,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #ca 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c#a4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga 

,! PEACE TREATY BETWE5 ,BISM>CK & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 IT HAS BE5 NOT$1 P]MITT$ ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY TO /AGE A =MAL M>* 9TO ! ,FR5* CAPITAL ON ,M>* #a & 0OCCUPY0 IT 7MORE AS A SYMBOLIC GE/URE ?AN A REALITY7 UNTIL ! FIR/ PAYM5T ON ! 9DEMNITY WAS MET--:I* ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T PROMPDY PROCE$$ TO PAY4 ,PRIOR TO ! P>ADE1 ,P>ISIANS FURI\SLY DEBAT$ :E!R !Y %\LD VIOL5DY RESI/ ?IS MILIT>Y 9SULT TO ! CITY OR TREAT IT ) DISDA9FUL 9DIFF]5CE4 ,AFT] MU* DISCUSSION 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D & ! ,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS1 IT WAS WISELY DECID$ NOT TO PROVOKE ! ,PRUSSIANS1 :O1 AFT] !IR P>ADE1 CONF9$ !IR OCCUPATION ( ,P>IS TO ! NOR? ( ! CAPITAL'S P]IMET]4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MORE RADICAL SECTORS ( ! POPULACE W]E M9DFUL ?AT ,?I]S & HIS GOV]NM5T W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO DIS>M ,P>IS1 9DE$ TO DISB& ANY POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y ,NATIONAL ,GU>D UNITS ?AT MI<T *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY OV] ! ,FR5* CAPITAL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WORK]S 9 ,P>IS BEGAN TO SEIZE WEAPONS :]EV] !Y W]E /OR$1 ESPECIALLY ! *ASSEPDTS & E>LY MA*9E GUNS1 OR MITRAILLEUSES1 ?AT HAD BE5 D5I$ TO RADICAL ,GU>D BATTALIONS DUR+ ! SIEGE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !Y BEGAN TO COLLECT ! CANNONS ?AT HAD BE5 P>K$ 9 ! MIDDLE-CLASS DI/RICTS ( WE/]N ,P>IS = USE AGA9/ ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,S9CE L>GE NUMB]S ( !SE CANNONS HAD BE5 PUR*AS$ BY PATRIOTIC POPUL> SUBSCRIPTION1 !Y W]E N[ SE5 AS1 BY ALL RI<TS1 BELONG+ TO ! PEOPLE4 ,H5CE ! CANNONS 9 ! WE/]N HALF ( ,P>IS W]E DRAGG$ BY !M ACROSS ! CITY & 9/ALL$ ON ! WORK+-CLASS HEI<TS ( ,BELLEVILLE & ,MONTM>TRE1 PRESUMABLY TO KEEP !M \T ( ! CLUT*ES ( ! ,PRUSSIANS4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! PEACE TREATY WAS TO PROVE V]Y S]VICEABLE TO ! RADICALS 9 ,P>IS4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT GIVE !M ! EXCUSE !Y NE$$ TO P>K AS MANY CANNONS AS !Y C\LD 9 ! EA/]N WORK+-CLASS >EAS1 BUT 9ASMU* AS ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ,?I]S & ,BISM>CK OBLIG$ ! ,FR5* NATIONAL GOV]NM5T TO SIGNIFICANTLY R$UCE ITS G>RISON 9 ! CAPITAL TO SOME #f1 M51 MO/ ( ! ,FR5* >MY REGUL>S 9 & >\ND ! CITY W]E DEMOBILIZ$4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! L>GE/ MILIT>Y =CE REMA9+ 9 ,P>IS WAS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D--:I* HAD BE5 ALL[$1 UND] ! T]MS ( ! E>LI] >MI/ICE1 TO KEEP ALL ( ITS WEAPONS4 ,! >MY DEMOBILIZATION LEFT SOME #b1 WELL-TRA9$ L9E SOLDI]S & MOBILES 9 ! CITY )\T 9COME1 & AL?\< MANY ( !M RETURN$ TO !IR HOME PROV9CES1 O!RS REMA9$ BEH9D & FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 9 MANY CASES JO9+ ITS RANKS4 

,IF ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY HAD EV] HAD ANY POSSIBILITY ( REGA9+ ! CANNONS FROM ! POT5TIAL 9SURG5TS 9 ,P>IS1 IT HAD =ECLOS$ IT :5 IT 5D$ ! MORATORIUM ON R5TAL PAYM5TS & OV]DUE LOANS4 ,HAV+ JU/ EM]G$ FROM AN AGONIZ+ SIEGE1 ORD9>Y ,P>ISIANS W]E N[ EXPECT$ TO MAKE PAYM5TS ?AT !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY AF=D4 ,ON ,M>* #a#e1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ANGRILY RESPOND$ TO !SE PROVOCATIONS BY =M+ A ,F$]ATION ( ITS LOCAL BATTALIONS & ELECT+ A GUID+ ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS DET]M9$ TO KEEP ! CANNONS 9 ,P>IS UND] ITS [N CONTROL4 ,NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY--M$IAT$ BY ! >RONDISSEM5T MAYORS--ULTIMATELY FAIL$1 & ! CITY'S >TILL]Y REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE4 

,! ,C,A,N,N,O,N,S ,( ,M,O,N,T,M,>,T,R,E 

,?I]S FULLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! CANNONS HAD TO BE REMOV$ & ,P>IS DIS>M$ IF ! GOV]NM5T WAS TO EX]CISE CONTROL OV] ! CAPITAL4 ,ON ,M>* #af HE >RIV$ 9 ,P>IS ) HIS M9I/]S1 & A DAY LAT]1 AT A GOV]NM5T C\NCIL MEET+1 !Y =MULAT$ A PLAN TO SEIZE ! CANNONS 9 ! WORK+- CLASS DI/RICTS4 ,REGIM5TS ( L9E TROOPS W]E TO OCCUPY ALL ! MAJOR SQU>ES1 BUILD+S1 RAILROAD /ATIONS1 BRIDGES1 & /RATEGIC PO9TS 9 ! C5T] & EA/]N HALF ( ! CAPITAL4 ,G5]ALS ,LECOMTE & ,PATUREL W]E TO 5T] ! CITY FROM ! NOR? & SCALE ! /EEP HEI<TS ( ,MONTM>TRE & ,BELLEVILLE1 :I* TOGE!R HAD #bde CANNONS \T ( ! #dag GUNS HELD BY ! ,GU>D4 ,IT IS APP>5T ?AT ,?I]S 9T5D$ NOT ONLY TO CONFISCATE ! ,GU>D'S >TILL]Y BUT TO E/ABLI% MILIT>Y CONTROL OV] REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS1 /ATION+ TROOPS 9 CONSID]ABLE =CE 9 /RATEGIC POSITIONS &1 IF NECESS>Y1 SUBDU+ ANY RESI/ANCE 9 ! WORK+- CLASS DI/RICTS4 ,! POLICE W]E AU?ORIZ$ TO >RE/ & IMPRISON SOME ?IRTY MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & TO SEIZE EV]Y KN[N RADICAL ?AT !Y C\LD F9D 9 ! CAPITAL4 

,! SUCCESS ( ,?I]S'S C\P W\LD DEP5D 5TIRELY ON SECRECY1 SPE$1 & SURPRISE4 ,AT ?REE A4M4 ON ,M>* #a#h1 :ILE MO/ ( ,P>IS WAS ASLEEP1 ! TROOPS W]E ORD]$ \T ( !IR B>RACKS1 )\T EV5 EAT+ BREAKFA/1 & SWIFDY M>*$ TO !IR ASSIGN$ POSITIONS4 ,:5 !Y >RIV$ AT ! >TILL]Y P>K AT ,MONTM>TRE1 !Y F\ND IT POORLY GU>D$ & OCCUPI$ IT EASILY1 TAK+ COMPLETE POSSESSION ( ! GUNS4 ,!Y !N SETD$ D[N TO AWAIT ! HORSES ?AT W]E TO COME TO C>T !M AWAY4 ,[+ TO A LACK ( COORD9ATION AS WELL AS HORSES1 H[EV]1 ! SOLDI]S F\ND !MSELVES WAIT+ = H\RS4 

,AT DAWN1 ! UNSUSPECT+ NEI<BORHOOD >\ND !M BEGAN TO /IR4 ,9CR$IBLY1 ! SOLDI]S W]E /ILL SITT+ 9 ! P>K AS LATE AS EI<T A4M41 FAMI%$ & *ILL$ BY ! NI<T MI/ ,MANY M5 HAD LEFT !IR PO/S & WEAPONS TO GET SOME?+ TO EAT AT ! OP5+ BI/ROS4 ,NO SOON] DID ! WORK+-CLASS WOM5 EM]GE FROM !IR H\SES & SEE ! SOLDI]S ?AN !Y SET (F A FURI\S AL>M--,L\ISE ,MI*EL RAN ?\< ! NEI<BORHOOD1 CALL+ \T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 :O QUICKLY >RIV$ 9 !IR KEPIS & ASSEMBL$ 9 COLUMNS TO PROTECT ! >TILL]Y4 ,! DEMORALIZ$ REGUL> SOLDI]S W]E NO MORE EAG] TO FI<T ! ,GU>DS ?AN ! ,GU>DS W]E EAG] TO FI<T !M ,:5 ,G5]AL ,LECOMTE ORD]$ HIS M5 TO FIRE1 !Y FLADY REFUS$1 & TROOPS ON BO? SIDES BEGAN TO FRAT]NIZE4 ,! 5TIRE OP]ATION SOON COLLAPS$4 ,BY N9E 9 ! MORN+1 GOV]NM5T SOLDI]S1 ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 & WORK]S--FEMALE AS WELL AS MALE--W]E TOA/+ EA* O!R & ! REPUBLIC 9 JOY\S CELEBRATION4 

,?I]S'S =AY 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y HE>T ( ,P>IS HAD BE5 A COMPLETE FIASCO4 ,ALL[+ = M9OR V>IATIONS1 MU* ! SAME /ORY WAS REPEAT$ ?R\<\T ! CITY1 EI!R HORSES CAME TOO LATE TO BE US$1 OR ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS W]E AL]T$ 9 TIME TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T TROOPS FROM SEIZ+ ! CANNONS4 ,EV]Y:]E SOLDI]S ( ! L9E FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! ,GU>DS4 ,! ,P>ISIANS' VICTORY WAS NOT 5TIRELY BLOODLESS1 TO BE SURE--IT CO/ ! LIFE ( ,G5]AL ,CLEM5T ,?OMAS1 ! =M] ,GU>D COMM&] :O1 DRESS$ 9 CIVILIAN CLO?+1 HAD BE5 DRAWN 9TO ! /REETS \T ( CURIOSITY4 ,!RE HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ & PURSU$ BY A CR[D :O REMEMB]$ HIS BLOODY ROLE 9 REPRESS+ ! J\RNEE ( ,MAY #a#e1 MORE ?AN TWO DECADES E>LI]4 ,DESPITE E>NE/ EF=TS BY ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS TO PROTECT HIM--HE WAS A REPUBLICAN N[-- HE WAS KILL$1 AS WAS ,G5]AL ,LECOMTE1 :O HAD PROVOCATIVELY UN%EA!D HIS SWORD AGA9/ AN ANGRY CR[D4 ,AN AUTOPSY LAT] REVEAL$ ?AT DOZ5S ( BULLETS FROM >MY *ASSQJOTS ACC\NT$ = !IR DEA?S1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT !Y HAD BE5 %OT BY TROOPS4 ,?IS EVID5CE NOT)/&+1 ,?I]S W\LD CLAIM ?AT !Y HAD BE5 BRUTALLY MURD]$ BY ! 0R$S0 ( ,P>IS4 

,AT ?REE 9 ! AFT]NOON1 ,?I]S & HIS M9I/]S CONV5$ AT ! ,M9I/RY ( ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 :]E !Y DECID$ ?AT1 9 ! LI<T ( ! FIASCO1 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD EVACUATE ! DTY4 ,SUDD5LY1 LOOK+ D[N FROM A W9D[1 ! M9I/] ( W> SAW A BATTALION ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS M>*+ 9 ! /REET BEL[4 ,FE>+ ?AT ! ,GU>DS 9T5D$ TO CAPTURE !M1 ALL ! M9I/]S W]E ?R[N 9TO A PANIC4 ,AL?\< ! ,GU>D BATTALION M>*$ PA/ ! ,M9I/RY1 ) NO 9KL+ ( ! HAUL !Y C\LD HAVE SCOOP$ UP BY TAK+ ! BUILD+1 ! M9I/]S SCATT]$ 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS4 ,?I]S1 SCURRY+ D[N ! BACK /AIRS TO A C>RIAGE & CAVALRY ESCORT1 PAUS$ ONLY TO CONFIRM ! ORD] TO EVACUATE ! CAPITAL1 !N MADE HIS WAY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE TO ,V]SAILLES4 

,DESPITE FURI\S OPPOSITION FROM ,JULES ,F]RY1 ! MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 & BY SOME ( ! >RONDISSEM5T MAYORS1 ,?I]S'S DECISION TO AB&ON ! CAPITAL WAS IRREVOCABLE4 ,BEH9D IT LAY A /RATEGY ?AT ! *IEF ( /ATE HAD ADVOCAT$ AS F> BACK AS #a#h#d#h1 :5 9 ! LA/ DAYS ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE'S REIGN HE HAD URG$ ! K+ TO RETREAT ) ALL HIS TROOPS \TSIDE ! CAPITAL1 REGR\P HIS =CES1 & !N RETURN TO RETAKE ! CITY 9 A BLOODY CONQUE/4 ,:]E ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE HAD DECL9$ TO FOLL[ HIS ADVICE1 ,?I]S HIMSELF WAS N[ FREE TO C>RY IT \T HIMSELF4 ,ONCE HE HAD BUILT UP HIS =CES AT ,V]SAILLES1 HIS H&1 ,?I]S REASON$1 W\LD BE FREE TO ELIM9ATE ! REVOLUTION>Y 0PE/0 ONCE & = ALL4 ,AS TIME WAS SOON TO REVEAL1 HE CONSID]$ ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS TO BE LITTLE MORE ?AN V]M9 :O HAD TO BE RU?LESSLY DRIV5 BACK TO !IR HOLES 9 ! SLUMS4 

,P,>,I,S ,U,N,D,] ,! ,C,5,T,R,A,L ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E 

,ONCE ! M9I/]S HAD DEP>T$1 CONTROL OV] ,P>IS & ITS 5VIRONS1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 LAY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION4 ,B>ELY HAD ! GOV]NM5T FL$1 H[EV]1 :5 ! ,COMMITTEE1 APP>5DY /UNN$ BY ITS [N SUCCESS1 P]=M$ ! FIR/ ( ! MANY BLUND]S ?AT W]E TO M>K ITS ACTIONS--OR LACK ( !M--DUR+ ! TWO WEEKS :5 IT WAS ! GOV]N+ BODY 9 ,P>IS1 ) POT5TIALLY 5ORM\S P[]4 ,IT DID VIRTUALLY NO?+ AGA9/ ! FLEE+ GOV]NM5T OR ITS TROOPS4 ,EV5 AS ,?I]S & HIS CAB9ET W]E HURRY+ TO ,V]SAILLES1 ! ,COMMITTEE BEHAV$ AS ?\< IT W]E FAC$ ) ! NE$ TO DEF5D ITSELF4 ,RA!R ?AN M\NT AN ATTACK TO CRU% ITS OPPON5TS1 ! ,COMMITTEE ORD]$ ! ,GU>D'S BATTALION (FIC]S TO BUILD B>RICADES TO PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ AN ATTACK1 9DE$ TO )DRAW IF ! GOV]NM5T UND]TOOK A RESOLUTE ASSAULT4 

,ON ! FOLL[+ ,SUNDAY NI<T1 ,M>* #a#i1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE CONV5$ AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE TO DECIDE ON ITS NEXT /EP4 ,TWO 5]GETIC ,BLANQUI/S1 ,EMILE ,EUDES1 A /EELWORK]1 & ,PAUL ,BRUNEI1 A /UD5T1 CALL$ ON ! ,COMMITTEE TO MAKE AN IMM$IATE ATTACK UPON ! RETREAT+ & DEMORALIZ$ GOV]NM5T TROOPS & M>* ON ,V]SAILLES1 DEM&S ?AT W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! ,MONTM>TRE COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ! TWO ,BLANQUI/S DEM&$ ?AT ! CITY GATES BE CLOS$--AS ,BLANQUI HIMSELF HAD ORD]$ DUR+ ! ATTEMPT$ C\P ( ,OCTOB] #c#a--TO PREV5T ! TROOPS FROM ESCAP+ TO ,V]SAILLES4 ,LISSAG>AY1 :OSE ,HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga HAS LONG BE5 REG>D$ BY ! ,LEFT AS ! (FICIAL ACC\NT ( ! ,COMMUNE1 NOTES ?AT AT ! V]Y TIME ( ! ,COMMITTEE'S MEET+1 0FILES ( SOLDI]S W]E /ILL M>*+ (F .<TO ,V]SAILLES.> ?R\< ! GATES ( ! LEFT BANK40.<#e#d#d.> ,HAD ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE M\NT$ SU* AN ATTACK ON ,?I]S'S FLEE+ TROOPS1 IT IS FAIRLY C]TA9 ?AT ! ,GU>DS C\LD HAVE DEFEAT$ !M & TAK5 ,V]SAILLES4 ,9DE$1 AS ,$W>DS OBS]VES1 

,! RETREAT ( ! >MY TO ,V]SAILLES WAS *AOTIC4 ,! TROOPS W]E 9SUBORD9ATE TO !IR (FIC]S1 & IT WAS ONLY ! G5D>MES :O C\LD KEEP SOME SORT ( ORD]4 ,SO HA/Y WAS ! )DRAWAL ?AT SEV]AL REGIM5TS W]E =GOTT5 & LEFT /R&$ 9 ,P>IS4.<#e#d#e.> 

,POSSIBLY BECAUSE ! TWO ,BLANQUI/S W]E TOO Y\NG TO BE TREAT$ ) ! RESPECT ?AT !IR M5TOR HAD E>N$ BY HIS LONG YE>S ( EXP]I5CE & IMPRISONM5T1 !IR PLEAS W]E IGNOR$4 ,LISSAG>AY DESCRIBES H[ !IR DEM&S TO IMM$IATELY M>* ON ,V]SAILLES W]E ANSW]$3 0,NO4 ,WE HAVE ONLY ! M&ATE TO SECURE ! RI<TS ( ,P>IS4 ,IF ! PROV9CES %>E \R VIEWS1 LET !M IMITATE \R EXAMPLE40.<#e#d#f.> ,! ,COMMITTEE1 APP>5DY SUFF]+ A DISA/R\S FAILURE ( N]VE1 GAVE EV]Y EXCUSE IT C\LD MU/] = DO+ ALMO/ NO?+4 ,F> FROM M\NT+ AN ATTACK1 IT PROCRA/9AT$1 EV5 ALL[+ ! DEMORALIZ$ ,V]SAILLES TROOPS TO RETREAT BY FAIL+ TO CLOSE ! CITY'S GATES4 

,MOREOV]1 MO/ ( ! =TS1 :I* HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 HELD BY REGUL> >MY TROOPS \TSIDE ! CITY DUR+ ! W>1 W]E UNOCCUPI$4 ,IT SEEMS NOT TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D AT LEA/ TO CLAIM ,MONT-,VAL]I51 ! MO/ IMPORTANT /RON<OLD 9 ! :OLE ,P>ISIAN DEF5SIVE SY/EM1 :ILE IT C\LD /ILL BE EASILY TAK54 ,9DE$1 = TWO :OLE DAYS IT LAY VIRTUALLY UNOCCUPI$2 NOT UNTIL ,MONDAY DID ,?I]S'S =CES TAKE OV] ?IS VITAL \TPO/ & =ECLOSE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE C\LD CLAIM IT4 

,:AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE LACK$ ?AT ,SUNDAY NI<T & = MU* ( ITS REMA9+ EXI/5CE WAS ! PRES5CE ( ,L\IS-,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI1 :O HAD ACT$ SO DECISIVELY 9 ! UPRIS+ ! PREVI\S ,OCTOB]4 ,BUT ,BLANQUI1 /ILL AT L>GE S9CE ?AT FAILURE1 HAD F9ALLY BE5 CAPTUR$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 ! PROV9CES ON ,M>* #a#g1 ONLY A DAY BE=E ! ATTACK UPON ,MONTM>TRE & ,BELLEVILLE4 ,?I]S1 :O WAS ONLY TOO FAMILI> ) ,BLANQUI'S RESOLUT5ESS1 W\LD KEEP HIM IMPRISON$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 HE KNEW ?AT NO ONE C\LD HAVE BETT] GIV5 IT CLE> DIRECTION1 AT LEA/ 9 MILIT>Y AFFAIRS1 ?AN ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y4 

,9 FACT1 FEW REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS W]E MORE CONFUS$ AB\T !IR IMM$IATE GOALS & FUNCTIONS ?AN ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION4 ,AS ,LISSAG>AY OBS]VES1 ! ,COMMITTEE 0SAW NOT--V]Y FEW SAW AS YET--?AT ?IS WAS A DEA? /RUGGLE ) ! ,ASSEMBLY AT ,V]SAILLES40.<#e#d#g.> ,9/EAD1 HESITANT1 OV]LY CAUTI\S1 & RELUCTANT TO CONFRONT ,?I]S & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 IT WAS PREOCCUPI$ ) CL>IFY+ ! SCOPE ( ITS [N P[]S & ITS [N LEGAL /ATUS4 ,F9ALLY ! MEMB]S DECID$ TO CALL1 AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 = ! ELECTION ( A ,COMMUNE TO REPLACE !IR [N ,COMMITTEE4 ,?US1 9 ITS 0,APPEAL TO ! ,DEP>TM5TS10 ! ,COMMITTEE DECL>$ ?AT ITS 0EXI/+ P[]S >E ESS5TIALLY PROVISIONAL1 & WILL BE REPLAC$ BY AN ELECT$ ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL40.<#e#d#h.> ,AT A DME :5 ! ,COMMITTEE %\LD HAVE BE5 SUBDU+ ,?I]S1 IT ISSU$ A /ATEM5T LIMIT+ ITS [N AU?ORITY4 

0,LET ! PROV9CES !RE=E HA/5 TO IMITATE ! EXAMPLE ( ! CAPITAL BY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES 9 A REPUBLICAN FA%ION10 ! 0,APPEAL0 CONT9U$4 ,H]E91 AS ,$W>DS EMPHASIZES1 LAY ANO!R ( ! GREAT FAIL+S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a3 ! P>O*IAL M5TALITY ( ITS (FIC]S & M54 ,ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,M>* #a#h1 :5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE WAS BUSY ISSU+ DEF5SIVE ORD]S TO ,GU>D BATTALIONS & ORD]+ ! BATTALIONS ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? >RONDISSEM5TS TO TAKE ! ,PLACE DE ,V5DOME1 0! LOCAL COMM&]S HESITAT$ TO LEAD !IR M5 9TO ! C5T] ( ,P>IS AWAY FROM ! SAFETY ( !IR [N DI/RICTS10 ,$W>DS NOTES DRYLY4.<#e#d#i.> ,& 9DE$ IT WAS NOT UNTIL EI<T ?AT EV5+1 NE>LY SIX H\RS AFT] ! ORD] WAS GIV51 ?AT ! BATTALIONS HAD MOV$ T[>D ! PLAZA 9 ! HE>T ( ! CAPITAL4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE'S /RATEGIC VISION ( A REVOLUTION1 9 MANY CASES1 DID NOT EXT5D FUR!R ?AN ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOODS 9 :I* ITS MEMB]S LIV$1 LET ALONE BEYOND ! WALLS ( ,P>IS4 ,AS 9 ,JUNE #ahdh !Y W]E IMBU$ ) A NOTION ( REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY ?AT PRECLUD$ ANY S]I\S ATTEMPT TO GIVE !IR REVOLUTIONS GUIDANCE1 /ILL LESS DIRECTION4 

,! ,COMMITTEE'S 0,APPEAL TO ! ,DEP>TM5TS0 ALSO REVEALS ! NATURE ( ! POLITICAL ?9K+ ?AT GUID$ ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,AFT] CALL+ UPON ! PROV9CES TO IMITATE ! CAPITAL1 IT DECL>$3 0,WE HAVE ONLY ONE HOPE1 ONE 5D3 ! SAFETY ( ! C\NTRY & ! F9AL TRIUMPH ( ! DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC1 ONE & 9DIVISIBLE40.<#e#e.> ,LIKE MANY O!R PROCLAMATIONS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ( ! ,COMMUNE ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 ! 0,APPEAL0 E*OES ! REPUBLICAN APPEALS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION MORE ?AN ! CLASS-ORI5T$ PROCLAMATIONS ( ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS ( #a#h#d#h4 

,BUT 9 A LESS TEPID & MORE CLASS-ORI5T$ VE91 ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE DELEGATES TO ! GOV]NM5T'S ,J\RNAL (FICIEL DECL>$ ?AT 

! PROLET>IANS ( ! CAPITAL1 FAC$ ) ! 9COMPET5CE & TREA*]Y ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ! H\R HAS COME = !M TO SAVE ! SITUATION BY TAK+ DIRECTION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS 444 ,WILL ! WORK]S1 :O PRODUCE EV]Y?+ & 5JOY NO?+ 9 RETURN1 :O 5DURE POV]TY 9 ! MID/ ( WEAL? :I* !Y HAVE PRODUC$ BY ! SWEAT ( !IR BR[1 ALWAYS BE SUBJECT$ TO ABUSE8 444 ,! PROLET>IAT1 FAC$ ) A CON/ANT ?REAT TO ITS RI<TS1 A TOTAL D5IAL ( ALL ITS LEGITIMATE ASPIRATIONS1 ALONG ) ! IMM95T DE/RUCTION ( ! C\NTRY & ( ALL ITS HOPES1 HAS REALIZ$ ?AT IT IS ITS IMP]ATIVE DUTY & ABSOLUTE RI<T TO TAKE ITS DE/9Y 9 ITS [N H&S BY SEIZ+ POLITICAL P[]4.<#e#e#a.> 

,! TWO /ATEM5TS SEEM /RANGELY AT ODDS ) EA* O!R4 ,! FIR/ EMPHASIZES CIVIC AUTONOMY & POLITICAL RI<TS1 SPEAK+ TO ! CITIZ5S ( ,P>IS 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ADDRESS$ 0LA ,NATION10 )\T ANY REF]5CE TO ECONOMIC OR CLASS ISSUES4 ,! SECOND /ATEM5T SPEAKS TO A SPECIFIC OPPRESS$ CLASS1 ! 0PROLET>IAT10 REF]R+ TO ! BITT] ECONOMIC W> BETWE5 WORK]S & !IR EXPLOIT]S4 ,S9CE !SE TWO CLASSES C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO LIVE AMICABLY TOGE!R UND] ! EXI/+ ECONOMY1 LET ALONE %>E ! MANAGEM5T ( A MUNICIPALITY1 ! /ATEM5T /AKES \T A CLAIM = ! PROLET>IAT TO SEIZE 0POLITICAL P[]40 

,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! TWO /ATEM5TS REVEAL ! CONFUSION ?AT EXI/$ NOT ONLY 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE BUT 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ITSELF :I* WAS ! ALL-9CLUSIVE NAME GIV5 TO ! 9/ITUTIONS & EV5TS 9 ,P>IS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g#a4 ,! TWO /ATEM5TS W]E ADDRESS$ TO V]Y DIFF]5T /RATA3 ! FIR/ TO CITIZ5S ( ,P>IS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CLASS /ATUS2 ! SECOND1 TO RADICAL WORK]S 9 ! EA/]N P>TS ( ! CAPITAL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 PR9CIPALLY ! IMPOV]I%$ RESID5TS 9 ! EA/]N HALF ( ,P>IS :O WORK$ ) !IR H&S1 W]E ! BACKBONE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,BY APPEAL+ TO !M 9 /ATEM5TS LIKE ! SECOND ONE1 ) ITS MILITANT CLASS-ORI5T$ PHRASES1 ! ,COMMUNE ACQUIR$ ! IMAGE ( BE+ A /RICDY WORK+-CLASS PH5OM5ON4 

,BUT IF ! WORK+ CLASS =M$ ! PILL> ?AT SUPPORT$ ! ,COMMUNE1 ITS SUPPORT WAS ALSO MORE BROADLY BAS$ ?AN ! WORK+ CLASS ALONE4 ,MANY MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE--%OPKEEP]S1 SMALL-SCALE PRODUC]S1 M]*ANTS ( ALL K9DS--ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ ! EM]G+ ,COMMUNE1 :I* CLE>LY ISSU$ /ATEM5TS TO SATISFY !IR S5TIM5TS & 9T]E/S AS WELL4 ,! REPUBLICAN /ATEM5TS W]E DIRECT$ T[>D ! L>GE NUMB]S ( B\RGEOIS PATRIOTS AS WELL AS WORK]S :O TACITLY OR ACTIVELY SUPPORT$ ! ,COMMUNE BECAUSE !Y OPPOS$ ! TREATY ?AT ,?I]S HAD NEGOTIAT$ ) ! ,G]MANS4 

,NOR DID SU* REPUBLICAN APPEALS CONTRADICT ! PR$OM9ANT S5TIM5T AMONG ,COMMUNE MEMB]S3 ! ,PR\DHONI/S & ,JACOB9S :O COMPOS$ A SIZABLE P>T ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & LAT] ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY & HOP$ M]ELY TO A*IEVE ITS WIDE/ DI/RIBUTION4 ,GIV5 ITS RESPECT = PROP]TY & LEGALITY1 ! ,COMMITTEE 7& LAT] ! ,COMMUNE7 MADE NO ATTEMPT TO APPROPRIATE ! VA/ GOLD HOLD+S 9 ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE2 LEAV+ ! ,BANK'S TREASURY COMPLETELY UNT\*$1 !Y SIMPLY NEGOTIAT$ A SUB/ANTIAL BANK LOAN4 ,NOR DID ! NEW (FICIALS EV5 T\* ! SUB/ANTIAL FUNDS ?AT LAY 9 ! SAFES ( V>I\S M9I/RIES1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T HAD LEFT BEH9D--DESPITE !IR DESP]ATE NE$ = MONEY1 !Y NEV] BROKE OP5 ! LOCKS4 ,9/EAD ( EXPROPRIAT+ PROP]TY1 !Y US$ V]Y MOD]ATE MEANS TO BR+ 9 MU*-NE$$ FUNDS1 SU* AS ! COLLECTION ( ! OCTROI 7! TAX ON GOODS 5T]+ ! CAPITAL'S GATES74 ,REPUBLICAN LEGALITY SEEMS TO HAVE HAD A P>ALYZ+ EFFECT UPON !SE O/5SIBLE REVOLUTION>IES :O1 ONCE !Y W]E 9 P[]1 DESPITE !IR F$]ALI/ & SOMETIMES SOCIALI/ RHETORIC1 W]E VIRTUALLY HYPNOTIZ$ BY ! MY/ICAL AMBIANCE ?AT SURR\ND$ ! ,FR5* /ATE & ITS F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,:]E ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE FRETT$ OV] ! LEGALITY ( EV]Y ACTION IT UND]TOOK1 EV5 QUE/ION+ ITS RI<T TO MEET 9 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ! ,V]SAILLAIS ?REW ALL CONV5TIONAL RE/RICTIONS TO ! W9DS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! BEHAVIOR ( ,P>IS & ,V]SAILLES IS >RE/+4 ,DESPITE BLOODY ALT]CATIONS BETWE5 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS & SUPPORT]S ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 ! ,COMMITTEE--UNWILL+ TO IMP$E FRE$OM ( SPEE*--PLAC$ FEW IF ANY RE/RICTIONS ON ! CIRCULATION ( ESS5TIALLY PRO-,V]SAILLES PROPAG&A 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,= !IR P>T1 BY CONTRA/1 ! ,V]SAILLAIS US$ EV]Y MEASURE AT !IR DISPOSAL TO PREV5T NEWS FROM ,P>IS FROM REA*+ ! PROV9CES1 ESPECIALLY PAMPHLETS & O!R LIT]ATURE ?AT TRI$ TO RALLY PROV9CIAL SUPPORT = ! CAPITAL4 ,?I]S'S CONTROL OV] 9=MATION WAS A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO ! ,COMMUNE'S VAGUE 9JUNCTIONS ?AT O!R ,FR5* CITIES & T[NS %\LD FOLL[ ITS [N EXAMPLE4 ,NO M]E REPUBLICAN LEGALITIES W\LD DET] HIM FROM HIS GOAL ( SUPPRESS+ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 

,! ,C,R,E,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,M>* #b#f1 ,P>ISIANS W5T TO ! POLLS TO ELECT !IR ,COMMUNE4 ,= ONCE1 !Y C\LD *OOSE !IR DELEGATES 9 PROPORTION TO !IR NUMB]S RA!R ?AN BY DI/RICT1 SO ?AT 9 ! F9AL TALLY1 ! D5SELY POPULAT$ WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS GA9$ A REPRES5TATION ?AT REFLECT$ !IR ACTUAL SIZE4 ,\T ( A PRESUM$ ELECTORATE ( #d#h11 IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT SOME #b#b#i1 M5 VOT$--O/5SIBLY A RA!R SMALL PROPORTION1 & ONE ?AT ,?I]S US$ 9 ORD] TO >GUE ?AT OV] HALF ! VOT+ POPULATION HAD AB/A9$ FROM ! ELECTIONS1 9 SYMPA?Y = HIS ,V]SAILLES GOV]NM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! PROPORTION ( ,P>ISIAN M5 :O VOT$ WAS ACTUALLY MU* HI<]2 ! #d#h1 FIGURE WAS BAS$ ON ! VOT+ LI/S = ! #ahg PLEBISCITE--AFT] :I* A L>GE NUMB] ( B\RGEOIS HAD FL$ ,P>IS DUR+ ! SIEGE & ! >MI/ICE = NONPOLITICAL AS WELL AS POLITICAL REASONS4 

,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS WAS F9ALLY PROCLAIM$ ON ,M>* #bh ON ! /EPS ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,AS ! RADICAL J\RNALI/ ,JULES ,VALLES DESCRIB$ ! MOM5T\S OCCASION 9 HIS NEWSPAP]1 ,LE ,CRI DU PEUPLE3 

,! >TILL]Y ?UND]S A SALUTE FROM ! QUAYS2 ! GRAY SMOKE IS GILD$ BY ! SUN4 ,A CR[D HAS GA!R$ TO GREET ! TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION2 M5 WAVE !IR HATS & WOM5 !IR H&K]*IEFS :ILE FROM ! B>RICADES ! CANNON HUMBLY B[ !IR BRONZE MUZZLES LE/ !Y ?REAT5 ! JOYFUL ONLOOK]S4444 ,! ,COMMUNE IS PROCLAIM$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y1 PATRIOTIC CELEBRATION1 A DAY ( PEACE & JOY1 EXCITEM5T & SOLEMNITY1 SPL5DOR & M]RIM5T WOR?Y ( ! DAYS LIV$ BY M5 ( '#i#a4444 ,TODAY IS ! FE/IVE W$D+ DAY ( ! ,IDEA & ! ,REVOLUTION4.<#e#e#b.> 

,9DE$1 ! FE/IVE MOOD ( ! POPULATION SEEM$ IRREPRESSIBLE & CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! LIFE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,SO JOY\S W]E ! PEOPLE1 EV5 AS ! ?REAT ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS LOOM$ OV] !M1 ?AT ,VILLI]S DE L'LSLE-,ADAM WROTE3 

,W\LD Y\ BELIEVE IT8 ,P>IS IS FI<T+ & S++6 ,P>IS IS AB\T TO BE ATTACK$ BY A RU?LESS & FURI\S >MY & %E LAU<S6 ,P>IS IS HEMM$ 9 ON ALL SIDES BY TR5*ES & =TIFICATIONS1 & YET !RE >E CORN]S )9 !SE =MIDABLE WALLS :]E PEOPLE LAU<6.<#e#e#c.> 

,MORE 9SI<DULLY1 ,L4 ,B>RON EMPHASIZ$ ?AT UND]LY+ ! FE/IVITY LAY AN IDEALI/IC REVOLUTION>Y EXALTATION3 

,9 !SE SOLEMN C]EMONIES1 !SE FE/IVITIES1 !SE BATDES JOY\SLY F\<T1 >E BOM ! GREAT & SUBLIME MOVEM5TS ?AT CAUSE PEOPLE TO BREAK \T ( !IR HABITS & SET !IR SI<T ON A NEW IDEAL4 ,! $UCAT$ & POSITIVE- ?9K+1 ! SKEPTICALLY & ! SPIRITUALLY 9CL9$1 ALL F9D !MSELVES 9VOLV$ 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES1 C>RI$ ALONG ) ! SUBLIME MULTITUDE4 ,?IS IS H[ VIABLE REVOLUTIONS BEG9 & DEVELOP4 ,ONE RETURNS FROM EA* EXALT$ EXP]I5CE AS ONE W\LD AWAKE FROM A DREAM1 BUT ! MEMORY REMA9S ( A BRIEF MOM5T ( EC/ASY1 AN ILLUSION ( FRAT]NITY4.<#e#e#d.> 

,BUT :AT 9 FACT WAS ! ,COMMUNE8 ,! WORD HAS MULTIPLE MEAN+S ?AT DEP5D UPON ! CONTEXT 9 :I* IT IS US$4 ,D]IV$ FROM ! M$IEVAL ,LAT9 COMMUNA1 IT ORIG9ALLY MEANT A COMMUNALITY OR A CORPORATE COMMUNITY1 ?AT IS1 A MUNICIPALITY4 ,AS ,EUROPEAN T[NS & CITIES HAD DEVELOP$ SELF-GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS S9CE ! M$IEVAL ]A1 COMMUNE HAD ALSO COME TO MEAN A DTY C\NCIL4 ,F9ALLY1 ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY IMP>T$ TO ! ,COMMUNE A UNIQUELY RADICAL CONNOTATION3 ! POPUL> CITY C\NCIL ( #agic WAS G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! MO/ RADICAL MUNICIPAL =CE 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 UNTIL IT WAS PURG$ BY ,ROBESPI]RE4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #agic 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ! COMMUNALITY & ! CITY C\NCIL BUT ALSO ! SUPPORT]S & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! EXTREME ,LEFT1 :I* IMPLICIDY 9CLUD$ ! SECTIONS & EV5 ! RADICAL CLUBS 9TO :I* ! SANS-CULOTTES W]E MOBILIZ$4 

,AS = #a#h#g#a1 ! 0,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS10 :I* APPE>$ AT ! BOTTOM ( DECREES & CALL$ = MOBILIZATION 9 ! SPR+ ( ?AT YE>1 MEANT1 /RICDY SPEAK+1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL1 ! ASSEMBLY ( DELEGATES :O HAD BE5 ELECT$ TO ! DTY C\NCIL4 ,AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! M9I/RIES ?AT EXI/$ UND] ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NDL CREAT$ N9E COMMISSIONS1 :OSE OP]ATIONS W]E SUP]VIS$ & COORD9AT$ BY AN ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION4 ,AL?\< EA* COMMISSION WAS *>G$ ) A SPECIFIC GOV]NM5TAL PORTFOLIO1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL AS A :OLE T5D$ TO PREEMPT MO/ ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ITS COMMISSIONS1 :I* (T5 MEANT ?AT MANY PRACTICAL DETAILS W]E NEGLECT$ EXCEPT 9 EM]G5CIES4 

,COEXI/+ ) ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL WAS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 7:I* HAD WELCOM$ ! ,COMMUNE & SURR5D]$ ALL ( ITS P[]S TO IT ) MU* FANF>E--ONLY TO CONT9UE MEET+ ON ITS [N AFT]W>DS71 AS WELL AS ! ,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS1 & ! ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 POPUL> CLUBS EXI/$ 9 EV]Y >RONDISSEM5T ( ,P>IS1 :I* ALSO C\LD BE PLAC$1 TOGE!R ) ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0! ,COMMUNE40 

,9 A BROAD S5SE1 !N1 ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS CON/ITUT$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a3 ! ,C\NCIL & ! ,COMMISSIONS ?AT MET AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION1 ! ,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS1 ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! MULTITUDE ( CLUBS1 ! V>I\S COMMITTEES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BATTALIONS1 & ! VIGILANCE COMMITTEES--9 %ORT1 ! RI*LY >TICULAT$ BODY ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT GAVE IMM5SE VITALITY TO ,P>ISIAN POLITICAL LIFE4 ,TO DEF9E ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE EXCLUSIVELY 9 T]MS ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL & ITS COMMISSIONS IS TO LOSE SI<T ( ! WEAL? ( PUBLIC ACTIVITY ?AT 5GAG$ ALL ! SOCIALLY CONSCI\S PEOPLE ( ! CAPITAL--ACTIVITY ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS PR(\NDLY FE>$ AS EVID5CE ( RAMPANT & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*Y4 

,BUT :O W]E ! DELEGATES :O W]E ELECT$ TO ! ,COMMUNE1 OR MORE SPECIFICALLY ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL1 ! BODY ?AT MET = SOME ?IRTY-ONE SESSIONS AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE8 ,\T ( A TOTAL ( N9ETY-TWO SEATS1 A GOOD NUMB] ACTUALLY W5T UNOCCUPI$3 R\<LY FIFTE5 TO TW5TY W]E VACANT1 HAV+ BE5 AW>D$ TO MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS FROM ! WE/]N1 B\RGEOIS HALF ( ,P>IS :O RESIGN$ IMM$IATELY AFT] !Y W]E ELECT$ 9 PROTE/ ( ! ,COMMUNE'S =MATION4 ,O!R SEATS W]E HELD BY DELEGATES 9 ABS5TIA1 SU* AS ,BLANQUI1 :O WAS 9 PRISON1 OR BY ,G>IBALDI1 :O WAS NO LONG] 9 ,FRANCE2 BO? HAD BE5 ELECT$ = 5TIRELY HONORIFIC REASONS4 

,H[ WORK+ CLASS W]E ! DELEGATES8 ,ONLY ! R\<E/ OCCUPATIONAL E/IMATES >E AVAILABLE--H5CE ONLY A G5]AL S5SE ( ! ,COMMUNE'S CLASS COMPOSITION CAN BE GIV54 ,AB\T ?IRTY-FIVE W]E >TISANS1 SU* AS C>P5T]S1 H\SE DECORATORS1 MASONS1 METALWORK]S1 BOOKB9D]S & ! LIKE4 ,?IRTY OR SO C\LD BE CLASS$ AS 9TELLECTUALS ( SORTS1 SU* AS J\RNALI/S1 & ANO!R ELEV5 W]E PR(ESSIONALS1 NOTABLY DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 & TEA*]S4 ,! REMA9D] W]E CL]KS1 EV5 BUS9ESSM51 & TWO W]E SOLDI]S4 ,ONLY F\R OR FIVE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 FROM FACTORIES ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,P>IS & RAILWAY %OPS1 CAN BE ID5TIFI$--9DE$1 ! ,FR5* 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT HAD /ILL TO F9D ITS ID5TITY & ASS]T ITS 9T]E/S 9 ! L>GELY >TISANAL CAPITAL4 ,! AV]AGE AGE ( ! DELEGATES HAS BE5 PLAC$ AT ?IRTY-SEV51 BUT NO S+LE G5]ATIONAL GR\P PR$OM9AT$4 

,:AT WAS ! POLITICAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,COMMUNE8 ,SOME TW5TY-FIVE ( ! DELEGATES W]E NEO-,JACOB9S1 FOLL[$ BY FIFTE5 OR TW5TY NEO-,PR\DHO- NI/S & PROTOSYNDICALI/S LIKE ,V>L91 N9E OR T5 ,BLANQUI/S1 A MISCELLANY ( RADICAL REPUBLICANS1 & A FEW ,9T]NATIONALI/S :O W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,M>X-- NAMELY ,LEO ,FRANKEL & ,AUGU/E ,S]AILLI]1 ! LATT] HAV+ BE5 DISPAT*$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL AS AN OBS]V]4 ,:5 BY-ELECTIONS W]E HELD ON ,APRIL #af TO FILL ! SEATS ( ?OSE :O HAD RESIGN$1 ! ,JACOB9 CONT+5T WAS 9CREAS$ BY N9E DELEGATES1 ! ,PR\DHONI/S BY SIX 79CLUD+ AFFILIATES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL71 & ! ,BLANQUI/S BY TWO4 

,AL?\< ! ,BLANQUI/S W]E A M9ORITY1 IT WAS !Y :O GAVE ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL :ATEV] FI]Y MILITANCY IT HAD4 ,HAV+ URG5TLY DEM&$ AN ATTACK ON ,V]SAILLES :5 ,?I]S FL$1 !Y CONT9U$ TO >GUE ?AT ! ,C\NCIL %\LD UND]TAKE A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS & EX]CISE REPRESSIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ,V]SAILLAIS PROPAG&A 9SIDE ,P>IS--EV5 CALL+1 LATE 9 ! ,C\NCIL'S LIFE1 = ! =MATION ( A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 ,AS DECISIVE AS !Y W]E MILIT>ILY--!Y BELIEV$ 9 A DICTATOR%IP ( ,P>IS OV] ! RE/ ( ,FRANCE--! ,BLANQUI/S HAD LITDE 9 ! WAY ( A CONCRETE SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC PROGRAM1 AP>T FROM A MILITANT IF VAGUE SOCIALISM4 

,! ,JACOB9S1 9*OATE POLITICALLY1 W]E OPPOS$ TO SOCIALISM1 BUT !IR RADICAL REPUBLICANISM ADMITT$ ! USE ( MEASURES ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE REG>D$ AS SOCIALI/IC1 AT A TIME :5 LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM WAS BECOM+ ! IDEOLOGY ( ! DAY4 ,! MO/ PROM95T ,JACOB9 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 ! V5]ABLE ,*>LES ,DELESCLUZE1 BELIEV$ ?AT ,FRANCE %\LD BE A 0SOCIAL DEMOCRACY10 BY :I* HE MEANT A POLITICALLY 7& TO SOME EXT5T ECONOMICALLY7 MORE 0EGALIT>IAN0 SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! WORD EGALIT>IANISM MAY CONNOTE ANY?+ FROM EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY TO EQUALITY ( CONDITION--& IT IS NOT AT ALL CLE> ?AT ,DELESCLUZE MEANT ANY?+ MORE ?AN EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 RE9=C$ BY A HUMANE CONC]N = ! PLI<T ( ! POOR & D[NTRODD54 ,HIS SUPPORT]S DO NOT APPE> TO HAVE ADVANC$ MU* FUR!R 9 !IR ?9K+ ?AN ,ROBESPI]RI/ IDEAS ( POLITICAL EGALIT>IANISM1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 & ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#g#i#c4 ,! POLICIES !Y CALL$ =1 9 ! MA91 W\LD HAVE BE5 ACCEPTABLE TO ! E>LI] ,COMMUNE4 ,!Y G5]ALLY LOOK$ ASKANCE UPON ANY MEASURES ?AT W]E MORE RADICAL ?AN ,SA9T-,JU/'S OLD ,V5TOSE DECREES1 :I* HAD PL$G$ TO DIVIDE ! PROP]TY ( SUSPECTS & CONVICT$ OPPON5TS ( ! ,CONV5TION AMONG NE$Y PATRIOTS4 ,!IR OPPOSITION TO SOCIALISM NOT)/&+1 H[EV]1 :5 IT CAME TO PRACTICAL DETAILS1 ESPECIALLY 9 MILIT>Y MATT]S & ! =MATION ( A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 ! ,JACOB9S JO9$ ) ! ,BLANQUI/S & ! MORE RADICAL ,9T]NATIONALI/S TO =M ! MAJORITY VOT+ BLOC 9 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL4 

,! ,PR\DHONI/ ,9T]NATIONALI/S & MORE MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS =M$ ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL'S M9ORITY1 & AS WE HAVE SE51 !Y BELIEV$ 9 ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY4 ,9DE$1 TO SOO! UNF\ND$ B\RGEOIS FE>S ?AT ! ,COMMUNE WAS AB\T TO EXPROPRIATE ! WEAL?Y1 ,PR\DHONI/ P]IODICALS ASSUR$ ! PUBLIC ?AT ! ,COMMUNE HELD PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 0SACR$0 REG>D & W\LD FULLY RESPECT IT4 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,COMMUNE WAS E/ABLI%$1 ONE NEWSPAP]1 ! ,SOCIALE1 WROTE SOO?+LY3 0,BE ASSUR$1 B\RGEOIS & PEASANTS1 !RE IS NO QUE/ION ( ROBB+ Y\ ( Y\R CONQUE/S4 ,Y\ LEGITIMATELY POSSESS :AT Y\ HAVE GA9$40.<#e#e#e.> ,AL?\< ! ,PR\DHONI/S W]E 9 ! M9ORITY ON ! ,C\NCIL1 !Y HAD REASON TO MAKE SU* AN ASSURANCE 9 ! NAME ( ! ,COMMUNE BECAUSE1 AS ,SAMUEL ,B]N/E9 OBS]VES3 

,:ATEV] SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROGRAM ! ,COMMUNE HAD1 /EMM$ FROM ! .<,PR\DHONI/ ,9T]NATIONALI/S.>1 ,! PRIM>Y DEM&S W]E ,PR\DHONI/1 SU* AS FREE CR$IT1 COOP]ATION1 A PEOPLES'S BANK & FREE EX*ANGE ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR4444 ,HI/ORY1 TO BE SURE1 HAD PULL$ !M 9TO /RIKES & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,BUT !Y PREF]R$ AUTONOMY & F$]ALISM TO C5TRALISM1 A C>D9AL PO9T ) NEOJACOB9S & ,BLANQUI/S4.<#e#e#f.> 

,9 PRACTICE1 ! CONCRETE ,PR\DHONI/ DEM&S DID NOT ADD UP TO MU*2 ! ,COMMUNE WAS TOO BESIEG$1 QU>RELSOME1 & %ORT-LIV$ TO EFFECTUATE MU* ( AN ECONOMIC PROGRAM BE=E IT WAS CRU%$4 

,IF SOCIALISM IS TO BE DEF9$ 9 ANY MODEM S5SE 7ESPECIALLY AS PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM71 AS A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY 9VOLV+ ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION--9CLUD+ WORK%OPS1 FACTORIES1 & L&--!N AP>T POSSIBLY FROM ,LEO ,FRANKEL & ! O!R NON-,PR\DHONI/ ,9T]NATIONALI/S ON ! ,C\NCIL1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga WAS NOT SOCIALI/4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! ,COMMUNE'S PRACTICES W]E NEI!R ,BAB\VI/ NOR ,M>XI/1 LET ALONE AN>*I/ 9 ,BAKUN9'S COLLECTIVI/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,IF1 MORE /RICDY SPEAK+1 ! ,COMMUNE IS CONCEIV$ AS A GOV]NM5T ( WORK]S OR A 0WORK]S' /ATE10 ! /UD5T ( ! ,COMMUNE 5C\NT]S EV5 MORE AMBIGUITIES4 ,MO/ /RIK+LY1 ! ,C\NCIL DID NOT EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE OR TRY TO SOCIALIZE ! MANY WORK%OPS & 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES ( ,P>IS4 ,!RE IS NO?+1 9 FACT1 TO %[ ?AT MO/ ( ITS DELEGATES EV] 9T5D$ TO DO SO--AS WE HAVE SE51 MO/ ( ! DELEGATES ON ! ,C\NCIL W]E ,JACOB9S1 FOLL[$ BY ,PR\DHONI/S1 :O TOGE!R BELIEV$ 9 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,! ONLY (FICIAL PROGRAM ?AT ! ,COMMUNE EV] PROMULGAT$1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,J\RNAL QFFICIEL ( ,APRIL #b1 WAS NOTABLE NOT ONLY = ITS BREVITY BUT = ITS L>GELY POLITICAL DEM&S4.<#e#e#g.> ,IT CALL$ = ! RECOGNITION ( ! REPUBLIC 7:I* ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 AS YET1 HAD NOT =MALLY PROCLAIM$71 & MANY ( ITS AFFIRMATIONS W]E MUNICIPALI/ 9 NATURE1 9VOK+ ! 09H]5T RI<TS0 ( ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF4 ,IT ASS]T$ ! RI<T ( ,FR5* COMMUNES TO FUNCTION AUTONOM\SLY BAS$ ON A ,PR\DHONI/ 0CONTRACT ( ASSOCIATION0 TO 0SECURE ! UNITY ( ,FRANCE10 AFFIRM+ ! ,COMMUNE'S 09H]5T RI<T0 TO VOTE ITS [N BUDGETS & TAXES1 & TO CREATE ITS [N ADM9I/RATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 & POLICE APP>ATUS4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ELECTIONS TO BE FREE1 BUT VOT]S W\LD ALSO HAVE 0! P]MAN5T RI<T ( CONTROL & REVOCATION0 ( ALL MAGI/RATES4 ,CITIZ5S W]E TO 5JOY ! RI<T ( 0P]MAN5T 9T]V5TION 9TO ,COMMUNAL AFFAIRS BY ! FREE MANIFE/ATION ( !IR IDEAS & ! FREE DEF5SE ( !IR 9T]E/S40.<#e#e#h.> 

,BUT ! PROGRAM EXPRESS$ NO COMMITM5T :ATSOEV] TO ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY--A LACUNA ?AT WAS ( DEEP CONC]N TO ! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,NO:]E DID ! ,COMMUNE'S PROGRAM EV5 MAKE BASIC ASS]TIONS ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM = ! 0ORGANIZATION ( WORK0 OR ! 0RI<T TO WORK10 :I* WAS UNUSUAL CONSID]+ ?AT MO/ RADICAL ,FR5* SOCIALI/S ( ! TIME W]E /ILL MA9LY ASSOCIATIONI/ ,TO BE SURE1 IT CIT$ ! 0LIB]TY ( WORK0 & EXPRESS$ ! ,COMMUNE'S 9T5TION TO 0UNIV]SALIZE P[] & PROP]TY ACCORD+ TO ! NECESSITIES ( ! MOM5T40 ,BUT SU* A RI<T C\LD HAVE BE5 EX]CIS$ BY ANY B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T AS A RESPONSE TO ! EXIG5CIES ( W>4.<#e#e#i.> 

,! ESS5TIALLY NONSOCIALI/ NATURE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS SOME:AT IRONIC1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE QUICKLY BECAME LEG5D>Y 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS A SOCIALI/ UPRIS+1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ! RHETORIC >TICULAT$ BY ITS MORE RADICAL ADH]5TS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,BLANQUI/S & ! NON-,PR\DHONI/ ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 AS WELL AS MISCELLANE\S CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,YET TO CALL ! ,COMMUNE 0SOCIALI/0 9 ANY MODEM1 PROLET>IAN S5SE IS TO /RET* ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M BEYOND RECOGNITION UNTIL IT IS LO/ 9 A FOGGY NOTION ( 0EQUALLY0 MODE/ NONEXPLOITATIVE 5T]PRISES4 ,! ACTUAL SOCIAL PRACTICES ( ! ,COMMUNE1 IF ANY?+1 W]E ORI5T$ T[>D >TISANAL SOCIALISM1 BUT EV5 9 ?IS RESPECT1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ITS EF=TS T[>D SPONSOR+ ! CREATION ( A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY1 ALONG ! L9ES ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 W]E HALF-HE>T$ AT BE/4 7,IRONICALLY1 ,BLANC HIMSELF1 HAV+ RETURN$ TO ,P>IS FROM ,5GL& ) ! FALL ( ,L\IS-,NAPOLEON1 WAS QUI$Y SITT+ AS A REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AT ,V]SAILLES47 

,AL?\< !RE IS NO IMPORTANT EVID5CE ?AT MO/ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL MEANT TO EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE WAS MU* TALK 9 ! CAPITAL AB\T ! POSSIBILITIES = WORK]S' CONTROL ( PRODUCTION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! L>GE FACTORIES ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,P>IS1 & = A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & ! WEAL? ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?IS TALK WAS NOT =MULAT$ 9TO A SY/EMATIC PROGRAM ?AT W5T BEYOND MORAL CRIES = ECONOMIC JU/ICE & D5UNCIATIONS ( CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,! MO/ BROADLY FELT VIEW ( ! >TISANAL SOCIALI/S 9 ,P>IS WAS ?AT ! MEANS ( LIFE %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ BAS$ ON TOIL1 NOT ON ! [N]%IP ( CAPITAL4 ,PUT COLLOQUIALLY3 !Y /OOD = ! 0WORK]S AGA9/ ! BOSSES0--A DEEPLY MORAL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT H>DLY ! PROGRAMMATIC OR !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS = 5D+ ! P[] ( CAPITAL 9 ,FRANCE4 

,:AT1 !N1 W]E ! CONCRETE ECONOMIC POLICIES ( ! ,COMMUNE8 ,! FIR/ ITEM ON ! ,C\NCIL'S ECONOMIC AG5DA WAS TO C\NT]ACT ! SPECIFIC PIECES ( UNFEEL+ LEGISLATION ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY HAD VISIT$ UPON ! WORK]S & MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,ON ,M>* #c1 ONLY TWO DAYS AFT] IT WAS 9AUGURAT$1 ! ,C\NCIL RE9/AT$ ! MORATORIUM ON OV]DUE R5TS1 MU* TO ! RELIEF ( ORD9>Y ,P>ISIANS4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 NOT )\T CONSID]ABLE WRANGL+1 IT ALSO RE9/AT$ ! MORATORIUM ON OV]DUE COMM]CIAL BILLS1 BUT P>DY BECAUSE ( ITS QUALMS AB\T (F5D+ ! S5SIBILITIES ( ,P>ISIAN 0COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S0-- ! MORE WELL-TO-DO 5TREPR5EURS :O W]E LEA/ FRI5DLY TO ! ,COMMUNE-- ! ,C\NCIL DID NOT (FICIALLY ANN\NCE ?IS MEASURE UNTIL ,APRIL #a#h4 ,! DELAY UND\BT$LY 9DUC$ ! F9ANCIALLY VULN]ABLE TO WOND] H[ REAL WAS ! CONC]N ( ! ,COMMUNE = !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,9S(> AS BO? !SE MORATORIUMS HAD BE5 5ACT$ BY ! OLD B\RGEOIS ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE 9 A TIME ( NATIONAL EM]G5CY1 !N ABROGAT$ BY A V9DICTIVE ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 !IR RE9/ATEM5T1 H[EV] HUMANE IT WAS1 CAN H>DLY BE REG>D$ AS REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! MORATORIUMS W]E BO? POPUL>1 BUT ! ,C\NCIL'S QUALMS AB\T RU%+ TO RE9/ATE ! DELAY ON OV]DUE BILLS IS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ITS ECONOMIC CONS]VATISM1 REFLECT+ ! AWE 9 :I* ! ,PR\DHONI/S HELD PROP]TY1 CR$IT1 & BANK+ PRACTICES4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS NOT UNTIL ,APRIL #b#e--NE>LY A MON? AFT] ITS E/ABLI%M5T--?AT ! ,C\NCIL REQUISITION$ VACANT LODG+S = ! HOMELESS4 

,NOR DID IT BEHAVE ) CONSPICU\S ZEAL 9 DEAL+ ) ONE ( ! ISSUES MO/ VEX+ = ! WORK+ CLASS--! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY'S HE>DESS LAW P]MITT+ ! SALE ( GOODS ?AT HAD BE5 PAWN$ 9 ! /ATE PAWN%OP1 ,MONT DE ,PIETE4 ,= ORD9>Y ,P>ISIANS1 CANCELLATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY'S LEGISLATION WAS IMP]ATIVE--9DE$1 MANY ( ! POORE/ >TISANS HAD PAWN$ !IR TOOLS & EV5 !IR CLO?+ DUR+ ! MO/ DIFFICULT MOM5TS ( ! SIEGE4 ,NOT ?AT ! PAWN%OP HAD BE5 MU* ( A BOON TO WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< ,MONT DE ,PIETE WAS ! CITY'S L>GE/ RECIPI5T ( WORK]S' PAWN$ GOODS1 IT HAD BE5 P>TICUL>LY BIAS$1 AS HAS BE5 NOT$1 AGA9/ ! POORE/ WORK]S1 *>G+ ! HI<E/ 9T]E/ RATES = LOANS ON ! LEA/ EXP5SIVE ITEMS1 & ! L[E/ RATES = ?OSE ON ! MO/ EXP5SIVE ITEMS4 ,NONE!LESS1 ALL[+ ! PAWN$ GOODS TO BE SOLD HAD BE5 A CRUEL BL[ ON ! P>T ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 DIVE/+ WORK]S ( ! MU*-NE$$ P]SONAL POSSESSIONS & TOOLS4 

,ONCE ! ,COMMUNE WAS 9 P[]1 ! CANCELLATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY'S LEGISLATION WAS HELD UP BY A LIVELY DEBATE 9 ! ,C\NCIL OV] ! ISSUE ( SOCIALIZ+ ! PAWN%OP4 ,! ,C\NCIL'S DELEGATES >GU$ 9T5SELY AMONG !MSELVES AB\T :E!R ! PAWN%OP %\LD BE NATIONALIZ$ 7AS ! ,BLANQUI/S ?\<T71 MODIFI$ 7! ,JACOB9S71 ABOLI%$ 7! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S71 TURN$ 9TO A WORK]S' BANK 7! ,PR\DHONI/S71 OR SIMPLY LEFT AS IT WAS 7A V>IETY ( REPUBLICANS74 ,NOT UNTIL ,MAY #g1 MORE ?AN FIVE WEEKS AFT] ! ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 BR\<T 9TO EXI/5CE1 WAS ! DECREE CANCEL+ ! ,ASSEMBLY'S LAW PROCLAIM$1 & 9 ! 5D1 ! ,C\NCIL MADE NO *ANGE 9 ! PAWN%OP'S DIRECTOR%IP2 IT SIMPLY R5EW$ ! OLD MORATORIUM1 ALL[+ = ! RE/ITUTION ( WORK TOOLS & H\SEHOLD ITEMS ( UP TO TW5TY FRANCS 9 VALUE4 

,TO BE SURE1 MANY WORK]S B5EFIT$ FROM ! ,C\NCIL'S DECREES4 ,?US ON ,APRIL #b#g1 EMPLOY]S W]E =BIDD5 TO D$UCT F9ES FROM WORK]S' WAGES1 & ! NEXT DAY1 ,APRIL #b#h1 ! EXACT+ NI<TWORK H\RS IMPOS$ ON BAK]S W]E ABOLI%$4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS MEASURE WAS DELAY$ BECAUSE ( ! PROTE/S ( BAK]Y [N]S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,C\NCIL ALSO ABOLI%$ ! LIVRET DE TRAVAIL1 ! P]SONAL RECORD ( EMPLOYM5T ?AT EV]Y WORK] HAD BE5 OBLIG$ TO C>RY & %[ TO ANY NEW EMPLOY]4 

,FROM A LEFTI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ ( ! ,C\NCIL'S DECREES WAS ! ONE ISSU$ ON ,APRIL #af ?AT CONC]N$ ! EMPTY FACTORIES & WORK%OPS :OSE [N]S HAD FL$ ,P>IS DUR+ ! SIEGE4 ,!SE VACAT$ PREMISES1 ACCORD+ TO ! NEW LAW1 C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SELF-MANAG$ COOP]ATIVES4 ,TO RADICALS ( ! TIME ! MEASURE ON COOP]ATIVES SEEM$ A REM>KABLE 9/ANCE ( ASSOCIATIONISM1 BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ! BESIEG$ REGIME HAD TO MOBILIZE PRODUCTION 9 ANY WAY IT C\LD1 & ANY B\RGEOIS REGIME UND] SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES ( IMP5D+ MILIT>Y ?REAT C\LD HAVE CREAT$ COOP]ATIVES TO DO SO4 ,9 ALL1 AB\T T5 FACTORIES W]E TAK5 OV] & RUN AS COOP]ATIVES BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIAL COOP]ATIVES1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 W]E NOT CREAT$ AS A RESULT ( EXPROPRIATIONS2 9 FACT1 AL?\< ! =M] [N]S W]E SCA?+LY D5\NC$ AS C[>DS = FLEE+ ,P>IS1 !Y W]E PROMIS$ F9ANCIAL RE/ITUTION = !IR PROP]TY :5 !Y RETURN$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! L>GE ,CAIL FACTORY1 :I* HAD BE5 CONT9UALLY TR\BL$ BY /RIKES & CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 WAS LEFT COMPLETELY UNT\*$4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,COMMUNE DID TRY TO PROMOTE VOLUNT>Y PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 9 :I* PRIVATELY [N$ WORK%OPS COOP]AT$ ) EA* O!R 9 %>+ RES\RCES & FIX+ PRICES4 ,AB\T =TY-?REE SU* CRAFT COOP]ATIVES W]E E/ABLI%$1 BUT FEW ( !M W]E ABLE TO GET UND] WAY BE=E !IR WORK]S W]E OBLIG$ TO M\NT B>RICADES AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y FAC$ PROBLEMS TYPICAL ( LAT] ATTEMPTS AT :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ WORK]S' CONTROL3 ! M>KET ?REW !M 9TO COMPETITION ) COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T 5T]PRISES4 ,G5]ALLY1 9 FACT1 SU* PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES HAVE A DISCONC]T+ T5D5CY TO DRIFT T[>D 0COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM40 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y T5D TO BECOME P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 BUT !IR ABILITY TO SURVIVE AS COOP]ATIVES IS IMPAIR$ :5 CONV5TIONAL 9DEP5D5T WORK%OPS CAN *>GE LESS = !IR PRODUCTS ?AN ! COOP]ATIVES1 !REBY DRIV+ !M \T ( BUS9ESS OR =C+ !M TO COMPETE ) EA* O!R 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,PR\DHON HAD NOT EXPLA9$ 9 HIS WRIT+S H[ ?IS PROBLEM ( M>KETPLACE COMPETITION C\LD BE OV]COME1 BUT CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC IMP]ATIVES REIGN$ NO LESS 9 0R$0 ,P>IS ?AN 9 0:ITE0 ,V]SAILLES4 ,CONTR>Y TO ALL IDEAS ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM1 ! ,COMMUNE T5D$ TO BUY NOT FROM ! COOP]ATIVES1 :I* BADLY NE$$ PAY+ CU/OM]S1 BUT FROM ! *EAPE/ V5DORS--! CONV5TIONAL 9DEP5D5T FIRMS4 ,NOT UNTIL ,MAY #a#b1 9 RESPONSE TO A SURGE ( COMPLA9TS1 DID ! ,COMMUNE *ANGE ITS POLICY TO FAVOR COOP]ATIVES & 9/RUCT ITS V>I\S AG5CIES TO BUY PRIM>ILY FROM !M4 ,?AT IT HAD TO BE PRESSUR$ 9TO ADH]+ TO A BASIC T5ET ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM IS REVEAL+ ( ! ,COMMUNE'S FISCAL CONS]VATISM & LIMIT$ ECONOMIC \DOOK4 

,! ,COMMUNE'S DEAL+S ) ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE W]E NO BOLD] ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 MORE CLOSELY RESEMBL+ COMIC OP]A ?AN A *ALL5GE TO A MAJOR F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTION4 ,ON ,M>* #b#i1 ! DAY AFT] ! ,COMMUNE'S 9AUGURATION1 ! ,COMMUNE S5T ! SEV5TY-SIX-YE>-OLD ,*>LES ,BESLAY1 AN 5G9E]1 TO ! ,BANK AS ITS DELEGATE4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT ONE MI<T HAVE EXPECT$ FROM A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ BODY1 ! ,C\NCIL DID NOT AU?ORIZE ,BESLAY TO ASS]T ! ,COMMUNE'S CONTROL OV] ?IS IMM5SELY IMPORTANT 9/ITUTION1 /ILL LESS TO HOLD IT HO/AGE AGA9/ ! 5TIRE B\RGEOISIE ( ,FRANCE4 ,RA!R1 HIS TASK WAS TO EX]CISE A VAGUE SURVEILLANCE OV] ! ,BANK'S ACTIVITIES4 ,BESLAY WAS NOT PR$ISPOS$ TO BE CONFRONTATIONAL1 LEA/ ( ALL T[>D SO AU/]E & P[]FUL AN 5T]PRISE AS A NATIONAL BANK4 ,! OLD MAN HAD BE5 A FRI5D ( ,PR\DHON1 9DE$ A F]V5T DISCIPLE1 AN ASSOCIATION ?AT APPE>S TO HAVE DIS>M$ :AT =TITUDE HE MI<T HAVE POSSESS$ 9 DEAL+ ) A L>GE BANK4 ,IRONICALLY1 :]E ,PR\DHON HAD ONCE DEM&$ ! 0ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT0 ON BEHALF ( >TISANS1 HIS FRI5D ,BESLAY N[ /OOD 9 AWE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CR$IT 9/ITUTION 9 ,FRANCE--:I* MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ & EV5 TRANS=M$ 9TO A ,PR\DHONI/ ,PEOPLE'S ,BANK4 

,9/EAD1 ! MEET+ BETWE5 ,BESLAY & ! ,M>QUIS DE ,PLOEUC1 ! ,BANK'S ACT+ GOV]NOR1 WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A BEAUTIFUL FRI5D%IP4 ,! CRAFTY M>QUIS1 *ATT+ AMIABLY1 MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% A RAPPORT ) ! OLD MAN ?AT WAS TO LA/ ! 5TIRE LIFE ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,P]SONALLY1 ,BESLAY ?ANK$ ! M>QUIS = HIS PUBLIC-SPIRIT$NESS 9 HEAD+ AN AMBULANCE S]VICE DUR+ ! SIEGE1 & ! TWO W>MLY AGRE$ ?AT ! F9ANCIAL 9TEGRITY ( ,FRANCE1 NOT TO SPEAK ( H] BUS9ESS 9T]E/S1 DEP5D$ UPON RETA9+ ! 9TEGRITY ( H] F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTION--ESPECIALLY AFT] ! DAY ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS RUDELY 5T]$ ! BANK TO SE>* IT = >MS4 ,! VIGILANT ,BESLAY1 WRAPP$ 9 ! AU?ORITY ( HIS R$ SA%1 DISSUAD$ ! ,GU>DS FROM 9T]V5+ 9 ! ,BANK'S BUS9ESS & EV5 TOOK UP RESID5CE !RE 9 ORD] TO PREV5T FUR!R 9TRUSIONS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 = ! REMA9D] ( ! SPR+1 ! M>QUIS1 :ILE HONOR+ ! F9ANCIAL REQUE/S ( ! ,COMMUNE1 SY/EMATICALLY SMUGGL$ SIZABLE AM\NTS ( GOLD \T TO ! ,V]SAILLAIS--UND] ! V]Y NOSE ( ,BESLAY4 ,! ,C\NCIL1 = ITS P>T1 SEEM$ SATISFI$ ) ! ,BANK AS LONG AS IT WAS LOAN+ IT ! RELATIVELY MODE/ SUMS IT REQUE/$4 

,M>X WAS LAT] TO CLAIM ?AT ! ,COMMUNE W\LD HAVE NE$$ MORE TIME ?AN IT HAD TO UNFOLD ITS 9T]NAL LOGIC--PRESUMABLY A SOCIALI/IC LOGIC4 ,BUT W\LD ! ,COMMUNE HAVE EVOLV$ T[>D SOCIALISM1 EV5 IF TIME HAD BE5 ON ITS SIDE8 ,TO RADICAL >TISANS1 ! MO/ HUMANE ALT]NATIVES TO ! EXI/+ ECONOMY W]E /ILL ASSOCIATIONS--COOP]ATIVES--:E!R [N$ & MANAG$ BY A SIZABLE NUMB] ( FACTORY WORK]S OR BY COOP]ATIVES ( CRAFTSPEOPLE 9 SMALL PRIVATELY [N$ WORK%OPS4 ,AT MO/1 ! ,COMMUNE MI<T HAVE EVOLV$ T[>D FO/]+ COOP]ATIVES MORE AGGRESSIVELY4 ,BUT AS WE HAVE SE51 ANY NOTION ( ! [N]%IP & CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION EV5 BY ! MUNICIPALITY AS A :OLE1 /ILL LESS ! NATIONALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 WAS F> FROM ! M9DS ( ! MAJORITY ( DELEGATES4 ,! ,COMMUNE EI!R IGNOR$ OR ES*EW$ ! NE$ TO CREATE A SOCIETY 9 :I* PRIVATE [N]%IP1 ! M>KET1 & EV5 PR(IT W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! SOCIAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO NE$S--9 %ORT1 A COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 

,DESPITE ! ABUNDANCE ( R$ FLAGS ON ! ,COMMUN>D B>RICADES & ! WEAL? ( LEG5DS ?AT HAVE GR[N UP >\ND ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF1 IT WAS NOT ! CLIMAX OR EV5 NECESS>ILY ! MO/ CLASS-CONSCI\S ( ! N9ETE5?- C5TURY REVOLUTIONS4 ,! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION ( #a#h#d#h--:I*1 BY COMP>ISON ) ! ,COMMUNE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION HAS ALL BUT =GOTT5--WAS F> MORE CLASS-CONSCI\S & F> MORE COMMITT$ TO MAK+ BASIC *ANGES 9 ! 0ORGANIZATION ( WORK02 IT WAS EV5 MORE AUDACI\S 9 ITS DEM&S TO REPLACE CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ) COOP]ATIVE ONES4 ,9 HIS CLOSELY RESE>*$ COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION ( #ahdh & ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ,ROG] ,V4 ,G\LD HAS %[N ?AT ! CLASS NATURE ( ! ,COMMUNE HAS BE5 OV]EMPHASIZ$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS CIVIC FEATURES--TO :I* #a W\LD ADD1 ITS PATRIOTIC FEATURES4 ,:]E ! ,JUNE #ahdh UPRIS+ WIDELY DEM&$ ! EMANCIPATION ( WORK]S1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL 7& ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION7 ADDRESS$ !MSELVES OV]:ELM+LY TO ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE4 ,! ,COMMUNE'S 0DEM&S = MUNICIPAL LIB]TIES & ! SAFEGU>D+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC10 ,G\LD OBS]VES1 W]E F> DIFF]5T FROM ! CLASS-ORI5T$ /ATEM5TS & PROCLAMATIONS COMMON 9 #a#h#d#h3 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION1 9 ITS [N C>EFULLY DRAFT$ ANN\NCEM5T ( ELECTIONS TO ! ,COMMUNE1 MADE IT ABUND&Y CLE> ?AT ! CON/ITU5CY ON :OSE BEHALF IT SAW ITSELF AS ACT+--! CON/ITU5CY1 9 O!R WORDS1 ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF--WAS ! 5TIRE CITY ( ,P>IS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( CLASS POSITION4.<#e#f.> 

,:AT ! 9SURG5CY ( ,JUNE #ahdh & ! ,COMMUNE HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y W]E BO? EXPRESSIONS ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM1 ONE COM+ E>LY1 DUR+ ITS P]IOD ( HEGEMONY1 & ! O!R AT ITS WAN+ PHASE4 ,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! 9SURG5TS ( ,JUNE1 ! ,COMMUNE'S APPROA*1 BO? 9 ITS DECL>ATIONS & 9 ITS PRACTICES1 WAS NOTABLE = ITS MOD]ATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT--CONTR>Y TO ! PROM95T PLACE IT HAS BE5 GIV5 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM--! ,COMMUNE M>K$ A RETREAT FROM ! HI< PO9T ( ! >TISANAL SOCIALI/ AGITATION ?AT HAD BE5 REA*$ 9 #a#h#d#h4 

,ON ! DAY FOLL[+ ITS 9AUGURATION1 ! ,COMMUNE CREAT$ COMMISSIONS CORRESPOND+ TO ! REGUL> M9I/RIES ( ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE1 DUR+ ! E>LY WEEKS1 W]E ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION & ! ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISSION4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION WAS COMPOS$ ( F\R CIVILIANS & ?REE MILIT>Y (FIC]S4 ,! CIVILIANS W]E ,GU/AVE ,LEFRANGAIS1 A ,PR\DHONI/ S*OOLTEA*]2 ,GU/AVE ,TRIDON1 A F]V5T ,BLANQUI/ & J\MALI/- HI/ORIAN2 ,$\>D ,VAILLANT1 A ,BLANQUI/ 5G9E]+ /UD5T2 & ! MIS*IEV\S ,FELIX ,PYAT1 :OSE ULTR>ADICAL RHETORIC WAS EQUAL$ ONLY BY HIS CUNN+ 9 EXTRICAT+ HIMSELF FROM DANG]\S SITUATIONS4 ,! ?REE MILIT>Y MEMB]S W]E ,JULES ,B]G]ET1 A BOOK%OP WORK] :OSE MA9 MILIT>Y QUALIFICATION WAS ?AT HE HAD BE5 ELECT$ TO A LEAD+ POSITION 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D2 ,EMILE ,DUVAL1 A COMMITT$ ,BLANQUI/ /EELWORK] :O HAD URG$ AN IMM$IATE ATTACK ON ,V]SAILLES AFT] ,M>* #a#h2 & ,EMILE ,EUDES1 ! ,BLANQUI/ /UD5T :O HAD ALSO URG$ AN ATTACK ON ,V]SAILLES4 

,! ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISSION1 = ITS P>T1 CONTA9$ ALL ?REE ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION (FIC]S--,B]G]ET1 ,DUVAL1 & ,EUDES--AS WELL AS ,GU/AVE ,FL\R5S1 :OSE FLAMBOYANT ROLE 9 ! ,OCTOB] #ca ATTACK ON ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE HAD GA9$ HIM A REPUTATION = C\RAGE & MILITANCY4 ,RA\L ,RIGAULT & ,!OPHILE ,F]RE1 BO? Y\NG ,BLANQUI/S1 TOOK *>GE ( ,SECURITY--?AT IS1 ( ! ,P>ISIAN POLICE4 

,UNLIKE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#d#h1 ! ,COMMUNE ALSO CREAT$ A ,LABOR & ,EX*ANGE ,COMMISSION1 AS EVID5CE ( ITS CONC]N = ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,SITT+ ON ?IS COMMISSION & ! ,9DU/RY ,COMMISSION W]E ?REE ( ! ,COMMUNE'S MO/ PROM95T ,9T]NATIONALI/S & SOCIALI/S3 ! JEWEL] ,LEO ,FRANKEL 7:O WAS 9 CLOSE T\* ) ,M>X71 ! BRONZE WORK] ,ALB]T ,?IESZ1 & ! PUBLICI/ ,B5OIT ,MALON4 ,! SYNDICALI/ & ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,EUG5E ,V>L9 SAT ON ! ,F9ANCE ,COMMISSION1 TOGE!R ) ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,VICTOR ,CLEM5T & ! BUMBL+ ,PR\DHONI/ ,*>LES ,BESLAY4 ,M5TION %\LD ALSO BE MADE ( ONE ( ! ,COMMUNE'S MO/ IMPRESSIVE FIGURES1 ! AG+ & AIL+ ,JACOB9 J\RNALI/ ,*>LES ,DELESCLUZE1 :O TRI$ TO LET Y\NG]1 MORE 5]GETIC 9DIVIDUALS TAKE LEAD+ ROLES 9 ! ,COMMUNE BUT WAS CONT9UALLY DRAWN 9TO IT BY ! DEM&+ PROBLEMS IT FAC$4 

,AS A :OLE1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL & ITS COMMISSIONS W]E TOO DISP>ATE IDEOLOGICALLY & 9CLUD$ TOO MANY PRICKLY 9TELLECTUALS & EV5 BOHEMIANS TO FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY4 ,! ,PR\DHONI/S W]E EMBATD$ ) ! SOCIALI/S1 :ILE ! ,JACOB9S DUEL$ ) ALMO/ EV]YONE1 9CLUD+ EA* O!R4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY ( ! ,COMMUNE'S MEMB]S W]E ANSW]ABLE TO MULTIPLE CON/ITU5CIES4 ,TOO (T51 :5 ! ,COMMUNE ATTEMPT$ TO COPE ) ! CITY'S NE$S 9 AN ORD]LY FA%ION1 ITS EF=TS W]E IMP$$ BY ! PRES5CE ( MANY GR\PS & 9/ITUTIONS CLAIM+ JURISDICTION OV] DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! CAPITAL'S LIFE4 ,9 REALITY1 H[EV]1 ! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL ON ,M>* #bh HAD BE5 ( NO GREAT SIGNIFICANCE TO ! V>I\S COMMITTEES1 CLUBS1 & O!R LOCAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMBODI$ ! ,COMMUNE 9 ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ! NEI<BORHOODS4 ,= ONE1 ! LOCAL MAYORS ( ! >RONDISSEM5TS W]E A CON/ANT NUISANCE TO ! ,C\NCIL1 *ALL5G+ ITS LEGALITY1 CLAIM+ ?AT !Y ALONE W]E ! SOLE LEGAL GOV]N+ AU?ORITY 9 ,P>IS--A CLAIM ?AT !Y DID NOT GIVE UP UNTIL LOCAL ,NATIONAL ,GU>D COMMITTEES1 ACT+ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 SIMPLY EXPELL$ ! MAYORS FROM ! MAIRIES4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION--AL?\< IT WELCOM$ ! ,C\NCIL & ) MU* FANF>E SURR5D]$ ALL ITS LEGAL P[]S TO IT--/ILL CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 ALMO/ AS A P>ALLEL P[] TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ITS PREOCCUPATION ) LEGAL NICETIES NOT)/&+4 ,ANO!R CON/ANT PRES5CE WAS ! ,DELEGATION ( ! ,TW5TY ,>RONDISSEM5TS1 :I* ISSU$ LOCAL *ALL5GES TO MANY ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL'S POLICIES AT ! NEI<BORHOOD LEVEL4 

,! PLE?ORA ( COMMITTEES & CLUBS ?AT FL\RI%$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS CON/ITUT$ /ILL ANO!R LEVEL ( LOCAL P[]4 ,ATT5DANCE MU/ HAVE V>I$ 5ORM\SLY FROM ONE MEET+ TO ANO!R1 BUT SOME 9VOLV$ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,! POLITICAL \DOOK ( ! CLUBS SEEMS TO HAVE RANG$ ACROSS ! :OLE POLITICAL SPECTRUM & (T5 CON/ITUT$ A /RANGE MIX ( C5TRALI/IC ,JACOB9 & EXTREME LIB]T>IAN VIEWS AK9 TO ?OSE ( ,V>LET 9 #a#g#h#c4 ,! ,CLUB DES ,PROLETAIRES1 MEET+ 9 ! ,*UR* ( ,SA9T-,AMBROISE1 = EXAMPLE1 EMULAT+ ! RADICAL SECTIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 DEM&$ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE DESI/ FROM ISSU+ DECREES & SEEK POPUL> SANCTION = ITS PROPOSALS1 A VIEW ?AT WAS E*O$ BY ! ,CLUB ,SA9T-,NICOLAS-DES-,*AMPS4 

,BUT SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY OR NOT1 ! CLUBS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 V]Y CONSCI\S ( !MSELVES AS AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL PH5OM5ON4 ,! ,CLUB ,SA9T-,NICOLAS- DES-,*AMPS EXHIBIT$ A GREAT DEAL ( 9ITIATIVE 9 PROMOT+ A F$]ATION ( ! CLUBS3 IT PUBLI%$ A DAILY ,BULLET9 COMMUNAL TO PROVIDE ACC\NTS ( DEBATES 9 ! DIFF]5T CLUBS & PRES5T ! V>I\S PROPOSALS ?AT !Y HAD ACCEPT$4 ,9 FACT A %ORT-LIV$ ,F$]ATION ( ,CLUBS WAS E/ABLI%$1 AS ,$W>DS TELLS US1 :OSE COMMITTEE HELD DAILY MEET+S 9 ! PUBLIC ASSI/ANCE BUILD+ & :OSE 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5T CLUBS BEGAN 0TO CIRCULATE MOTIONS AMONG !MSELVES40.<#e#f#a.> ,:5 ! TIME CAME = ! ,COMMUNE TO RESI/ ! TROOPS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS1 ! CLUBS PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE 9 MOBILIZ+ POPUL> LOCAL SUPPORT = ! /RUGGLE4 

,ALL ( !SE V>I\S COMMITTEES1 AS WELL AS ! ,C\NCIL & ITS COMMISSIONS1 W]E PLAGU$ BY DISAGREEM5TS--POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & UN=TUNATELY1 P]SONAL--?AT FREQU5DY ?REW !M AGA9/ ONE ANO!R & WRACK$ !M 9T]NALLY AS WELL4 ,! ,P>ISIAN MUNICIPALITY WAS DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A COMMUNAL CON/ITUTION ?AT CLE>LY DEL9EAT$ ! JURISDICTIONS ( ITS MANY COMMITTEES & ?AT E/ABLI%$ WAYS TO COORD9ATE ITS ADM9I/RATION4 ,NO SU* CON/ITUTION EXI/$4 ,:]E ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS C5TRALI/IC & /ATI/1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS DEC5TRALI/IC & CONF$]AL1 NOT ONLY 9 ADM9I/]+ ! CITY BUT 9 ITS MILITIA1 OR ,J$]ES1 AS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D WAS APPROPRIATELY CALL$4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME S9CE #a#g#i#c1 ,V>LET'S DAY1 ,P>IS HAD CREAT$ A LOOSELY LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BUT 9 ! FACE ( A MILIT>Y EM]G5CY IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT 5\< TO MA9TA9 ?IS LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURE1 & EV5 ! MO/ LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS REQUIRE A DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION TO DEFEAT A WELL-ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y =CE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,J$]ES W]E (T5 AS LOCAL 9 !IR ORI5TATION AS ! RE/ ( ! CLUBS & >RONDISSEM5T ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!IR DECISIONS W]E USUALLY BAS$ ON ! WILL ( 9DIVIDUAL NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES1 :I* (T5 ACT$ 5TIRELY ON !IR [N4 

,TO ADD TO !SE PROBLEMS1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL'S AU?ORITY WAS SUBV]T$ :5 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,F$]ATION ADAM&Y REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT RESPONSIBILITY = ! ,J$]ES--! MILIT>Y >M ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS--NO LONG] BELONG$ TO ITSELF BUT WAS N[ ! PROV9CE ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISSION4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE REG>D$ ! ,COMMUNE AS A PURELY POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE BODY--& AN 9ADEQUATE ONE AT ?AT-- RA!R ?AN A MILIT>Y ONE & ?US TRI$ TO RECOV] ! CONTROL OV] ! ,GU>D ?AT IT HAD SURR5D]$ ) ! 9/ALLATION ( ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL4 

,F9ALLY1 EV5 AMONG ! ,J$]ES1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BATTALIONS (T5 DISREG>D$ ORD]S !Y RECEIV$1 :E!R !Y CAME FROM ! ,COMMUNE'S ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISSION OR FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ITSELF4 ,SOME >TILL]Y BATTALIONS ACT$ 5TIRELY ON !IR [N1 OBEY+ NO ONE BUT !IR [N 9DEP5D5T >RONDISSEM5T COMMITTEES4 ,O!RS W5T SO F> AS TO >RE/ !IR [N COMM&]S IF !Y SUSPECT$ !M ( ANY D]ELICTION ( DUTY ,9DE$1 SO *AOTIC WAS !IR BEHAVIOR ?AT !Y (T5 MADE ! ,COMMUNE'S MILIT>Y =CE ESS5TIALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL4 ,EV5 9 A TIME ( DIRE EM]G5CY1 :5 ! ,COMMUNE'S MILIT>Y COMM&]S TRI$ TO MOBILIZE ! CITY AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 BATTALIONS ( ,J$]ES W]E (T5 UNRESPONSIVE TO !IR COMM&S4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE'S ATTEMPT TO ASS]T ITSELF AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNE DIV]T$ ITS ATT5TION & 5]GY FROM ! TASK ( BR++ MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E TO ! RANKS1 & TURN+ !M 9TO ! EFFECTIVE FI<T+ =CE ?AT ! CITY NE$$ SO DESP]ATELY4 

,NOT ONLY WAS ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D UNDISCIPL9$ & *AOTIC1 BUT AS ,LISSAG>AY EMPHASIZES1 IT WAS NOT TRA9$ TO FI<T AS A FIELD >MY1 DESPITE ITS VALIANT %[+ DUR+ ! SORTIE ( ,JANU>Y #a#i4 ,! ,J$]ES W]E AT !IR BE/ AS A DEF5SIVE =CE1 NOT 9 ATTACKS UPON REGUL> TROOPS4 ,A WELL-TRA9$1 EXP]I5C$1 & DISCIPL9$ =CE MI<T HAVE HAD A GOOD *ANCE ( DEFEAT+ ,?I]S'S TROOPS--ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,COMMUNE--& ! ,GU>DS W]E C]TA9LY MORE MOTIVAT$ ?AN !IR OPPON5TS1 BUT !Y HAD NONE ( ! QUALITIES ?AT W\LD HAVE MADE !M EFFECTIVE AGA9/ A WELL-ORGANIZ$ >MY4 ,DESPITE SMALL SUCCESSES & ACTS ( EXTRAORD9>Y H]OISM1 ! F$]ES NEV] WON ANY MAJOR VICTORIES AGA9/ ! WELL-DISCIPL9$ ,V]SAILLAIS4 

,! ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E ,A,T ,W,> 

,! ,COMMUNE'S 9ABILITY TO COORD9ATE ! ,GU>DS & TRA9 !M TO BECOME AN (F5SIVE FI<T+ =CE WAS P>TICUL>LY TR\BL+ 9 LI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & ! HEAD ( /ATE 9 ,V]SAILLES HAD ABSOLUTELY NO 9T5TION ( ALL[+ ! ,COMMUNE TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ = ANY LONG] ?AN IT WAS OBLIG$ TO4 ,AS ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS OV] ! C5TURIES HAS REPEAT$LY REVEAL$1 C\NT]REVOLUTION TAKES NO QU>T] 9 ANY CLASS W>1 & AS SU*1 IF ! ,COMMUNE C\LD HOPE TO SURVIVE AT ALL1 IT WAS OBLIG$ TO ?R[ ! F$]ES AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS QUICKLY1 BE=E ,?I]S C\LD MOBILIZE HIS REGUL> >MY4 

,?IS ! ,COMMUNE DID NOT DO4 ,NO?+ REVEALS ! ,COMMUNE'S NAIVETE BETT] ?AN ITS PUBLIC RESPONSE TO A LIMIT$ =AY ?AT ! ,V]SAILLAIS MADE ON ,APRIL #b1 TO OCCUPY A TEMPOR>Y B>RACKS AT ,C\RBEVOIE1 SOME SIX MILES TO ! NOR?WE/ ( ,P>IS4 ,:5 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS 5GAG$ ,?I]S'S =CES ?AT DAY1 !Y ACQUITT$ !MSELVES POORLY--9 FACT1 !Y FL$ 9 A PELL-MELL RETREAT4 ,?I]S C\LD HAVE ORD]$ HIS TROOPS TO PURSUE ! FLEE+ FID]ES 9TO ,P>IS1 BUT AS YET HE DID NOT FEEL HIS =CES W]E /RONG 5\<3 TWO WEEKS AFT] HE HAD VACAT$ ,P>IS1 HE /ILL HAD A TOTAL ( ONLY #c#e1 DISORGANIZ$ TROOPS & #c1 G5D>MES AT HIS DISPOSAL4 

,BUT HE DID GIVE EVID5CE ( HIS DEADLY 9T5TIONS BY EXECUT+ FIVE CAPTUR$ ,COMMUN>DS1 :I* CAUS$ ! ,COMMUNE TO EXPLODE 9 9JUR$ \TRAGE4 ,9 A G5U9ELY %OCK$ D5UNCIATION1 ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION DECL>$1 0,ROYALI/ CONSPIRATORS HAVE ,A,T,T,A,C,K,$4 ,9 SPITE ( \R MOD]ATE ATTITUDE1 !Y HAVE ,A,T,T,A,C,K,$40.<#e#f#b.> ,?IS REACTION WAS SURELY HI<LY SYMPTOMATIC ( A L>G] PROBLEM3 ?AT ! ,COMMUNE EXPRESS$ %OCK AT BE+ ATTACK$ 9 ! MID/ ( A CONFLICT ?AT WAS1 IF NOT A CLE>-CUT CLASS W>1 !N CLE>LY A SOCIAL W>1 WAS SELF-DECEPTIVE 9 ! EXTREME4 ,?AT IT C\LD HAVE BE5 SO %OCK$ REVEAL$ AN ABS5CE ( PSY*OLOGICAL =TITUDE & POLITICAL SOPHI/ICATION1 NOT TO SPEAK ( AN UNPREP>$NESS TO DET]M9$LY RESI/ ITS RESOLUTE & COMMITT$ 5EMY4 

,! ,COMMUNE HAD NOT YET ACCEPT$ ! REALITY ?AT IT WAS FAC+ A CIVIL W>1 L$ BY A RU?LESS 5EMY ?AT WAS REMORSELESSLY PLANN+ ITS EXT]M9ATION4 ,NOT UNTIL IT WAS TOO LATE DID IT COME TO T]MS ) ?IS FACT--OR REALIZE ! NECESSITY = CONFRONT+ ITS 5EMY :ILE IT /ILL HAD A *ANCE TO PREVAIL4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & !N ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL TO P]CEIVE ! 9T5TIONS ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS 9 ! WEEKS AFT] ,M>* #a#h2 !IR CONT9U$ QUIBBL+ OV] REPUBLICAN LEGALITY2 ! UNC]TA9TY ?AT SURR\ND$ ALMO/ EV]Y ACTION !Y TOOK \TSIDE A /RICDY 0CON/ITUTIONAL0 FRAMEWORK ?AT HAD YET TO BE DEF9$2 !IR TREPIDATION 9 DEAL+ ) ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE2 !IR RESPECT = ! MONEY ?AT LAY UNT\*$ 9 V>I\S M9I/RIES2 & !IR QUALMS OV] EXPROPRIAT+ PROP]TY 7:I* EV5 MANY B\RGEOIS /ATES W\LD HAVE DONE 9 W>TIME7--ALL GU>ANTE$ ! DOOM ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 

,! FAIL+S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS--AS WELL AS !IR C\RAGE--W]E DEMON/RAT$ V]Y CLE>LY ON ,APRIL #c-#d1 JU/ AFT] ! ,V]SAILLAIS 9CURSION ON ,C\RBEVOIE4 ,9 BL9D \TRAGE AGA9/ ! ATTACK1 9/9CTIVELY UND]/&+ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO M\NT A C\NT]ATTACK1 ! ,COMMUNE UND]TOOK A 0GR& SORTIE0 AGA9/ ,?I]S'S TROOPS4 ,AP>T FROM HIS 9CURSION ( ! DAY BE=E1 ,?I]S HAD HELP$ ?IS 5DEAVOR ALONG BY MAK+ BELLIG]5DY PROVOCATIVE /ATEM5TS & S5D+ %ELLS 9TO ! CAPITAL4 ,! PROSPECT ( A FULL-SCALE CIVIL W>1 :I* HAD /ILL SEEM$ SOME:AT ( AN AB/RACTION1 N[ BECAME SE>+LY REAL4 

,AT A MEET+ ! NI<T BE=E ! SORTIE1 ! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL GAVE COMM& ( ! ,J$]ES TO ,GU/AVE-,PAUL ,CLUS]ET1 A PR(ESSIONAL (FIC] :O1 ODDLY 5\<1 HAD BEGUN HIS MILIT>Y C>E] AS A REACTION>Y1 CAPTUR+ B>RICADES 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 BUT LAT] DEVELOP$ MORE LIB]AL SYMPA?IES4 ,HE S]V$ AS A ,UNION (FIC] 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 !N %IFT$ HIS ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HIS DETRACTORS (T5 CALL$ HIM 0! ,YANKEE0 BECAUSE1 LIKE MANY ,AM]ICAN (FIC]S1 HIS UNI=M WAS SLOV5LY & HIS DEMEANOR EASYGO+--& HE SPORT$ A *]OOT1 9 ! FA%ION ( ,G5]AL ,U4,S4 ,GRANT4 ,DESPITE HIS DEMOCRATIC 0,YANKEE0 MANN]ISMS1 H[EV]1 ,CLUS]ET WAS A /EM DISCIPL9>IAN :O V[$ TO %APE ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 9TO A HI<LY DISCIPL9$ MILIT>Y =CE4 ,BUT HE REG>D$ ! 0GR& SORTIE0 ?AT WAS PLANN$ = ! NEXT DAY AS A RECKLESS & DOOM$ 5DEAVOR1 L$ BY (FIC]S :O W]E :OLLY UNQUALIFI$ TO M\NT IT4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HAV+ BE5 APPO9T$ ! ,COMMUNE'S W> DELEGATE ONLY AT ! LA/ M9UTE1 !RE WAS LITTLE HE C\LD DO TO IMPROVE ITS PROSPECTS4 ,AS ,$W>DS NOTES1 HE 0WISELY AVOID$ TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY1 LEAV+ ! O!R G5]ALS TO SEE ?R\< :AT !Y HAD SO RA%LY BEGUN40.<#e#f#c.> 

,& RA% IT WAS4 ,! MO/ >D5T PROPON5TS ( ! SORTIE W]E ! MEMB]S ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,COMMISSION3 ,DUVAL1 ,EUDES1 & ! =M] BOOKSELL] ,B]G]ET4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PLAN ( ATTACK1 EA* ( !SE 9EXP]I5C$ (FIC]S WAS TO HEAD A COLUMN1 LEAD IT \T ( ONE ( ! WE/]N GATES1 M>* TO ,V]SAILLES1 !N CONV]GE ) ! O!R TWO COLUMNS TO MAKE A COMMON ASSAULT ,AS ,LISSAG>AY BITT]LY OBS]VES1 ?IS SIMPLE PLAN W\LD HAVE BE5 0EASY ( EXECUTION0 HAD !RE BE5 0EXP]I5C$ (FIC]S & SOLID HEADS ( COLUMN40 

,BUT MO/ ( ! BATTALIONS HAD BE5 )\T *IEFS S9CE ! #a#h? ,M>*1 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS )\T CADRES1 & ! G5]ALS :O ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY ( LEAD+ #d1 M5 HAD NEV] CONDUCT$ A S+LE BATTALION 9TO ! FIELD4 ,!Y NEGLECT$ EV5 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PRECAUTIONS1 KNEW NOT H[ TO COLLECT >TILL]Y1 AMMUNITION-WAGONS1 OR AMBULANCES1 =GOT TO MAKE AN ORD] ( ! DAY1 & LEFT ! M5 = SEV]AL H\RS )\T FOOD 9 A P5ETRAT+ FOG4 ,EV]Y ,F$]AL *OSE ! *IEF HE LIK$ BE/4 ,MANY HAD NO C>TRIDGES1 & BELIEV$ ! SORTIE TO BE A SIMPLE DEMON/RATION4.<#e#f#d.> 

,! COLUMNS DEP>T$ FROM ,P>IS 9 A FE/IVE MOOD1 EV5 ACCOMPANI$ BY WOM5 & *ILDR51 NAIVELY ASSUM+ ?AT :5 !Y 5C\NT]$ ! ,V]SAILLAIS SOLDI]S1 ! RANK-&-FILE1 RA!R ?AN FI<T !M1 W\LD 9/&Y FRAT]NIZE ) !IR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BRO!RS1 AS !Y HAD DONE ON ,M>* #a#h4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! F$]ES W]E POORLY EQUIPP$ & ?OR\<LY UNPREP>$ = ANY S]I\S FI<T+4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 EV]Y?+ W5T WRONG4 ,:5 ! NOR!RNMO/ COLUMN-- ! #a#e1F$]ES UND] ,B]G]ET'S COMM&--M>*$ NOR?WE/ T[>D ! VILLAGE ( ,RUEIL 7) ONLY EI<T CANNONS671 !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO PASS BY ,MONT- ,VAL]I51 ! MO/ PIVOTAL =T ON ! ,P>ISIAN MILIT>Y P]IMET]--! ONE ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE HAD NEGLECT$ TO TAKE :5 IT LAY VIRTUALLY UNOCCUPI$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ,M>* #a#h4 ,A RUMOR WAS CIRCULAT+ AMONG ! F$]ES ?AT ! =T WAS N[ BACK 9 ! ,COMMUNE'S H&S1 BUT ?IS RUMOR WAS 5TIRELY FALSE4 ,AS ,B]G]ET'S COLUMN PASS$ ! =T1 ,V]SAILLAIS >TILL]Y FIRE ]UPT$ & RA9$ ON ! ,GU>DS1 PRODUC+ COMPLETE PANIC ,B]G]ET'S F$]ES1 :OLLY A/ONI%$1 SCATT]$ 9TO ! FIELDS %\T+ 0,TREA*]Y60 & ! 5TIRE RI<T FLANK FL$ 9 HA/E1 HEAD+ BACK TO ,P>IS AS QUICKLY AS !IR FEET C\LD C>RY !M4 ,B]G]ET CONT9U$ ON ) A FEW TROOPS1 COM+ )9 F\R MILES ( ,V]SAILLES1 AFT] :I* HE F9ALLY HAD TO )DRAW4 ,FL\R5S1 :O WAS ATTA*$ TO ?IS COLUMN1 REA*$ ,RUEIL ) A H&FUL ( M51 BUT !RE HE WAS KILL$1 SWORD 9 H&1 BY A ,V]SAILLES CAVALRY (FIC]4 

,ON ! EXTREME LEFT FLANK ( ! M>*1 ! COLUMN UND] ,DUVAL DID NO BETT]4 ,LACK+ >TILL]Y & SUFFICI5T C>TRIDGES1 ! F$]ES RETREAT$1 AB&ON+ ,DUVAL TO ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 :O EXECUT$ HIM4 ,AS = ! C5T]1 ! #a1 ,GU>DS UND] ,EUDES MANAG$ TO PU% DUE WE/ TO ,MEUDON1 BUT LACK+ SUFFICI5T >TILL]Y & AMMUNITION TO TAKE ! WELL-=TIFI$ ,V]SAILLAIS G>RISON1 !Y RETREAT$ BACK TO A /RONG PO9T NE> ,P>IS4 ,=TUNATELY1 GUNS W]E RU%$ FROM ! CAPITAL 9 TIME TO PREV5T ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS FROM TAK+ ! (F5SIVE4 

,! SORTIE WAS A DECISIVE TURN+ PO9T 9 ! MILIT>Y =TUNES ( ,P>IS & ,V]SAILLES4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS NEV] AGA9 TO UND]TAKE A MAJOR (F5SIVE AGA9/ ,?I]S1 & ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 DESPITE LIMIT$ SUCCESSES & 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( EXTRAORD9>Y H]OISM1 WON NO MAJOR VICTORIES OV] ITS 5EMIES4 ,! ,V]SAILLAIS1 9 TURN1 EMBOLD5$ BY !IR VICTORY1 MOV$ /EADILY DOS] TO ,P>IS1 TAK+ CRUDAL =TS SU* AS ,ISSY ON ,MAY #i & ,VANVES ON ,MAY #a#c4 ,)9 A MATT] ( DAYS1 ,?I]S'S =CES--RE9=C$ BY ! ?\S&S ( ,FR5* W> PRISON]S ?AT ,BISM>CK HAD RELEAS$ PRECISELY = ?IS PURPOSE-- W]E ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ Y>DS FROM ! CITY'S WALLS4 

,ON ,APRIL #f1 9 RESPONSE TO ! EXECUTIONS ( ! CAPTUR$ ,COMMUN>DS1 ! ,COMMUNE PASS$ A ,LAW ON ,HO/AGES1 :I* P]MITT$ IT TO >RE/ & TRY POT5TIAL 0HO/AGES ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS40 ,9DE$1 A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 9CLUD+ ! >*BI%OP ( ,P>IS1 W]E TAK5 9TO CU/ODY1 & 9 MID-,APRIL ! ,COMMUNE (F]$ ALL ( !SE HO/AGES TO ,?I]S 9 EX*ANGE = ! RELEASE ( ,BLANQUI4 ,BUT ,?I]S CANNILY REFUS$1 OBS]V+ ?AT TO GIVE ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y TO ! ,COMMUNE W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO PROVID+ IT ) AN >MY CORPS4 

,ON ,MAY #a1 DUE TO 9T]NAL DISPUTES1 ! ,COMMUNE >RE/$ ,CLUS]ET & REPLAC$ HIM AS W> DELEGATE ) ,L\IS ,ROSSEL1 AN ABLE (FIC] :O HAD TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY BECAUSE ( ITS CAPITULATION TO ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,ROSSEL TRI$ TO TRANS=M ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 9TO A DISDPL9$ =CE BUT 5C\NT]$ ! USUAL OB/RUCTIONS OV] AUTONOMY4 ,A LESS FLAMBOYANT & 9SPIR+ COMM&] ?AN HIS PR$ECESSOR1 HE QUICKLY LO/ ! CONFID5CE ( ! F$]ES AS WELL AS HIS CR$IBILITY ) ! ,COMMUNE4 ,ONLY N9E DAYS AFT] HE WAS APPO9T$1 HE RESIGN$1 9 P>T BECAUSE ( ! FALL ( ,ISSY--! L9*P9 ( ! DTY'S DEF5SE--& FL$ 9TO ! W>R5S ( ,P>IS BE=E HE HAD TO ANSW] = REAL OR IMAG9$ MALFEASANCES AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNE4 ,9DE$1 9 ! ?REE WEEKS LEFT TO ! ,COMMUN>D LEAD]S1 ! QU>RELS AMONG !M 9T5SIFI$4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 9 ! WAKE ( ! FALL ( ,ISSY1 ! ,JACOB9-,BLANQUI/ MAJORITY SPLIT ) ! ,PR\DHONI/S & SOME ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S OV] :E!R TO TI<T5 C5TRAL CONTROL BY E/ABLI%+ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY4 

,9 ! FACE ( ! MILIT>Y EM]G5CY1 !RE C\LD BE FEW DISPUTES ?AT AT LEA/ SOME DEGREE ( C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL WAS VITAL1 BUT A RANCOR\S CONFLICT >OSE OV] ! COMMITTEE'S NAME4 ,! ,JACOB9S & ,BLANQUI/S FAVOR$ CALL+ IT ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 9VOK+ ! TRADITION ( :I* !Y SAW !MSELVES ! CONT9UATION2 BUT ! ,PR\DHONI/S & MANY ,9T]NATIONALI/S PO9T$ \T ?AT IT WAS ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY ?AT1 9 #a#g#i#c1 HAD DE/ROY$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( ?AT ]A4 ,SO BITT] WAS ! ACRIMONY ?AT ,JULES ,MIOT1 AJACOB91 DEM&$ ?AT ! M9ORITY :O OPPOS$ ! NAME BE TRI$ AS 0,GIROND9S40 ,AL?\< ,MIOT'S DEM& WAS HAPPILY NOT FULFILL$1 ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,COMMUNE---BY SIX VOTES--F9ALLY VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( ! ILL-/>R$ NAME4 

,AL?\< ITS NAME RAIS$ AL>MS AB\T A NEW T]ROR1 ! NEW ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY 9FLICT$ NO MASS EXECUTIONS ON ! ,COMMUNE'S OPPON5TS4 ,9 FACT1 IT DID LITTLE MORE ?AN DOSE D[N CRITICAL OR HO/ILE P]IODICALS1 5=CE CONSCRIPTION 7:I* ! LOCAL BATTALIONS ( ! F$]ES C>RI$ \T ) CONSID]ABLE ZE/71 & ISSUE ID5TITY C>DS AS A SAFEGU>D AGA9/ ! MANY AG5TS 9 ,P>IS :O W]E WORK+ = ,V]SAILLES4 ,SOME ( ITS ACTIONS W]E M]ELY SYMBOLIC1 SU* AS ! PULL+ D[N ( ,NAPOLEON ,I'S ,V5DOME COLUMN1 A SYMBOL ( ,BONAP>TI/ IMP]IALISM & MILIT>ISM ?AT HAD BE5 =G$ FROM CANNONS CAPTUR$ BY ! EMP]OR AFT] ! BATDE ( ,AU/]LITZ4 ,9FLU5C$ BY ,DELESCLUZE1 H[EV]1 ! COMMITTEE DID MANAGE TO BR+ ! MAJORITY & M9ORITY TOGE!R 9 ! WAN+ DAYS ( ! ,COMMUNE1 AL?\< !Y W]E BY NO MEANS RECONCIL$ IDEOLOGICALLY OR EV5 FRE$ ( MUTUAL DI/RU/4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 N[ ESS5TIALLY A CORPSE1 CAME TO T]MS ) ! ,COMMUNE ON ISSUES ( !IR RESPECTIVE AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ?IS AGREEM5T NO LONG] HAD ANY MEAN+3 ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 RE9=C$ BY NEWLY RELEAS$ PRISON]S ( W>1 W]E AB\T TO BREAK 9TO ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 

,ON ,MAY #ba ! FULLY ASSEMBL$ ,COMMUNE WAS MEET+ AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 PREOCCUPI$ ) A MALICI\S ATTEMPT BY ,JULES ,MIOT TO PUT ,CLUS]ET ON TRIAL = ! LOSS ( ,ISSY4 ,SUDD5LY1 AT SEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! EV5+1 A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY BROKE 9 ) ! CRY 0,/OP6 ,/OP6 ,I HAVE A COMMUNICATION ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE1 = :I* ,I DEM& A SECRET SESSION40.<#e#f#e.> ,! ,V]SAILLAIS1 HE 9=M$ ! ,COMMUNE1 HAD F\ND AN 5TRY 9TO ,P>IS & W]E P\R+ 9TO ! CITY 9 =CE4 

,IT MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ ?AT AT ?IS PO9T ! ,COMMUNE W\LD F9ALLY RALLY ITSELF TO TAKE IMM$IATE & DECISIVE MILIT>Y ACTION4 ,9 REALITY1 /UNN$1 IT MANAG$ TO ACQUIT ,CLUS]ET ( ! *>GES AGA9/ HIM2 :]EUPON ITS MEMB]S QUICKLY DISP]S$1 EA* TO HIS [N >RONDISSEM5T 0,?US ! C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE DISAPPE>$ FROM HI/ORY & ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE AT ! MOM5T ( SUPREME DANG]1 :5 ! ,V]SAILLESE P5ETRAT$ ,P>IS40 ,AS ,LISSAG>AY EMPHASIZES 9 DISGU/1 

!RE WAS NO ONE TO DEM& A P]MAN5T COMMITTEE2 NO ONE TO CALL ON HIS COLLEAGUE TO WAIT H]E = NEWS4444 ,!RE WAS NO ONE TO 9SI/ AT ?IS CRITICAL MOM5T ( UNC]TA9TY1 :5 IT MI<T BE NECESS>Y TO IMPROVISE A PLAN ( DEF5SE AT A MOM5T'S NOTICE OR TAKE A GREAT RESOLUTION 9 CASE ( DISA/]4.<#e#f#f.> 

,IT WAS ! ULTIMATE 9EPTITUDE ( A CONFLICT$1 (T5 CONFUS$1 & TRAGIC GR\P ( M5 LACK+ ANY DE> POLITICAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTION4 

,! ,B,L,O,O,D,Y ,W,E,E,K ,( ,M,A,Y #b#b-#b#h 

,BY MID-,MAY1 ,?I]S'S TROOPS HAD MOV$ SO CLOSE TO ! S\?WE/]N WALL ( ,P>IS ?AT !IR CONV]SATION C\LD BE OV]HE>D BY ! J$]ES ON ! O!R SIDE1 ONLY A FEW Y>DS AWAY4 ,DESPITE !SE ADVANCES1 H[EV]1 !Y /ILL C\LD NOT BREA* ! WALL3 ?DR PREVI\S ATTEMPTS TO 5T] ! DTY HAD BE5 REPELL$ (T5 5\< TO R5D] !M EXTREMELY PRUD5T AB\T LAUN*+ A DIRECT FRONTAL ATTACK4 ,9/EAD1 !Y CONT9U$ !IR HEAVY >TILL]Y BOMB>DM5T ( ! CITY4 ,UNKN[N TO !M1 H[EV]1 !Y MI<T WELL HAVE MADE A SUCCESSFUL =AY 9TO ! DTY BECAUSE ! F$]ES HAD C>ELESSLY FAIL$ TO GU>D KEY P>TS ( ! WALL ?AT W]E HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO ATTACK4 

,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,MAY #b#a1 ONE ,DUCATEL WAS TAK+ AN AFT]NOON /ROLL NE> ! ,PORTE DE ,PO9T DU ,JOR1 9 ! S\?WE/]N P>T ( ! CITY4 ,AN 5G9E] = ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,PUBLIC ,WORKS1 ,DUCATEL HAD NO SYMPA?IES = ! ,COMMUNE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS WALK1 HE HAPP5$ TO NOTICE ?AT NO F$]ES W]E DEF5D+ AN IMM5SELY /RATEGIC >EA--9DE$1 ?AT A GATE WAS UNGU>D$ & AVAILABLE = ! TAK+4 ,AT ?REE O'CLOCK HE CLIMB$ TO ! TOP ( ! WALL1 WAV$ A :ITE H&K]*IEF TO ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS ON ! O!R SIDE1 & %\T$1 0,COME60 ,! ,V]SAILLAIS HESITAT$2 !Y HAD BE5 DECEIV$ TWICE BE=E 9 SIMIL> SITUATIONS1 5T]+ ! CITY ONLY TO 5C\NT] FIRE FROM ! F$]ES4 ,A NAVAL (FIC] PRUD5DY MADE HIS WAY OV] TO ,DUCATEL--& WAS A/ONI%$ TO F9D ?AT A :OLE SECDON ( ! WALL & ITS RAMP>TS W]E 9DE$ COMPLETELY DES]T$4 ,RETURN+ TO HIS TROOPS1 ! NAVAL (FIC] TELEGRAPH$ ! NEWS TO ,G5]AL ,D\AY1 ! COMM&+ DIVISIONAL (FIC]1 :O TOOK C>EFUL PRECAUTIONS TO CONFIRM ?AT ! CALL WAS NOT A RUSE4 ,5D+ ! >TILL]Y BOMB>DM5T ( ! >EA1 HE ORD]$ HIS TROOPS TO ADVANCE C>EFULLY 9TO ! CITY 9 SMALL GR\PS4 ,BE=E ! DAY WAS \T1 SOME #f1 ,V]SAILLAIS HAD 5T]$ ,P>IS1 & A FULL-SCALE ASSAULT UPON ! CAPITAL WAS UND] WAY4 

,?AT NI<T ,DELESCLUZE1 HEAD ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY & ! F$]ES' NOM9AL COMM&]1 EXHIBIT$ ! ,COMMUNE'S FATAL PROCLIVITY = A /RICDY LOCALIZ$ DEF5SE BY PLA/]+ ,P>IS ) PO/]S CALL+ TO ! PEOPLE & ! ,GU>DS TO TAKE TO ! /REETS 9 DEC5TRALIZ$ B>RICADE FI<T+4 0,5\< ( MILIT>ISM1 NO MORE /AFF-(FIC]S10 ! PO/] DECLAIM$1 EVOK+ ! MY? ( POPUL> SPONTANEITY 9 MILIT>Y 5GAGEM5TS4 

,MAKE WAY = ! PEOPLE1 ! B>E->M$ FI<T]S6 ,! H\R ( REVOLUTION>Y W> HAS /RUCK4 ,! PEOPLE KN[ NO?+ ( ELABORATE MANEUV]S1 BUT :5 !Y HAVE A RIFLE 9 !IR H&S & COBBLE-/ONES UND] !IR FEET !Y HAVE NO FE> = ! /RATEGI/S ( ! MON>*I/ S*OOL4.<#e#f#g.> 

,! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS RESPOND$ TO ! CALL1 AS !Y HAD BE=E1 BY BUILD+ B>RICADES4 ,/>T+ ?AT NI<T & CONT9U+ = SEV]AL DAYS1 ! ,COMMUN>DS BUILT A TOTAL ( #f1 9 ALL P>TS ( ! CITY BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ! EA/]N HALF4 ,AS 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 EV]YONE HELP$--WOM5 & *ILDR5 AS WELL AS M51 PIL+ NOT ONLY PAVES BUT BUSSES1 CABS1 FURNI%+S1 MATTRESSES1 & EV5 SOIL FROM ! /REETS4 ,9 ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS 9 P>TICUL>1 !Y =M$ AN 9DIVIDUALLY /RONG BUT DISORGANIZ$ NETWORK1 5TIRELY DEF5SIVE 9 NATURE4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ! F$]ES HAD MU* TO FE> FROM 0! /RATEGI/S ( ! MON>*ICAL S*OOL40 ,AS ,CLUS]ET & ,ROSSEL UND]/OOD BUT ,DELESCLUZE DID NOT1 /RATEGY & METICUL\S PLANN+ C\NT = A GREAT DEAL 9 W>1 & !SE FEATURES W]E CONSPICU\SLY LACK+ AMONG ! ,COMMUN>DS4 0,:5 ! ,M9I/] ( ,W> .<,DELESCLUZE.> ?US /IGMATIZES ALL DISCIPL9E10 ,LISSAG>AY OBS]VES TR5*&Y1 0:O WILL H5CE=? OBEY80 

,:5 HE REPUDIATES ALL ME?OD1 :O WILL LI/5 TO REASON8 ,?US WE %ALL SEE HUNDR$S ( M5 REFUS+ TO QUIT ! PAVEM5T ( !IR /REET1 PAY+ NO HE$ TO ! NEI<BOR+ QU>T] 9 AGONIES1 REMA9+ MOTIONLESS UP TO ! LA/ H\R WAIT+ = ! >MY TO COME & OV]:ELM !M4.<#e#f#h.> 

,! ,V]SAILLAIS DIVID$ !MSELVES 9TO TWO MAJOR COLUMNS1 ONE = EA* BANK ( ! ,SE9E4 ,9 ! WE/]N HALF1 !Y HAD RELATIVELY LITDE DIFFICULTY MOV+ D[N ,HAUSSMANN'S B\LEV>DS & OV]COM+ ! F$]ES' RESI/ANCE4 ,MU* ( ! RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT]$ WAS H]OIC3 ,PAUL ,BRUNEI1 9 P>TICUL>1 COMPORT$ HIMSELF ) EXTRAORD9>Y BRAV]Y4 ,NO LESS /RIK+ WAS ! BRILLIANT DEF5SE PUT UP BY ,G5]AL ,J>OSLAV ,DOMBR[SKI1 A ,POLI% NATIONALI/ ( >I/OCRATIC L9EAGE1 :O HAD COMPLETELY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,COMMUNE & HELD BACK ! ,V]SAILLAIS = NE>LY TWO MON?S AT ,NEUILLY ) REM>KABLE C\RAGE4 

,BUT !SE H]OIC CASES DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT MANY WORK+-CLASS F$]ES DEF5D$ ! B\RGEOIS PORTIONS ( ! CITY ) LESS ZEAL ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE DEF5D$ !IR [N QU>TI]S4 ,MO/ ( ! B>RICADES 9 WE/]N & C5TRAL ,P>IS GAVE WAY FAIRLY RAPIDLY TO ! SUP]IOR FIREP[] & TACTICS ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,HAUSSMANN'S BROAD AV5UES 5ABL$ ,?I]S'S M5 TO EXECUTE P9C] MOVEM5TS1 UNEXPECT$LY TAK+ B>RICADE AFT] B>RICADE FROM ! RE>4 ,9 FACT1 ! DAYS :5 A FRONTAL ATTACK UPON A B>RICADE WAS ! RULE HAD COME TO AN 5D2 H5CE=? ! B>RICADE W\LD BE M]ELY A SYMBOLIC /RUCTURE RA!R ?AN A MILIT>Y ONE4 

,?I]S KNEW1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! MO/ F]OCI\S BATDES /ILL LAY AHEAD1 9 ! EA/]N HALF ( ! CITY4 ,?OSE BATDES W\LD HAVE BE5 EV5 MORE F]OCI\S IF ! ,COMMUN>DS HAD BE5 ABLE TO USE ! EI<TY-FIVE CANNONS & TWO DOZ5 MA*9E GUNS ?AT !Y HAD COLLECT$ ON ! HEI<TS ( ,MONTM>TRE4 ,BUT S9CE ,?I]S'S ABORTIVE ATTEMPT TO RETRIEVE !M 9 MID-,M>*1 ! GUNS HAD BE5 NEGLECT$ & LEFT TO CORRODE--9DE$1 !Y W]E ALL BUT USELESS JU/ :5 !Y W]E MO/ NE$$4 ,= ! FEW ?AT W]E S]VICEABLE1 !RE WAS H>DLY 5\< AMMUNITION4 ,! SAME WAS TRUE ( ! CANNONS 9 ! >TILL]Y P>K AT ! ,ECOLE ,MILITAIRE4 ,! DISORD] 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 TO :I* ALL ! G5]ALS APPO9T$ BY ! ,COMMUNE HAD CONSI/5DY OBJECT$ WEEK AFT] WEEK1 N[ LEFT !M ) RELATIVELY FEW USABLE CANNONS--! WEAPONS P> EXCELL5CE ?AT ,?I]S WAS US+ TO DEMOLI% ! CAPITAL'S DEF5SES4 

,AT N9E O'CLOCK ON ! MOM+ ( ,MAY #b#b1 ! ,COMMUNE--OR RA!R1 TW5TY ( ITS MEMB]S--ASSEMBL$ AGA9 AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,AP>T FROM RHETORIC & ,PYAT'S HI/RIONICS--HE PL$G$1 ) TE>S 9 HIS EYES1 TO DIE ON ! B>RICADES 7BUT DISAPPE>$ BE=E ! FI<T+ CAME TOO NE> & WAS NEXT SE5 9 ,LONDON1 AFT] ! CONFLICT7--! ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL HAD LITTLE TO (F] ITS BELEAGU]$ ,J$]ES4 

,ON ,MAY #b#c1 FIRES BROKE \T 9 MANY IMPORTANT GOV]NM5T BUILD+S 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 9CLUD+ ! ,TUIL]IES1 ! ,F9ANCE ,M9I/RY1 & ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 AMONG MANY O!RS4 ,V>I\SLY CAUS$ BY ! >TILL]Y ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS OR BY ,J$]ES1 ! BURN+S CLE>$ ! WAY = GUNS TO >RE/ ! FLANK+ MOVEM5TS ( BO? SIDES4 ,LAT]1 ,?I]S WAS ONLY TOO EAG] TO CLAIM ?AT ! FIRES HAD BE5 ! WORK ( PETROLEUSES1 OR 0WOM5 9C5DI>IES10 AN ACCUSATION ?AT1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS G5]AT$ BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 HAS BE5 %[N TO BE 5TIRELY SPURI\S4 ,TO BE SURE1 FEW ,COMMUN>DS W\LD HAVE WEPT TO SEE ! SYMBOLS ( ,FR5* ROYALISM1 SU* AS ! ,TUIL]IES & ! ,L\V]1 GO UP 9 FLAMES2 BUT NEI!R ! ,COMMUNE NOR ! WORK]S TRI$ TO SY/EMATICALLY BUM D[N ,P>IS4 ,9 ALL LIKELIHOOD1 ! BOMB>DM5T ( ! CITY BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS DE/ROY$ MORE /RUCTURES ?AN ! ,COMMUN>DS DID4 

,BUT :AT IS 9DUBITABLY TRUE IS ?AT ! BLOODY REPRESSION N[ CONDUCT$ BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS--! PURGE ?AT ,?I]S HAD URG$ UPON ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE 9 #a#h#d#h-- L$ TO ! MO/ WANTON SLAU<T] ( M51 WOM51 & EV5 *ILDR5 9 ! HI/ORY ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY C\NT]REVOLUTIONS4 ,EV]Y TIME ! ,V]SAILLAIS TOOK A B>RICADE1 !Y W\LD L9E UP ITS DEF5D]S AGA9/ A WALL & %OOT !M1 EV5 ?OSE SUSPECT$ M]ELY ( HELP+ ! ACTUAL FI<T]S4 ,ANYONE F\ND ) A WEAPON1 OR WE>+ A PORTION ( A ,NATIONAL ,GU>D UNI=M--SU* AS A KEPI1 JACKET1 OR C>TRIDGE BELT--9DE$1 ANYONE ) D>K5$ H&S ?AT RESEMBL$ P[D] BURNS--WAS EXECUT$ AT ONCE1 AS W]E \TRI<T CAPTIVES :O HAD BE5 CAJOL$ 9TO SURR5D]+ ) PROMISES ( CLEM5CY4 ,ONE WORK+-CLASS *ILD BEGG$ AN (FIC] TO TEMPOR>ILY RELEASE HIM SO ?AT HE C\LD GIVE HIS WAT* TO HIS MO!R3 :5 ! (FIC] CONS5T$1 HE LEFT1 !N WAS %OT ON HIS RETURN4 ,! SAVAG]Y P]PETRAT$ BY ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS AS !Y ADVANC$ ?R\< ! B\LEV>DS & /REETS ( ! CAPITAL BEGG>S ALL DESCRIPTION4 

,! EXECUTIONS 9CREAS$ ! FURY ( ! ,J$]ES & MADE !IR RESI/ANCE SO DESP]ATE ?AT !Y SOMETIMES RETALIAT$ 9 K9D4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! SIX NOTABLE HO/AGES TAK5 BY ! ,COMMUNE1 9CLUD+ ! >*BI%OP ( ,P>IS1 W]E EXECUT$ 9 REPRISAL4 ,A FURI\S CR[D1 9C5S$ BY ! WANTON BUT*]Y BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS ( ! ,COMMUN>DS1 MASSACR$ FIFTY-ONE PRISON]S--MA9LY POLICE & PRIE/S--DESPITE VIGOR\S EF=TS BY ,V>L9 TO SAVE !M4 

,BUT ! ADVANCE ( ,?I]S'S TROOPS WAS REL5DESS4 ,LIKE ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! ,COMMUN>DS AT NE>LY EV]Y B>RICADE F\<T DESP]ATELY 9 !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS1 SP>+ LITTLE OR NO EF=T TO ASSI/ NE>BY 9SURG5TS 9 GREAT] NE$ ( AID4 0,! TROOPS ( ,V]SAILLES C\LD ONLY BE S]I\SLY *ECK$10 ,$W>DS OBS]VES1 0IF !RE HAD BE5 A COORD9AT$ L9E ( B>RICADES ACROSS ,P>IS1 COV]+ EA* O!R & PREV5T+ ANY GIV5 POSITION FROM BE+ \TFLANK$ & TAK5 FROM BEH9D40.<#e#f#i.> ,NO SU* L9E WAS =M$4 

,! IMPRISON$ ,BLANQUI HAD LONG URG$ ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS TO OV]COME ITS NEI<BORHOOD P>O*IALISM AT SU* MOM5TS & RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( DEVELOP+ A COORD9AT$ /RATEGY--0ABOVE ALL1 NOT TO BECOME %UT UP1 EA* 9 HIS QU>TI]1 AS ALL UPRIS+S HAVE NEV] FAIL$ TO DO1 TO !IR GREAT LOSS40.<#e#g.> ,BUT 9 ! SEV5TE5? >RONDISSEM5T1 :5 ,MALON CALL$ ON ADJAC5T ,MONTM>TRE = HELP1 ! ,J$]ES !RE REFUS$ TO LEAVE !IR HOME DI/RICT4 ,DESPITE ! ,COMMUN>DS' F]OCI\S RESI/ANCE1 !IR NEI<BORHOOD FOCUS ALL[$ ! ,V]SAILLATS TO VANQUI% !M B>RICADE BY B>RICADE1 ) LITTLE FE> ( HAV+ TO FACE RE9=CEM5TS FROM O!R DI/RICTS BE=E EA* B>RICADE FELL4 

,BELLEVILLE WAS ! LA/ NEI<BORHOOD TO HOLD \T AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 BUT BY ,SATURDAY1 ,MAY #b#g1 ! 5TIRE DI/RICT WAS 9VE/$ BY ,?I]S'S TROOPS4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! DAY ! ,V]SAILLAIS BROKE 9TO ! ,P]E ,LA*AISE CEMET]Y1 :]E ! ,COMMUN>DS W]E MAK+ !IR LA/ /&4 ,DESPITE FI]CE H&- TO-H& FI<T+1 ! ,COMMUN>DS FAIL$ TO HALT ! ADVANC+ TROOPS4 ,ON ,SUNDAY1 !Y W]E F9ALLY COMPELL$ TO SURR5D]--& ! LA/ IMPORTANT 5GAGEM5T ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS OV]4 ,! ,V]SAILLAIS1 ALMO/ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 L9$ ! PRISON]S UP AGA9/ A CEMET]Y WALL--! MUR DES J$]ES1 AS IT CAME TO BE CALL$--& %OT !M4 ,?\S&S ( CORPSES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( M5 & WOM5 :O HAD HAD TO SURR5D] BECAUSE !Y LACK$ AMMUNITION1 LITT]$ ! GRAVESITES4 ,DRAMATICALLY1 ! V]Y LA/ B>RICADE FELL ON ,SUNDAY 9 ,BELLEVILLE1 ON ! ,RUE ,RAMPONEAU1 :]E ONE MAN HELD \T ALONE1 AS LONG AS HE C\LD1 COOLLY DEF5D+ HIS POSITION AGA9/ HOPELESS ODDS4 ,AFT] A QU>T] ( AN H\R1 HE FIR$ A P>T+ %OT 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ATTACK+ ,V]SAILLAIS1 !N CALMLY /EPP$ D[N FROM ! B>RICADE & DISAPPE>$ 9TO ! /REETS4 

,*>LES ,DELESCLUZE W5T TO HIS DEA? ) ALL ! NOBILITY ?AT HAD M>K$ HIS LIFE & *>ACT]4 ,ON ,?URSDAY1 ,MAY #b#e1 DRESS$ 9 AN UNASSUM+ BLACK HAT1 COAT1 & TR\S]S1 ) A R$ SC>F >\ND HIS WAI/1 ! V5]ABLE ,JACOB9 LEAD] WALK$ ) GREAT DIGNITY T[>D A B>RICADE AT :AT IS N[ ! ,PLACE DE LA ,REPUBLIQUE & M\NT$ IT 9 FULL SI<T ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS GUNS4 ,HE WAS %OT D[N4 ,TWO ,COMMUN>DS :O TRI$ TO RESCUE HIS BODY W]E ALSO KILL$4 ,EUG5E ,V>L91 ON ! LA/ DAY ( ! FI<T+1 L$ A COLUMN ( FIFTY M5 UND] A HUGE R$ FLAG TO A B>RICADE AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ! ,RUE DE LA ,FONTA9E & ! ,RUE DU ,FAUB\RG DU ,TEMPLE4 ,AFT] ,?I]S'S TROOPS TOOK ! B>RICADE1 ?IS REM>KABLE MAN W&]$ ?R\< ! /REETS1 DAZ$ BY ! FURY ( ! FI<T+4 ,:5 HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ & TAK51 HIS CAPTORS BEAT HIM ) !IR RIFLE BUTTS1 & AN 5RAG$ CR[D ( B\RGEOIS SURR\ND$ HIM & M]CILESSLY PELT$ HIM ) /ONES4 ,F9ALLY1 ) HIS FACE SMA%$ & ONE EYE \T ( ITS SOCKET1 HE WAS PLAC$ BE=E A FIR+ SQUAD4 ,DESPITE HIS BATT]$ CONDITION1 ,V>L9 MANAG$ TO RAISE HIS HEAD HI< & DEFIANTLY %\T1 0,LONG LIVE ! ,COMMUNE60 ,IT TOOK TWO VOLLEYS TO F9I% HIM (F4 ,WELL-DRESS$ B\RGEOIS LADIES PRODD$ HIS BODY AS IT LAY 9 ! /REET1 UNTIL IT WAS F9ALLY C>T$ (F ) ! RE/ ( ! DEAD4 

,WOM5 HAD PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y AID 9 BUILD+ ! B>RICADES1 BUT !Y READILY TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLAIS1 = :I* A L>GE NUMB] PAID ) !IR LIVES1 EI!R 9 BATTLE OR AT ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T'S EXECUTION]S4 ,! RO/] ( WOM5 ,COMMUN>DS IS IMPRESSIVE1 9CLUD+ ,ELISABE? ,DMITRIEFF1 :O ORGANIZ$ ! ,WOM5'S ,UNION = ! ,DEF5SE ( ,P>IS1 AS WELL AS UNC\NT$ WORK+-CLASS WOM5 :OSE NAMES >E LO/ TO US =EV]4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ \T/&+ & MILITANT AMONG !M WAS ,L\ISE ,MI*EL1 :O SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 EV]Y:]E DUR+ EA* ( ! ,COMMUNE'S MAJOR CRISES3 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,OCTOB] UPRIS+ AFT] ! SURR5D] ( ,METZ2 ORAT+ AT ! CLUBS1 :]E %E WAS A FAMILI> & 9SPIR+ FIGURE2 R\S+ ! WORK]S ( ,MONTM>TRE ON ,M>* #a#h1 :5 ! CANNONS W]E AB\T TO BE TAK5 AWAY1 & FI<T+ 9 V>I\S BATDES1 WE>+ A KEPI & C>RY+ A WEAPON4 ,AFT] ,M>* #a#h1 DUR+ ! CONTROV]SY OV] :E!R TO PURSUE ,?I]S \T ( ! CITY1 ,MI*EL HAD EV5 MADE H] WAY TO ,V]SAILLES ITSELF1 M]ELY TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! HEAD ( /ATE C\LD BE ASSASS9AT$4 

,BY ! TIME ! FI<T+ CAME TO AN 5D1 ,MI*EL HAD A*IEV$ A DEGREE ( DI/9CTION UNEQUAL$ BY ANY O!R FEMALE ,COMMUN>D4 ,S9CE ! AU?ORITIES HAD S+L$ H] \T AS ! LEAD] ( ! MY?IC PETROLEUSES1 :O O/5SIBLY SET FIRE TO ! BUILD+S1 ! TROOPS & POLICE COMB$ ,P>IS TO F9D H]4 ,%E MANAG$ TO ELUDE !M COMPLETELY & TAKE REFUGE 9 ! RECESSES ( ! CAPITAL4 ,NOT UNTIL ,DECEMB] #a#f1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T TOOK H] MO!R HO/AGE1 DID %E VOLUNT>ILY SURR5D] H]SELF TO ! ,SIX? ,C\NCIL ( ,W>4 ,PLAC$ ON TRIAL1 ,MI*EL DEFI&Y %\T$ BACK AT H] JUDGES3 

,S9CE IT SEEMS ?AT EV]Y HE>T ?AT BEATS = FRE$OM HAS NO RI<T TO ANY?+ BUT A LITTLE SLUG ( LEAD1 ,I DEM& MY %>E4 ,IF Y\ LET ME LIVE1 ,I %ALL NEV] CEASE TO CRY = V5GEANCE4.<#e#g#a.> 

,L\ISE ,MI*EL'S C\RAGE SO IMPRESS$ ! SPECTATORS AT H] TRIAL ?AT %E WAS PRUD5DY S5T5C$ TO EXILE 9/EAD ( DEA?4 ,:5 IT WAS SUGGE/$ ?AT %E LODGE AN APPEAL = CLEM5CY1 %E REFUS$1 DECL>+ ?AT %E 0W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ DEA?40.<#e#g#b.> 

,BRUNEI1 ,CLUS]ET1 ,EUDES1 ,FRANKEL1 ,LONGUET1 ,LEFRANGAIS1 ,MIOT1 & ,VAILLANT--ALL SURVIV$1 & SEV]AL ( !M LAT] BECAME PROM95T FIGURES 9 ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,F]RE1 ,MOREAU1 ,RIGAULT1 ,ROSSEL1 & ,CLEM5T ,?OMAS W]E %OT BY ! ,V]SAILLAIS--AL?\< ,ROSSEL WAS EXECUT$ AFT] LEAV+ HIS HIDE\T1 A REFUGEE FROM ! ,COMMUNE AS WELL AS ! ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,! MANY ?\S&S :O W]E %OT OR KILL$ 9 ! B>RICADE FI<T+ & AFT]W>DS REMA9 AN ANONYM\S MASS1 !IR NAMES =GOTT5 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY'S FI<T = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,YET !Y DI$ 9 HUGE NUMB]S AS H]OICALLY AS !IR BETT]-KN[N LEAD]S4 

,AFT] ! B>RICADE FI<T+ WAS OV]1 ! C>NAGE CONT9U$ )\T RESPITE4 ,! PRISON]S ( ! ,V]SAILLAIS W]E SLAU<T]$ BY ! HUNDR$S1 EV5 ?\S&S1 )\T ANY DISCRIM9ATION4 ,COMM&]S LIKE ! ,M>QUIS DE ,GALLIFFET SIMPLY /RODE UP & D[N ! RANKS ( ! CAPTIVES & >BITR>ILY SELECT$ 9DIVIDUALS = IMM$IATE EXECUTION4 ,! ,P>IS CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,LONDON ,DAILY ,NEWS1 OBS]V+ ! M>QUIS'S BEHAVIOR1 WROTE3 

,IT WAS NOT A GOOD ?+ ON ?AT DAY TO BE NOTICEABLY TALL]1 DIRTI]1 CLEAN]1 OLD]1 OR UGLI] ?AN ONE'S NEI<BORS4 ,ONE 9DIVIDUAL 9 P>TICUL> /RUCK ME AS PROBABLY [+ HIS SPE$Y RELEASE FROM ILLS ( ?IS WORLD TO HIS HAV+ A BROK5 NOSE4444 ,OV] A HUNDR$ BE+ ?US *OS51 A FIR+ P>TY TOLD (F1 & ! COLUMN RESUM$ ITS M>*1 LEAV+ !M BEH9D4.<#e#g#c.> 

,9 ,JUNE #ahga ! ,BRITI% ,/&>D CORRESPOND5T REPORT$ ?AT TWO C\RTS- M>TIAL W]E %OOT+ PEOPLE AT ! RATE ( #e A DAY1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,?\S&S ( CAPTIVES1 M>*$ (F TO ! ,SATORY 5CAMPM5T AT ,V]SAILLES1 W]E %OT 9DISCRIM9ATELY OR P]I%$ FROM EXHAU/ION4 ,! ,LOBEAU B>RACKS W]E TURN$ 9TO A KILL+ GR\ND & ! CORPSES ?R[N 9TO A %ALL[ GRAVE AT ! ,PLACE ,SA9T ,JACQUES OR 9TO ! ,SE9E4 ,9 SOME PLACES1 BLOOD RAN 9 A /EADY TRICKLE 9TO ! GUTT]S4 ,SO *ILL+ & GROTESQUE W]E ! REPORTS COM+ \T ( ,FRANCE ?AT REVULSION GAVE RISE TO PROTE/S AGA9/ ! SLAU<T]1 EV5 9 CONV5TIONAL NEWSPAP]S ABROAD1 & 9 TIME ! GOV]NM5T WAS OBLIG$ TO REPLACE \TRI<T EXECUTIONS ) TRANSPORTATION TO ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA1 A ,FR5* COLONY :]E MORE ?AN #c1 ,COMMUN>DS W]E =C$ TO LIVE 9 HUTS UND] ! EYES ( BRUTAL W>D5S4 ,9 ALL1 #a1 PEOPLE W]E CONDEMN$ & CONF9$1 EI!R )9 ,FRANCE OR 9 ,FR5* POSSESSIONS ABROAD4 ,TW5TY ?\S& MORE1 :O SUFF]$ T]RIBLY ?R\< ! W9T] ( #a#h#g#a-#g#b 9 AD HOC =MS ( CONF9EM5T1 W]E RELEAS$ )\T EV] BE+ =MALLY *>G$4 

,AS = FATALITIES1 ! MO/ COMMONLY ACCEPT$ E/IMATE IS ?AT #b#e1 ,COMMUN>DS W]E KILL$1 AL?\< A FIGURE ( #c1 W\LD NOT BE UNREASONABLE4 ,! ,V]SAILLAIS LO/ ONLY #hgg DEAD & #f1#d#e#d W\ND$4 ,MO/ BY F> ( ! ,COMMUN>DS :O P]I%$ W]E EXECUT$ BY ,?I]S'S TROOPS1 USUALLY SUMM>ILY1 )\T EV5 A PRET5SE ( C\RTS-M>TIAL4 ,= MON?S AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,P>IS SUFF]$ FROM A LABOR %ORTAGE DUE TO ! MURD] & IMPRISONM5T ( ITS BE/ >TISANS4 ,?I]S DID COMPLETE HIS PURGE ( ,P>IS--) F> MORE BRUTALITY ?AN EV5 ! ,T]ROR ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I*1 DUR+ #a#g#i#c-#i#d1 AB\T #b1#f W]E KILL$ 9 ,P>IS & AB\T #a#g1 9 ! RE/ ( ,FRANCE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #ca -- ,ADD$4 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #ca -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/