,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #bi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#i4 ,REACTION & ,REVIVAL 

,EV5 AS ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON BR\<T ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh TO A DEF9ITIVE 5D 9 ,FRANCE1 ! HI< HOPES ?AT SWEPT OV] ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & EV5 ! ,SLAVIC C\NTRIES UND] ,TURKI% & ,AU/RIAN RULE W]E SMO!R$ BY C\NT]REVOLUTION & ! TRIUMPH ( REACTION4 ,DREAMS ( A UNIFI$ ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 A SOV]EIGN ,HUNG>Y1 A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y 9 ,AU/RIA1 & 9DEP5D5T ,CZE*1 ,SLOVAK1 & S\? ,SLAV NATIONS W]E EFFAC$ BY A R5EWAL ( AU?ORIT>IAN RULE1 PRESS C5SOR%IP1 9CREAS$ SURVEILLANCE1 ! >RE/ ( C\NDESS NATIONALI/S & REPUBLICANS1 & ! FAD+ ( SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,?R\<\T ! #a#h#eS ! ,FR5*1 ,PRUSSIAN1 ,AU/RIAN1 & ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5TS UNREL5T+LY P]SECUT$ !IR DOME/IC RADICALS1 SUPPRESS+ !IR WRIT+S & LECTURES1 C5SOR+ !IR PRESS1 & HONEYCOMB+ !IR MEET+S ) POLICE & SPIES :5 !Y DID NOT EXECUTE1 JAIL1 OR EXILE !M4 ,! D>K CL\D ( REPRESSION SETD$ OV] ! CONT95T1 9/ILL+ LISDESSNESS 9 ! MASSES & DESPAIR AMONG !IR LEAD]S4 

,BLANQUI1 CONVICT$ = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,MAY #ae J\ME'E1 SP5T T5 YE>S 9 PRISON1 (T5 UND] UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS4 ,COOP$ UP ) HIS RIVAL ,B>BES 9 ! P5IT5TI>Y ( ,BELLE-,UE-5-,M]1 HIS FUTILE ATTEMPTS AT ESCAPE FROM !IR MUTUAL H>ASSM5T RESULT$ 9 TRANSF]S TO EV5 MORE PUNITIVE DUNGEONS4 ,A =GIV+ ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON F9ALLY P>DON$ ! 9NOCU\S IF ADV5TURI/IC ,B>BES & ALL[$ HIM TO RETURN TO HIS COM=TABLE LIFE ON HIS S\!RN E/ATE4 ,BUT ,BLANQUI HIMSELF REMA9$ 9 DEBILITAT+ CONF9EM5T UNTIL #a#h#e#i4 

,AS = ,PR\DHON1 HE HAD NOT SUPPORT$ ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION4 ,BUT 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ( :I* HE WAS /ILL A MEMB]1 HE RALLI$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! 9SURG5TS1 MAK+ FI]Y SPEE*ES ON !IR BEHALF & ATTACK+ ! REGIME 9 HIS NEWSPAP] ,LE ,PEUPLE1 :I* HAD ACQUIR$ AN IMM5SE READ]%IP AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS = ITS MILITANCY4 ,:5 HE PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE ACCUS+ ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON ( PLOTT+ TO 5?RALL$ ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE1 BO? ,LE ,PEUPLE & HIS O!R PAP]1 ,LE ,REPRES5TANT DU PEUPLE1 W]E SUPPRESS$1 & HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,FAC$ ) >RE/1 ,PR\DHON FL$ TO ,BELGIUM BUT WAS DETECT$ UPON HIS RETURN TO ,P>IS & S5T5C$ TO PRISON = ?REE YE>S1 A T]M ?AT HE S]V$ \T 9 V>I\S JAILS4 ,!RE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,BLANQUI1 HE SP5T 

SOME ( ! BE/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 ,FR5* POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ?AT HAPPY AGE UND]W5T A MILD CONF9EM5T4 ,PR\DHON WAS WELL-H\S$ & WELL-F$2 HE C\LD WRITE1 /UDY1 & RECEIVE HIS FRI5DS2 HE WAS EV5 ALL[$ TO GO \T ( HIS PRISON ONCE A WEEK TO LOOK AFT] HIS AFFAIRS4.<#e#h.> 

,O!R REVOLUTIONI/S FL$ TO ,5GL&1 ,SWITZ]L&1 OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,CABET HAD RETURN$ TO HIS UTOPIAN EXP]IM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EV5 BE=E ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION2 HE DI$ !RE1 UNKN[N1 & WAS SOON =GOTT5 EV5 9 ! L& ( HIS BIR?4 ,L\IS ,BLANC FL$ TO ,5GL& & BECAME 9CREAS+LY RE=MI/2 :5 HE RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE1 UPON ON ! OV]?R[ ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 9 #a#h#g1 HE W\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & OPPOSE ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,:5 ,BLANQUI1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 #a#h#e#i1 HE IMM$IATELY R5EW$ HIS CONSPIRATORIAL ACTIVITIES AGA9/ ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE2 JAIL$ AGA9 9 #a#h#f#a1 HE ESCAP$ FROM A PRISON HOSPITAL F\R YE>S LAT] & TOOK REFUGE 9 ,BELGIUM4 

,NO?+ SO CLE>LY CONJURES UP ! REACTION>Y NI<TM>E ?AT DESC5D$ ON ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#h#eS ?AN ! TREATM5T ( ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ! ,RUSSIAN >I/OCRAT-TUM$-REVOLUTION>Y :O BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ LEAD]S ( ! C5TURY4 ,[+ TO HIS VIOL5T RHETORIC & BEHAVIOR ,BAKUN9 HAD E>N$ ! BITT] ACRIMONY ( ,CZ> ,NI*OLAS ,I1 ! SPE>HEAD ( REACTION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ WAS BY NO MEANS A REGICIDE1 HIS IMPASSION$ WORDS & HIS COLLECTIVI/ VIEWS SEP>AT$ HIM M>K$LY FROM ! BASICALLY PACIFI/IC & 9DIVIDUALI/IC ,PR\DHON1 DESPITE HIS 5COMIUMS TO ! ,FR5*MAN1 :OSE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS REMA9$ A LIFELONG 9SPIRATION TO HIM 

,BUT FOLL[+ AN ABORTIVE UPRIS+ 9 ,DRESD5 9 ,M>* #a#h#d#i1 9 :I* HE P>TICIPAT$ ) ,RI*>D ,WAGN]1 ,BAKUN9 WAS CAPTUR$ BY ,SAXON AU?ORITIES & IMPRISON$ = A YE>4 ,! ,SAXONS S5T5C$ HIM TO DEA?1 ONLY TO ISSUE A REPRIEVE SO ?AT HE C\LD BE H&$ OV] TO ! ,AU/RIANS1 :O 9 TURN *A9$ HIM TO A DUNGEON WALL = ELEV5 MON?S BE=E S5T5C+ HIM ONCE AGA9 TO DEA?4 ,F9ALLY !Y COMMUT$ HIS S5T5CE AT ! REQUE/ ( ! CZ>1 & HE WAS S5T BACK TO ,RUSSIA1 :]E ,NI*OLAS IMMUR$ HIM 9 ! RECESSES ( ! DREAD$ ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS1 9 ,/ ,PET]SBURG4 ,BAKUN9 LANGUI%$ 9 ! =TRESS = SIX YE>S1 (T5 UND] H>% CONDITIONS1 NEGLECT$ & PLAGU$ BY SCURVY1 HIS ISOLATION BROK5 ONLY BY OCCASIONAL VISITS FROM MEMB]S ( HIS FAMILY4 ,) ! ADV5T ( A MORE 5LI<T5$ CZ>1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 HE WAS S5T 9TO EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E HE REMA9$ = /ILL ANO!R F\R YE>S1 AFT] :I* HE ESCAP$1 MAK+ HIS WAY BACK TO ,EUROPE BY CROSS+ ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & !N J\RNEY+ EA/W>D TO ,LONDON4 

,E,X,I,L,E ,9 ,L,O,N,D,O,N 

,LONDON HAD BECOME ! HOME ( MANY EXILES1 :O GRAVITAT$ T[>D ! ,5GLI% CAPITAL BECAUSE ( ! FRE$OM ,5GL& (F]$ TO REFUGEES FROM ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TS ON ! CONT95T4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! EXILES--,PRUSSIAN1 ,FR5*1 ,RUSSIAN1 & ,AU/RIAN---W]E SDLL ! T>GETS ( CONT95TAL POLICC SPIES1 :O 9FILTRAT$ !IR RADICAL GR\PS & REPORT$ ON !M 9 DETAIL TO !IR RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS4 ,!SE GOV]NM5TS1 9 TURN1 TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! ,BRITI% HOME SECRET>Y TO CRACK D[N ON ! EXILES4 ,!Y EMBROID]$ !IR REPORTS ) LURID PLOTS1 ACCUS+ SOME EXILES ( PLANN+ TO ASSASS9ATE ,QUE5 ,VICTORIA &1 MORE ABSURDLY1 ALL ! CR[N$ HEADS ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 #ahe ! ,AU/RIAN AMBASSADOR W>N$ ! HOME SECRET>Y ?AT 0! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 :OSE LEAD]S W]E ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,BAU]1 & ,WOLFF1 DISCUSS$ EV5 REGICIDE10 :ILE ! NEXT YE> ! ,PRUSSIAN 9T]IOR M9I/] PRESS$ ! HOME SECRET>Y TO TAKE 0DECISIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ! *IEF REVOLUTION>IES KN[N BY NAME0 & TRANSPORT !M TO ! COLONIES4 ,HAPPILY = ! EXILES1 ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES USUALLY IGNOR$ !SE POLICE ACC\NTS4 ,AS ,DAVID ,MC,CLELLAN NOTES 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,M>X1 ! ,AU/RIAN AMBASSADOR 

GOT ! REPLY3 0UND] \R LAWS1 M]E DISCUSSION ( REGICIDE1 SO LONG AS IT DOES NOT CONC]N ! ,QUE5 ( ,5GL& & SO LONG AS !RE IS NO DEF9ITE PLAN1 DOES NOT CON/ITUTE SUFFICI5T GR\NDS = ! >RE/ ( ! CONSPIRATORS04 ,! MO/ ! ,HOME ,(FICE WAS PREP>$ TO DO 9 ANSW] TO !SE DEM&S WAS TO GIVE F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE TO ?OSE REFUGEES WILL+ TO EMIGRATE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4.<#e#i.> 

,M>X HIMSELF HAD BY NO MEANS PLAY$ A RADICAL ROLE 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i4 ,5AMOR$ ( HIS 0/AGES0 !ORY ( REVOLUTION1 HE HAD DECID$ ?AT ! LIB]AL ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 /RUGGL+ TO ASS]T ITS SUPREMACY OV] ! FEUDAL CLASSES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME1 MU/ TAKE ! LEAD 9 ! UNFOLD+ REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO C>RY \T ITS [N REVOLUTION & E/ABLI% A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ REPUBLIC1 FREE ( ALL FEUDAL 5CUMBRANCES1 SUBDIVISIONS1 & OB/ACLES TO FREE TRADE & NATIONHOOD1 BE=E ! WORK]S C\LD HOPE TO A*IEVE !IR [N SOCIALI/ GOALS4 

,AL?\< ,M>X'S WRIT+S FROM ! #a#h#dS HAD (T5 SPOK5 ( ! NE$ = ! WORK]S TO CREATE !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 9DEP5D5DY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 DUR+ ! #a#h#d#h-#d#i REVOLUTIONS HE EXPRESSLY ADVIS$ !M TO SUBORD9ATE !IR DEM&S TO ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,! WORK+ CLASS1 HE FELT1 WAS OBLIG$ TO R5D] CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! CREATION ( A MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLIC & ASSI/ ! B\RGEOISIE 9 PU%+ ! REVOLUTION T[>D ! GOAL ( A UNIFI$1 9DU/RIALIZ$1 & COMM]CIALLY VIABLE ,G]MANY4 0,! PROLET>IAT HAS NOT ! RI<T TO ISOLATE ITSELF10 HE DECL>$2 0H[EV] H>D IT MAY SEEM1 IT MU/ REJECT ANY?+ ?AT C\LD SEP>ATE IT FROM ITS ALLIES40.<#e#a.> ,ACCORD+LY1 HE SUPPRESS$ ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7:I* HE HAD CO-WRITT5 ) ,5GELS 9 #a#h#d#g7 & ESS5TIALLY DISB&$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE 7:I* HE HAD HEAD$7 9 ALL BUT NAME4 ,?IS POLICY ( MIDDLE-CLASS LIB]ALISM >\S$ ! BITT] OPPOSITION ( ! MILITANT LABOR ORGANIZ] ,/EPHAN ,BOM1 :O WAS TRY+ TO =M AN ALL-,G]MAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 9TO :I*1 AS ,P4 ,H4 ,NOYES TELLS US1 0SU* REVOLUTION>Y =CE AS WORK]S HAD 9 #ahdh WAS *ANNEL$40.<#e#a#a.> 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,BOM1 ,M>X WAS DET]M9$ TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) AN 9DEP5D5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T & 9/EAD BECAME $ITOR ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 A ,COLOGNE NEWSPAP] 7BACK$ BY ,5GELS7 ?AT CALL$ ITSELF 0,AN ,ORGAN ( ,DEMOCRACY0 & D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE FROM FEUDAL EXACTIONS4 ,AS $ITOR1 ,M>X P&]$ TO ! MIDDLE- CLASS ,COLOGNE ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION--! ,ZEITUNG EV5 CONTA9$ /OCK M>KET REPORTS--& E/ABLI%$ AN $ITORIAL L9E ?AT WAS H>DLY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 ?OR\<LY ANTAGONIZ+ ! WORK]S ( ! CITY4 ,&REAS ,GOTTS*ALK1 ! MILITANT LEAD] ( ! ,COLOGNE ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 A SOCIALI/ LABOR ORGANIZATION1 EXCORIAT$ ! NEWSPAP] = BE+ 09 ! H&S ( CONFIRM$ >I/OCRATS1 9DE$ ! MO/ DANG]\S ( ALL1 ! >I/OCRATS ( MONEY0 & TOOK ,M>X %>PLY TO TASK = HIS ESS5TIALLY LIB]AL $ITORIAL ROLE4.<#e#a#b.> 

,UPON ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#d#i1 ! NEWSPAP] WAS %UT D[N1 & ,M>X WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,PRUSSIA4 ,HE & HIS FAMILY >RIV$ 9 ,P>IS 9 TIME = ! ,JUNE #ac DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON'S BREA* ( ! CON/ITUTION BY 9VAD+ ,ROME4 ,BUT 9 ,AUGU/ DISAPPO9TM5T ) ,BONAP>TE'S REACTION>Y REGIME =C$ HIM TO GO TO ,LONDON1 :]E HE 5C\NT]$ V>I\S EXILE GR\PS FROM ! CONT95T4 

,SOON AFT] HIS >RIVAL 9 ,LONDON1 H[EV]1 ,M>X RADICALLY ALT]$ HIS POLICY4 ,9 AN #ahe 0,ADDRESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE0 7:I* HAD BE5 REVIV$ 9 #a#h#d#i71 HE & ,5GELS ESS5TIALLY ADOPT$ ,GOTTS*ALK'S VIEW ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! 0DEMOCRATIC0 B\RGEOISIE1 CALL+ = AN 9DEP5D5T WORK]S' P>TY ?AT W\LD E/ABLI% ITS [N 0REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' GOV]NM5TS1 :E!R 9 ! =M ( MUNICIPAL COMMITTEES & MUNICIPAL C\NCILS OR 9 ! =M ( WORK]S' CLUBS & WORK]S' COMMITTEES40.<#e#a#c.> ,MOREOV]1 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ! 0,ADDRESS0 >GU$1 ! WORK]S' P>TY MU/ BE DI/RUSDUL & /RICDY 9DEP5D5T ( ITS PRESUM$ B\RGEOIS & PEASANT ALLIES4 ,AT BE/1 IT C\LD ALLY ITSELF ) SECTORS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ONLY CAUTI\SLY & ONLY ) ! MO/ RADICAL SECTORS4 ,FOLL[+ ! VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION1 SU* AN ALLIANCE1 ! 0,ADDRESS0 W>N$1 MU/ COME TO AN 5D4 ,! WORK+ CLASS MU/ RETA9 ITS 9DEP5D5CE & COMPETE ELECTORALLY = POSITIONS 9 ! NEW REPUBLIC1 SEEK+ ! 0/RICTE/ C5TRALIZATION0 ( GOV]NM5TAL P[] & OPPOS+ ANY F$]ALI/ S*EMES ?AT W\LD 9CREASE 0! AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE = ! .<LOCAL.> COMMUNITIES40.<#e#a#d.> 

,?IS DOCUM5T IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! !ORETICAL >MAM5T>IUM ( :AT 9 TIME W\LD BE CALL$ ,M>XISM1 & ITS /RICTURES W]E TO BE FOLL[$--OR >GU$ AB\T--BY ,M>XIAN MOVEM5TS1 WELL 9TO ! #a#iS4 ,BAS$ ON ?IS 0,ADDRESS10 ,M>XI/ P>TIES W]E EXPRESSLY PROHIBIT$ FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! CAB9ETS & M9I/RIES ( B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS OR FROM =M+ COALITION GOV]NM5TS EV5 ) RADICAL MIDDLE-CLASS P>TIES4 ,?IS EMPHASIS ON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! WORK]S' P>TIES REMA9$ A GUID+ POLICY ( ,M>XI/ P>TIES1 (T5 LEAD+1 9 P]IODS ( CRISIS ?AT ]UPT$ AFT] #a#h#d#h1 TO BITT] FACTIONAL DISPUTES & CLEAVAGES )9 ! FOLD ( 9T]NATIONAL ,M>XISM4 

,NOT)/&+ POPUL> WISDOM TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,M>X'S EXILE 9 ,LONDON WAS NOT DEVOT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO !ORETICAL WORK4 ,9DE$1 HE C\LD H>DLY AVOID BECOM+ DRAWN 9TO ! 9T]NEC9E W>F>E ?AT W5T ON AMONG HIS FELL[ EXILES ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#eS & #a#h#fS !Y BATTL$ EA* O!R 9CESS&Y OV] ISSUES BO? TRIVIAL & MAJOR4 ,?US1 REPUBLICANS F\<T ) EA* O!R & ) SOCIALI/S2 PUTS*I/ ,BLANQUI/S CROSS$ SWORDS ) ADVOCATES ( A MASS WORK]S' MOVEM5T2 PROTO-AN>*I/S1 OR AT LEA/ OPPON5TS ( POLITICAL ACTION1 D5\NC$ 0AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S10 OR ?OSE :O BELIEV$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY2 & EV5 ! P>LIAM5T>IAN W+ ( ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ GR\PS WAS DIVID$ OV] H[ & TO :AT DEGREE LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY C\LD PRODUCE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIALI/ BECAME AN ECUM5ICAL WORD D5OT+ EV]YONE FROM SOCIAL RE=M]S TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES2 COMMUNI/ WAS 9CREAS+LY ID5TIFI$ ) ?OSE :O %>$ ,M>X'S BASICALLY 9SURRECTION>Y /RATEGY2 & AN>*I/ 5COMPASS$ ! HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC IDEAS ( P]SONAL REBELLION PIONE]$ BY ,MAX ,/IRN] & ! ,PR\DHONI/ MUTUALI/S4 

,YET !SE CONFLICTS %\LD NOT BE DISMISS$ AS M]E WRANGL+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E 5ORM\SLY IMPORTANT 9 SORT+ \T MAJOR ISSUES 9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & /RATEGY ?AT HAD NOT BE5 RESOLV$--9DE$1 ?AT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 RESOLV$--DUR+ ! HEAT ( CONFLICT ,! WORK]S :O RE>$ B>RICADES 9 ,P>IS1 ,B]L91 & ,VI5NA 9 #ahdh HAD (T5 HAD NO CLE> IDEA ( !IR GOALS1 ! BE/ ME?ODS TO A*IEVE !M1 ! DIV]G5T 9T]E/S ( !IR MIDDLE-CLASS 0ALLIES10 OR ! NATURE ( ! SOCIAL =CES !Y OPPOS$4 ,A MAN LIKE ,LAM>T9E HAD BE5 ABLE TO GA9 ACCEPTANCE AMONG MANY ,P>ISIAN WORK]S BECAUSE HE C\LD VEIL HIS MOD]ATE POLICIES 9 RADICAL RHETORIC1 :ILE ,BLANQUI'S FOLL[]S HURL$ !MSELVES 9TO PUTS*ES ?AT W]E DOOM$ TO FAILURE BECAUSE !Y FAIL$ TO PROP]LY ASSESS EI!R ! MOOD ( ! WORK]S OR ! P[] ( !IR CLASS OPPON5TS4 ,IF !Y W]E NOT TO REPEAT ! MISCALCULATIONS ?AT HAD CO/ !M ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! EXILES HAD TO USE ! HIATUS TO RESOLVE A MULTITUDE ( SU* UNSETD$ PROBLEMS & ISSUES4 ,IF !RE WAS TO BE A NEW REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 AS EV]YONE EXPECT$1 0EXILE WRANGL+0 W\LD BE 9DISP5SABLE TO ITS SUCCESS4 

,! ,E,M,],G,5,C,E ,( ,! ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T 

,IT WAS ALSO NECESS>Y = ! EXILES TO ANALYZE ! DEEP & LA/+ TRANS=MATIONS ?AT ,EUROPE WAS UND]GO+3 ! SPREAD ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION TO ! CONT95T1 ! EXPANSION ( ! M>KET ECONOMY1 ! EM]G5CE ( /ILL MORE NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 & ! RISE ( A NEW TYPE ( WORK]--! FACTORY-BAS$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAN4 

,9 ,5GL& ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ALREADY UND] WAY = DECADES1 CATAPULT$ H] TO GLOBAL ECONOMIC DOM9ANCE1 E>N+ ! C\NTRY ! APPELLATION 0! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD40 ,BUT 9 ,FRANCE IT W\LD NOT BECOME A CONSID]ABLE =CE UNTIL ! #a#h#hS4 ,EV5 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 ! C\NTRY WAS /ILL ROOT$ 9 AN >TISANAL & PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,UND] ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON CRAFT PRODUCTION /ILL RETA9$ A FIRM HOLD ON ,FR5* MANUFACTUR+1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! C\NTRY HAD UNIQUELY POSITION$ ITSELF AS ! PRODUC] ( F9E H&CRAFT$ PRODUCTS1 :I* NECESSITAT$ ! PURPOSEFUL RET5TION ( TRADITIONAL SKILLS4 ,BUT ! AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON1 UNDI/URB$ BY POLITICAL FACTIONS1 CLUBS1 OR LEGISLATURES1 LAID ! BASIS = ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION BY GREATLY EXP&+ ,FR5* M>KETS &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! C\NTRY'S TRANSPORTATION 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,/EAM 5G9ES1 :I* 9 #ahe HAD NUMB]$ >\ND #e1#c1 9CREAS$ TO #a#d1 9 #a#h#f1 & TO #b#f1#b 9 #a#h#f#i4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT1 ,FR5* RAILWAY MILEAGE SO>$ BETWE5 #ahe & #a#h#g-- FROM A M]E #a1#h MILES TO #a1#h4 ,BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 RAILROAD L9ES HAD RADIAT$ \T FROM ,P>IS 9 ONLY A FEW ABBREVIAT$ TRUNK L9ES1 BUT ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON'S TW5TY-YE> REGIME PRODUC$ A FULL-FL$G$ NATIONAL RAILWAY SY/EM4 ,BETWE5 #aheb & #ahg RAIL L9ES W]E EXT5D$ TO ,BAYONNE ON ! ,SPANI% FRONTI]1 ,BRE/ ON ! ,ATLANTIC1 ,*]B\RG ON ! ,*ANNEL COA/1 & ,GR5OBLE NE> ,LUXEMB\RG--& ! SPACES BETWE5 W]E FILL$ ) A COMPLEX NETWORK ( SUBBRAN*ES4 

,! SPREAD ( RAILWAYS W\LD SOON OP5 UP HI!RTO UNT\*$ >EAS ( ! C\NTRY TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 5L>G+ ! DOME/IC M>KET = CONSUM] GOODS & UND]M9+ TRADITIONAL TIES BETWE5 PEASANTS1 CRAFTSPEOPLE1 & NOTABLES BY DRAW+ !M 9TO ! COMPETITIVE CA% ECONOMY4 ,! GR[+ 9DU/RIES 9 ! NOR? & NOR!A/ N[ HAD RELATIVELY EASY ACCESS TO REMOTE P>TS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :OSE 9HABITANTS1 9 TURN1 C\LD SELL !IR PRODUCE 9 M>KETS BEYOND !IR IMM$IATE LOCALES4 ,TRADE WAS BREAK+ D[N OLD PROV9CIAL B>RI]S BETWE5 REGIONS ?AT HAD B>ELY ADVANC$ BEYOND B>T] EX*ANGE1 BR++ !M FIR/ H&MADE & LAT] FACTORY-MADE COMMODITIES4 ,BY L[]+ ITS [N (T5-PROHIBITIVE T>IFFS 9 RETURN = L[]$ T>IFFS ABROAD1 ,FRANCE GREATLY 9CREAS$ ITS VOLUME ( =EIGN TRADE--! VALUE ( ,FR5* IMPORTS & EXPORTS 9CREAS$ FROM #b4#f BILLION FRANCS 9 #ahea TO AB\T #h BILLION 9 #a#h#f#i1 FUR!R IMPELL+ ,FR5* CAPITALI/S TO ACQUIRE MODEM MA*9]Y & USE NEW ME?ODS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,! ,P>IS ,EXPOSITION ( #ahee WAS A CELEBRATION NOT ONLY ( MU*-COVET$ ,FR5* LUXURY GOODS BUT ( ,FR5* MA*9]Y & TE*NICAL KN[-H[4 

,G]MANY1 = ITS P>T1 WAS BEG9N+ TO SEE SIGNIFICANT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T AS WELL4 ,AL?\< ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION DID NOT FULLY TAKE (F UNTIL ! #a#h#gS1 ! ,ZOLLV]E91 A CU/OMS UNION 9ITIALLY COMPRIS+ SEV5TE5 ,G]MAN /ATES1 HAD ALREADY BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#h#c#d1 REMOV+ 9T]NAL B>RI]S TO TRADE1 :ILE 9 #ahca ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ ! ,GEW]BE-LN/ITUT 7,TRADE ,9/ITUTE7 TO /IMULATE ! DEVELOPM5T & USE ( NEW 9DU/RIAL ME?ODS4 

,SL[LY1 FACTORY MA*9]Y WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,PRUSSIAN ECONOMY1 ESPECIALLY = ! WEAV+ ( COTTON1 :ILE ! MILIT>Y1 RECOGNIZ+ ! 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE ( RAILROAD L9ES 9 TIMES ( W>1 /RONGLY 5C\RAG$ !IR CON/RUCTION AS WELL4 ,9 #a#h#d1 ONLY #cd MILES ( RAILWAY TRACK HAD BE5 LAID 9 ALL ( ! ,G]MAN /ATES2 9 #a#h#e1 ! MILEAGE REA*$ #c1#g1 NE>LY D\BL$ A DECADE LAT]1 & EV5 EXCE$$ ?AT ( ,FRANCE1 AT #a#b1#b#c#g1 9 #a#h#g4 ,/RIK+LY1 9 ! SAME YE> ,G]MANY ALSO EXCE$$ ,FRANCE 9 \TPUT ( PIG IRON4 ,DESPITE WAVE AFT] WAVE ( EMIGRATION TO ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 ,G]MANY'S POPULATION WAS GR[+ RAPIDLY--FROM #ce MILLION 9 #ahdi TO #da MILLION 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,BE=E ! C5TURY WAS \T1 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY W\LD BO? BE 5GAG$ 9 MASS PRODUCTION1 & AFT] ! #a#h#gS ,G]MAN 9DU/RY W\LD \T/RIP ! ,BRITI% 9 *EMICALS1 ELECTRICAL GOODS1 & SOPHI/ICAT$ MA*9ES4 

,AS ! DEM& = /EEL 9CREAS$--NECESS>Y AS IT WAS = 5G9ES1 RAILROAD TRACKS1 & O!R METALLIC GOODS 79CLUD+ >MS7--! 9V5TIONS ?AT MADE IT MORE PL5TIFUL & LESS EXP5SIVE FOLL[$ APACE4 ,COAL & COKE1 AVAILABLE 9 HUGE QUANTITIES1 HAD REPLAC$ *>COAL E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 #ahbh ! ,SCOTTI% 9V5TOR ,JAMES ,B4 ,NEILSON BUILT A BLA/ FURNACE TO SPURT HOT AIR OV] MELT+ IRON ORE1 :I* GREATLY ECONOMIZ$ ! SMELT+ PROCESS & 9CREAS$ ! HEI<T ( ! SMALL FURNACES ( ! DAY TO =TY OR EV5 SIXTY FEET4 ,TRADITIONAL TE*NIQUES = HAMM]+ ! IMPURITIES \T ( PIG IRON W]E REPLAC$ BY PUDDL+1 9 :I* MOLT5 IRON WAS /IRR$ CONT9UALLY TO PRODUCE A MORE MALLEABLE METAL4 ,F9ALLY 9 #ahef ,H5RY ,BESSEM] PAT5T$ ! PROCESS ?AT BE>S HIS NAME1 9 :I* COLD AIR DRIV5 ?R\< MOLT5 IRON RAPIDLY REMOVES ! IMPURITIES4 ,! CO/ ( PRODUC+ /EEL N[ DROPP$ PRECIPIT\SLY1 AS DID ! AM\NT ( TIME REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE IT3 :AT HAD =M]LY TAK5 T5 DAYS ) *>COAL & PUDDL+ N[ TOOK ONLY T5 M9UTES ) ! ,BESSEM] PROCESS4 ,! PRICE ( /EEL PLUMMET$ TO A FRACTION ( ITS =M] CO/1 & ! METAL'S AVAILABILITY MADE IT A COMMONPLACE 9 9DU/RY1 HOMES1 & CON/RUCTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! RURAL ,EUROPEAN L&SCAPE WAS *ANG+ 9TO A MODEM 9DU/RIAL PANORAMA1 COMPLETE ) TALL *IMNEYS BEL*+ SMOKE1 & HUGE FURNACES ?AT PRODUC$ A FI]Y GL>E AGA9/ ! D>K POLLUT$ SKY4 

,! TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! C5TURY W]E COMP>ABLE 9 EV]Y WAY TO ?OSE ( CLO? PRODUCTION & TRANSPORTATION ?AT HAD DRIV5 ! E>LI] /AGES ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! ADV5T ( ELECTRIC P[] & SYN!TIC *EMICALS1 AS WELL AS ADVANCES 9 M9+1 BR\<T RU9 TO MANY >TISANS1 :O W]E 9 NO POSITION TO COMPETE ) ! *EAP GOODS PRODUC$ BY CAPITAL-9T5SIVE FACTORIES4 ,BY MIDC5TURY1 EXCEPT 9 ,FRANCE1 M]*ANTS & 9DU/RIALI/S W]E VASDY DIM9I%+ BO? ! /ATUS & FUNCTION ( 9DEP5D5T MA/]S & J\RNEYM51 9CREAS+LY MAK+ !M ANCILL>Y TO ! L>G] 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY4 

,NOR C\LD ! P[] ( ! AUTOCRATS ( ,EUROPE--L>GE OR SMALL1 P]NICI\S OR G5DE--)/& ! ONSLAU<T ( 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,NEWS N[ TRAVEL$ FA/] ?AN EV]1 OV] ELECTRIC WIRES & BY MAIL TRA9S2 PR9T+ PRESSES BECAME EV] MORE AUTOMATIC1 DISSEM9AT+ IDEAS 9 ! =M ( *EAP BOOKS & P]IODICALS TO ALL P>TS ( ,EUROPE & ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WANT$ FREE TRADE1 OP5 BORD]S1 0FREE0 WORK]S1 & A MAJOR SAY 9 AFFAIRS ( /ATE4 ,AS GEOGRAPHICAL B>RI]S BEGAN TO CRUMBLE1 SO TOO DID ! IDEOLOGICAL B>RI]S ( ! P>O*IAL QUASI-FEUDAL PA/1 & ! OB/ACLES TO NEW GOODS & NEW IDEAS1 OP5+ ! WAY TO MASS NATIONWIDE MOVEM5TS SU* AS TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,BY ! #a#h#fS ,EUROPEAN AUTOCRATS F\ND ?AT !Y HAD TO MAKE CONCESSIONS NOT ONLY TO ! B\RGEOISIE BUT ALSO TO ! WORK+ CLASSES1 AS !Y AWAK5$ FROM ! TORPOR ( !IR DEFEATS ( ! LATE #a#h#dS & E>LY #a#h#eS4 ,WORK+- CLASS MILITANCY 9DE$ BEGAN TO REVIVE1 AL?\< IT TOOK A DIFF]5T =M FROM :AT IT HAD BE5 9 ! #a#h#dS4 ,! IDEAS ( ASSOCIATIONISM--! =MATION ( COOP]ATIVES ( >TISANS 9 SIMIL> TRADES 9 ORD] TO CONTROL ?OSE TRADES--& MUTUALISM--! PROVISION ( L[-9T]E/ CR$IT TO SMALL 5TREPR5EURS1 L9K$ BY NONEXPLOITATIVE CONTRACTS--W]E ACQUIR+ AN EXP&$ MEAN+4 ,! V]Y SOCIAL CONTEXT ( LABOR WAS UND]GO+ SIGNIFICANT *ANGES4 ,>TISANS1 :O HAD HI!RTO BE5 PITT$ AGA9/ SMALL FACTORIES & M]*ANTS1 C\LD H>DLY EXPECT 9DIVIDUALLY TO SUPPLANT ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE1 ) ITS EV]-L>G] PLANTS1 ITS MULTITUDE ( UNSKILL$ OR P>TLY SKILL$ PROLET>IANS1 & ITS VA/ ECONOMIC RES\RCES4 ,! WORD ASSOCIATION 9CREAS+LY CAME TO 9CLUDE ! UNITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE--9T]NATIONALLY AS WELL AS NATIONALLY1 DESPITE DIFF]5CES 9 CRAFT & /ATUS GR\PS4 ,9 ADDITION TO COOP]ATIVES & TRADE ASSOCIATIONS1 WORK]S BEGAN TO 5VISION P[]FUL 0>MIES ( LABOR10 TO USE A PHRASE FROM PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM--NAMELY1 GREAT UNIONS1 CONF$]ATIONS1 & EV5 POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT W]E SUFFICI5DY 5COMPASS+ TO CONFRONT ! 5ORM\S P[] ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L 

,AMONG ! MON>*S ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 NONE SEEMS TO HAVE MORE ACUTELY S5S$ ?AT *ANGES W]E 9 ! (F+ ?AN ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 ,AFT] #a#h#f1 UND] 9CREAS+ FIRE FROM ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 :O WANT$ A GREAT] SAY 9 ! /ATE1 ,L\IS WAS OBLIG$ TO LOOS5 HIS ,U<T GRIP ON ,FRANCE'S POLITICAL LIFE4 ,HE N[ GAVE GREAT] FRE$OM TO ! PRESS & ALL[$ GOV]NM5T MEASURES TO BE OP5LY CRITICIZ$ 9 ! ,CORPS ,LEGISLATIF 7! L[] LEGISLATIVE H\SE71 :ILE ! ?RONE'S ANNUAL SPEE* C\LD BE FREELY DEBAT$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>IANS4 ,9DE$1 BE=E ! DECADE WAS \T1 A REPUBLICAN OPPOSIDON HAD EV5 BE5 P]MITT$ TO EM]GE & 5JOY A C]TA9 MEASURE ( POLITICAL AUTONOMY4 

,TO C\NT]VAIL ! DEM&S ( ! NEW 9DU/RIALI/S1 ,BONAP>TE ALSO TRI$ TO GA9 WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT1 !REBY PITT+ ONE CLASS AGA9/ ! O!R-- ANO!R TYPICALLY ,BONAP>TI/ FEATURE4 ,9 #ahf HE ALL[$ WORK]S TO =M MUTUAL AID & B5EFIT ASSOCIATIONS1 RE/OR$ !IR LEGAL RI<T TO /RIKE1 & P]MITT$ 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S TO RUN = PUBLIC (FICE ON LABOR-ORI5T$ PLAT=MS--PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT !Y DID NOT =M A POLITICAL P>TY4 7,:5 ! GOV]NM5T MADE OV]TURES TO (F] BETT] CR$IT T]MS1 ! ,PR\DHONI/ MUTUALI/S1 ) !IR DEM& = ! L[-9T]E/ LOANS = >TISANS1 W]E SURPRIS+LY RESPONSIVE & FLIRT$ POLITICALLY ) MEMB]S ( ! ROYAL FAMILY47 

,TO PLACATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 BETWE5 #ahf & #ahfb ! EMP]OR CONCLUD$ A S]IES ( COMM]CIAL TREATIES ) ,BRITA91 ,BELGIUM1 ,ITALY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,PRUSSIA ?AT R$UC$ TRADE B>RI]S & PROVID$ A /RONG /IMULUS TO ,FR5* 9DU/RY4 ,KEY ,FR5* COMPANIES W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9 FEW] H&S1 LEAD+ TO MORE L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION & TE*NOLOGICAL MOD]NIZATION4 ,BUT ,BONAP>TE'S MOTIVES W]E NOT 5TIRELY ECONOMIC4 ,CLOS] COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% ECONOMIES WAS SPURR$ NOT ONLY BY COMM]CIAL CONSID]ATIONS BUT BY ! EMP]OR'S [N DIPLOMACY1 :I* WAS ORI5T$1 DESPITE C5TURIES ( BITT] 5MITY1 T[>D =G+ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! TWO MAJOR ,*ANNEL C\NTRIES4 

,! GR[+ 5T5TE BETWE5 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE NURTUR$ NOT ONLY CLOS] ECONOMIC & DIPLOMATIC TIES BUT A CLOS] AFF9ITY BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASSES4 ,! 9T]LOCK+ ( ,5GLI% ) ,FR5* ECONOMIC 9T]E/S & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,5GLI% TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS 9TO ,FR5* 9DU/RY MEANT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ! TWO C\NTRIES %>$ A NEW COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/ ,BUT ,FR5* UNSKILL$ WORK]S LAGG$ F> BEH9D !IR ,BRITI% C\NT]P>TS 9 SELF-ORGANIZATION & 9 CONCRETE ECONOMIC GA9S3 9 ,BRITA9 ! WORK+ DAY HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO T5 H\RS1 BUT :5 ! ,BONAP>TI/ REGIME TRI$ TO PASS SIMIL> LEGISLATION 9 ,FRANCE1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS ABLE TO CIRCUMV5T IT4 ,AL?\< ,FR5* WORK]S ACQUIR$ A LIMIT$ RI<T TO /RIKE1 !Y W]E NOT P]MITT$ TO ORGANIZE TRADE UNIONS LIKE !IR CLASS BRO!RS & SI/]S 9 ,5GL& 

,9 #ahfb A DELEGATION ( ,FR5* WORK]S CROSS$ ! ,*ANNEL TO ATT5D ! ,LONDON ,9T]NATIONAL ,EXHIBITION4 ,!IR TRIP WAS SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* PROBABLY HOP$ ?AT ! MOD]ATE RE=M-ORI5T$ M5TALITY ?AT PREVAIL$ AMONG ,5GLI% WORK]S W\LD MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON ! MORE VOLATILE ,FR5*4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! VISIT RESULT$ 9 A R5EW$ LIAISON BETWE5 MILITANT ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S & ,FR5* 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #ahfc ,BRITI% WORK]S DISPAT*$ AN APPEAL TO !IR ,FR5* C\NT]P>TS TO TAKE COMMON ACTION 9 SUPPORT ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ,POL&1 A CAUSE ?AT WAS ALMO/ AS POPUL> 9 ,LONDON AS IT WAS 9 ,P>IS4 ,! ,BRITI% WORK]S ALSO HAD A V]Y PRACTICAL SELF-9T]E/ 9 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS COMITY3 !IR EMPLOY]S HAD BE5 IMPORT+ CONT95TAL /RIKEBREAK]S DUR+ LABOR DISPUT]S1 A PRACTICE ?AT SEV]ELY OB/RUCT$ !IR /RUGGLES = BETT] PAY & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,! TRADE UNIONS W]E P>TICUL>LY EAG] TO 5LI/ ,FR5* WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT1 9 ORD] TO BR+ ?IS PRACTICE TO A DEF9ITIVE 5D4 

,AS A RESULT1 CONTACTS BETWE5 WORK+-CLASS LEAD]S ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,*ANNEL BECAME MORE FREQU5T2 NOT ONLY WAS ! SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% GREADY /R5G!N$1 BUT EA* CONTRIBUT$ TO ! O!R'S /RIKE FUNDS4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y DECID$ TO HOLD A JO9T PUBLIC MEET+ 9 ,LONDON TO /R5G!N !IR TIES & TO SUPPORT ! ,POLES4 ,! MEET+1 :I* WAS HELD ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#f#d1 9 ,SA9T ,M>T9'S ,HALL1 WAS PACK$ ) #b1 PEOPLE1 MANY ( :OM CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T ,BRITI%1 ,IRI%1 & CONT95TAL ,EUROPEAN WORK]S4 ,IT PROV$ TO BE ( HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE3 EV5 AS ALMO/ ALL ! GOV]NM5TS ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE W]E TRY+ TO CRU% ANY 9CIPI5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 OR P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y W]E TRY+ TO DO SO1 ! WORK+ CLASSES ( V>I\S C\NTRIES EAG]LY MET TO MOBILIZE !IR =CES & CREATE !IR [N UNIFI$ 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 

,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! ASSEMBLY 9 ,SA9T ,M>T9'S ,HALL WAS V]Y MIX$3 IT CONSI/$ MA9LY ( ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S1 9CLUD+ =M] ,*>TI/S & ,[5ITES1 :O W]E EAG] TO ELIM9ATE CONT95TAL /RIKEBREAK+1 BUT !RE W]E ALSO ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/ MUTUALI/S1 ,ITALIAN & ,POLI% NATIONALI/S1 & A M$LEY ( EXILES FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,AFT] MU* ORATORY1 L>GELY FOCUS$ ON SOLID>ITY ) ! ,POLES & ! NE$ = WORK+-CLASS UNITY1 ! MEET+ 5?USIA/ICALLY RESOLV$ TO F\ND :AT WAS TO BE CALL$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,M,A71 :I* EV5TUALLY 5T]$ 9TO ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM AS ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,LI/$ LA/ AMONG ! DI/+UI%$ SUPPORT]S 9VIT$ TO SIT ON ! PLAT=M WAS ONE 0,DR4 ,M>X10 :O HAD BE5 ASK$ TO ADDRESS ! MEET+ ON BEHALF ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S4 ,RA!R ?AN SPEAK HIMSELF1 H[EV]1 HE GAVE ! FLOOR TO ,JOHANN ,GEORGE ,ECC>IUS1 HIS FELL[ EXILE & MEMB] ( ! OLD ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 :O ABLY ACQUITT$ HIMSELF :ILE ,M>X REMA9$ 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,?US ,M>X PLAY$ NO DIRECT ROLE 9 CONV5+ OR ADDRESS+ ! MEET+1 CLAIMS ?AT HE F\ND$ ! ,FIR/ ,9TEMADONAL 7MADE BY SOME HI/ORIANS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T7 NOT)/&+4 

,AFT] MU* ORATORY & 5?USIASM1 ! MEET+ ELECT$ A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 7LAT] R5AM$ ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL7 TO ADM9I/] ! ORGANIZATION'S AFFAIRS1 CONSI/+ HALF ( ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S & ! REMA9+ HALF ( ! DIV]SE RADICAL & NATIONALI/ EXILES 9 ,LONDON4 ,! ,COMMITTEE QUICKLY E/ABLI%$ A SUBCOMMITTEE TO DRAW UP ! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES & A SET ( GOV]N+ RULES = ! NEW ,ASSOCIATION4 ,SEV]AL PLA9LY T5D5TI\S DECL>ATIONS & SETS ( /ATUTES W]E SUBMITT$1 9CLUD+ ! PROVISIONAL REGULATIONS ( ,MAZZ9I'S ,ITALIAN ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION1 A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 /RONGLY NATIONALI/IC 9 ORI5TATION1 ?AT ACTUALLY HAD V]Y LITDE /&+ AMONG ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,?IS DOCUM5T1 DESPITE ITS LIT]>Y CRUDITY & ITS IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION1 WAS NE>LY ADOPT$ BY ! SUBCOMMITTEE1 BUT =TUNATELY1 DUE L>GELY TO ,M>X'S REMON/RANCES1 IT WAS AGRE$ ?AT ! PROPOS$ DOCUM5T %\LD BE 0$IT$10 A TASK ?AT F9ALLY FELL TO ,M>X HIMSELF1 :O PROCE$$ TO REWRITE L>GE PORTIONS ( ! DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES & R$UCE ! RULES FROM =TY TO T54 ,! NEW DRAFT1 PAT5DY SUP]IOR TO ITS ,MAZZ9IAN PRECURSOR1 WAS UNANIM\SLY ADOPT$ BY ! ,COMMITTEE AT ITS NEXT MEET+ & PUBLI%$ WIDELY AS A P5NY PAMPHLET ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,M>X DES]VES ! CR$IT1 IF NOT = F\ND+ ! ,I,W,M,A1 AT LEA/ = WRIT+ ITS F\ND+ DOCUM5T1 ! HI/ORIC 0,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS ( ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION40 ,MORE ?AN HALF ( ! ADDRESS IS OCCUPI$ ) CONTRA/+ ! 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 ! WEAL? ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ) ! ABS5CE ( PROGRESS 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITION ( WORK]S & DETAIL+ ! MIS]IES !Y SUFF]4 ,9 ITS CLOS+ PAGES IT CELEBRATES REC5T WORK+-CLASS VICTORIES1 SU* AS ! PASSAGE ( ! T5-H\R WORK+ DAY BY ! ,BRITI% P>LIAM5T & ! GR[? ( ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T4 ,M>X'S H& CAN BE SE5 V]Y CLE>LY :5 ! ADDRESS CALLS UPON WORK]S TO UNITE TO 0CONQU] POLITICAL P[]10 & V]Y DRAMATICALLY 9 ITS CLOS+ APPEAL1 0,PROLET>IANS ( ALL C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 ,AS = ! 0PROVISIONAL RULES10 ITS PREAMBLE OP5S ) ! ASS]TION ?AT 0! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE CONQU]$ BY ! WORK+ CLASSES !MSELVES10 & IT CLOSES ) ! SLOGAN3 0,NO RI<TS )\T DUTIES1 NO DUTIES )\T RI<TS40.<#e#a#e.> 

,?IS LA/ SLOGAN--:I* W\LD LAT] ADORN ! MAS!ADS ( SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ P]IODICALS WORLDWIDE--DID NOT COME EASILY FROM ,M>X'S P52 IT WAS FOI/$ ON HIM1 & HE SEEMS TO HAVE ACCEPT$ IT ONLY RELUCTANTLY4 ,AS HE WROTE TO ,5GELS1 %ORDY AFT] ! ADOPTION ( DOCUM5TS1 HE HAD BE5 0OBLIG$ TO 9S]T TWO S5T5CES AB\T 'DUTY' & 'RI<T' & DITTO AB\T 'TRU?1 MORALITY & JU/ICE' 9 ! PREAMBLE TO ! RULES1 BUT !SE >E SO PLAC$ ?AT !Y CAN DO NO H>M40.<#e#a#f.> ,?IS PASSAGE REVEALS ! AV]SION ?AT BO? M5 %>$ T[>D ANY SOCIALISM ?AT WAS EV5 VAGUELY MORALI/IC1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! MAT]IALI/IC APPROA* !Y HOP$ TO FO/]4 

,! ACTUAL ROLE ?AT ! #a,W,M,A PLAY$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM HAS BE5 GREATIY EXAGG]AT$ OV] ! YE>S1 9 NO SMALL P>T BY ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 :I* TRI$ TO FRI<T5 ITS READ]S BY 9VOK+ A P]IL\S 0R$ SPECT]0 ?AT ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 MANY ( ITS NATIONAL SECTIONS C\LD NOT EV5 BE REG>D$ AS COLLECTIVI/ 9 \DOOK1 LET ALONE SOCIALI/4 ,! ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONI/S W]E PRIM>ILY LOOK+ = WAYS TO MAKE !IR /RIKES MORE EFFECTIVE1 :ILE ! ,PR\DHONI/ MUTUALI/S1 :O W]E HO/ILE TO /RIKES1 LOA!D ALL =MS ( COLLECTIVISM & REG>D$ SMALL-SCALE PROP]TY & ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY AS ! BUILD+ BLOCKS ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,! ,ITALIAN NATIONALI/S1 FOLL[+ ,MAZZ9I1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY ES*EW$ SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT NEI!R ! 0,9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS0 NOR ! PREAMBLE TO ! RULES MAKES ANY M5TION ( COLLECTIVISM1 /ILL LESS ( SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM--NOTIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 (F5SIVE TO MANY ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,RA!R1 ! DOCUM5TS CONTA9 5COMIA TO COOP]ATIVES1 :I* W]E POPUL> AMONG WORK]S 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE AT ! TIME4 ,AS = ,M>X'S CALL TO 0CONQU] POLITICAL P[]10 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 ESS5TIALLY SMUGGL$ 9TO ! DOCUM5T DUR+ AN UNGU>D$ MOM5T1 = IT C\LD ONLY HAVE SURVIV$ ! SCRUT9Y ( ! ,PR\DHONI/S ON ! COMMITTEE BECAUSE !IR 5?USIASM MOM5T>ILY SWEPT AWAY !IR CRITICAL FACULTIES4 

,DESPITE ITS MANY DIFF]5T1 (T5 BITT]LY CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES1 ! ,I,W,M,A MANAG$ TO REMA9 9TACT UNTIL #a#h#g#f1 AFT] :I* IT WAS =MALLY DISSOLV$4 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#fS IT CONSI/$ L>GELY ( A LOOSE AGGLOM]ATION ( NATIONAL & LOCAL SECTIONS OR 0F$]ATIONS10 MANY ( :I* W]E AT ODDS ) EA* O!R OV] A HO/ ( POLITICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! ,I,W,M,A PLAY$ A VALUABLE PRACTICAL & 9SPIRATIONAL ROLE 9 MOBILIZ+1 $UCAT+1 & LEAD+ WORK]S1 (T5 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 9 COMMON /RUGGLES TO IMPROVE !IR MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 ,BUT IT WAS L>GELY A DEF5SIVE ORGANIZATION3 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ITS NATIONAL SECTIONS W]E FI<T+ ) !IR BACKS TO ! WALL AGA9/ ! ASSAULTS ( !IR RESPECTIVE GOV]NM5TS & V>I\S EMPLOY]S4 ,BY ITS V]Y EXI/5CE1 H[EV]1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL GAVE WORK]S A BOO/ 9 MORALE & A S5SE ?AT !Y W]E NOT COMPLETELY ISOLAT$ 9 !IR SPECIFIC LOCAL /RUGGLES4 

,MANY ACTIONS1 BE !Y /RIKES OR UPRIS+S1 W]E IMPUT$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) LITTLE OR NO REG>D AS TO :E!R IT WAS ACTUALLY 9VOLV$ 9 !M4 ,AL?\< IT WAS FALSELY ACCUS$ ( LEAD+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL NEV] /AG$ AN UPRIS+ ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD2 NOR DID IT LEAD ANY SIZABLE /RIKE OR /RIKE MOVEM5T ( ITS [N4 ,MANY ( ! /RIKES ?AT SWEPT OV] ,BRITA9 & ! CONT95T DUR+ ! #a#h#fS1 TO BE SURE1 9VOLV$ MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL--9 ,5GL&1 EV5 MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL--BUT !Y FUNCTION$ PRIM>ILY AS TRADE UNIONI/S RA!R ?AN AS ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TRI$ TO ASSI/ /RIKES & PROTE/S BY PUBLICIZ+ WORK]S' GRIEVANCES1 OPPOS+ =EIGN /RIKEBREAK]S1 & GA!R+ FUNDS AMONG O!R WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS = ! SUPPORT ( !IR /RIK+ COMRADES4 ,:ILE !SE ACTIVITIES GREATLY 5HANC$ ! PRE/IGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AMONG WORK]S ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 !Y H>DLY CON/ITUT$ A DANG] TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,DUR+ ITS %ORT EXI/5CE1 ! ,I,W,M,A HELD F\R MAJOR CONGRESSES BETWE5 ITS F\ND+ MEET+ 9 ,LONDON & ITS ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS1 :]E IT WAS SPLIT IRREP>ABLY 9 #a#h#g#b1 & ITS ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AT NO TIME DID ! DELEGATES TO !SE CONGRESSES EV] NUMB] MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ PEOPLE1 & AL?\< !Y PRESUMABLY REPRES5T$ AFFILIAT$ F$]ATIONS 9 AB\T ELEV5 C\NTRIES1 A NUMB] ( DELEGATES REPRES5T$ ONLY TOK5 SECTIONS4 ,SOME DELEGATIONS W]E M]ELY 9DIVIDUAL EXILES FROM C\NTRIES 9 :I* ALL WORK+-CLASS ACTIVITY HAD BE5 COMPLETELY SUPPRESS$1 :ILE O!RS REPRES5T$ GR\PS SO SMALL ?AT !Y B>ELY QUALIFI$ AS MORE ?AN NUCLEI ( NATIONAL F$]ATIONS4 ,9 FACT1 ! SIZE ( A NATIONAL DELEGATION AT AN ,I,W,M,A CONGRESS USUALLY DEP5D$ UPON ! C\NTRY :]E ! CONGRESS WAS HELD4 ,AT ! ,G5EVA 7#a#h#f#f7 & ,LAUSANNE 7#a#h#f#g7 CONGRESSES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! L>GE/ DELEGATIONS W]E ,FRANCO-,SWISS1 MORE OR LESS REFLECT+ ! G5]AL POPULATION ( ! >EA 9 :I* ! CONGRESS WAS CONV5$1 :ILE AT ,BRUSSELS 7#a#h#f#h7 ! L>GE/ WAS1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ,BELGIAN DELEGATION4 ,!SE ANNUAL CONGRESSES W]E (T5 RIV5 BY A MULTITUDE ( IMPORTANT !ORETICAL ISSUES ?AT W]E FURI\SLY DEBAT$1 (T5 CULM9AT+ 9 ,I,W,M,A RESOLUTIONS ?AT W]E ADOPT$ BY A MAJORITY VOTE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! NATIONAL GR\PS1 ON !IR RETURN HOME1 FREQU5TLY W5T !IR [N WAY1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! CONGRESSES' DECISIONS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! CONGRESSES W]E GRAPPL+1 SL[LY1 PA9FULLY1 & SOMETIMES 9DECISIVELY1 ) ISSUES ?AT W\LD BE ( 5ORM\S SIGNIFICANCE = ! LABOR MOVEM5T = G5]ATIONS TO COME-- 9DE$1 BECAUSE ( !IR !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES 9 LAT] YE>S1 !IR PROCE$+S DES]VE CLOS] /UDY ?AN IS POSSIBLE H]E4 

,9 ! E>LY CONGRESSES 7,G5EVA 9 #a#h#f#f1 ,LAUSANNE 9 #a#h#f#g1 & ,BRUSSELS 9 #a#h#f#h71 ! MO/ COMPELL+ ISSUE WAS ! DEBATE BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ 0,M>X P>TY0 7FEW ( :OM1 9 FACT1 W]E ,M>XI/S DOCTR9ALLY71 :I* FAVOR$ SOCIALISM1 & ,PR\DHONI/ 9DIVIDUALI/S1 :O HOP$ TO SUPPLANT CAPITALISM BY FO/]+ SMALL-SCALE PEASANT & >TISAN PROPRIETORS4 ,! ,PR\DHONI/S1 :OSE VIEWS REFLECT$ ! 9T]E/S ( AN >*AIC & WAN+ /RATUM ( >TISANS & SMALL FOOD CULTIVATORS1 W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! PR9CIPAL CAUSES ( !IR ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES LAY ) MONEYL5D]S & BANK]S1 & ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( ! WORK+ CLASS C\LD BE REMOV$ BY HAV+ WORK]- OR /ATE- CONTROLL$ ,PEOPLE'S ,BANKS PROVIDE PROPRIETORS ) L[-9T]E/ CR$IT ,?IS ANALYSIS M9IMIZ$ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS EMBODI$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ M>KET & 9DU/RY & 9/EAD REG>D$ ! MA9 5EMY ( SMALL 5TREPR5EURS AS F9ANCE CAPITALI/S & BANK]S1 :O LIV$ (F 9T]E/ RA!R ?AN ! FRUITS ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR4 ,(T5 ?IS EMPHASIS TOOK AN EXPRESSLY ANTI-,SEMITIC TURN :5 ,JEWS1 SU* AS ! ,RO?S*ILDS1 W]E CA/ AS ! MA9 VILLA9S ( SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN MANUFACTUR]S & ! SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS AS SU*4 

,PR\DHON BEQUEA!D A V]Y MIX$ LEGACY TO HIS DISCIPLES 9 HIS ,ON ! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY OJ ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#e1 ! YE> ( HIS DEA?4 ,H]E1 AS 9 ! ,G5]AL ,IDEA 9 #a#h#e#a1 HE S(T5$ HIS AV]SION = ASSOCIATIONISM BY ALL[+ ?AT IT C\LD NOT BE AVOID$ 9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIES4 ,9 A PASSAGE ?AT HAD AN IMM5SE 9FLU5CE ON MANY ,PR\DHONI/S1 ! MAITRE WROTE3 

,MUTUALISM 9T5DS M5 TO ASSOCIATE ONLY 9S(> AS ?IS IS REQUIR$ BY ! DEM&S ( PRODUCTION1 ! *EAPNESS ( GOODS1 ! NE$S ( CONSUMPTION & ! SECURITY ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 I4E4 9 ?OSE CASES :]E IT IS NOT POSSIBLE = ! PUBLIC TO RELY ON PRIVATE 9DU/RY1 NOR = PRIVATE 9DU/RY TO ACCEPT ! RESPONSIBILITY & RISKS 9VOLV$ 9 RUNN+ ! CONC]NS ON !IR [N-- ,!RE IS UND\BT$LY A CASE = ASSOCIATION 9 ! L>GE-SCALE MANUFACTUR+1 EXTRACTIVE & METALLURGICAL 9DU/RIES4444 ,:AT IS ! POSITION IF WE ?9K ( ! ?\S&S ( CRAFTS & TRADES PROLIF]AT+ 9 ! T[NS & EV5 9 ! RURAL >EAS8 ,= !SE ,I DO NOT ?9K ASSOCIATION (F]S ANY ADVANTAGES2 ALL ! MORE SO S9CE ANY B5EFITS ?AT MI<T FOLL[ >E ALREADY ASSUR$ BY ! NETWORK ( RECIPROCAL GU>ANTEES1 MUTUAL CR$IT & 9SURANCE1 M>KET CONTROL1 ETC4 ETC4.<#e#a#g.> 

,PR\DHON'S RELUCTANT ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! NE$ = ASSOCIATION WAS A PRAGMATIC RESPONSE TO ! RISE ( L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION & MODEM TRANSPORTATION4 ,AL?\< HE WAS A F$]ALI/ 7AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A /ATI/71 IT DID NOT SUPPLANT 9 ANY WAY HIS COMMITM5T TO 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EUR%IP4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 :5 ! AN>*I/ ,BAKUN91 AT CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 SUPPORT$ COLLECTIVISM1 ! MAJOR ,PR\DHONI/ SPOKESM5 FURI\SLY OPPOS$ HIM4 ,BUT MANY WORK]S READ ,PR\DHON'S REM>KS NOT AS A CIRCUM/ANTIAL 5DORSEM5T ( ASSOCIATIONS 7OR COOP]ATIVES7 9 ONLY C]TA9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIES1 BUT AS A G5]AL 5DORSEM5T ( !M AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO MODEM CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY--?AT IS1 !Y WRONGLY CONCLUD$ ?AT ECONOMIC COOP]ATIVES1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ BY MEANS ( CONTRACTS & CR$IT NETWORKS1 LAY AT ! HE>T ( ,PR\DHON'S VISION = ! GOOD SOCIETY4 

,NOR WAS ?IS ! ONLY RESPECT 9 :I* ,PR\DHON EXHIBIT$ A REGRESSIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,[+ TO !IR EMPHASIS ON ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY AS ! BASIC UNIT ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! ,PR\DHONI/S REJECT$ ANY ROLE 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS = WOM5 7AL?\< MO/ >TISANS FREELY US$ ! LABOR ( !IR WIVES1 DAU<T]S1 & FEMALE DOME/ICS 9 !IR WORK%OPS74 ,SEEM+ TO OPPOSE ALL CIVIL RI<TS = WOM51 !Y >GU$ ?AT WOMAN'S PLACE WAS 9 ! HOME1 :]E H] 0NATURAL0 LIMITATIONS DE/9$ H] TO RE> *ILDR5 & SEE TO FAMILY NE$S1 :ILE ! CIVIL REALM FELL 0NATURALLY0 )9 ! PURVIEW ( M54 ,F9ALLY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,PR\DHONI/S ALSO OBJECT$ TO LOCAL /RIKES1 :I* !Y REG>D$ AS CO]CIVE & POT5TIALLY VIOL5T4 ,BUT LIFE REPEAT$LY 9TRUD$ ON ?IS ,PR\DHONI/ %IBBOLE?1 & ! ,PR\DHONI/S AT ! ,LAUSANNE ,CONGRESS RELUCTANTLY SURR5D]$ IT1 TOGE!R ) !IR OPPOSITION TO POLITICAL ACTION4 ,! ,FR5* DELEGATION TO ! ,I,W,M,A1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 WAS PR$OM9ANTLY ,PR\DHONI/1 L$ BY ,H5RI ,TOLA91 A BRONZE 5GRAV]2 ,PI]RE ,C\LL]Y1 A PHYSICIAN FROM ,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L&2 & EV5 ,*>LES ,LONGUET1 LAT] ,M>X'S SON-9-LAW & DEV\T SUPPORT]4 ,OPPOS$ TO ! ,PR\DHONI/S W]E ! COLLECTIVI/S OR SOCIALI/S1 :O CALL$ = P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTIONS & ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( L&1 RAILWAYS1 M9ES1 & =E/S & T5D$ TO MAKE MORE SE>*+ ANALYZES ( CAPITALISM4 ,M>X1 FROM ,LONDON1 PROVID$ MU* ( !IR !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK1 AL?\< MANY GR\PS )9 ! ,I,W,M,A SUPPORT$ SOCIALI/IC VIEWS ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,EV5 9 ,FRANCE1 NOTABLE COLLECTIVI/S APPE>$1 AS ,H5RYK ,KATZ NOTES 9 HIS HI<LY OBJECTIVE ACC\NT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 

,! REPRESSIONS 9 ,FRANCE .<9 ! #a#h#fS.> PU%$ ! .<LABOR.> MOVEM5T T[>D RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES & SYNDICAL *AMB]S1 ! TYPES ( ORGANIZATION TOL]AT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS WAS 9 L9E ) ! CONT9U+ TR5D FROM CLASSICAL ,PR\DHONIANISM T[>D MILITANT SYNDICALISM4.<#e#a#h.> 

,?IS %IFT WAS TYPIFI$ MO/ NOTABLY BY ! BOOKB9D] ,EUG5E ,V>L9 & ! DY] ,B5OIT ,MALON1 :O HAD BEGUN AS ,PR\DHONI/S BUT W]E DRIFT+ AWAY FROM MANY ( ITS KEY T5ETS4.<#e#a#i.> ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y PREP>$ TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 9 VIOLATION ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS 7IF NOT HIS PRACTICE71 !Y W]E ALSO COMMITT$ TO TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION1 /RIKES1 & >M$ 9SURG5CY4 

,MO/ AT ODDS ) ,PR\DHON'S VIEWS W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ IDEAS ?AT !SE M5 BEGAN TO ADVANCE4 ,9DE$1 ,V>L91 AS ! ABLE/ & MO/ MILITANT TRADE-UNION LEAD] 9 ,FRANCE1 MAY WELL BE REG>D$ AS ! FA!R ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM4 ,BUT !IR IDEAS ALSO HAD A COMMUNALI/ DIM5SION3 !Y OPPOS$ BO? MUTUALISM & 0AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM0--?AT IS1 BO? ,PR\DHON & ,M>X4 ,V>L9 & ,MALON CALL$ !MSELVES 0COLLECTIVI/S0 & W]E COMMITT$ TO A =M ( SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM BAS$ ON COMMUNAL CONF$]ATIONS AS WELL AS TRADE UNIONS4.<#e#b.> ,H[ F> !Y HAD MOV$ FROM ,PR\DHONISM MAY BE JUDG$ BY ! ACRIMONY ( !IR CLA%ES ) !IR =M] COMRADES3 ! ,FR5* ,PR\DHONI/ ,]N/ ,FRIBORG DISDA9FULLY DESCRIB$ !M AS A /RONG 0P>TY ( LIB]AL COMMUNI/S .<COMMUNI/ES LIB]AUX.>10 WORDS ?AT W]E AS CLOSE AS ONE C\LD COME 9 ! #a#h#fS TO 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S10.<#e#b#a.> :ILE ,V>L91 = HIS P>T1 DID NOT HESITATE TO DISMISS ,TOLA9 & HIS FOLL[+ AS 0,PR\DHONI/ 5RAGES40 ,9 ! NEW LABOR MOVEM5T1 SAYS ,KATZ1 

,V>L9 WAS ! RECOGNIZ$ NATIONAL LEAD] & 5JOY$ 9CREAS+ 9T]NATIONAL PRE/IGE4 ,HE WAS 9 CONT9U\S CORRESPOND5CE ) PROV9CIAL C5T]S & V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS & LEAD]S 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ,G]MANY4444 ,MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE1 ,V>L9 WAS CAPABLE ( >TICULAT+ ! IDEAS ( ! RADICALIZ$ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS V>I\SLY DESCRIB$ AS 0,SOCIALISME COLLECTIVI/E10 0,COMMUNISME LIB]ALE10 0,COMMUNISME ANTI- AUTORITAIRE10 & 0,SOCIALISME REVOLUTIONNAIRE40.<#e#b#b.> 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 W]E BO? TO DESCRIBE ,V>L9 AS !IR COMRADE 9 !IR WRIT+S ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,AT ITS E>LY CONGRESSES ! ,9T]NATIONAL WRANGL$ REPEAT$LY OV] ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 COLLECTIVISM & ,PR\DHONI/ 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,AT ,G5EVA & ,LAUSANNE1 BO? 9 ,FR5*-SPEAK+ ,SWITZ]L&1 A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( ,PR\DHONI/ DELEGATES W]E 9 ATT5DANCE TO PASS RESOLUTIONS ?AT FAVOR$ !IR VIEW1 BUT AT ! ,BRUSSELS ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#f#h1 ! MAJORITY ADOPT$ A COLLECTIVI/ RESOLUTION ON PUBLIC [N]%IP4 ,AT ?AT PO9T MO/--ALBEIT NOT ALL--( ! ,PR\DHONI/S CEAS$ TO ATT5D CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! ,I,W,M,A CONGRESSES ALSO DEBAT$ O!R ISSUES1 SU* ! ROLE ( VIOL5CE 9 TRANS=M+ SOCIETY1 ! =MADON ( POPUL> MILIDAS1 ! COALIDONS 7IF ANY7 ?AT F$]ATIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL C\LD VALIDLY MAKE ) RADICAL B\RGEOIS OR PETTY B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATIONS1 & EV5 ! LEGITIMACY ( ! PRES5CE ( NONWORK]S 9 CONGRESSES & ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL4 7,EXCLUD+ NONWORK]S W\LD HAVE MADE ALL 9TELLECTUALS1 9CLUD+ ,M>X & ,BAKUN91 9ELIGIBLE = MEMB]%IP47 

,BUT ! NEXT EXPLOSIVE ISSUE TO CONFRONT ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ?AT ( ! /ATE & P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS ISSUE HAUNT$ EV]Y ONE ( ITS LAT] CONGRESSES & WAS RAIS$ REPEAT$LY--EXPLICIDY OR IMPLICIDY--9 DEBATES AMONG SOCIALI/S1 COLLECTIVI/S1 ,PR\DHONI/S1 TRADE UNIONI/S1 NATIONALI/S1 & AN>*I/S4 ,BY OPPOS+ ALL =MS ( COLLECTIVISM1 ! L>GE CONT+5T ( ,PR\DHONI/S 9 ! E>LY YE>S HAD AV]T$ A DIRECT CONFRONTATION BETWE5 /ATI/ SOCIALI/S & ANTI/ATI/ SOCIALI/S1 S9CE ALL SOCIALI/S FELT ! NE$ TO UNITE AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUALI/S4 ,BUT ! DEP>TURE ( MO/ ( ! ,PR\DHONI/S AT ,BRUSSELS FRE$ /ATI/ & ANTI/ATI/ SOCIALI/S = AN OP5 COLLISION ?AT WAS F9ALLY TO TE> ! ,9T]NATIONAL AP>T4 

,M,>,X ,& ,B,A,K,U,N,9 

,?IS CONFLICT WAS %AP$ OV]:ELM+LY BY ! DUEL BETWE5 ,K>L ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 = ! CONTROL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 DID NOT JO9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL UNTIL FAIRLY LATE1 9 ,JULY #a#h#f#h1 :ILE TO ALL APPE>ANCES HE & ,M>X W]E /ILL ON EXCELL5T T]MS4 ,9 ! #a#h#dS ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 A FRI5D & COLLABORATOR ( ,M>X & ,5GELS >\ND ! PUBLICATION ( ,>NOLD ,RUGE'S ,DEUTS*-,FRANZDSIS*E ,JAHRBU*]4 ,REMOV$ FROM ,EUROPEAN POLITICS = TWELVE YE>S AFT] #ahdi BY HIS IMPRISONM5T & EXILE 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE F9ALLY ESCAP$ FROM ,SIB]IA & REAPPE>$ 9 ,LONDON AT ! 5D ( #a#h#f#a4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#f#d1 %ORTLY BE=E ,BAKUN9'S DEP>TURE = ,ITALY1 ,M>X EXHIBIT$ A V]Y AMIABLE ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,RUSSIAN & ASSUR$ ,BAKUN9 ?AT1 RUMORS TO ! CONTR>Y1 HE HAD DEF5D$ ,BAKUN9 AGA9/ A SL&] ?AT HE HAD BE5 A ,RUSSIAN SPY4 ,WRIT+ TO ,5GELS1 ,M>X NOT$ ?AT 0,I LIK$ .<,BAKUN9.> V]Y MU*1 MORE SO ?AN PREVI\SLY10 & SAID ?AT HE WAS 0ONE ( ! FEW PEOPLE :OM AFT] SIXTE5 YE>S ,I F9D TO HAVE MOV$ =W>D & NOT BACKW>D40.<#e#b#c.> ,AS A SIGN ( FRI5D%IP1 ,M>X EV5 S5T ,BAKUN9 AN 9SCRIB$ COPY ( HIS NEWLY PUBLI%$ ,CAPITAL4 

,BAKUN9 DID NOT RESPOND TO ?IS GE/URE = QUITE SOME TIME4 ,HE HAD BE5 OCCUPI$ ) E/ABLI%+ HIS [N 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE = ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 A NETWORK ) A C5TRAL BUREAU 9 ,G5EVA & SECTIONS 9 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,SWITZ]L&4 7,AT ! SAME TIME HE WAS ALSO TRY+ TO CREATE A SECRET1 ELITE1 & HI<LY DISCIPL9$ VANGU>D GR\P1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD47 ,! ,ALLIANCE HAD ITS [N /ATUTES & PROGRAM1 CALL+ = AN 5D TO RELIGION1 EQUALITY ( ! SEXES1 ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE1 & A SCATT]$ NUMB] ( O!R PROPOSALS4 ,BAKUN9 SEEMS TO HAVE 9T5D$ ?AT IT FUNCTION BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 O/5SIBLY TO COMP5SATE = ! ,I,W,M,A'S EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC QUE/IONS BY PLAC+ A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PHILOSOPHICAL & RELIGI\S MATT]S4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #ahfh HE APPLI$ TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON = ADMITTANCE ( HIS ,ALLIANCE TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S BRAN*4 

,UP TO ?IS PO9T1 AS ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ OBS]VES1 ,M>X HAD 0CONT9U$ TO H>BOR FEEL+S ( FRI5D%IP = ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y ,BAKUN91 & HE OPPOS$ V>I\S ATTACKS :I* W]E MADE OR PLANN$ AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 AMONG HIS1 ,M>X'S1 IMM$IATE CIRCLE40.<#e#b#d.> ,BUT ,M>X HAD /RONG DISAGREEM5TS ) ! =MULATIONS 9 ! PROGRAM & /ATUTES ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 PRODUC+ A DISAFFECTION T[>D ,BAKUN9 ?AT WAS EXAC]BAT$ BY P]SONAL GOSSIP4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,ALLIANCE'S APPLICATION = ADMITTANCE APPE>$ TO BE A DE FACTO PROPOSAL = ! EXI/5CE ( TWO P>ALLEL 9T]NATIONALS1 EA* ) ITS [N C5TRAL BODY1 ?AT W\LD 9EVITABLY COME TO LOGG]HEADS4 ,?IS CAUS$ ,M>X TO DEVELOP /RONG SUSPICIONS AB\T ,BAKUN9'S 9T5TIONS 9 JO9+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL DECID$ TO REJECT ! ,ALLIANCE'S APPLICATION--& IRONICALLY1 IT WAS ON ?IS V]Y DAY ?AT ,BAKUN9 F9ALLY RESPOND$ TO 9QUIRIES ?AT ,M>X HAD 9DIRECDY PASS$ ON TO ,BAKUN9 AB\T HIS 9T5TIONS4 0,Y\ ASK :E!R ,I AM /ILL Y\R FRI5D10 ,BAKUN9 WROTE4 

,YES1 MORE ?AN EV]1 MY DE> ,M>X1 = ,I UND]/& BETT] ?AN EV] H[ RI<T Y\ W]E TO WALK ALONG ! BROAD AV5UE ( ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 TO 9VITE US ALL TO FOLL[ Y\1 & TO D5\NCE ALL ?OSE :O W&]$ (F 9TO ! BYWAYS ( NATIONALI/ OR EXCLUSIVELY POLITICAL 5T]PRISE4444 ,MY FA!RL& IS N[ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :OSE *IEF F\ND] Y\ HAVE BE54 ,Y\ SEE1 !N1 DE> FRI5D ?AT #a AM Y\R PUPIL--& #a AM PR\D TO BE ?IS4.<#e#b#e.> 

,M>X MAY V]Y WELL HAVE P]CEIV$ 9 ! LETT] A ,PR\DHONI/ SUBTEXT ?AT D5I$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 0POLITICAL 5T]PRISE40 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCD DID NOT REJECT ! ,ALLIANCE ALTOGE!R3 RA!R1 IT P]MITT$ ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S TO 5T] ! ,9T]NATIONAL--ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y DISB& ! ,ALLIANCE AS AN 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION & CONV]T ITS SECTIONS 9TO BRAN*ES ( ! ,I,W,M,A4 ,BAKUN9 AGRE$1 BUT :E!R HE REALLY 9T5D$ TO DISSOLVE ! ONLY SUCCESSFUL 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION HE HAD CREAT$ UP TO ?AT TIME IS A MU*-DISPUT$ ISSUE4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 H[EV]1 ! ,C\NCIL AGRE$ TO LET HIM RETA9 HIS C5TRAL BUREAU 9 ,G5EVA AS A PROPAG&A GR\P1 :I* ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S READILY ACCEPT$1 ALL[+ AS IT DID A DI/9CTIVE ORGANIZATIONAL C5T] = !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS AMPLE EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT 9 #a#h#g-#g#a1 AS ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ,M>X ESCALAT$1 ! OLD ,ALLIANCE SECTIONS G5]ALLY RETA9$ !IR LIB]T>IAN ID5TITY & IDEAS4 ,BUT ?AT !Y CONT9U$ TO EXI/ AS A P>ALLEL ORGANIZATION1 AS ,M>X MA9TA9$1 IS >GUABLE4 

,MANY ACC\NTS ( ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ! ,BAKUN9I/S & ,M>XI/S T5D TO FOCUS SO /RONGLY ON ! UNSAVORY MA*9ATIONS BY BO? SIDES ?AT !IR IMPORTANT !ORETICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL DIFF]5CES >E (T5 NEGLECT$4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ,M>X WAS COMMITT$ TO A /RONG1 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 ULTIMATELY A WORK]S' P>TY1 ?AT W\LD USE ! POLITICAL >5A TO MOBILIZE ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS TO ATTA9 /ATE P[]4 ,:]E >TISANAL SOCIALI/S 9 ! #a#h#dS HAD M]ELY CALL$ UPON ! /ATE TO FO/] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ASSOCIATIONS1 ,M>X P]SI/5DY >GU$ = ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY & = PLANN$ PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ,FOLL[+ ! SUCCESS ( ! WORK]S 9 A REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION ) CAPITALISM1 !RE W\LD EV5TUALLY EM]GE A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE GUID$ NOT BY PR(IT BUT BY ! PR9CIPLE 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 

,?IS APPROA*1 = ,M>X1 PRESUPPOS$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE--A WORK]S' /ATE1 TO BE SURE1 BUT A /ATE NONE!LESS--?AT W\LD 9ITIALLY EX]CISE DICTATORIAL P[]S TO SUPPRESS ! B\RGEOISIE & RAPIDLY DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE =CES TO ELIM9ATE MAT]IAL WANT & R$UCE ! LONG WORK+ H\RS ?AT 9HIBIT$ ! COMMUNITY'S P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC LIFE4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! #a#h#eS & #a#h#fS1 ,M>X ASSIGN$ A 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE ROLE0 TO CAPITALISM1 NAMELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( MODEM 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY1 )\T :I* >DU\S TOIL & MAT]IAL SC>CITY C\LD NOT BE ELIM9AT$4 ,MOREOV]1 ! MODEM FACTORY1 9 ,M>X'S VIEW1 W\LD PLAY ! ADDITIONAL ROLE ( ORGANIZ+ ! WORK+ DASS 9 HUGE 9DU/RIAL UNITS & BR++ IT 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,?IS !ORETICAL ORI5TATION HAD DI/9CT POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S WELCOM$ ! ELIM9ATION ( >*AIC B>RI]S TO CAPITALISM SU* AS GUILD RE/RICTIONS1 >TISAN%IP1 SMALL-SCALE PEASANT AGRICULTURE1 & ! LIKE1 9DE$ ALL DEC5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5TITIES ?AT MI<T IMP$E ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE & ! ECONOMY1 & ! OP5+ ( ! DOME/IC M>KET = CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,H5CE1 ,M>X VEHEM5DY *AMPION$ ! =MATION ( C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES AS ! MO/ SUITABLE ECONOMIC T]RA9 = ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY & TE*NOLOGY4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 HE FAVOR$ ! =MATION ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ WORK]S' P>TY ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY *ALL5GE ! POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?R\< ELECTIONS :]E POSSIBLE1 ?R\< 9SURRECTION1 OR BO?4 ,9 ! '',9AUGURAL ,ADDRESS0 = ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,M>X HAD CONSCI\SLY COMPROMIS$ HIS BASIC VIEWS 9 ORD] TO SATISFY ! L>GELY >TISANAL WORK+ DASS1 AT A TIME :5 =G+ UNITY AMONG WORK]S WAS A F> MORE IMPORTANT TASK ?AN HI<LI<T+ DOCTR9AL DIFF]5CES4 ,BUT IT WAS PRECISELY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ?AT HE BELIEV$ WAS CAPABLE ( BR++ AB\T ! DEMOLITION ( CAPITALISM & ULTIMATELY ! A*IEVEM5T ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,TO BE SURE1 ,BAKUN9 %>$ MANY VIEWS ) ,M>X--HIS MAT]IALI/IC APPROA* TO HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 HIS EMPHASIS ON CLASS /RUGGLE1 & HIS ADVOCACY ( ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY4 ,ALL[+ = MANY AMBIGUITIES1 BO? M5 *AMPION$ A COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETY ?AT1 BE IT GRADUALLY OR RAPIDLY1 W\LD LEAD TO ! ELIM9ATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & CLASSES & TO ! RESOLUTION ( ! HI/ORIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0--NOTABLY1 ! EXI/5CE ( OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 POV]TY1 & DOM9ATION4 ,BUT ,BAKUN9'S DIFF]5CES ) ,M>X W]E ALSO 5ORM\S4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>X'S RELIANCE ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 ,BAKUN91 DRAW+ ON HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,RUSSIA & ,ITALY1 FAVOR$ SMALL-SCALE >TISANS1 PEASANTS1 & EV5 LUMP5PROLET>IANS 7:OM ,M>X DESPIS$7 AS CON/ITUT+ ! HEGEMONIC /RATA = ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 ,BAKUN9 CONSID]$ ! /ATE AS ! PR9CIPAL SUPPORT ( OPPRESSION & SAW NO NE$ = IT 9 ANY =M--B\RGEOIS OR PROLET>IAN4 ,9DE$1 9 HIS VIEW1 ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE1 F> FROM ADVANC+ ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' PROSPECTS = SOCIAL *ANGE1 W\LD HAVE DETRIM5TAL EFFECTS ON !M1 REMAK+ !M 9 ITS [N TE*NOCRATIC & BUREAUCRATIC IMAGE4 ,IT SUBV]T$ !IR 09/9CT0 = RESI/ANCE & REVOLUTION1 AS HE PUT IT1 BLUNT+ !IR 0NATURAL0 IMPULSE = FRE$OM4 ,5GAG+ 9 POLITICS1 ,BAKUN9 HELD1 & ESPECIALLY =M+ C5TRALIZ$ P>TIES1 W\LD OBLIGE WORK]S & PEASANTS TO CREATE C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL BUREAUCRACIES ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BR+ !M 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N OPPRESSION 9 ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 

,TO ,M>X'S C5TRALI/IC & /ATI/ VIEWS1 ,BAKUN91 TAK+ HIS CUE FROM ,PR\DHON1 OPPOS$ A CONF$]AL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4.<#e#b#f.> ,CONF$]ALISM D5OT$ A SY/EM ( CONTRACTUAL AGREEM5TS AMONG WORK%OPS1 FACTORIES1 & COMMUNITIES ?AT W]E COLLECTIVELY CONTROLL$ BY !IR MEMB]S1 9 :I* COLLECTIVE AFFAIRS >E MANAG$ ?R\< CONF$]AL C\NCILS ( M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,!SE C\NCILS1 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$1 W\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A /ATE3 !IR PR9CIPAL FUNCTIONS W\LD BE ADM9I/RATIVE1 COORD9AT+ ! DECISIONS ( ! PEOPLE 9 A GIV5 COMMUNE & AMONG COMMUNES AT ! V>I\S REGIONAL1 NATIONAL1 & 9T]NATIONAL LEVELS ( CONF$]ATION4 

,BAKUN9'S VISION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY WAS MO/ SUCC9CDY EXPRESS$ 9 0,PR9CIPLES & ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD10 :]E HE SKET*$ \T A 0F$]AL GOV]NM5T10 BAS$ ON 0! ABSOLUTELY AUTONOM\S COMMUNE1 ALWAYS REPRES5T$ BY ! MAJORITY VOTE ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS10 AS WELL AS 0WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS10 :I* W\LD BE PYRAMIDALLY /RUCTUR$ 9TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL CONF$]ATIONS4 ,?IS SOCIETY W\LD HAVE ITS [N LIB]T>IAN 0SOCIAL CON/ITUTION10 ) 0LAWS10 0C\RTS10 & 0P>LIAM5TS0-- /RUCTURES ?AT >E BY NO MEANS COMPATIBLE ) ! 0ABSOLUTE & COMPLETE FRE$OM0 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT ,BAKUN91 LIKE ,PR\DHON1 ALSO PRIZ$.<#e#b#g.> 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY :E!R ,BAKUN9 US$ WORDS SU* AS 0SOCIAL CON/ITUTIONS10 0LAWS10 0C\RTS10 & 0P>LIAM5TS0 LIT]ALLY OR METAPHORICALLY4 ,WELL V]S$ NEI!R 9 ECONOMICS NOR 9 HI/ORY1 HE SEEMS ULTIMATELY TO HAVE RELI$ ON ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT0 ( ! MASSES TO A*IEVE WORKABLE COLLECTIVI/ AGREEM5TS1 & ON !IR 0REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY0 & ON PUBLIC OP9ION TO ADM9I/] AN EQUITABLE AN>*I/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON QUASI- COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,M>X1 = HIS P>T1 MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE COMPELL$ T[>D CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & REVOLUTION NOT BY ANY 0REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT0 BUT BY ! 09EXORABLE LAWS0 ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,M>X'S C5TRALI/IC1 POLITICAL1 & /ATI/ APPROA* & ,BAKUN9'S DEC5TRALI/IC1 ANTIPOLITICAL1 & CONF$]ALI/ APPROA* W]E TO BE H>D5$ 9TO DOGMAS BY !IR DISCIPLES1 OP5+ A *ASM BETWE5 !M ?AT SEEM$ UNBRIDGEABLE1 F> GREAT]1 P]HAPS1 ?AN EI!R MAN EV] 9T5D$ ,BUT BE=E ?IS H>D5+ TOOK PLACE1 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY FLEXIBLE & OP5 TO ! EFFECTS ( NEW SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS ON !IR POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,OCCASIONALLY !Y ALSO ADVANC$ IDEAS1 ESPECIALLY CONC]N+ ME?ODS ( *ANG+ SOCIETY1 ?AT W]E V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) !IR SEEM+LY RIGID IDEOLOGICAL PREMISES4 

,DESPITE HIS AFFIRMATIONS ( 0REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY10 = EXAMPLE1 ,BAKUN9 CLE>LY BELIEV$ ?AT A WELL-DISCIPL9$1 SECRET VANGU>D ORGANIZATION1 9DE$ A 0G5]AL /AFF0 7AS HE CALL$ IT 9 ONE ( HIS SEV]AL PROGRAMS = ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD71 W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO %EPH]D ! MASSES ?R\< A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,HE EXPLICITLY REJECT$ 5D[+ IT ) P[]S ( 0DICTATOR%IP & CU/ODIAL CONTROL10 BUT 9 A*IEV+ ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM1 IT W\LD D\BDESS HAVE TO PLAY A GUID+ ROLE AT ! V]Y LEA/.<#e#b#h.> ,MOREOV]1 AL?\< AB/5TION FROM P>TICIPATION 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE WAS A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( ,BAKUN9'S LIB]T>IAN FAI?1 ONE ?AT HE PROP\ND$ ) ALL HIS VIGOR1 HE SOMETIMES 5C\RAG$ HIS [N SUPPORT]S TO /& AS C&IDATES 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,9 A LETT] TO ONE ( HIS ADH]5TS1 ,C>LO ,GAMBUZZI1 ,BAKUN9 SEEM$ TO FULLY AGREE ?AT HE %\LD RUN = ! ,ITALIAN ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES4 0,Y\ WILL P]HAPS BE SURPRIS$ ?AT ,I1 A DET]M9$ & PASSIONATE AB/5TIONI/ FROM POLITICS10 HE WROTE1 

%\LD N[ ADVISE MY FRI5DS .<MEMB]S ( ! ,ALLIANCE.> TO BECOME DEPUTIES--?IS BECAUSE CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$4 ,FIR/1 ALL MY FRI5DS1 & MO/ ASSUR$LY Y\RSELF1 >E SO 9SPIR$ BY \R IDEAS1 \R PR9CIPLES1 ?AT !RE IS NO DANG] ?AT Y\ WILL =GET1 DE=M1 OR AB&ON !M1 OR ?AT Y\ WILL FALL BACK 9TO ! OLD POLITICAL HABITS4 ,SECOND1 TIMES HAVE BECOME SO GRAVE1 ! DANG] M5AC+ ! LIB]TY ( ALL C\NTRIES SO =MIDABLE1 ?AT ALL M5 ( GOODWILL MU/ /EP 9TO ! BREA*1 & ESPECIALLY \R FRI5DS1 :O MU/ BE 9 A POSITION TO EX]CISE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE 9FLU5CE ON EV5TS4.<#e#b#i.> 

,BAKUN9'S CONFID5CE 9 ! AN>*I/IC 9TEGRITY ( HIS SUPPORT]S WAS SURELY MISPLAC$--HE HAD ALREADY SE5 MORE ?AN ONE ( !M BECOME ,M>XI/S1 /RICT P>LIAM5T>IANS1 OR WORSE1 OV] ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 

,AGA91 DESPITE HIS DEC5TRALI/ VIEWS1 ,BAKUN9 WAS QUITE PREP>$1 EV5 EAG]1 TO GRANT ! ,I,W,M,A'S ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 5ORM\S P[]S---P[]S ?AT1 9 FACT1 W]E LAT] TO BE US$ ) S]I\S EFFECT AGA9/ HIM4 ,! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ( #ahfi GAVE ! ,C\NCIL ! RI<T TO ADMIT OR REFUSE 5TRY TO 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS1 & TO SUSP5D ANY SECTION ?AT IT REG>D$ AS WORK+ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,SU* ACTIONS ON ! P>T ( ! ,C\NCIL1 TO BE SURE1 C\LD BE APPEAL$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S CONGRESSES1 :I* ALONE HAD ! AU?ORITY TO REV]SE !M4 ,BUT ! MEASURE1 PASS$ ) ,BAKUN9'S /RONG 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,M>X C\LD SEEM1 AT TIMES1 ALMO/ AS LIB]T>IAN AS ,BAKUN94 ,9 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 A SET ( ADDRESSES ?AT HE WROTE ON BEHALF ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ,M>X EXTOLL$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga 9 EXTRAORD9>ILY QUASI-LIB]T>IAN T]MS4 ,! ,COMMUNE1 AS WE WILL SEE1 WAS A REVOLT AGA9/ /ATE C5TRALIZATION AS SU* & WAS DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPTS ( CONF$]ALISM4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 ,M>X DECID$LY DID NOT REJECT ?IS OPPOSITION TO /ATE C5TRALIZATION--9DE$1 ! LIB]T>IANISM ( ?IS BOOK IS HI<LY UNUSUAL 9 ! BULK ( HIS WRIT+S CONC]N+ ! /ATE & /&S V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! C5TRALIZ$ IDEAS ?AT DOM9ATE ! 0,ADDRESS0 ( #a#h#e4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 HE HAIL$ ! ,COMMUNE'S DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE PR(USELY & = A TIME SEEM$ TO REG>D IT AS A MODEL /RUCTURE TO BE FOLL[$ BY PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS4 

,AFT] #ahfh ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 PLAY$ !MSELVES \T AT ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 #a#h#f#h-#f#i IT BECAME CLE> ?AT DESPITE ,BAKUN9'S CONCESSIONS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 ! ,ALLIANCE HAD NOT FULLY M]G$ 9TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BAKUN9 CONT9U$ TO *AMPION ! ,ALLIANCE'S PROGRAM1 ESPECIALLY ITS ANTIPOLITICAL VIEWS & ITS CALL = ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE AS A DECISIVE /EP 9 ATTA9+ ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,TO ,M>X1 ABOLI%+ 9H]ITANCE FIR/1 BE=E PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WAS LIKE PLAC+ ! C>T BE=E ! HORSE3 9H]ITANCE WAS M]ELY A P]IPH]AL ISSUE1 9 HIS ANALYSIS1 & LIKE ALL ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS1 IT W\LD OBVI\SLY BE SWEPT AWAY :5 ! PROLET>IAT BECAME ! MAJORITY 9 A GIV5 C\NTRY & DIRECDY ABOLI%$ PRIVATE PROP]TY AS SU*4 

,BAKUN9 ALSO CONT9U$ TO RECOGNIZE ! RI<T TO ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L& 7A ,PR\DHONI/ PRECEPT71 :I*1 HE MA9TA9$1 W\LD F9ALLY DISAPPE> ONLY :5 9H]IT$ PROP]TY REV]T$ TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,IT SEEMS V]Y LIKELY ?AT1 :ILE P]SONALLY SUPPORT+ ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 HE CAM\FLAG$ HIS ANTIPROPNET>IAN VIEWS 7:I* CONFLICT$ ) ,PR\DHON7 9 ORD] TO AVOID ANTAGONIZ+ ! PEASANTRY & POSSIBLY HIS >TISAN SUPPORT]S4 ,ONCE AGA91 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT L& [N]%IP W\LD NECESS>ILY BE ABOLI%$ ALONG ) ALL PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALISM1 ,M>X HELD1 W\LD EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATE NE>LY ALL PRE9DU/RIAL CLASSES1 OR AT LEA/ DRAW !M 9TO ! ORBIT ( ! CAPITALI/ M>KET4 ,H5CE ONLY ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE CAPABLE ( ABOLI%+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 POSSIBLY ) ! AID ( O!R OPPRESS$ /RATA4 

,!SE CONFLICTS CAME 9TO ! OP5 AT ! ,BASEL ,CONGRESS ( #a#h#f#i1 :]E ,BAKUN9 & HIS SUPPORT]S MADE ! ABOLITION ( 9H]ITANCE 0! MO/ HODY CONTE/$ ISSUE0 ON ! AG5DA1 AS ,G4,D4,H4 ,COLE PUTS IT4.<#e#c.> ,AFT] CONSID]ABLE DEBATE1 A PLURALITY ( ! DELEGATES VOT$ 9 FAVOR ( ,BAKUN9'S POSITION1 BUT !Y FAIL$ TO ACQUIRE ! ABSOLUTE MAJORITY ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! POSITION TO BE (FICIALLY ADOPT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! RESPECTIVE SUPPORT]S ( ,M>X & ,BAKUN9 N[ GIRD$ !MSELVES = A BITT] CONFRONTATION AT ! NEXT CONGRESS--BUT ONLY TWO WEEKS BE=E ! #ahg CONGRESS WAS TO CONV5E1 ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON WAS PROVOK$ 9TO DECL>+ W> AGA9/ ,PRUSSIA4 

,HI/ORY1 AS IT W]E1 N[ 9T]V5$ TO PU% ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ! BACKGR\ND1 = SE>+ EV5TS NOT ONLY R5D]$ ALL AB/RACT !ORETICAL DISCUSSIONS ACADEMIC1 !Y L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 AN UPRIS+ ?AT WAS TO ACQUIRE LEG5D>Y PROPORTIONS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM ALIKE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #bi -- ,ADD$4 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #bi -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/