W]E /ILL 5AMOR$ ( ! IDEA ( A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 ,AN>*I/S1 = !IR P>T1 EMPHASIZ$ ! F$]ALI/ ORI5TATION ( ! ,COMMUNE & CRITICIZ$ ITS /ATI/ 0DE=MATIONS10 AS !Y SAW !M--NAMELY1 ITS SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A MASS DEMOCRACY--& 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9 LAM5T$ ITS FAILURE TO TAKE MORE SOCIALI/IC ECONOMIC MEASURES4 

,BUT ! ,COMMUNE'S AN>*I/ SUPPORT]S SEEM$ TO UND]/& ?AT ,P>IS HAD MADE A CLE>LY COMMUNALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g#a4 ,DESPITE ITS FAILURE TO PLACE A /RONG EMPHASIS ON CLASS DIFF]5CES1 ITS HAZY CELEBRATION ( REPUBLICANISM1 & ITS APPEALS TO PATRIOTISM1 ! ,COMMUNE1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 WAS AS CLOSE TO A 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/0.<#e#g#e.> PH5OM5ON AS ,P>IS HAD COME S9CE ! HEYDAY ( ! SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,! ,APRIL #b PROGRAM1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ASS]T$ ! RI<T ( ,FR5* COMMUNES TO FUNCTION AUTONOM\SLY BAS$ ON ! 0CONTRACT ( ASSOCIATION0 TO 0SECURE ! UNITY ( ,FRANCE02 IT AFFIRM$ ! 09H]5T RI<TS0 ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO VOTE ITS [N BUDGETS & TAXES1 & TO CREATE ITS [N ADM9I/RATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 & POLICE APP>ATUS2 NOT ONLY W\LD ELECTIONS BE FREE1 BUT VOT]S W\LD ALSO HAVE 0! P]MAN5T RI<T ( CONTROL & REVOCATION0 ( ALL MAGI/RATES--9 %ORT1 ! M&AT IMP]ATIF1 9 :I* DELEGATES W]E SUBJECT TO RECALL IF !Y FAIL$ TO FOLL[ ! WI%ES ( !IR ELECTORS4 ,CITIZ5S W]E TO 5JOY ! RI<T ( 0P]MAN5T 9T]V5TION 9TO ,COMMUNAL AFFAIRS BY ! FREE MANIFE/ATION ( !IR IDEAS & ! FREE DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S40.<#e#g#f.> 

,M>X'S APPRAISAL ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 :ILE UND]/&ABLY SUPPORTIVE ( IT AGA9/ ! IMPRECATIONS RA9$ UPON IT BY ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE1 WAS ANOMAL\S 9 HIS WORK AS A :OLE1 AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( ITS ATTITUDE T[>D /ATE P[]4 ,!SE WRIT+S1 :I* HE PREP>$ = ! ,LONDON BUREAU ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7& :I* =M MO/ ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> BOOK71 T5D TO D[NPLAY /ATE P[]4 

,! ,COMMUNE WAS =M$ ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS1 *OS5 BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ! V>I\S W>DS ( ! T[N1 RESPONSIBLE & REVOCABLE AT %ORT T]MS4 ,! MAJORITY ( ITS MEMB]S W]E NATURALLY WORK+ M51 OR ACKN[L$G$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS TO BE A WORK+1 NOT A P>LIAM5T>Y1 BODY1 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9/EAD ( CONT9U+ TO BE ! AG5T ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! POLICE WAS AT ONCE /RIPP$ ( ITS POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES1 & TURN$ 9TO ! RESPONSIBLE & AT ALL TIMES REVOCABLE AG5T ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,SO W]E ! (FICIALS ( ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,FROM ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE D[NW>D1 ! PUBLIC S]VICE HAD TO BE DONE AT WORKM5'S WAGES4 ,! VE/$ 9T]E/S & ! REPRES5TATION ALL[ANCES ( ! HI< DIGNIT>IES ( ,/ATE DISAPPE>$ ALONG ) ! HI< DIGNIT>IES !MSELVES4 ,PUBLIC FUNCTIONS CEAS$ TO BE ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! TOOLS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONLY MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION1 BUT ! :OLE 9ITIATIVE HI!RTO EX]CIS$ BY ! ,/ATE WAS LAID 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,COMMUNE4.<#e#g#g.> 

,M>X WAS C>EFUL NOT TO CLAIM ?AT ! ,COMMUNE HAD AB&ON$ ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( A /ATE--QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE TOOK NOTE ( ITS /ATI/ FEATURES-- BUT ! LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE ( HIS DESCRIPTION IS EVID5T1 CONTRA/+ %>PLY ) HIS NORMALLY C5TRALI/IC /ATI/ VIEWS4 ,SO DEPRECATORY ( ! /ATE G5]ALLY WAS ?IS BOOK1 H[EV]1 & SO EBULLI5T WAS IT AB\T ! ,COMMUNE'S AN>*I/IC DEM& = COMMUNAL LIB]TIES ?AT ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,BAKUN9'S CLOSE/ COLLABORATOR 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 IRONICALLY REG>D$ IT AS EVID5CE ( A CAPITULATION TO AN>*I/S 9 ! ,I,W,M,A ,LAT] ,M>XI/ LEAD]S EV5 CIT$ ,M>X'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ,COMMUNE AS ! MODEL P> EXCELL5CE ( A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 

,ACTUALLY1 :AT ,M>X REG>D$ AS IMPORTANT AB\T ! ,COMMUNE WAS NOT ?AT IT HAD ELIM9AT$ ! /ATE AS SU* BUT ?AT IT HAD COMPLETELY SMA%$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 ) ITS HUGE BUREAUCRACY1 ITS MILIT>Y & JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & ITS EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE APP>ATUS1 REPLAC+ IT1 SO HE BELIEV$1 ) A MORE OR LESS WORK+