,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #bh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#h4 ,! ,9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #ahdh 

,AL?\< ! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #bc TO #bf WAS ! GOV]NM5T'S DECISION TO T]M9ATE ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS1 IT WAS A PR(\ND UND]LY+ CLASS CONFLICT ?AT BR\<T IT AB\T4 ,MILITANT & CLASS CONSCI\S1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M51 ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS HAD REA*$ A COMPLETE IMPASSE ) ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & !Y W]E LEFT ) NO REC\RSE BUT TO RISE UP 9 >M$ REVOLT 

,9 AN EXTRAORD9>Y /ATEM5T ?AT APPE>S TO DATE FROM ,JUNE1 ! WORK]S ( ! N9ETE5? BRIGADE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS W>N$ ! ,ASSEMBLY4 

,DO NOT =GET1 ,MON>*I/S1 ?AT IT WAS NOT ?AT WE C\LD REMA9 Y\R SLAVES ?AT WE BR\<T AB\T A ?IRD REVOLUTION4 ,WE F\<T Y\R SOCIAL SY/EM1 ! SOLE CAUSE ( ! DISORD] & POV]TY ?AT DEV\RS & SWALL[S CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4.<#d#g#e.> 

,! FIR/ REVOLUTION HAD OV]?R[N ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y 9 #a#g#h#i2 ! SECOND1 9 #a#h#c1 HAD GIV5 RISE TO A ROYAL CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM ,9 ! ?IRD1 ! UPRIS+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#h1 ! WORK]S HAD HOP$ TO A*IEVE !IR 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC10 A HOPE ?AT HAD GONE UNFULFILL$ BECAUSE ( ! USURP]S AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,! WORK]S HAD N[ EXHAU/$ EV]Y LEGAL & MORAL MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL TO GA9 ?AT REPUBLIC1 BUT ! DEM& = ! 0?IRD REVOLUTION0 /ILL P]SI/$--?AT IS1 = ! HI/ORICAL REALIZATION ( ! PROMISE ( ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES4 

,MANY1 P]HAPS ! MAJORITY1 ( ?OSE :O ROSE TO COMPLETE ! 0?IRD REVOLUTION0 ( ,JUNE W]E ESS5TIALLY DEM&+ BASIC ECONOMIC *ANGES1 :I* !Y REG>D$ AS CON/ITUT+ A SOCIAL REPUBLIC3 ! EXPANSION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS 9TO COOP]ATIVES ) /ATE ASSI/ANCE1 UNIV]SAL COMPULSORY $UCATION1 LIV+ /&>DS COMM5SURATE ) !IR WORK1 & FREE ASSOCIATIONS TO GOV]N !IR [N ECONOMIC & POLITICAL AFFAIRS4 ,AS A PLAC>D ON ! ,PORTE ,SA9T-,M>CEAU PRON\NC$ ON ,JUNE #b#c1 ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 WAS 0DEMOCRATIC 9 ?AT ALL CITIZ5S >E ELECTORS1 444 SOCIAL 9 ?AT ALL CITIZ5S >E P]MITT$ TO =M ASSOCIATIONS = WORK40.<#d#g#f.> 

,TO BE SURE1 AMONG ! 9SURG5TS1 !RE W]E UND\BT$LY MANY WORK]S ) BROAD] SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS--SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S1 9CLUD+ ,F\RI]I/S1 ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS1 & ,CABETI/S--:O DREAM$ ?AT ! 9SURRECTION W\LD U%] 9 ! PUBLIC [N]%IP ( PROP]TY 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,BU !SE M5 & WOM5 W]E PROBABLY A M9ORITY4 ,RADICAL LEG5DS TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 MANY ( ! 9SURG5TS ?\<T ( !MSELVES AS GOOD REPUBLICANS1 & ! TRICOLOR WAS AT LEA/ AS CONSPICU\S ON ! B>RICADES AS ! R$ FLAG4 ,9DIVIDUALS FROM DIFF]5T WALKS ( LIFE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,JUNE ,DAYS 7EV5 ! POET & >T CRITIC ,*>LES ,BAUDELAIRE F\<T ) ! 9SURG5TS71 BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL A HI/ORIC & DESP]ATE WORK+-CLASS UPRIS+--! FIR/ 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 

,9DE$1 H[EV] LIMIT$ W]E ! IMM$IATE GOALS ( ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION1 ITS IMPLICATIONS W]E F> BROAD]1 & AGA91 NO ONE SAW !M MORE CLE>LY ?AN ,TOCQUEVILLE3 

,:AT DI/+UI%$ .<! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION.>1 AMONG ALL ! EV5TS ( ?IS K9D :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R 9 ,FRANCE = SIXTY YE>S1 IS ?AT IT DID NOT AIM AT *ANG+ ! =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT AT ALT]+ ! ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS NOT1 /RICDY SPEAK+1 A POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 9 ! S5SE :I* UNTIL !N WE HAD GIV5 TO ! WORD1 BUT A COMBAT ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 A SORT ( ,S]VILE ,W>4 ,IT REPRES5T$ ! FACTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! !ORIES ( ,SOCIALISM REPRES5T$ ITS IDEAS2 OR RA!R IT ISSU$ NATURALLY FROM !SE IDEAS1 AS A SON DOES FROM HIS MO!R4444 

,IT MU/ ALSO BE OBS]V$ ?AT ?IS =MIDABLE 9SURRECTION WAS NOT ! 5T]PRISE ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( CONSPIRATORS1 BUT ! REVOLT ( ONE :OLE SECTION ( ! POPULATION AGA9/ ANO!R4.<#d#g#g.> 

,! FACT IS ?AT ! 0S]VILE W>0 ?AT BROKE \T ON ! B>RICADES ( ,JUNE #bc WAS OV]:ELM+LY A CLASS W>1 9DE$ ! FIR/ SELFCONSCI\S & EXPLICIT WORK+-CLASS 9SURRECTION 9 HI/ORY1 & IT WAS SE5 AS SU* BY ! WORK]S AS WELL AS BY !IR OPPON5TS4 ,IT DISSOLV$ ! MY? ( FRAT]NITE1 :I* ! CONV5TIONAL 0=MAL0 REPUBLICANS HAD EMBLAZON$ TOGE!R ) !IR MO/ SACR$ CLAIMS TO EGALITE & LIB]IE1 & IT ADD$ TO !M A RI<T BORN ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,OR AS ,M>X PUT IT3 0,ONLY AFT] BE+ DIPP$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS DID ! TRICOLOR BECOME ! FLAG ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION--! R$ FLAG40.<#d#g#h.> 

0,L,I,V,E ,W,O,R,K,+ ,O,R ,D,I,E ,F,I,<,T,+0 

,IF ! WORK]S W]E TRY+ TO A*IEVE A 0?IRD REVOLUTION10 ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS TRY+ TO TURN BACK ! CLOCK ( HI/ORY TO ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT HAD EXI/$ PRIOR TO ,FEBRU>Y #b#d4 ,H[ F> BACK !Y WANT$ TO TURN IT V>I$ FROM ONE ,ASSEMBLY REPRES5TATIVE TO ANO!R1 A DIFFICULTY ?AT SOMETIMES CONFUS$ ! TRA9 ( EV5TS4 ,BUT ! DEPUTIES1 H[EV] MU* !Y DISAGRE$ ) EA* O!R1 W]E UNIT$ 9 ! CONVICTION ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S HAD TO BE SUPPRESS$4 ,FIR/1 ! ,ASSEMBLY (FICIALLY DISB&$ ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION1 AL?\< ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY CONT9U$ TO EXI/ ON ITS [N AS AN EXTRALEGAL BODY UND] ! NAME ,SOCIETE DES ,CORPORATIONS ,REUNIES2 9DE$1 ADD+ 9SULT TO 9JURY1 ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION PROCE$$ TO OCCUPY ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,PALACE = ITS [N SITT+S4 

,ONCE ! ,LUXEMB\RG WAS \T ( ! WAY1 ! REMA9+ CLUBS & TRADE CORPORATIONS W]E NEXT 9 L9E = REPRESSION4 ,9 ! SECOND WEEK ( ,JUNE1 ,M>RA/1 AS MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 TOOK SY/EMATIC /EPS TO CLOSE D[N ! CORPORATIONS AS WELL AS ! CLUBS BY ELIM9AT+ !IR MUNICIPALLY CONTROLL$ MEET+ PLACES4 0,BETWE5 ,JUNE #ab & #a#f10 NOTES ,PET] ,H4 ,AMANN1 

CLUBS /ILL MEET+ 9 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 ASYLUMS1 & PALACES HAD !IR MUNICIPAL AU?ORIZATION CANCEL$4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES !Y SIMPLY F\ND ! S*OOL BUILD+ :]E !Y MET LOCK$ & B>R$4444 ,! FACT ?AT ORGANIZ$ CRAFT WORK]S W]E BE+ D5I$ PUBLIC MEET+ PLACES :ILE EMPLOY] GR\PS W]E NOT1 OR ?AT A DISPLAC$ CONS]VATIVE CLUB LIKE ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CLUB ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D C\LD TURN TO ,M>RA/ = HELP 9 F9D+ A NEW HOME1 L5DS WEI<T TO ! *>GE ( CLASS DISCRIM9ATION4.<#d#g#i.> 

,IRONICALLY1 ,M>RA/'S RE/RICTION WAS C\NT]PRODUCTIVE FROM HIS [N P]SPECTIVE BECAUSE MANY ( ! CLUBS1 :I* HAD RECOV]$ AFT] ! REPRESSION FOLL[+ ,MAY #a#e1 W]E ACTUALLY CALL+ UPON ! WORK]S = RE/RA9T4 ,!SE CLUBS HAD CON/ITUT$ AN >5A = ! PEACEFUL EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS GRIEVANCES1 9 CONTRA/ TO OP5 >EAS SU* AS ! ,PORTES ,SA9T-,M>T9 & ,SA9T- ,D5IS1 :]E WORK]S :O /ILL CONGREGAT$ DUR+ ! EV5+S VOIC$ !IR ANG] 9 MORE VITRIOLIC PHRASES1 SOMETIMES LEAD+ TO VIOL5T >GUM5TS & NE> RIOTS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 LATE 9 ,MAY1 BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD BEGUN ITS MO/ CONSEQU5TIAL ACT ( REPRESSION3 ! ASSAULT ON ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS4 ,! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION ORD]$ ,EMILE ,?OMAS TO 09VITE0 Y\NG UNM>RI$ MALE WORK]S TO EI!R 5LI/ 9 ! >MY OR BE DROPP$ FROM ! ,WORK%OPS' ROLLS4 ,OLD] OR M>RI$ WORK]S :O C\LD NOT 0=MALLY PROVE RESID5CE 9 ,P>IS = SIX MON?S BE=E ,MAY #b#d0 W]E TO BE DISMISS$4 ,EMPLOY]S1 9 TURN1 W]E FREE TO 0REQUISITION ANY NUMB] ( EMPLOYES0 FROM ! ,WORK%OPS--APP>5TLY AT :ATEV] WAGE RATES !Y *OSE--& A WORK]'S REFUSAL TO ACCEPT SU* A JOB W\LD RESULT 9 DISMISSAL4 ,! RATES1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! WORK]S W]E OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT W]E NOT H\RLY WAGES BUT PIECEWORK RATES1 :I* !Y HAT$ AS UNDULY EXPLOITATIVE4 ,F9ALLY1 0BRIGADES ( WORK]S0 W]E TO BE S5T TO PROV9CIAL DEP>TM5TS1 !RE TO 5GAGE 9 0PUBLIC WORKS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! ,5G9E]S ( ,BRIDGES & ,ROADS4''.<#d#h.> 

,?OMAS1 APP>5DY APPALL$ BY ! MASSIVE TRANS=MATION 9 HIS PROJECT1 ASK$ ?AT ! ISSUANCE ( ! DECREE BE DELAY$4 ,ON ,MAY #b#f1 = ?IS 9SOL5CE1 ! Y\NG DIRECTOR WAS >RE/$ BY ! M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR & BUNDL$ (F TO ,BORDEAUX UND] AN >M$ ESCORT4 ,! EXPLANATION GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC WAS ?AT ,?OMAS HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ TO /UDY CANALS 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,SO SUDD5 & SURREPTITI\S WAS ?IS 0REASSIGNM5T'' ?AT ,?OMAS WAS D5I$ ANY OPPORTUNITY TO VISIT ) OR EV5 WRITE TO HIS MO!R BE=E HIS DEP>TURE4 ,! DIRECTOR HAD1 BY !N1 BECOME A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION4 ,AL?\< NO FRI5D ( ,BLANC'S1 ,?OMAS WAS IDEALI/IC & SEEMS TO HAVE COME >\ND TO ! ,LUXEMB\RG'S WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T ! 0ORGANIZATION ( LABOR40 ,HAD HE REMA9$ 9 ,P>IS1 HE MI<T EV5 HAVE /IRR$ UP ! WORK]S4 ,ONCE HE >RIV$ 9 ,BORDEAUX1 ! GOV]NM5T KEPT HIM UND] SURVEILLANCE UNTIL LATE ,JUNE--0A PROC$URE SO HI<H&$10 NOTES ,PRISCILLA ,ROB]TSON1 0?AT ,L\IS- ,PHILIPPE'S POLICE W\LD NEV] HAVE D>$ TO TRY IT''.<#d#h#a.> ,9 ITS >ROGANCE & 9DIFF]5CE TO ! RI<TS ( ITS CITIZ5RY1 ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC HAD \TDONE EV5 ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 

,BE=E ! DECREE ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION C\LD ACTUALLY BE ISSU$1 H[EV]1 A SECOND ASSAULT ON ! ,WORK%OPS WAS BE+ PREP>$ FROM ANO!R GOV]NM5TAL QU>T] A GR\P ( ,CA?OLIC REACTION>IES 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY L$ BY ,C\NT ,FALL\X1 A BELIEV] 9 A !OCRATIC GOV]NM5T :O HAD BE5 DISPOS$ TO DEF5D ! ,9QUISITION UNTIL POLITICAL CIRCUM/ANCES OBLIG$ HIM TO VEIL HIS REAL VIEWS 9 A REPUBLICAN V5E]4 ,FALL\X N[ PROPOS$ TO CLOSE D[N ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS COMPLETELY1 )\T ! ELABORATE >RANGEM5TS DETAIL$ 9 ! ,P5T>*Y'S PLAN4 

,9CR$IBLY1 ,FALL\X'S PROPOSAL GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ,PR\DHON1 AS WELL AS ( ! NAIVE ,VICTOR ,HUGO4 ,PR\DHON LAT] ACKN[L$G$ ?AT HE HAD BEHAV$ LIKE AN IMBECILE1 YET ! CONT5T ( ! ,FALL\X DECREE WAS CONSI/5T ) HIS [N HATR$ ( DOLES1 :I* WAS H[ HE SAW ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS2 H5CE HIS SUPPORT = ! PROPOSAL W\LD HAVE BE5 NO GREAT DEP>TURE = HIM 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY REJECT$ ,FALL\X'S PROPOSAL AS TOO PROVOCATIVE1 YET ! REJECTION MADE LITTIE DIFF]5CE TO ! WORK]S4 ,! PROPOSAL HAD ALREADY BE5 WIDELY PUBLICIZ$1 & ! WORK]S W]E ONLY TOO AW>E ?AT ! WORK%OPS W\LD BE ABOLI%$ BY ONE MEANS OR ANO!R4 

,! MEASURES AGA9/ ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT HAVE OCCURR$ AT A WORSE TIME = ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,!IR ECONOMIC /RAITS W]E N[ DESP]ATE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS A *OL]A EPIDEMIC RAG+ 9 ! CITY1 AFFLICT+ ITS POOR] DI/RICTS MORE SEV]ELY ?AN ! WEAL?I] ONES1 BUT UNEMPLOYM5T HAD PRODUC$ A DESP]ATE SITUAUON4 ,9 ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T- ,ANTO9E1 AB\T TWO-?IRDS ( ! WORK]S W]E )\T JOBS4 ,MANY ( !M RELI$ 5TIRELY ON !IR TWO-FRANC WAGE FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS TO FE$ !IR FAMILIES4 ,ALMO/ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! FURNITURE MAK]S 9 ! ,FAUB\RG1 A V]Y IMPORTANT CRAFT 9 ?AT >EA1 W]E )\T REGUL> WORK & W]E FAC$ ) \TRI<T />VATION4 ,!SE M5 & WOM5 W]E ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE 9 ,P>IS4 ,AMONG ! MO/ ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y RIS+1 ! M5 W]E PROBABLY ! BE/ TRA9$ 9 ! USE ( >MS & 9 /REET FI<T+1 & LAT]1 AS MEMB]S ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>D LEGIONS1 ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OP BATTALIONS1 CLUBS1 & TRADE UNIONS1 !Y HAD GR[N ACCU/OM$ TO ACT+ ) DISCIPL9E & =E?\<T4 ,:5 ,M>RA/ CLOS$ ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+S ?AT HAD H\S$ !IR CLUB MEET+S1 ! WORK]S ( ! ,SA9T-,ANTO9E HELD !IR [N 0OP5-AIR CLUBS10 AS !Y CALL$ !M1 TO LI/5 TO ORATIONS1 5GAGE 9 DEBATES1 & =MULATE & DISCUSS PRACTICAL DECISIONS4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG WORK]S & ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS WORK]S1 :O HAD =M]LY BE5 DIVID$ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 F9ALLY RECOGNIZ$ !IR COMMON GRIEVANCES AS A CLASS4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#h1 ! EXTRALEGAL ,LUXEMB\RG ,ASSEMBLY1 L$ BY ,PI]RE ,V9C>D & ,AUGU/ ,BLUM1 N[ UNIT$ ) WORK+- CLASS LEAD]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS & ISSU$ A JO9T /ATEM5T DECL>+ ?AT 0NO?+ IS POSSIBLE N[ 9 ,FRANCE BUT ! ,DEMOCRATIC & ,SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC40.<#d#h#b.> ,AL?\< !IR /ATEM5T WAS 9T5D$ TO CALM ! WORK]S1 !IR DECL>ATION WAS D\BDESS REG>D$ AS A *ALL5GE TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,AS ,BLANC OBS]V$1 ! 0?REE MON?S0 GRACE P]IOD ?AT ! WORK]S1 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 HAD GIV5 TO ,LAM>T9E TO 9TRODUCE MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGES 0WAS PA/60.<#d#h#c.> ,F9ALLY1 ON ,JUNE #ba ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION'S SWEEP+ DECREE DISSOLV+ ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS WAS F9ALLY ISSU$ & PUBLI%$ 9 ,LE ,MONITEUR1 PRODUC+ A S5SATION AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,CR[DS GA!R$ ?R\<\T ! POOR] QU>T]S ( ! CITY1 DEBAT+1 DEMON/RAT+1 & SL[LY GA!R+ 9TO EV] L>G] GR\PS ?AT CLE>LY PORT5D$ AN UPRIS+4 ,EV5 ! REACTION>Y ,LE ,CON/ITUTIONNEL BELAT$LY 7ON ,JUNE #b#c7 DISAPPROV$ ( ! GOV]NM5T'S H&L+ ( ! DECREE4 

,MORE EF=T C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE1 9 \R VIEW1 TO PREP>E OP9ION = ! ANN\NCEM5T2 MORE PRUD5CE C\LD HAVE BE5 %[N4 ,BECAUSE ! ANN\NCEM5T WAS SUDD5 & BECAUSE !RE WAS A LACK ( REASSUR+ COMM5T1 !RE IS A DANG] ( JEOP>DIZ+ ?IS DECISION :I* HAS BE5 /AV$ (F = SO LONG4.<#d#h#d.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 IF ! GOV]NM5T HAD BEHAV$ MORE PRUD5DY 9 DISSOLV+ ! ,WORK%OPS1 IT IS EXTREMELY UNLIKELY ?AT ! RESULT W\LD HAVE BE5 SIGNIFIC&Y DIFF]5T4 

,! ,B,>,R,I,C,A,D,E,S ,( ,J,U,N,E 

,ON ,?URSDAY MORN+1 ,JUNE #b#b1 NE>LY #c WORK]S M>*$ T[>D ! ,PLACE DU ,PALAIS-,NATIONAL C>RY+ BANN]S ) ! 9SIGNIA 0,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS0 & S++ ! /IRR+ 0,*ANT DU DEP>T40 ,O!R CR[DS M>*$ TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 D5\NC+ PLANS TO %IP =M] ,WORK%OP WORK]S (F TO DRA9 ! UNHEAL?Y M>%ES ( ,SOLOGNE4 

,!Y APPE> TO HAVE *OS5 A SPOKESMAN 9 ! P]SON ( A LIEUT5ANT FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS1 ,L\IS ,PUJOL4 ,PUJOL WAS AN APOCALYPTIC MY/IC1 :OSE SCRIPTURAL-S\ND+ ,PROPHECY ( ,DAYS OJ ,BLOOD SEEM$ LIKE A PROLET>IAN ,BOOK ( ,REVELATION4 ,AT N9E O'CLOCK ?AT MORN+1 HE & F\R WORK+ M5 W]E DELEGAT$ TO QUE/ION ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION AB\T ITS PLANS = ! WORK]S UND] ! NEWLY PUBLI%$ DECREE4 ,PUJOL ASK$ ,M>IE :AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD DO IF ! WORK]S RESI/$ ! DECREE4 ,AS ,BLANC TELLS ! /ORY1 ,M>IE RESPOND$ ?AT 

0,! WORKM5 444 :O DO NOT SUBMIT TO ! DECREE WILL BE S5T \T ( ,P>IS BY =CE40444 

,! REPLY ( ,M4 ,PUJOL 444 WAS AS FOLL[S3 0,CITIZ5 ,REPRES5TATIVES1 Y\ 9SULT M5 9VE/$ ) A SACR$ *>ACT] AS DELEGATES ( ! PEOPLE2 WE )DRAW ) ! PR(\ND CONVICTION ?AT Y\ NEI!R DESIRE ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 NOR ! PROSP]ITY ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE40.<#d#h#e.> 

,BY LATE AFT]NOON1 AFT] ! /ORY ( ! 9T]*ANGE HAD CIRCULAT$1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S FROM ALL P>TS ( ! CITY GRAVITAT$ T[>D ! ,PLACE DU ,PAN!ON & ASSEMBL$ !RE BY TOR*LI<T1 9 GREAT AGITATION4 ,AS IF TO ADD EV5 GREAT] DRAMA TO ! EV5TS1 ! D>K SKY FLA%$ ) LI<TN+ & RES\ND$ ) ?UND]4 ,AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 ,BLANC C\LD HE> ONE CONT9U\S *ANT3 0,DU PA9 \ DU PLOMB60 7,BREAD OR LEAD67 ,BY N9E O'CLOCK1 ACCORD+ TO POLICE REPORTS1 ! CR[D BE=E ! ,PAN!ON NUMB]$ 9 ! T5S ( ?\S&S4 ,PUJOL TOLD ! NEWLY >RIV$ WORK]S :AT ,M>IE HAD SAID & CALL$ UPON !M TO SWE> V5GEANCE1 :I* !Y SOLEMNLY DID4 ,ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( RADICAL ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! ,TWELF? ,LEGION1 !Y AGRE$ TO RETURN TO ! ,PAN!ON AT SIX ! NEXT MORN+1 ,FRIDAY1 ,JUNE #b#c4 

,DESPITE ! 9CLEM5T WEA!R1 A HUGE CR[D GA!R$ AGA9 AT ! ,PLACE DU ,PAN!ON ! NEXT MORN+4 ,!RE1 AT ,PUJOL'S DIRECTION1 !Y M>*$ ) GRAVE DET]M9ATION ?R\< ! RA9 TO ! ,PLACE DE LA ,BA/ILLE1 !IR NUMB]S SWELL+ ALONG ! WAY4 ,AT ! SITE :]E ! ,BA/ILLE HAD BE5 BESIEG$ SOME SIXTY YE>S BE=E1 ! GREAT MASS ( M5 & WOM5 UNCOV]$ !IR HEADS & KNEEL$ 9 HOMAGE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y H]OES & H]O9ES :O HAD FALL5 ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#g#h#i4 ,!N1 BREAK+ UP 9TO COLUMNS & GR\PS1 !Y SCATT]$ TO ALL ! WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS & BEGAN TO BUILD B>RICADES4 

,OV] ! NEXT FEW DAYS MORE ?AN A #a B>RICADES W]E BUILT1 ACCORD+ TO A C\NT MADE AFT] ! HO/ILITIES CAME TO AN 5D4 ,!Y W]E CONC5TRAT$ MA9LY 9 ! NOR!A/1 9 ! TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS >EAS ( ,P>IS3 ! ,FAUB\RGS ,SA9T-,M>T91 DU ,TEMPLE1 & ,POISSONI]E1 EXT5D+ 9TO ! HEI<TS ( ,MONTM>TRE2 ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E & ! ,PLACE DE LA ,BA/ILLE4 ,BUT O!RS SPRANG UP 9 ! ,FAUB\RG DU ,PAN!ON1 ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T]1 & ,G5TILLY 9 ! S\?2 & 9 ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,JACQUES & ! ,CITE 9 ! C5T]--) ITS WELL-GU>D$ PRIZE1 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,?IRTY-EI<T W]E ]ECT$ 9 ! ,RUE ,SA9T-,JACQUES ALONE1 & NE>LY ?IRTY ALONG ! ,RUE DU ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E4 

,AL?\< MANY ( !M W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN T5TATIVE B>RI]S TO OB/RUCT ! MOVEM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T'S TROOPS1 A L>GE NUMB] W]E IMPOS+ /RUCTURES1 9 SOME CASES REA*+ AS HI< AS FIFTE5 FEET1 ) POR?OLES = MUSKETS1 /RONGLY RE9=C$ BY BULKY OBJECTS1 EV5 TRAMS & WAGONS4 ,TOCQUEVILLE M>VEL$ AT ! WORK]S' METICUL\SNESS 9 PREP>+ !IR DEF5SES3 

,9 ALL ! LITTLE /REETS SURR\ND+ .<! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE.>1 #a F\ND PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 MAK+ B>RICADES2 !Y PROCE$$ 9 !IR WORK ) ! CUNN+ & REGUL>ITY ( AN 5G9E]1 NOT UNPAV+ MORE /ONES ?AN W]E NECESS>Y TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( A V]Y ?ICK1 SOLID & EV5 NEADY-BUILT WALL1 9 :I* !Y G5]ALLY LEFT A SMALL OP5+ BY ! SIDE ( ! H\SES TO P]MIT ( +RESS & EGRESS4.<#d#h#f.> 

,! GRIM DET]M9ATION1 SELF-DISCIPL9E1 & C\RAGE ) :I* ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S SET AB\T !IR TASK IS ATTE/$ BY VIRTUALLY ALL HONE/ OBS]V]S ON BO? SIDES ( ?IS DESP]ATE SOCIAL W>4 ,WALK+ ALONG ! RI<T BANK ( ! ,SE9E AT F\R O'CLOCK ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,JUNE #b#c1 ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y EXILE1 NOTIC$ ?AT AS 0! %OPS W]E %UTT+1 COLUMNS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ) S9I/] FACES W]E M>*+ 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS40 ,A BELL S\ND$ FROM ,SA9T-,SUPLICE1 SUMMON+ ! WORK]S TO >MS4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! RIV]1 B>RICADES W]E BE+ ?R[N UP 9 ALL ! /REETS & ALLEYS4 ,I CAN SEE N[ ?OSE GLOOMY FIGURES DRAGG+ ! /ONES1 WOM5 & *ILDR5 HELP+ !M4 ,A Y\NG ,POLYTE*NIC /UD5T CLIMB$ ONE B>RICADE ?AT APP>5,UY WAS F9I%$1 UNFURL$ ! FLAG & BEGAN S++ ! ,M>SEILLAISE 9 A M\RNFULLY SOLEMN VOICE1 ALL :O W]E WORK+ JO9$ 91 & ! *ORUS ( ! GR& SONG RES\ND+ OV] ! /ONES ( ! B>RICADES MADE ! HE>T ?ROB4444 ,! AL>M BELL /ILL RANG \T ,MEAN:ILE1 !RE WAS ! ?UD ( >TILL]Y OV] ! BRIDGE1 & ,G5]AL ,BEGUOT ON ! BRIDGE SCANN$ ?R\< A FIELD-GLASS ! 5EMY'S POSITION4.<#d#h#g.> 

,A COALESC5CE WAS TAK+ PLACE AMONG ! CR[DS ROAM+ >\ND ! CAPITAL1 *ANT+ SLOGANS ?AT GRIMLY V[$ TO RESI/ ! GOV]NM5T'S DECREES & POLICIES4 ,HAD ANY COORD9AT$ LEAD]%IP CREAT$ ?IS COALESC5CE8 ,C]TA9LY V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS SPOKE = V>I\S /RATA )9 ! WORK+ POPULATION1 SU* AS ! ,UNION ( ,BRIGADI]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS & ! N[-SEMIMILIT>Y ,SOCIETE DES ,DROITS DE ,I ',HOMME1 :I* LIV$ ON MEMORIES ( ! GREAT J\RNEES ( #a#g#i#b-#i#c4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO OV]ALL PLAN = AN 9SURRECTION1 & NO GUID+ MILIT>Y /RATEGY OR ORGANIZATION--/ILL LESS A P>TY ?AT HAD A /RATEGY = TAK+ OV] ! GOV]NM5T ,) !IR ABLE/ LEAD]S JAIL$ 9 ! ,V9C5NES1 ! WORK]S ROSE UP MA9LY ON !IR [N1 & LOCAL MILITANTS-- USUALLY M5 ) MILIT>Y TRA9+1 SU* AS 9SURG5T ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS-- PROVID$ !M ) LEAD]%IP4 ,EV]Y S]I\S ACC\NT ( ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION 9DICATES ?AT ! 9SURG5TS ACT$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y SPONTANEITY & +5UITY4 ,TOCQUEVILLE NOTES ?AT !Y 0F\<T )\T A W>-CRY1 )\T LEAD]S1 )\T FLAGS1 & YET ) A M>VEL\S H>MONY & AN AM\NT ( MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE ?AT A/ONI%$ ! OLDE/ (FIC]S40.<#d#h#h.> ,AB\T HALF ( ! 9SURG5TS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OP WORK]S4 

,)9 A GIV5 /REET OR ITS 5VIRONS1 ! SPONTANE\S COORD9ATION ( ! WORK]S WAS A/ONI%+4 ,WOM5 & *ILDR5 TOOK OV] NONCOMBATIVE TASKS1 SU* AS REPAIR+ DAMAG$ B>RICADES1 PROVISION+ SUPPLIES & WAT] = ! COMBATANTS1 C>+ = ! W\ND$1 & ! LIKE4 ,EA* NEI<BORHOOD TRI$ TO CA/ LEAD & Z9C BULLETS = ITS FI<T]S1 & TO PRODUCE BLACK GUNP[D]-- (T5 COMPELL+ RELUCTANT LOCAL *EMI/S TO HELP !M4 ,BUT EV5 AS ! NEI<BORHOODS COORD9AT$ !IR ACTIVITIES PEACEFULLY & EFFICI5DY1 NO COORD9ATION EXI/$ BETWE5 ! QU>TI]S OR EV5 BETWE5 B>RICADES ONLY A FEW /REETS DI/ANT4 ,9 ITS /RUCTURE1 ! 9SURRECTION ALMO/ SEEM$ A MATT] ( 9DIVIDUAL NEI<BORHOODS RIS+ UP1 RA!R ?AN L>GE SECTIONS ( ! CITY AS A :OLE4 ,AS ,BLANC TELLS US1 

,?IS 9SURRECTION1 SO G5]AL 9 ITS CAUSES & 9 ITS SPIRIT1 ASSUM$ AT ALMO/ EV]Y PO9T ! *>ACT] ( A LOCAL PROTE/ ,9 MANY DI/RICTS1 ! 9HABITANTS RES]V$ TO !MSELVES EXCLUSIVELY ! GU>D ( !IR [N B>RICADES1 REJECT$ ! ASSI/ANCE ( /RANG]S1 & AFT] CLOS+ ALL ACCESS TO !IR /REETS1 REFUS$ TO COOP]ATE 9 ! G5]AL ATTACK1.<#d#h#i.> 

,EV5 B>RICADES ?AT C\LD HAVE EASILY SP>$ M5 COMMONLY REFUS$ TO S5D !M TO SUPPORT 9SURG5TS 9 O!R FAUB\RGS :O W]E BE+ H>D PRESS$ BY GOV]NM5T TROOPS4 

,?IS ORI5TATION WAS NOT ! RESULT ( MYOPIA1 OR ( A FAILURE TO UND]/& ?AT ! FATE ( EA* B>RICADE DEP5D$ ULTIMATELY ON ! FATE ( ALL4 ,IT WAS DUE 9 GREAT P>T TO REC5T RADICAL HI/ORY1 AS ,AMANN NOTES1 :I* ASSOCIAT$ COORD9ATION & /RATEGY ) FAILURE1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY IMPOT5T CONSPIRATORS LIKE ,B>BES & ,BLANQUI & ) ! ABORTIVE CONSPIRACIES ( SECRET SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,SATSONS4 

,SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 W]E ASSUM$ TO BE SPONTANE\S 7& !RE=E UNPLANNABLE7 UPHEAVALS ( ! MASSES--WITNESS ,JULY #a#g#h#i1 ,JULY #a#h#c1 & ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#h4 ,BY ,JUNE #ahdh EV]YONE =ESAW VIOL5CE1 WIDESPREAD POPUL> VIOL5CE PROVOK$ BY A HO/ILE GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT NO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION DREAM$ ?AT IT C\LD CONTROL ! DIRECTION1 9T5SITY1 & TIM+ ( ?AT VIOL5CE4.<#d#i.> 

,! 9SURG5TS1 FE>+ ANY DEGREE ( COORD9ATION ?AT MI<T DEM& EV5 A MODE/ SACRIFICE ( LOCAL AUTONOMY1 VE]$ TO ! EXTREME ( ALMO/ PURE SPONTANEITY & 9DEP5D5T DECISION-MAK+4 ,?IS HI<LY AN>*I/IC M5TALITY WAS TO MAKE ! UPRIS+ DISA/R\SLY VULN]ABLE TO ATTACKS BY ! GOV]NM5T & ITS TROOPS1 :I* C>EFULLY COORD9AT$ ITS /RATEGY ON A CITYWIDE SCALE4 ,! ,JUNE 9SURG5TS SEEM$ UNWILL+ TO TAKE CONSCI\S CONTROL ( ! COM+ /ORM & DRAW UP PLANS = DEAL+ ) IT ON A WID] SCALE SO ?AT !IR UPRIS+1 :ILE RETA9+ CONSID]ABLE LOCAL FLEXIBILITY1 C\LD MAKE SY/EMATIC HEADWAY AGA9/ ! WELL-DISCIPL9$ TROOPS ?AT CONFRONT$ !M4 ,?IS FETI%IZATION ( UNTEMP]$ LOCALISM & SPONTANEITY SEAL$ ! FATE ( ! 9SURRECTION4 

,NEV]!LESS1 = A TIME ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ABLE TO HOLD ,P>IS AT ALL WAS V]Y MU* 9 QUE/ION4 ,! ,MOBILE ,GU>D1 ! >MY1 & ! B\RGEOIS UNITS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D W]E PLAC$ UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,EUG5E ,CAVAIGNAC1 :O HAD ACQUIR$ A REPUTATION = F]OCITY 9 CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ,ALG]IAN TRIBESM54 ,CAVAIGNAC DECID$ NOT TO ATTACK ! 9SURG5TS OR OB/RUCT !IR B>RICADE BUILD+ UNTIL HE HAD COMPLETELY EQUIPP$ & MASS$ HIS [N TROOPS4 ,AS A RESULT ( HIS 9ACTION1 ON ,FRIDAY1 FULLY HALF ( ,P>IS FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 9SURG5TS4 

,TOCQUEVILLE1 AMAZ$ ?AT ! >MY HAD P]MITT$ ?IS TO HAPP51 ASK$ ,G5]AL ,LAMORICI]E :Y HIS TROOPS HAD NOT 5GAG$ ! 9SURG5TS4 

0,:AT >E Y\ DO+80 #a ASK$ HIM4 0,!Y HAVE ALREADY BE5 FI<T+ AT ! ,PORTE ,SA9T-,D5IS1 & B>RICADES >E BE+ BUILT ALL R\ND ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE40 

0,PATI5CE10 HE REPLI$1 0WE >E GO+ !RE4 ,DO Y\ ?9K WE >E SU* FOOLS AS TO SCATT] \R SOLDI]S ON SU* A DAY AS ?IS OV] ! SMALL /REETS ( ! SUBURBS8 ,NO1 NO6 WE %ALL LET ! 9SURG5TS CONC5TRATE 9 ! QU>T]S :I* WE CAN'T KEEP !M \T (1 & !N WE WILL GO & DE/ROY !M4 ,!Y %A'N'T ESCAPE US ?IS TIME40.<#d#i#a.> 

,%REWDLY1 ,CAVAIGNAC AIM$ TO AVOID A GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ NUM]\S ELUSIVE B&S ( WORK]S4 ,9 SU* FI<T+1 9 ! CAPITAL'S 9TRICATE /REETS & ALLEYS1 EV5 HIS WELL-DISCIPL9$ TROOPS W\LD DE>LY HAVE BE5 AT A DISADVANTAGE4 ,RA!R1 HE PREF]R$ TO CORRAL AS MANY ( ! 9SURG5TS AS HE C\LD 9TO FIX$ POSITIONS ?AT C\LD BE EASILY 5CIRCL$ & FI<T !M LIKE ONE FIELD >MY OPPOS+ ANO!R1 /RIK+ ANNIHILAT+ BL[S AGA9/ A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( WELL-DEF5D$ POSITIONS4 

,DESPITE !IR DESP]ATION1 ! 9SURG5TS BEHAV$ ) EXEMPL>Y DEC5CY1 RESPECT+ ! WELL-BE+ & PROP]TY ( PEOPLE :OSE NEI<BORHOODS !Y OCCUPI$4 ,!Y COMMITT$ NO S]I\S CRIMES2 EV5 JEWELRY %OPS REMA9$ UNT\*$1 & ,VICTOR ,HUGO C\LD REPORT ?AT AL?\< HIS H\SE WAS SE>*$1 PROBABLY = >MS & AMMUNITION1 ALL HIS P]SONAL BELONG+S REMA9$ 9 PLACE1 9CLUD+ HIS MANUSCRIPT = ,LES ,MIS]ABLES4 ,! WORK]S W]E EAG] TO %[ ?AT !Y W]E NOT ! RIFF-RAFF ?AT !IR 5EMIES HAD DEPICT$ !M AS BE+4 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO COLLECT ! USUAL TAXES AT ! CITY'S TOLLGATES1 P]MIT ANYONE TO USE ! SEMAPHORE TELEGRAPH 7AS LONG AS !Y DID NOT REPORT ON ! BATDE71 & EV5 SET FREE A NUMB] ( PRISON]S1 :O W]E DULY P]MITT$ TO COV] !IR UNI=MS ) WORKM5'S BL\SES4 

,! ,F,\,R ,D,A,Y,S 

,AT >\ND T5 O'CLOCK ON ,FRIDAY MORN+1 ,JUNE #b#c1 ,CAVAIGNAC F9ALLY PUT HIS TROOPS 9TO ACTION1 />T+ A CONFLICT ?AT LA/$ UNTIL ,MONDAY1 ,JUNE #b#f1 :5 ! LA/ B>RICADE 9 ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E WAS TAK54 ,= MU* ( ?AT TIME1 ! 9SURG5TS HELD !IR [N1 ) A/ONI%+ BOLDNESS1 AGA9/ SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] & BETT]-EQUIPP$ MILIT>Y =CES4 ,B>RICADES W]E TAK5 & RETAK5 AS ! FI<T+ SURG$ & EBB$ FURI\SLY 9 ! SQU>ES1 B\LEV>DS1 & N>R[ /REETS4 

,AS DESCRIB$ BY ! NOVELI/ & ,ASSEMBLY MEMB] ,VICTOR ,HUGO1 ! FIR/ SKIRMI% TOOK PLACE AT A B>RICADE NE> ! ,PORTE ,SA9T-,D5IS4 ,:5 ! LOYALI/ ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS ORD]$ ITS DEF5D]S TO SURR5D]1 ! B>RICADE FI<T]S RESPOND$ BY OP5+ FIRE1 KILL+ ?IRTY ,GU>DS4 ,SOON 0A Y\NG WOMAN1 BEAUTIFUL1 DI%EVEL$1 & T]RIBLE0 CLIMB$ TO ! TOP ( ! B>RICADE4 

,! GIRL1 :O WAS A WOMAN ( ! /REETS1 HOI/$ H] SKIRTS UP TO H] WAI/ & YELL$ AT ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 0,C[>DS1 FIRE1 IF Y\ D>E1 AT ! BELLY ( A WOMAN40 ,A VOLLEY ( FIRE HURL$ ! UN=TUNATE CREATURE D[N4 ,%E GAVE A L\D SCREAM & FELL4 ,IMM$IATELY1 A SECOND WOMAN APPE>$4 ,?IS ONE WAS Y\NG] & LOVELI] /ILL1 LITTLE MORE ?AN A *ILD1 SEV5TE5 AT MO/ ,%E TOO WAS A WOMAN ( ! /REETS4 ,LIKE ! O!R %E %[$ H] /OMA* & SCREAM$1 0,FIRE BRIG&S60 ,!Y FIR$ & %E FELL1 RIDDL$ ) BULLETS1 ON ! BODY ( ! FIR/4.<#d#i#b.> 

,! NOVELI/'S JUDGM5T ?AT ! WOM5 W]E PRO/ITUTES MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! PRODUCT ( A MIDDLE-CLASS PREJUDICE1 BUT HIS ACC\NT DECID$LY REVEALS ! 9CR$IBLE C\RAGE & BRAV]Y ( ! 9SURG5TS4 

,TO RECONQU] ! CITY1 ,CAVAIGNAC DIVID$ HIS =CES 9TO ?REE COLUMNS1 S5D+ ! FIR/ & L>GE/1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,LAMORICI]E1 9TO ! HE>T ( ! 9SURG5T C5T]1 BETWE5 ! ,FAUB\RG ,POISSONI]E & ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E4 ,IT MADE SL[ PROGRESS & 5C\NT]$ SU* FURI\S RESI/ANCE ?AT AT LEA/ P>T ( ! COLUMN HAD TO RETREAT4 ,! SECOND COLUMN1 UND] ,G5]AL ,B$EAU1 WAS DISPAT*$ TO RELIEVE ! TROOPS AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 :I* ! 9SURG5TS HAD NE>LY SUCCE$$ 9 CAPTUR+4 ,! ?IRD1 COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,DAMESME1 WAS ORD]$ 9TO ! ,LEFT ,BANK TO M>* T[>D ! ,PAN!ON & TAKE ! TWELF? >RONDISSEM5T4 

,SURR\ND$ BY MAZES ( B>RICADES1 ! ?REE COLUMNS W]E SOON ISOLAT$ FROM EA* O!R1 EASY PREY TO 9SURG5T SNIP] FIRE4 ,AS ! CITY SETD$ D[N TO A RELATIVELY QUIET NI<T1 ! COMM&]S W]E OBLIG$ TO HOLD A C\NCIL ( W> TO REASSESS !IR /RATEGY1 :ILE ! 9SURG5TS REPAIR$ EXI/+ B>RICADES & BUILT NEW ONES4 

,ON ! SECOND DAY1 ,SATURDAY1 ! FI<T+ WAS BLOODY & 9CONCLUSIVE BUT G5]ALLY W5T EV5 BETT] = ! 9SURG5TS ?AN IT HAD ! DAY BE=E4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S ATTEMPTS TO TAKE ! NOR!RN DI/RICTS MET ) MORE FAILURES ?AN SUCCESSES4 ,! 9SURG5TS CAPTUR$ ! LOCAL CITY HALLS 7MAIRIES7 ( ! EI<? & N9? >RONDISSEM5TS1 COM+ )9 /RIK+ DI/ANCE ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,9DE$1 AFT] EXPELL+ ! EI<? >RONDISSEM5T MAYOR1 ! SEEM+LY UBIQUIT\S ,VICTOR ,HUGO1 !Y SET UP A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T 9 ITS PLACE4 ,H]E ! ABLE LEAD]%IP ( ,LEON ,LACOLLONGE1 ! PRESID5T ( ! CLUB NAM$ ,L',ORGANIZATION DU TRAVAIL & $ITOR ( ITS EPONYM\S NEWSPAP]1 WAS ESS5TIAL1 ORGANIZ+ ! EF=TS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CLUB DES ,ANTON9S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ISSU$ A MANIFE/O CALL+ = A 0SOCIAL & DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC2 ,FREE ASSOCIATION ( ,LABOR1 AID$ BY ! ,/ATE2 ! IMPEA*M5T ( ! ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,PEOPLE & ( ! M9I/]S1 444 ! IMM$IATE >RE/ ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMISSION10 & 0! REMOVAL ( TROOPS FROM ,P>IS40.<#d#i#c.> ,ONLY ! ,MOBILE ,GU>DS1 ON ! ,LEFT ,BANK 9 ! ,PAN!ON >EA1 MADE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS = ! GOV]NM5T ,!IR POLITICAL LOYALTIES W]E NO LONG] 9DET]M9ATE--!Y F\<T EAG]LY ON BEHALF ( ! G5]ALS4 ,MEAN:ILE ! ,ASSEMBLY US$ ! UNC]TA9 MILIT>Y SITUATION--:AT IT CALL$ A 0/ATE ( SIEGE0--TO UNSEAT ,LAM>T9E & ! RE/ ( ! ,P5T>*Y & TO MAKE ,CAVAIGNAC DICTATOR1 5D[+ HIM ) EXTRAORD9>Y P[]S TO CRU% ! 9SURRECTION4 

,! ?IRD DAY1 ,SUNDAY1 />T$ \T BADLY = ! GOV]NM5T TROOPS ONCE AGA91 :5 ,LAMORICI]E'S =CES FAIL$ TO MAKE ANY ADVANCES AGA9/ ! 9SURG5TS 9 ! NOR!RN SECTOR4 ,NOR C\LD ! >MY1 AT FIR/1 DISLODGE ! 9SURG5TS FROM ! EI<? >RONDISSEM5T4 ,BUT BY ! LATE AFT]NOON1 ! CAPTUR$ MAIRIE HAD FALL5 TO REGUL> >MY TROOPS1 & ! TIDE ( BATTLE TURN$ AGA9/ ! 9SURG5TS4 ,9 VIGOR\S FI<T+ SUPPORT$ BY >TILL]Y1 GOV]NM5T =CES OV]CAME ! B>RICADES 9 NE>LY EV]Y DI/RICT1 LEAV+ ONLY ! ,BA/ILLE & ! ,PLACE DU ,TRONE 9 9SURG5T H&S4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ON ,SUNDAY NI<T1 EAG] ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! PROV9CES FLOCK$ 9TO ,P>IS 9 GREAT NUMB]S4 7,AP>T FROM ,M>SEILLES1 MO/ O!R ,FR5* CITIES1 9CLUD+ ,LYON1 REMA9$ QUIET DUR+ ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION47 ,AS A RESULT ( ! RAILROADS1 ,TOCQUEVILLE NOTES1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BR+ RURAL ,GU>DS--MA9LY Y\NG NOBLES1 %OPKEEP]S1 & PEASANTS--FROM DI/ANCES ( AB\T A #ae MILES TO ! CAPITAL ONLY A DAY AFT] ! FI<T+ HAD BEGUN4 ,BY ,MONDAY MOM+1 ,JUNE #b#f1 ! DEFEAT ( ! 9SURRECTION WAS IMM95T ,TROOPS W]E CLOS+ 9 ON ! ,PLACE DE ,BA/ILLE & ! ,PLACE DU ,TRONE1 :ILE 9SURG5T RESI/ANCE 9 O!R POCKETS ( ! CITY HAD BECOME SPORADIC4 ,AT SOME B>RICADES ! 9SURG5TS F\<T TO ! LA/ BUT MO/ ( ! REMA9+ WORK]S1 [+ P>DY TO SPURI\S PROMISES BY ! >MY ( AN HONORABLE SURR5D]1 LAID D[N !IR MUSKETS4 ,! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E WAS ! LA/ HOLD\T1 BUT F9ALLY IT TOO SURR5D]$4 

,AP>T FROM ,G5]AL ,B$EAU1 :O EAMESDY TRI$ TO NEGOTIATE AN HONORABLE SURR5D] ) ! 9SURG5TS1 & ,G5]AL ,DUVIVI]1 :O EXPRESS$ G5U9E COMPASSION = ! MAT]IAL PLI<T ( ! WORK]S AS HE LAY DY+ FROM HIS W\NDS1 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ! B\RGEOIS ,NATIONAL ,GU>D OR ! ,MOBILE ,GU>D FELT ANY SYMPA?Y = !IR OPPON5TS4 ,! REGUL> SOLDI]S1 BY CONTRA/1 SEEM TO HAVE F\<T ) NO /RONG CONVICTION1 & 9 ALL LIKELIHOOD SOME 9DIVIDUAL ,GU>DS ACT$ ) A MODICUM ( DEC5CY T[>D !IR 9SURG5T CAPTIVES4 ,BUT ! NE>LY CRAZ$ Y\NG ,MOBILE ,GU>DS KILL$ WORK]S AS WANTONLY AS !Y HAD RISK$ !IR LIVES 9 BATDE4 ,TO !SE 0*ILDR50 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A BATDE WAS A FE/IVAL1 & !Y KILL$ MEMB]S ( !IR [N CLASS )\T REMORSE4 

,! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,MOBILE ,GU>DS HAS ALWAYS BE5 A PUZZLE TO HI/ORIANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,M>X DISMISS$ !M AS MEMB]S ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 :OSE S]VICES W]E = SALE TO ANY PUR*AS]1 BUT ?IS VIEW1 AS REC5T RESE>* HAS %[N1 CAN NO LONG] BE SUPPORT$4 ,9 FACT1 !IR OCCUPATIONAL BACKGR\ND CLOSELY P>ALLELS ?AT ( ,P>ISIAN WORK]S AS A :OLE4 ,RECRUIT$ FROM ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES1 !IR WORK+-CLASS ID5TITY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 DISSOLV$ 9TO A /RICDY MILIT>Y ID5TITY1 RE9=C$ BY DEC5T PAY1 /RICT TRA9+1 ISOLATION1 & ABOVE ALL A /RONG ESPRIT DE CORPS4 ,BY ,JUNE1 !IR S5SE ( BELONG+ WAS TO A CORPS RA!R ?AN TO A CLASS4 ,AS = !IR >DOR1 IT IS P]HAPS MORE EXPLICABLE BY !IR Y\?--!IR AV]AGE AGE WAS AB\T TW5TY-ONE--?AN BY ANY SOCIAL OR POLITICAL CONVICTIONS4 

,BY CONTRA/ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS :O F\<T = ! GOV]NM5T FUNCTION$ AS ! >M$ =CE ( A CLASS--SPECIFICALLY1 M]*ANTS1 RETAIL]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 SOME >TISANS1 & \TRI<T CAPITALI/S--= :OM ! DEFEAT ( ! 9SURG5TS W\LD BE A VICTORY OV] 0COMMUNISM40 ,UNLIKE ! ,MOBILE ,GU>D UNITS1 H[EV]1 A NUMB] ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>D UNITS1 ESPECIALLY FROM ! EA/]N SECTOR ( ,P>IS1 DID DEFECT TO ! 9SURG5TS1 :ILE O!RS W]E POLITICALLY AMBIVAL5T & !RE=E UNTRU/WOR?Y 9 ! EYES ( !IR (FIC]S4 

,! WORK]S :O F\<T ON ! B>RICADES W]E NO?+ IF NOT BOLD4 ,!Y C]TA9LY NUMB]$ NO MORE ?AN #e1--?AT IS TO SAY1 B>ELY A QU>T] ( ! MORE ?AN #b1 MALE WORK]S 9 ,P>IS4 ,AGA9/ !M W]E >RAY$ AT LEA/ AN EQUAL OR GREAT] NUMB] ( WELL-TRA9$ & WELL-EQUIPP$ TROOPS ( ALL K9DS1 SUPPORT$ BY DEVA/AT+ >TILL]Y1 ) PROV9CIAL =CES FL[+ 9TO ! CAPITAL TO SUPPORT !M4 ,9 FACT1 ! WILL+NESS ( !SE =CES TO SLAU<T] AS MANY ( ! DEFEAT$ ,P>ISIAN WORK]S AS !Y C\LD IS A %OCK+ TE/IMONY TO ! PROV9CIAL HATR$ ( ,P>IS--OR TO RURAL IDIOCY4 

,P>DY AS A RESULT ( ! PROV9CIAL 9FUSION1 ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION BECAME ONE ( ! BLOODIE/ ( ALL ,P>ISIAN J\RNEES4 ,/ATI/ICS ON ! NUMB] ( 9SURG5TS :O W]E KILL$ V>Y WIDELY4 ,SOME CLAIM ?AT ONLY #ae WORK]S W]E KILL$ 9 ALL1 9CLUD+ AB\T #ae 9SURG5T PRISON]S4 ,BUT CONTEMPOR>Y ACC\NTS MAKE ?IS OV]ALL FIGURE DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT4 ,! MO/ PLAUSIBLE TOLL COMES FROM ,GEORGES ,DUVEAU3 

,ONLY F\R OR FIVE HUNDR$ ( ! REBELS APPE> TO HAVE P]I%$ ON ! B>RICADES1 BUT MORE ?AN ?REE ?\S& W]E MASSACR$ BY ! SOLDI]S ( ! G>DE MOBILE & ! REGUL> >MY AFT] ! FI<T+ WAS OV]4 ,9 ALL1 #a#a1#f#g#a P]SONS W]E >RE/$4 ,A FEW ( !SE W]E EXECUT$ & SOME W]E S5T5C$ TO =C$ LABOR1 BUT BY F> ! MO/ COMMON P5ALTY WAS DEPORTATION .<TO ,ALG]IA.>4.<#d#i#d.> 

,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ! FAM\S ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y1 WITNESS$ ! ,JUNE UPRIS+ ) HIS FAMILY1 NOT+ ! BRUTALITY ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 HIS DI>Y2 

,ON ! EV5+ ( ! #b#f? ( ,JUNE1 AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! ,NATIONALE OV] ,P>IS1 WE HE>D %OTS BE+ FIR$ AT %ORT REGUL> 9T]VALS4444 ,WE GLANC$ AT ONE ANO!R1 ALL \R FACES W]E LIVID4444 0,!Y >E %OOT+ PRISON]S10 WE SAID ) ONE VOICE1 & TURN$ AWAY FROM ONE ANO!R4 #a PRESS$ MY =EHEAD AGA9/ ! W9D[-PANE4 ,SU* MOM5TS PROVOKE T5 YE>S ( HATR$1 A LIFETIME ( REV5GE3 WOE TO HIM :O =GIVES AT SU* MOM5TS6.<#d#i#e.> 

,& ACCORD+ TO ,L\IS ,BLANC3 

,PRISON]S W]E BE+ %OT 9 ! PLA9 ( ,GR5ELLE1 AT ! ,MONTP>NASSE ,CEMET]Y1 9 ! RACEC\RSE ( ,MONTM>TRE4 ,PRISON]S W]E BE+ %OT 9 ! ,PLACE DU ,PAN!ON4 ,PRISON]S W]E BE+ %OT AT ! ,CLOI/] ( ,/4 ,B5$ICT & 9 ! C\RT ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,CLUNY4 ,A W\ND$ REBEL WAS /RET*$ ON A B$ ( /RAW4 ,SOME MON/]S FIR$ IT & BURNT ! DY+ MAN ALIVE4.<#d#i#f.> 

,! ,LUXEMB\RG ,G>D5S HAD TO BE DOS$ UNTIL RA9 C\LD WA% AWAY ! BLOOD ( ! UNKN[N NUMB] ( PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 EXECUT$ !RE4 

,! ,A,F,T,],M,A,? ,( ,J,U,N,E 

,HI/ORIES ( #a#h#d#h1 ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y YE> ( ! 5TIRE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 USUALLY REC\NT1 9 ADDITION TO ! EV5TS 9 ,P>IS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,AU/RIA1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE4 ,BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL 9 ,FRANCE ?AT ! REVOLUTION'S AIMS W5T F> BEYOND ! NATIONALI/IC GOALS ?AT M>K$ O!R 9SURG5CIES1 AS A REVOLUTION MADE 9 ! NAME ( UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION 9 ,P>IS M>KS BO? ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y YE> & ITS F9ALE4 

,EV5 AFT] ! ,JUNE UPRIS+1 H[EV]1 9SURG5CIES ( WORK]S & EV5 PEASANTS CONT9U$ 9 O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE = A FEW MORE YE>S4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT URBAN WORK+-CLASS UPRIS+ ( #ahdi OCCURR$ 9 ,LYON1 :I* WAS ! SILK-PRODUC+ C5T] ( ,EUROPE4 

,PR$OM9&Y >TISANAL 9 ITS PRODUCTION ME?ODS1 ,LYON HAD BEGUN TO S]I\SLY FEEL ! IMPACT ( COMM]CIAL CAPITALISM ALMO/ A C5TURY E>LI]1 :5 ! SILK TRADE HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] BY M]*ANTS :O DI/RIBUT$ JOBS & B\<T ! PRODUCE ( MA/] CRAFTSM5 & J\RNEYM5--MANY ( :OM YE>N$ = ! GUILD-TYPE CORPORATE SOCIETY ?AT HAD EXI/$ BE=E ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 #a#h#c#a1 ! SILK-WEAV+ >TISANS1 OR CANUTS1 ROSE 9 >M$ CONFLICT TO GA9 A BETT] T>IF1 OR CONTRACT1 FROM ! M]*ANTS4 ,= A BRIEF TIME !Y ACTUALLY TOOK CONTROL ( ! CITY1 UND] R$ & BLACK FLAGS--:I* MADE !IR 9SURRECTION A MEMORABLE EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y SYMBOLS4 ,!IR USE ( ! WORD MUTUELLISME TO D5OTE ! ASSOCIATIVE DISPOSITION ( SOCIETY ?AT !Y PREF]R$ MADE !IR 9SURRECTION A MEMORABLE EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T AS WELL1 S9CE ,PR\DHON APPE>S TO HAVE PICK$ UP ! WORD FROM !M DUR+ HIS BRIEF /AY 9 ! CITY 9 #a#h#d#c-#d#d TO DESCRIBE HIS [N ESS5TIALLY CONTRACTUAL VISION ( A JU/ SOCIETY4 

,9 #a#h#c#d1 ! ,LYON CANUTS ROSE ONCE AGA9--?IS TIME L$ MA9LY BY ! J\RNEYM5 RA!R ?AN ! MA/] WEAV]S--TO GA9 BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS BO? FROM ! M]*ANTS & FROM !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,?IS %ORT-LIV$ REVOLT PROBABLY 9SPIR$ A REPUBLICAN UPRIS+ 9 ,P>IS 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,9 #a#h#d#h1 H[EV]1 AL?\< ! SILK WORK]S W]E ! T>GET ( CONSID]ABLE SOCIALI/IC & COMMUNI/IC PROPAG&A1 ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION 9 ,P>IS DID NOT PROVOKE A CORRESPOND+ UPRIS+ 9 ,LYON4 ,:ATEV] REVOLUTION>Y SYMPA?Y ! CANUTS MI<T HAVE FELT = !IR ,P>ISIAN FELL[ WORK]S WAS UND]M9$ BY ! LOCAL GOV]NM5T'S C>ROT-&-/ICK POLICY ( P]MITT+ ! CLUBS TO CONT9UE TO MEET :ILE BLANKET+ ! CITY ) TROOPS--& ! CLUBI/S W]E NOT EAG] TO SUFF] ! REPRESSION 9FLICT$ UPON !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,P>IS4 ,9 ! MA91 ! PREOCCUPATION ( MANY CANUTS ) H>MLESS COOP]ATIVES ABSORB$ MU* ( !IR 5]GY1 LEAV+ ! CITY'S POLITICAL SPH]E 9 ! H&S ( MOD]ATES & \TRI<T REACTION>IES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! ,P>IS ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 ONCE ! SMOKE & DEBRIS HAD BE5 CLE>$ AWAY & ! %ATT]$ BODIES REMOV$ FROM ! B>RICADES1 ! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN A J\RNEY BACKW>D1 FROM ITS 0R$0 PEAKS1 OV] ITS REPUBLICAN PLA91 & ULTIMATELY BACK D[N T[>D ITS MON>*ICAL SWAMP1 MADE EV5 MORE ODI\S BY ! PRES5CE ( A ,BONAP>TI/ ADV5TUR] :OSE 0REPULSIVE FACE0 79 ,M>X'S WORDS7 WAS COV]$ ) ! 0IRON MASK0 ( ! ORIG9AL EMP]OR4 

,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC'S BRIEF DICTATOR%IP--TE*NICALLY A 0/ATE ( SIEGE0-- REMA9$ 9 =CE ALL SUMM]1 UNTIL ,OCTOB] #b#i4 ,9 ,JULY A DECREE WAS ISSU$ P]MITT+ CLUBS TO MEET--BUT ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ?AT PREV5T$ ANY SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,ANY CLUB ?AT WI%$ TO MEET HAD TO PROVIDE ! POLICE ) A 0DECL>ATION0 ( ITS 9T5TION TW5TY-F\R H\RS 9 ADVANCE4 ,CLUB MEMB]S C\LD 5GAGE 9 DISCUSSIONS ONLY UND] ! SURVEILLANCE ( 0A JUDICIAL OR ADM9I/RATIVE (FICIAL0--?AT IS1 ! POLICE--& !Y HAD TO DESI/ FROM TALK+ AB\T 0ANY PROPOSITION CONTR>Y TO PUBLIC ORD] OR PUBLIC MORALITY40 ,AFT] ! MEET+ ! CLUB HAD TO H& OV] TO ! POLICE A SUMM>Y ( ! MEET+'S ACTIONS & DISCUSSIONS & PROVIDE A LI/ ( ! MEMB]S 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,IT ALSO HAD TO PROVIDE 0REPORTS1 ADDRESSES & ALL O!R COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 CLUBS40 ,! ORGANIZATION ( 0SECRET SOCIETIES10 ( C\RSE1 WAS /RICDY =BIDD54.<#d#i#g.> ,! DECREE1 9 FACT1 /RUCK AT ! V]Y HE>T ( ONE ( ! WORK]S' MO/ BASIC DEM&S3 ! RI<T TO =M ASSOCIATIONS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZ]S W]E N[ OBLIG$ TO GO UND]GR\ND1 :]E !Y HAD SO (T5 BE5 S9CE ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION4 

,ADDITIONALLY1 ,CAVAIGNAC REQUIR$ NEWSPAP]S1 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE PUBLI%+1 TO DEPOSIT CAUTION MONEY 7CAUTIONNEM5T7 TO GU>ANTEE !IR FUTURE 0GOOD CONDUCT0--?AT IS1 TO GU>ANTEE ?AT !Y W\LD AVOID PUBLI%+ POLITICALLY (F5SIVE >TICLES1 SU* AS ?OSE ?AT DISCUSS$ A 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 OR CRITICIZ$ ! GOV]NM5T ,?IS WAS A REVIVAL ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE'S HAT$ POLICY ( SUPPRESS+ DISSID5T LIT]ATURE4 ,9 #ahdh ! CAUTIONNEM5TS IMPOS$ W]E SO HI< 7UP TO #b#d1 FRANCS7 ?AT ONLY PAP]S LIKE ! CONS]VATIVE ,CON/ITUTIONNEL C\LD AF=D TO PAY4 ,F9ALLY1 ! T5-H\R DAY WAS RAIS$ TO TWELVE H\RS1 RETURN+ ! WORK]S TO ! WORKDAY ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES4 ,AS ! REACTION>Y ,MEMORIAL BORDELAIS PUT IT1 0,FRANCE NE$S MORAL ORD] & MAT]IAL ORD]1 & ANY =CE DET]M9$ TO PROVIDE H] ) BO? IS 5TITL$ TO ! SYMPA?Y & COLLABORATION ( RI<T-?9K+ M540.<#d#i#h.> ,! ,P>TY ( ,ORD] HAD OP5LY EM]G$1 NOT AS AN ORGANIZATION BUT AS A COALITION ( ,LEGITIMI/S1 ,ORLEANI/S1 & COMPLETE REACTION>IES--DEPUTIES & NOTABLES :O W\LD NOT HAVE D>$ BREA! A WORD AB\T !IR VIEWS ?REE MON?S E>LI]4 

,9 OPPOSITION !RE DEVELOP$ A COALITION ( DIV]SE LEFTI/S1 NOTABLY SOCIALI/S & RADICAL REPUBLICANS :O %IFT$ 9CREAS+LY TO ! LEFT1 AS ! 0/ATE ( SEIGE0 BECAME MORE REPRESSIVE4 ,!IR NUMB]S 9CLUD$ ! LEFT-REPUBLICAN REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 AS WELL AS MILITANTS :O 9HABIT$ :AT WAS ONCE ! ?RIV+ CLUB SC5E & :O REMA9$ 9 ! MU*-CURTAIL$ CLUBS & SOCIETIES4 ,!Y W]E COLLECTIVELY KN[N AS DEMOC-SOCS1 = DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S1 OR 9T]*ANGEABLY AS ,MONTAGN>DS4 ,!IR POLITICAL PROGRAM C5T]$ ON DEM&S = A SOCIAL AS WELL AS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 0,! POLITICAL PROBLEM IS NO LONG] ! PROBLEM ( ! FUTURE10 EV5 ,LA ,RE=ME--! LIB]AL REPUBLICAN NEWSPAP] HAV+ MOV$ TO ! LEFT--DECL>$ 9 ,AUGU/1 0,A NEW PROBLEM HAS COME TO ! =E1 & DEMOCRACY HAS HAD TO EMBLAZON ITS BANN] ) ! WORDS3 ',! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC4' 0.<#d#i#i.> ,DESPITE ! 0CAUTION0 LAWS1 ! DEMOC-SOCS MANAG$ TO G5]ATE A HUGE AM\NT ( PROPAG&A--POLITICAL PAMPHLETS1 BRO*URES1 SATIRICAL 5GRAV+S--) :I* !Y FLOOD$ ! PROV9CES1 %IPP+ IT \T BY ANY MEANS !Y C\LD1 9CLUD+ ! S5D+ ( AGITATORS TO SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES 9 ALL P>TS ( ,FRANCE4 

,MOREOV]1 DESPITE ! REPRESSION ( /RIKES & ! WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL ACTIVITY ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION--OR P]HAPS BECAUSE ( IT--! MILITANT ,FR5* WORK]S TOOK REFUGE 9 ASSOCIATIONISM4 ,PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS & V>I\S MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITIES W]E /ILL LEGALLY P]MITT$ AS ECONOMIC & COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISES1 & !Y N[ PROLIF]AT$ 9 ,P>IS & NE>LY ALL ! CITIES ( ,FRANCE4 ,! =TUNES ( !SE ASSOCIATIONS *ANG$ ) ! %IFT+ POLITICAL MOODS ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY3 A ,UNION ( ,ASSOCIATIONS WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#d#i1 EMBRAC+ #ad MEMB] ASSOCIATIONS1 ?AT PLANN$ TO PROVIDE CR$IT & OP5 *ANNELS = COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE BETWE5 ITS COMPON5T 5TITIES4 ,9 ,MAY #a#h#e1 BE=E ! ,UNION C\LD C>RY \T ITS PLAN TO ISSUE BONDS T[>D !SE 5DS1 A PANICK$ GOV]NM5T RAID$ ITS HEADQU>T]S1 JAIL$ ITS LEAD]S1 & MADE IT ILLEGAL4 

,9 ,P>IS ALONE1 AN E/IMAT$ #c WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ( V>I\S K9DS EM]G$1 9 #ab TRADES ) AB\T #e1 PEOPLE4 ,A TYPICAL ASSOCIATION WAS OP5 TO ANY MEMB] ( A TRADE :O C\LD MAKE A NOM9AL 9VE/M5T 9 ITS CAPITAL FUNDS & WAS GUID$ BY ! PR9CIPLES ?AT HAD BE5 \D9$ BY ,BU*EZ & ! PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY4 

,9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$1 !SE ASSOCIATIONS FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% A COOP]ATIVE & EGALIT>IAN SY/EM4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ASSOCIATIONS ?AT C\LD COMPETE SUCCESSFULLY ) PRIVATELY [N$ 5T]PRISES W]E ?OSE ?AT BECAME CAPITALI/IC !MSELVES4 ,EV5 ?OSE ) ! BE/ 9T5TIONS HAD TO JO9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISES1 IF ONLY TO REMA9 VIABLE4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL SU* 5T]PRISES WAS ! ASSOCIATION E/ABLI%$ BY A GR\P ( ,P>ISIAN MASONS 9 #a#h#d#h1 ) %>ES VALU$ AT FIFTY-FIVE FRANCS APIECE1 & ) VISIONS ( FREE+ ALL CON/RUCTION WORK]S FROM WAGE LABOR4 ,BY #aheb !SE VISIONS W]E ALL BUT DEAD1 BUT ! ASSOCIATION WAS SO SUCCESSFUL ECONOMICALLY ?AT ! VALUE ( ITS %>ES HAD SO>$ TO #c1 FRANCS EA*1 & IT F9ALLY CLOS$ ITS DOORS TO NEW MEMB]S4 ,TO MEET ! NE$S ( ITS EXP&+ OP]ATIONS1 IT HIR$ #a1#f WAGE E>N]S4 ,TO COMPLETE ITS CAPITALI/IC TURN1 DUR+ ! MASONS' /RIKE ( #a#h#f#f1 IT TOOK ! SIDE ( ! EMPLOY]S AGA9/ ! /RIK]S4 

,ANO!R PROBLEM ?AT PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS FAC$ W]E ! DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! CONDITIONS ( DIRE MAT]IAL SC>CITY 9 :I* !Y EXI/$4 ,MISMANAGEM5T1 DISPUTES OV] DI/RIBUTIONS ( E>N+S1 DESULTORY ATTITUDES T[>D WORK OBLIGATIONS1 & EV5 !FT BECAME C>D9AL PROBLEMS 9 KEEP+ ! ASSOCIATIONS ALIVE4 ,AS ,B]N>D ,MOSS OBS]VES3 

,= MO/ ASSOCIATIONS LIFE WAS H>D & %ORT4 ,LACK+ CR$IT & CU/OM]S1 MANY W]E ALSO BESET ) ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS & DISPUTES4 ,ELECT$ MANAG]S DID NOT ALWAYS POSSESS ! REQUISITE MANAG]IAL & COMM]CIAL SKILLS4 ,9T]NAL DISPUTES OV] MANAG]IAL AU?ORITY & ! DI/RIBUTION ( E>N+S (T5 L$ TO ! DISMISSAL ( MANAG]S & EXCLUSION & RESIGNATION ( MEMB]S4 .<,( ?OSE = :I* !RE >E RECORDS.>1 MO/ REMA9$ M>G9AL OP]ATIONS1 COMPRIS+ FEW] MEMB]S 9 #ahea ?AN :5 !Y BEGAN4444 ,( =TY-N9E TRADES ?AT />T$ ASSOCIATIONS 9 #a#h#d#i1 ONLY TW5TY-SIX HAD !M 9 #a#h#e#a4 ,S9CE NEW ONES W]E CON/&Y BE+ CREAT$1 !RE W]E /ILL #b 9 ?AT YE>4.<#e.> 

,UND]/&ABLY1 WORK]S 9 PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS DID NOT EXPECT TO RECEIVE ! L[ WAGES ?AT MA/]S & CAPITALI/S TYPICALLY PAID2 NOR WAS ! WORK+ CLASS 9 AN ECONOMIC POSITION TO PUR*ASE ! CONSUM] GOODS PRODUC$ BY ! ASSOCIATIONS1 :5 ASSOCIATIONS TRI$ TO EQUALIZE ! 9COMES ( !IR MEMB]S BY RAIS+ !IR PRICES4 ,NO AM\NT ( E?ICAL COMMITM5T OR WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY C\LD OV]RIDE ! RUMBL+S ( EMPTY /OMA*S4 

,BUT1 9 ! 5D1 IT WAS ! TUGG+ & PU%+ ( M>KET =CES :I* WORK$ AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/IC ASPIRATIONS ( ! PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 COOP]ATIVES1 MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES1 WORK]S' CR$IT 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! LIKE1 & MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO SUCCE$ 9 5D+ COMPETITION OR REPLAC+ ! H>D CORE ( ! CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURIAL & M>KET SY/EM ) A COOP]ATIVE & EGALIT>IAN ONE1 LET ALONE ) !IR VISION ( A SOCIALI/IC SOCIETY4 ,! MO/ ! ASSOCIATIONS C\LD F9ALLY HOPE TO ACCOMPLI% WAS TO EASE ! WORK+ CONDITIONS ( !IR >TISAN MEMB]S1 E/ABLI%+ F$]ATIONS ( PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS & REASONABLY 5D[$ CR$IT 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* ! MORE SUCCESSFUL 5T]PRISES C\LD ASSI/ ?OSE 9 DIFFICULTY4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS WAS SOME?+ ! GOV]NM5T WAS NOT PREP>$ TO LET !M DO ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE SUPPRESS$ MO/ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS :5 HE BECAME EMP]OR1 AL?\< 9 ! #a#h#fS ! EMPIRE BEGAN TO 5C\RAGE A NUMB] ( !M 7(T5 ) ! AID ( ! MORE TEPID ,PR\DHONI/S74 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#fS1 TOO1 TO CURRY FAVOR ) ! WORK]S1 EV5 ,ORLEANI/S1 NOT TO BE \TDONE BY ,BONAP>TI/S & MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS1 E/ABLI%$ !IR [N COOP]ATIVE-ORI5T$ BANK4 ,CLE>LY1 ! /ATE HAD NO?+ TO FE> FROM ! ASSODATIONI/ MOVEM5T2 H[EV] L>GE & MUTUALI/IC !Y BECAME1 ASSOCIATIONS C\LD NEV] HAVE SUPPLANT$ ! CAPITALI/ & M>KET SY/EM ?AT WAS GA9+ 9CREAS+ COMM& OV] ! ,FR5* ECONOMY4 ,BLANC'S ASSODATIONI/ VISION C\LD HAVE L$ ONLY TO A SL[$ 5TRY ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM 9TO ,FRANCE & A MITIGATION ( ITS WOR/ ABUSES4 ,BUT 9 NO S5SE C\LD IT HAVE REPLAC$ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 ,FRANCE4 

0,! ,L,I,T,T,L,E ,N,A,P,O,L,E,O,N0 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] A BY-ELECTION F9ALLY 9JECT$ A ,BONAP>TE 9TO ! ,ASSEMBLY :]E1 ) APPROPRIATE MODE/Y1 HE BETRAY$ NO 9KL+ ( ANY ASPIRATIONS TO GREAT] P[]4 0,NAPOLEON LE PETIT0 70! LITTLE ,NAPOLEON10 AS ,VICTOR ,HUGO CALL$ HIM7 WAS ! SON ( ,NAPOLEON'S BRO!R1 ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4 ,FOLL[+ ! E>LY DEA? ( ,NAPOLEON'S [N SON1 ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON HAD BECOME HEAD ( ! ,BONAP>TE FAMILY1 & ) IT HE 9H]IT$ ALL ! ,NAPOLEONIC PRET5SIONS ?AT CAME ) ! NAME4 ,HIS Y\? HAD BE5 SP5T 9 ,SWITZ]L& & ,G]MANY-- LIKE ALL ,BONAP>TE NOTABLES1 HE SPOKE ,FR5* ) A =EIGN ACC5T--AFT] :I* HE DRIFT$ TO ,ITALY & !N ,FRANCE1 :]E A COMIC ATTEMPT AT 9SURRECTION OBLIG$ HIM TO SEEK EXILE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,5GL& ,! 0PR9CE10 AS HE WAS KN[N TO HIS SUPPORT]S1 RETURN$ TO ,FRANCE AS A 0DTIZ50 RA!R ?AN AS A PRET5D] TO ! ?RONE1 & HIS ABILITY TO HOLD HIS TONGUE1 TO LI/5 POLITDY1 & TO BEHAVE ALMO/ DEMURDY E>N$ HIM SUPPORT AMONG ! MORE GUILELESS DEPUTIES ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 9CLUD+ ,HUGO & ,PR\DHON4 ,HAV+ BE5 9 EXILE DUR+ ! MO/ HECTIC EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 9CLUD+ ! ,JUNE ,DAYS1 ,L\IS--UNLIKE ! LIB]ALS :O HAD SO ABJECTLY FAIL$ ! WORK]S--APPE>$ UNT>NI%$ & ALMO/ VIRG9AL POLITICALLY4 ,:5 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT HIS PRES5CE AS AN ,ASSEMBLY REPRES5TATIVE WAS AN EMB>RASSM5T TO NE>LY ALL FACTIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 HE POLITELY )DREW FROM ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & SEEM$ TO HOLD HIS PEACE1 AL?\< NO ONE C\LD =GET ?AT HE WAS WAIT+ 9 ! W+S4 

,PR9CE ,L\IS PRUD5DY /E]$ A C\RSE BETWE5 ALL ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES 9 ,FRANCE--A POLICY ?AT WAS TO BE CALL$ ,BONAP>TISM--CONC5TRAT+ HIS EF=TS ON RE/OR+ ! ,BONAP>TE DYNA/Y & ITS =TUNES4 ,9DE$1 ! ESS5CE ( HIS SUCCESS WAS HIS ABILITY TO SEEM TO BE EV]Y?+ TO EV]YBODY4 ,TO ! WORK]S1 :O BEGAN TO VOTE = HIM 9 DROVES1 HE PR(ESS$ AN 9T]E/ 9 SODALISM1 EV5 A WILL+NESS TO MAKE ! RI* PAY ! EXP5SES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ! B\RGEOISIE & NOTABLES1 HE PROMIS$ ORD] & AN 9T5TION TO DISDPL9E ! MASSES1 P>TICUL>LY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS = ! PEASANTS1 !Y ASSOCIAT$ HIM ) ! ORIG9AL ,NAPOLEON1 :O HAD CONSOLIDAT$ ! GA9S ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ON !IR BEHALF AGA9/ FEUDAL EXACTIONS4 ,9 FACT1 ! =TY-FIVE-C5TIME TAX ?AT HAD SO 9FURIAT$ ! PEASANTRY 5C\RAG$ A REVIVAL ( ! MY/IQUE ( ,NAPOLEON LE GR&1 :O HAD ONCE PROVID$ ! ,FR5* ) LA GLOIRE1 9T]NAL /ABILITY1 & DECISIVE IF AU?ORIT>IAN LEAD]%IP4 ,! ORIG9AL ,NAPOLEON'S VICTORY AT ,AU/]LITZ WAS REMEMB]$ F> MORE VIVIDLY ?AN ! T]RIBLE LOSSES SUFF]$ BY ! ,GR& ,>MY 9 ITS RETREAT FROM ,MOSC[4 

,MEAN:ILE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAD WRITT5 A CON/ITUTION = ! TOM & MUTILAT$ NATION1 :I* IT F9ALLY PROCLAIM$ ON ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#h#d#h4 ,IT E/ABLI%$ ! (FICE ( PRESID5T1 BUT 9 AN EF=T TO F5D (F ! POSSIBLE REEM]G5CE ( MON>*Y1 IT /IPULAT$ ?AT ! PRESID5T C\LD NOT BE REELECT$ AFT] ! EXPIRATION ( HIS S+LE F\R-YE> T]M4 ,IT ALSO CREAT$ A S+LE*AMB] ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY ?AT1 LIKE ! PRESID5T1 WAS TO BE ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL ADULT MALE SUFFRAGE4 ,NE>LY EV]YONE C\LD SEE ?AT ! CON/ITUTION W\LD 9EVITABLY SELF-DE/RUCT1 S9CE ! AU?ORS HAD FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% ANY WAY 9 :I* ! TWO BRAN*ES ( GOV]NM5T C\LD POSSIBLY ADJUDICATE !IR DIFF]5CES 9 ! EV5T ( A S]I\S CLA% ( AU?ORITY4 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#d#h1 ! NATION W5T TO ! POLLS TO ELECT ! (FICIALS TO 9HABIT ?IS GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE--& ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,FR5*M5 SEEM$ TO WANT TO TAKE !IR REV5GE ON ! NE>LY MORIBUND ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,( ! ?REE M5 ( NATIONAL /ATURE :O RAN = ! PRESID5CY1 ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE RECEIV$ #e4#e MILLION VOTES \T ( #g4#e CA/ ,HIS MO/ IMPORTANT OPPON5T1 ,G5]AL ,CAVAIGNAC1 ! D>L+ ( ! MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS1 RECEIV$ ONLY #a4#e MILLION1 & ,LAM>T9E1 A HUMILIAT+ #a#h14 ,A ,BONAP>TE-- ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON--WAS N[ PRESID5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,LEFT WAS /ILL AN ACTIVE PRES5CE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 ANTICIPATION ( ELECTIONS = ,ASSEMBLY REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,MAY #a#h#d#i1 ! ,MONTAGN>DS & DEMOC-SOCS W5T TO WORK 9 E>NE/1 HOLD+ BANQUETS1 CREAT+ ELECTORAL ALLIANCES1 & (F]+ JO9T C&IDACIES = ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! C\NTRY WAS %>PLY POL>IZ$ POLITICALLY4 ,AS ,LE ,NATIONAL SUMM>IZ$ IT3 0,TODAY !RE >E ONLY TWO P>TIES LEFT 9 ,EUROPE--! ,P>TY ( ,REVOLUTION & ! P>TY ( C\NT]-,REVOLUTION4444 ,! DAYS = MIDDLE-(-!-ROAD POLICIES & HESITATION HAVE PASS$40.<#e#a.> ,AL?\< DIE ,MAY ELECTION RESULTS PACK$ ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON ) MON>*I/S--NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( !M ,LEGITIMI/S--IT ALSO CON/ITUT$ A VICTORY = ! ,LEFT BY RETURN+ #ae ,MONTAGN>D REPRES5TATIVES1 A PROPORTION ?AT SURPASS$ ?AT ( ! MOD]ATES4 ,! C5T] WAS BEG9N+ TO WI!R AWAY1 ITS CON/ITU5TS DRIFT+ TO ! ,RI<T OR TO ! ,LEFT--A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( A GR[+ POLITICAL CRISIS4 

,MEAN:ILE 9 ,ROME1 A REVOLUTION>Y REPUBLIC1 9SPIR$ BY ! ,FR5* EXAMPLE1 HAD EM]G$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#d#i1 AS A RESULT ( :AT WAS 0! NE>E/ ?+ TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 #ahdh \TSIDE ,FRANCE40 ,AL?\< ! REPUBLIC WAS PRESID$ OV] BY ! ROMANTIC REPUBLICAN NATIONALI/ ,MAZZ9I1 IT MADE SOCIAL ADVANCES AS WELL1 P>TICUL>LY WEAK5+ ! P[] ( ! ,*UR*2 ! C>RIAGES ( C>D9ALS1 :OSE R$ ROBES W]E SAID TO BE ! BLOOD ( ! POOR1 W]E OV]TURN$ & SET ABLAZE1 ! (FICES ( ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION W]E CONV]T$ TO H\S+ = ! POOR1 & MO/ SIGNIFIC&Y1 SOME ( ! L&HOLD+S ( ! ,*UR* W]E CONFISCAT$ & DI/RIBUT$ TO ! PEASANTS AS LEASEHOLDS4 0,ROME & ,V5ICE10 SAYS ,ROB]TSON1 0W]E ! ONLY PLACES 9 ,EUROPE ?AT D>$ TO C>RY !IR REVOLUTIONS TO ! V]Y LIMIT SET BY ,FRANCE40.<#e#b.> 

,! ,POPE1 HORRIFI$ BY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 CALL$ UPON ,CA?OLIC ,FRANCE = ASSI/ANCE1 & ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON1 :O WAS C\RT+ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,*UR* & ( ,FR5* ,CA?OLICS G5]ALLY1 WAS ONLY TOO HAPPY TO COME TO HIS AID4 ,FIVE MON?S AFT] ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC1 ON ,APRIL #c1 HE S5T A ,FR5* EXP$ITION>Y =CE S\? TO ,ROME1 !RE TO CRU% ! 9SURG5CY4 

,EV5 ! MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICANS 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY EXPLOD$ AT ?IS \TRAGE4 ,?IS USE ( MILIT>Y =CE WAS A VIOLATION NOT ONLY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY'S WI%ES BUT ( ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 :I* OBLIG$ ! PRESID5T TO GA9 ! ,ASSEMBLY'S CONS5T BE=E US+ ! >MY ABROAD4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#a1 ,L$RU-,ROLL9--! LA/ PROM95T1 O/5SIBLY REPUBLICAN LEAD] 9 ,FRANCE--TRI$ TO BR+ A BILL ( IMPEA*M5T AGA9/ ! PRESID5T & HIS M9I/]S4 ,! NEXT DAY ! MAJORITY ,P>TY ( ,ORD] PLACIDLY REJECT$ ?IS DEF5SE ( ITS [N CON/ITUTIONAL P[]1 9 :AT CAN ONLY HAVE BE5 AN ACT ( PROVOCATION AGA9/ ! ,LEFT ,! ,MONTAGN>DS FELL = IT & /ORM$ \T ( ! ,ASSEMBLY 9 PETULANT PROTE/--A FATAL TACTIC ?AT LEFT ! GOV]NM5T 5TIRELY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,LEFT'S OPPON5TS 9 ! MID/ ( A MAJOR CRISIS4 

,TWO DAYS LAT] ! ,MONTAGN>DS PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS 0\TSIDE ! ,CON/ITUTION10 & ON ,JUNE #ac !Y ORGANIZ$ A PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION TO PROTE/ ! ,ROMAN EXP$ITION4 ,?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$1 MA9LY UN>M$ ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 AS WELL AS MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLICANS & MEMB]S ( ! WORK]S' SECRET SOCIETIES1 M>*+ COLLECTIVELY TO ! CRY ( 0,LONG LIVE ! ,CON/ITUTION60 ,BUT AWAIT+ ! DEMON/RATORS AT ! 5D ( ! ,RUE DE LA ,PAIX W]E ! DRAGOONS & *ASSEURS ( ,G5]AL ,*ANGAMI]1 :O SWIFDY SCATT]$ ! CR[D 9TO ! SIDE /REETS4 ,! MORE RESOLUTE ,MONTAGN>DS & WORK]S TRI$ TO MAKE AN >M$ /& AT ! ,MUSEUM ( ,>TS & ,TRADES1 BUT IT COLLAPS$ MIS]ABLY :5 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D FAIL$ TO SUPPORT !M4 ,:]E ! WORK]S 9 ! ,JUNE #ahdh 9SURRECTION HAD CALL$ = ! 0ORGANIZATION ( WORK0 UND] ! SLOGAN 0BREAD OR LEAD0-- ?AT IS1 = BASIC DEM&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS--! DEMON/RATION ( ,JUNE #ahdi RAIS$ ! =MAL REPUBLICAN DEM&S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,OR AS ,M>X OBS]V$3 0,IF ,JUNE #b#c1 #a#h#d#h1 WAS ! 9SURRECTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 ,JUNE #a#c1 #a#h#d#i1 WAS ! 9SURRECTION ( ! DEMOCRATIC PETTY B\RGEOIS1 EA* ( !SE TWO 9SURRECTIONS BE+ ! CLASSICALLY PURE EXPRESSION ( ! CLASS :I* HAD BE5 ITS VEHICLE40.<#e#c.> ,IT M>K$ ! DEF9ITIVE DEFEAT ( ! ,LEFT 9 ,FR5* POLITICS = MORE ?AN A DECADE4 ,! GOV]NM5T US$ ! OCCASION TO DECL>E A /ATE ( SIEGE1 PASS A NEW LAW ?AT BANN$ ! CLUBS COMPLETELY1 & TI<T5 ! PRESS LAWS /ILL FUR!R1 UNTIL NO PAP] MORE RADICAL ?AN ,LE ,NATIONAL C\LD APPE>4 ,AS REPRESSION DRAGG$ ! ,REVOLUTION BACKW>D1 ! 0LEAD]S0 ( ! ,JUNE #ac DEMON/RATION W]E TRI$1 & ! JAILS W]E FILL$ ) ,MONTAGN>DS & REAL OR SUSPECT$ SOCIALI/S4 

,:5 NEWS ( ! EV5TS 9 ,P>IS REA*$ ,LYON1 TOGE!R ) ! NEWS ?AT ! ,FR5* >MY HAD BE5 US$ AGA9/ ! ,ROMAN REPUBLICANS1 9SURG5CY ONCE AGA9 /IRR$ ! CITY4 ,! ,LYONNAIS ROSE 9 9SURRECTION ON ,JUNE #a#d1 #a#h#d#i1 ]ECT+ B>RICADES & RAID+ GUN %OPS1 BUT ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ L9E TROOPS ( ! GOV]NM5T & P>TICUL>LY !IR >TILL]Y PUT AN 5D TO ! UPRIS+ 9 ONLY TWO DAYS4 ,AS A HI/ORIAN ( ! REVOLT OBS]VES3 

,! C>ROT-&-/ICK APPROA* ( 5C\RAG+ ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE & DISC\RAG+ POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 9ITIAT$ UND] ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC & ELABORAT$ UND] ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE .<( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE.>1 SEEM$ TO HAVE EXT+UI%$ ! RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ,LYON4.<#e#d.> 

,! PR9CE-PRESID5T N[ MADE A T\R ( ! PROV9CES1 DRUMM+ UP SUPPORT = HIS ADM9I/RATION &1 ABOVE ALL1 HIMSELF1 :ILE ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 COMPLETELY CONTROLL$ BY ,P>TY ( ,ORD]1 PREP>$ TO RE/RICT ! FRAN*ISE4 ,ON ,MAY #c#a1 #a#h#e1 ! ,ASSEMBLY DIS5FRAN*IZ$ SOME ?REE MILLION VOT]S1 MA9LY MOBILE WORK]S :O W\LD HAVE VOT$ = ! DEMOC-SOCS1 BY REQUIR+ EVID5CE ( A ?REE-YE> RESID5CE 9 A GIV5 ELECTORAL CON/ITU5CY4 ,IT ALSO 5ACT$ AN $UCATIONAL 0RE=M10 PROPOS$ BY ! OV]ZEAL\S ,FALL\X1 ?AT GRANT$ CONSID]ABLE P[] TO ! ,*UR* 9 ! S*OOLS1 :ILE ADH]5TS ( ! PR9CE-PRESID5T CIRCULAT$ PETITIONS TO ALL[ HIM TO RUN = A SECOND PRESID5TIAL T]M1 AGA9 9 FLAT VIOLATION ( ! CON/ITUTION4 

,BONAP>TE HAD G>N]$ WIDE POPUL> SUPPORT AMONG ! PEASANTS1 & HE HAD EV5 LUR$ MANY WORK]S 9TO HIS CAMP BY CALL+ = A RETURN ( EXIL$ ,JUNE 9SURG5TS & A RE/ORATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,SO CONFID5T WAS HE ( POPUL> SUPPORT ?AT HE N[ FELT ?AT HE C\LD DISSOLVE ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,ON ! FATEFUL NI<T ( ,DECEMB] #a1#a#h#e#a1 ASSUR$ ( ! >MY'S AID & ! QUIESC5CE ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S1 HE >RE/$ ! MAJOR ,ASSEMBLY LEAD]S & ORD]$ ! MILIT>Y TO OCCUPY ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON4 ,9 A PROCLAMATION ! NEXT DAY1 ,DECEMB] #b1 JU/IFY+ ?IS C\P D'ETAT1 HE CONDEMN$ ! ,ASSEMBLY = BE+ 0A HOT-B$ ( S$ITION10 = 0=G+ WEAPONS = CIVIL W>10 9DE$1 = 0MAK+ A BID = ! P[] :I* ,I WIELD DIRECDY BY VIRTUE ( ! PEOPLE'S WILL40.<#e#e.> ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 9 EFFECT1 ACCUS$ ! ,ASSEMBLY ( DAMAG+ ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ?AT HE HIMSELF WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( JETTISON+4 

,POLICE ACC\NTS REPORT ?AT1 AMID CRIES ( 0,TO >MS60 B>RICADES W5T UP 9 ! ,RUE ,RAMBUTEAU1 AT ! 9T]SECTION ( ! ,RUE ,SA9T-,D5IS & ! ,RUE ,SA9T-,M>T94 ,BUT BY ,DECEMB] #d1 ! >MY C\LD LACONICALLY REPORT3 0,P>IS IS QUIET4 ,! B>RICADES ?AT W]E ]ECT$ LA/ NI<T W]E REMOV$ )\T DIFFICULTY40.<#e#f.> ,A /AFF CAPTA9 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D TN$ TO ACC\NT = ! LACK ( RESI/ANCE TO ! C\P3 

! UNPOPUL>ITY ( ! *AMB]1 ! SURPRISE & ! REM>KABLE WAY ! >RE/S W]E TIM$ TO TAKE PLACE AT ! SAME MOM5T--! ATTITUDE ( ! >MY1 TOO1 P]HAPS--MEANT ?AT 9 ! 5D NO?+ V]Y NA/Y HAPP5$4444 ,Y\ KN[1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ?OSE G5DEM5 .<! DEPUTIES.> W]E >RE/$ )\T ANY %[ ( RESI/ANCE ,AMONG ! WORK]S--9DIFF]5CE1 ALMO/ APPROBATION4.<#e#g.> 

,EV5 ,LYON1 :I* HAD RIS5 ON ,M>* #ac ( ! PREVI\S YE>1 MADE VIRTUALLY NO EF=T TO RESI/ ! PR9CE-PRESID5T'S C\P1 & REPORTS FROM O!R PROV9CIAL CITIES SUGGE/ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 AWAIT+ NEWS ( RESI/ANCE 9 ,P>IS BE=E UND]TAK+ IT !MSELVES4 

,IT WAS MA9LY 9 MORE REMOTE S\!RN >EAS1 SU* AS ,PROV5CE1 ?AT S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO ! C\P OCCURR$4 ,EV] S9CE ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 ,MONTAGN>D & DEMOC- SOC AGITATORS HAD BE5 WORK+ H>D TO LOOS5 ! GRASP ( EXTREME CONS]VATISM ON ! ,FR5* PEASANTS4 ,!Y SUCCE$$1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 FULFILL+ ,BLANQUI'S HOPES FROM ! SPR+ ( #ahdh ?AT ! PEASANTS1 GIV5 5\< TIME1 C\LD BECOME RECEPTIVE TO ! NEW POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y HAD LE>N$ AB\T ! DEMOCRATIC-SOCIALI/ IDEAS ?AT HAD BE5 POPUL> 9 ! ,P>ISIAN NEI<BORHOODS & CLUBS ( #a#h#d#h1 & !Y PROV$ TO BE EV5 MORE RESPONSIVE ?AN ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S C\LD HAVE EXPECT$4 ,PEASANTS 9 AB\T ?IRTE5 DEP>TM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 S\!RN & C5TRAL ,FRANCE1 ACTUALLY TOOK UP >MS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,REPUBLIC AGA9/ ,BONAP>TE & EMBATTL$ !MSELVES ) ! SUP]IOR =CES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,BUT ! REGIME /RUCK BACK SWIFDY & EFFECTIVELY3 APPROXIMATELY #b#g1 PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ OR PROSECUT$ 9 ABS5TIA1 ( :OM SOME #a#e1 W]E S5T5C$ TO IMPRISONM5T & #i1 DEPORT$4 ,MANY ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 9CLUD+ TRADE UNIONS1 W]E CLOS$ D[N4 ,AFT] TWO PLEBISCITES 7ON ,DECEMB] #b#a1 #a#h#e#a1 & ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #a#h#e#b7 /AG$ BY ,NAPOLEON LE PETIT1 ,FRANCE BECAME AN EMPIRE1 IF NO?+ ELSE ?AN 9 NAME1 & ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE AN EMP]OR4 ,9 MU* ( ,FRANCE1 ! EV5TS ( #a#h#d#h-#d#i FAD$ FROM COLLECTIVE MEMORY1 OP5+ TWO DECADES ( M$IOCRITY & BANALITY 9 ,FR5* HI/ORY4 

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