,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #f1 ,*APT] #bf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#f4 ,! ,9COMPLETE ,REVOLUTION 

,! CONFLICT OV] :AT K9D ( REPUBLIC W\LD FOLL[ ! MON>*Y BEGAN ALMO/ AT ! V]Y MOM5T ! K+ FL$ ,P>IS4 ,SOME 9SURG5TS1 TO BE SURE1 W]E CONT5T TO OCCUPY ! ,TUIL]IES & C>ICATURE ! NOBILITY BY SITT+ AT ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE'S VACAT$ D9+ TABLE & PLAYFULLY ADDRESS+ ONE ANO!R AS 0DUKE0 & 0M>QUIS40 ,BUT ?\S&S ( O!RS1 >M$ ) MUSKETS1 BAYONETS1 PIKES1 & SWORDS1 RAC$ TO ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 :]E ! PANICK$ ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS 9 SESSION1 & TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 :]E ,P>IS TRADITIONALLY E/ABLI%$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TS4 ,! CITY'S MA9 /REETS & B\LEV>DS W]E CLOGG$ ) PEOPLE JOY\SLY %\T+ HUZZAHS1 S++ ! 0,M>SEILLAISE10 & CALL+ = A REPUBLIC4 ,!Y WAV$ R$ FLAGS AS WELL AS ! TRICOLOR--SYMBOLIC PORT5TS ( ! DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E SOON TO DIVIDE ! CAPITAL BETWE5 SUPPORT]S ( A CONV5TIONAL MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLIC & ?OSE ( A 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 

,! ,P,R,O,V,I,S,I,O,N,A,L ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T 

,= GUIDANCE1 ?OSE 9SURG5TS :O S\<T POLITICAL DIRECTION 9 =M+ A NEW GOV]NM5T TURN$ TO ! $ITORS ( ! TWO MAJOR REPUBLICAN NEWSPAP]S4 ,! MORE MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS CLU/]$ >\ND ,LE ,NATIONAL1 :OSE $ITOR WAS ! MOD]ATE BUT ANTI-SOCIALI/ REPUBLICAN ,>M& ,M>RA/2 ! WORK]S GRAVITAT$ T[>D ! (FICES ( ,LA ,RE=ME1 :OSE $ITOR1 ,F]D9& ,FLOCON1 EXHIBIT$ MORE RADICAL REPUBLICAN T5D5CIES4 ,! TWO P]IODICALS HAD BE5 BITT] RIVALS BE=E ! UPRIS+1 BUT N[ ! NE$ TO >RIVE AT A COMMON LI/ ( REPUBLICANS :O W\LD MAKE UP A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS IMP]ATIVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BLANC1 ! JOB ( NEGOTIAT+ SU* A LI/ WAS UND]TAK5 BY HIMSELF1 REPRES5T+ ,LA ,RE=ME1 & BY ONE ,M4 ,M>T9 ( ,/RASB\RG1 = ,LE ,NATIONAL4 

,! TWO M5 >RIV$ AT A MUTUALLY AGREEABLE LI/ ?AT BO? NEWSPAP]S F\ND ACCEPTABLE1 & SC>CELY BE=E ! FI<T+ HAD COME TO AN 5D ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 ,BLANC READ IT \T TO ! HUGE CR[D GA!R$ BE=E ! (FICE ( ,LA ,RE=ME4 ,! LI/ 9CLUD$ SEV]AL LONG/&+ REPUBLICANS1 AS ONE MI<T EXPECT1 9CLUD+ ! V5]ABLE ,JACQUES ,DUPONT DE ,L',EURE1 :O HAD BE5 POLITICALLY ACTIVE 9 ! ,DIRECTORY DUR+ ! DOS+ YE>S ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION2 ,FRANCOIS ,>AGO1 :OSE PR9CIPAL CR$5TIAL WAS HIS REPUTATION AS AN \T/&+ A/RONOM]2 ,ALEX&RE ,L$RU-,ROLL91 G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS A RADICAL REPUBLICAN2 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ! SOCIALI/2 & ,M>RA/ & ,FLOCON1 :O REPRES5T$ ! CON/ITU5CIES ( !IR RESPECTIVE NEWSPAP]S4 

,BUT ! LI/ ALSO CONTA9$ MANY ]/:ILE CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S :O HAD SUDD5LY UND]GONE A CONV]SION TO REPUBLICANISM 9 ! LA/ DAY OR TWO4 ,ALPHONSE DE ,LAM>T9E1 A POET & >I/OCRAT1 HAD BE5 A MON>*I/ SYMPA?IZ] UNTIL ! EV5+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #bd & P]HAPS LAT]1 BUT HIS NAME WAS PLAC$ ON ! LI/1 AS W]E ! NAMES ( ,ALEX&RE ,?OMAS ,M>IE1 A LAWY] & OPPOSITION DEPUTY :OSE CONV]SION TO MOD]ATE REPUBLICANISM WAS AS NEWBORN & T5U\S AS ,LAM>T9E'S2 ,ADOLPHE ,CREMIEUX1 A DEPUTY :O HAD 9ITIALLY SUPPORT$ A MON>*ICAL REG5CY TO REPLACE ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE2 ,L\IS- ,ANTO9E ,GAMI]-,PAGES1 ANO!R OPPOSITION DEPUTY1 :OSE DUBI\S REPUBLICANISM REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,GAMI]-,PAGES1 9 FACT1 HAD NO SYMPA?Y = RADICAL REPUBLICANS1 & :ATEV] PRE/IGE HE HAD AMONG WORK+ PEOPLE CAME FROM ! REFLECT$ GLORY ( HIS LATE BRO!R1 :O HAD BE5 AN >D5T REPUBLICAN LEAD]4 

,MASSIVE CR[DS GA!R$ B5EA? ! W9D[S ( ! ,RE=ME (FICES1 ,BLANC REC\NTS1 & ! NAMES ( ! PROPOS$ GOV]NM5T MEMB]S W]E READ \T = !IR APPROVAL4 ,AL?\< ! NAMES ( ,BLANC & ,FLOCON PLEAS$ ! CR[D1 !Y W]E DIS9CL9$ TO ACCEPT A GOV]NM5T MADE UP ( SO MANY =M] MON>*I/S & MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS4 ,!Y RECALL$ ONLY TOO VIVIDLY H[ JU/ SU* MOD]ATES HAD /OL5 !IR UPRIS+ ( #a#h#c1 & !Y CONSID]$ IT A MATT] ( ! UTMO/ URG5CY ?AT ! SAME ?+ %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO HAPP5 AGA94 ,A CRY W5T UP TO ADD ! NAME ( ,ALB]T1 ! NOM DE GU]RE ( ,ALEX&RE ,M>T91 A BUTTONMAK] :O WAS HI<LY REG>D$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S = HIS REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS & ACTIVITIES4 ,A WELL-KN[N SOCIALI/1 HE HAD CLOSE TIES TO ! SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,) A WORK] LIKE HIM SITT+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ! CR[D ASSUM$1 NO MEASURE DETRIM5TAL TO ! 9T]E/S ( WORK+ PEOPLE W\LD GO UN*ALL5G$4 ,& :5 A RUMOR SPREAD ?AT OV] AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS PREP>+ TO ACCEPT ! REG5CY ( ! ,DU*ESS ( ,ORLEANS & H] Y\NG SON1 ! ,C\NT ( ,P>IS1 ! CR[D FLEW 9TO A RAGE & HEAD$ OV] TO ! PALACE TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS PROSPEC,L 

,! RUMOR WAS MORE ?AN JU/IFI$4 ,AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON ! ,ORLEANI/S & ! OLD DYNA/IC OPPOSITION W]E /ILL HOP+ ?AT ! OLD K+ C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A REG5CY ( ! DU*ESS & ! C\NT4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ! DEBATE OV] ?IS REG5CY ?AT ! 9SURG5T CR[D BUR/ 9TO ! ,*AMB]4 ,WEAPONS 9 H&1 !Y PROVOCATIVELY AIM$ SOME ( !M AT ! SPEAK]'S RO/RUM4 ,AS ,TOCQUEVILLE TELLS US3 

,L\D BL[S W]E HE>D AT ! DOOR ( ONE ( .<! GALL]IES1.> & YIELD+ TO ! /RA91 ! DOOR BUR/ 9TO ATOMS4 ,9 A MOM5T ! GALL]Y WAS 9VAD$ BY AN >M$ MOB ( M51 :O NOISILY FILL$ IT & SOON AFT]W>DS ALL ! O!RS4 ,A MAN ( ! L[] ORD]S1 PLAC+ ONE FOOT ON ! COMICE1 PO9T$ HIS GUN AT ! ,PRESID5T & ! SPEAK]2 O!RS SEEM$ TO LEVEL !IRS AT ! ASSEMBLY4.<#d#a#f.> 

,AMID ! MELEE1 ! DU*ESS & H] SON EXTRICAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! SC5E AS QUICKLY AS !Y C\LD1 FOLL[$ BY DEPUTIES ( ! ,RI<T & MANY MOD]ATE FACTIONS1 LEAV+ ! *AMB] HALF EMPTY4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! REMA9+ LEGISLATORS W]E UNN]V$ & TRI$ TO MAKE !MSELVES AS 9CONSPICU\S AS POSSIBLE4 ,! PRESID5T ( ! ,*AMB]1 AFT] TRY+ 9 VA9 TO =MALLY CLOSE ! SESSION1 SIMPLY H&$ OV] ! PALACE TO ! CR[D1 :I* RECON/ITUT$ ITSELF AS A POPUL> LEGISLATURE IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY LEGALITIES4 

,P>TLY AT ! PROMPT+ ( ,TOCQUEVILLE1 ! POET ,LAM>T9E HAD TAK5 ! SPEAK]'S RO/RUM4 ,LAM>T9E HAD 9ITIALLY FAVOR$ ! DU*ESS'S BID = ! ?RONE1 BUT EV] PLIABLE & ADAPTABLE1 ! ELEGANT >I/OCRAT WAS NO?+ IF NOT A C>E]I/4 ,A =M] MON>*I/1 ?IS POLITICAL FLIRT N[ EXUD$ A SPIRIT ( FRAT]NITE--DRAP+ HIMSELF 9 ! TRICOLOR & APPLAUD+ ! REPUBLIC1 AT A TIME :5 ITS ASC5DANCY WAS CLE>LY IRRESI/IBLE4 

,TOCQUEVILLE1 :O HAD MOM5T>ILY LEFT ! ,*AMB] TO SEE TO ! SAFETY ( ! DU*ESS1 RETURN$ TO F9D ?AT 0CONFUSION WAS AT ITS HEI<T0 ,LAM>T9E WAS CONV]S+ ) ! CR[D >\ND HIM RA!R ?AN ORAT+1 & SEV]AL SPEAK]S W]E TRY+ TO MAKE !IR PO9TS ALL AT ONCE1 SO ?AT 0!RE SEEM$ TO BE ALMO/ AS MANY ORATORS AS LI/5]S40 ,F9ALLY SOMEONE1 APP>5DY ,L$RU- ,ROLL91 H&$ ,LAM>T9E ! LI/ ( NAMES ?AT HAD BE5 5DORS$ BY ! CR[D BE=E ,LA ,RE=ME A FEW H\RS E>LI]4.<#d#a#g.> 0,9 A MOM5T ( SEMI-SIL5CE10 REC\NTS ,TOCQUEVILLE1 0,LAM>T9E BEGAN TO READ \T A LI/ CONTA9+ ! NAMES ( PEOPLE PROPOS$ BY ,I DON'T KN[ :OM TO TAKE %>E 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 DECRE$1 NOBODY KN[S H[40.<#d#a#h.> ,AS EA* NAME WAS CALL$1 ! CR[D %\T$ ITS APPROVAL4 

,BUT WIS] HEADS 9 ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON KNEW ?AT ?IS 5DORSEM5T BY :AT REMA9$ ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES C\LD H>DLY SUFFICE TO CONSECRATE AN 9SURG5T GOV]NM5T 9 ,P>IS4 ,REVOLUTION>Y PROTOCOL REQUIR$ ?AT ANY NEW GOV]NM5T HAD TO BE SWORN 9 AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE & ONLY AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ?IS SITUATION1 ?OSE :O WI%$ TO H>NESS ! REVOLUTION & PUT IT 9 A CONV5TIONAL MIDDLE-CLASS BRIDLE HAD NOT A MOM5T TO LOSE3 9 !IR ABS5CE A MORE REVOLUTION>Y REGIME C\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE AT ANY TIME4 ,FROM SOME:]E 9 ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 AS ,TOCQUEVILLE TELLS US1 ! CRY W5T UP3 0,TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE60 ,TO :I* 0,LAM>T9E E*O$1 ',YES1 TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1' & W5T \T =?)1 TAK+ HALF ! CR[D ) HIM40.<#d#a#i.> 

,LAM>T9E'S [N MEMOIRS GIVE US A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T ACC\NT--ONE ?AT SELF- FLATT]+LY CLAIMS ?AT ! WIS] HEAD ?AT 9ITIAT$ ! DEP>TURE WAS HIS [N4 ,CONSI/5DY REF]R+ TO HIMSELF 9 ! ?IRD P]SON1 HE WRITES ) IMPECCABLE H9DSI<T1 

,LAM>T9E HAD 9TUITIVELY FELT ?AT IF ?IS PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T W]E 9/ALL$ AT ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 OR AT ! (FICE ( ! M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR1 IT W\LD PROBABLY BE ATTACK$ & ANNIHILAT$ BE=E NI<T4 ,! CIVIL /RIFE :I* HAD BE5 EXT+UI%$ BY ! PROCLAMATION ( ?IS GOV]NM5T W\LD BE REK9DL$ 9 ! EV5+ BETWE5 TWO RIVAL ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ! HEAD QU>T]S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,PALACE ( ! ,PEOPLE1 ! ,M\NT ,AV5T9E ( S$IUONS1 WAS OCCUPI$ BY 9NUM]ABLE MULTITUDES ( PEOPLE FROM ! SURR\ND+ QU>T]S1 & FROM ! >M$ FAUB\RGS4 ,!SE MASSES1 DIRECT$ BY ! MO/ 5T]PRIS+ & 9TREPID M51 W\LD NOT FAIL1 ON HE>+ ! DEFEAT ( ROYALTY1 ! FLI<T ( ! REG5CY1 & ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION1 TO NAME A GOV]NM5T = !MSELVES4 ,! SANGU9>Y AN>*IES & TYRANNIES ( ! ,COMMONS ( ,P>IS UND] ! FIR/ REPUBLIC NATURALLY OCCURR$ 9 ! ?\<TS ( ,LAM>T9E4 ,HE 9/&Y SAW !M AFRE% 9 ALL !IR HORROR1 /ILL FUR!R AUGM5T$ BY ?OSE ELEM5TS ( SOCIAL /RIFE :I* ! ABSURD DOCTR9ES ( COMMUNISM1 SOCIALISM1 & EXPROPRIATION W]E CAUS+ TO F]M5T1 & W\LD CAUSE TO BUR/ =? 9 !SE MASSES ( WORKM51 DE/ITUTE ( FOOD1 BUT POSSESS$ ( >MS4.<#d#b.> 

,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,SE9E A NEW 9SURRECDON WAS 9DE$ BREW+ 9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE1 ! HUGE SQU>E ?AT OP5$ \T BE=E ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 AS WELL AS 9SIDE ! LABYR9?9E CITY HALL ITSELF4 ,HUGE CR[DS ( >M$ WORK]S1 BR&I%+ MUSKETS1 BAYONETS1 PIKES1 & SWORDS1 C>RY+ TOR*ES1 & WAV+ R$ FLAGS1 HAD MASS$ 9 ! >EA1 OCCUPY+ ! BUILD+ & ! SQU>E & SPILL+ OV] 9TO ! NE>BY /REETS1 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE !IR REVOLUTION ) A GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N *OOS+4 

,H>DLY ANYONE AT ?IS 0,M\NT ,AV5T9E ( S$ITIONS0 SEEM$ AW>E ?AT AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 0! REVOLUTION0--?AT IS1 ,LAM>T9E & ! O!RS ON ! LI/1 SOME ( :OM HAD BE5 TRY+ TO 9/ALL ! DU*ESS AS REG5T ONLY A FEW H\RS E>LI]--HAD E/ABLI%$ A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T 9 !IR ABS5CE & )\T !IR CONS5T ,MOREOV]1 HAD !Y KN[N ( IT1 ! IMM5SE NUMB] ( 9SURG5TS SURR\ND+ ! SPRAWL+ CITY HALL1 !IR CLO?+ SPATT]$ ) BLOOD & !IR FACES SME>$ ) GUNP[D]1 MI<T WELL HAVE DISP]S$ ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES ) !IR WEAPONS4 ,IT WAS ! PROSPECT ( =M+ A SOCIAL REPUBLIC1 OR AT LEA/ A BROAD] DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 ?AT HELD ! ATT5TION ( ! WORK]S1 :O SEEM TO HAVE =M$ ! GREAT BULK ( ! CR[D4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! NEW MEMB]S ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 5 R\TE FROM ! ,*AMB] TO ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 HAD TO PU% & %OVE !IR WAY ?R\< ?IS CR[D TO REA* !IR DE/9ATION4 ,! DIM9UTIVE ,L\IS ,BLANC1 A VIRTUAL DW>F 9 /ATURE1 ACTUALLY HAD TO BE C>RI$ ON ! %\LD]S ( BRAWNY WORK]S4 ,9 FACT1 SETT+ \T AS A S+LE GR\P FROM ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON1 !Y & !IR ESCORTS SOON LO/ CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & F9ALLY >RIV$ 9 SMALL GR\PS ( TWOS OR ?REES4 

,UPON !IR >RIVAL AT ! CITY HALL A L>GE MEET+ ( 9SURG5TS WAS UND] WAY 9 AN ASSEMBLY *AMB] KN[N AS ! ,SALLE ,SA9T-,JEAN4 ,:5 ! NEWS GOT \T ?AT A PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 SELECT$1 ! NEW M9I/]S1 AS !Y >RIV$1 W]E OBLIG$ TO SUBMIT !MSELVES & !IR PR9CIPLES TO ! CR[D 9 ! ,SALLE = ITS APPROVAL4 ,GAMI]-,PAGES1 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 ,DUPONT1 ,>AGO1 & ,LAM>T9E >RIV$ FIR/1 :]EUPON !Y CAME BE=E ! G5]ALLY ORD]LY ASSEMBLY & W]E PILLORI$ BY (T5 >GUM5TATIVE QU]IES4 ,!IR RESPONSES W]E WRITT5 D[N & PASS$ \T ?R\< ! W9D[S TO ! CR[D 9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE4 ,! PEOPLE1 BO? 9SIDE ! CITY HALL & 9 ! SQU>E1 CON/ITUT$ A REM>KABLE MASS JURY1 AS IT W]E1 QUE/ION+ & DISPUT+ ) ! V>I\S W\LD-BE M9I/]S & RO>+ !IR APPROVAL :]E !Y AGRE$4 

,?IS MASS JURY WAS F> FROM SYMPA!TIC TO ,LAM>T9E1 ESPECIALLY S9CE HE REFUS$ TO COMMIT HIMSELF TO DECL>+ A REPUBLIC IMM$IATELY4 ,%ORDY BE=E ,BLANC WAS BORNE 9TO ! ,SALLE BY 0MUSCUL> WORKM510 AS HE CALLS !M1 ,LAM>T9E HAD EXPLA9$ HIS REFUSAL4 0,/RIK+LY CAUTI\S & 9VOLV$ WAS HIS EXORDIUM10 ,BLANC NOTES DRYLY4 ,LAM>T9E 

SAID ?AT ! QUE/ION .<( DECL>+ ,FRANCE A REPUBLIC.> WAS ONE ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 ONE :I* ! NATION W\LD NATURALLY BE CALL$ UPON TO EXAM9E1 & :I* HE1 ,LAM>T9E1 DID NOT MEAN TO PREJUDGE4 ,!SE WORDS GAVE RISE TO A VIOL5T TUMULT4 ,A TREM5D\S %\T ( ,VIVE LA ,REPUBLIQUE6 %OOK ! WALLS ( ! BUILD+4 

,AMID ! TUMULT1 ONE ( ! MILITANTS MANAG$ TO 9T]RUPT ,LAM>T9E1 W>N+ ! POET ?AT HE MU/ NOT 0*EAT ! PEOPLE ( :AT !Y HAD SO DE>LY PAID =10 IF HE WAS TO S]VE AS A REPUBLICAN M9I/]4 ,NIMBLY ,LAM>T9E MODIFI$ HIS POSITION1 & :5 HE RESUM$ HIS SPEE*1 SAYS ,BLANC1 0HE TOOK GREAT C>E TO DEVIATE BY DEGREES FROM ! PA? HE HAD GOT 9TO1 & HE CONCLUD$ BY DECL>+ = ! ,REPUBLICAN =M ( ,GOV]NM5T1 :]EUPON HE WAS W>MLY APPLAUD$40.<#d#b#a.> ,:5 IT CAME TO BE ,BLANC'S TURN TO SPEAK BE=E ! 9SURG5TS1 HE CALL$ NOT ONLY = A =MAL REPUBLIC BUT = ! ABOLITION ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS JURIDICAL 9JU/ICE4 ,HIS [N SPEE*1 ,BLANC TELLS US1 WAS GREET$ ) ! CRY 0,VIVE LA RCPUBLIQUE SOCIALE60 

,ONCE ! FIR/ GR\P ( GOV]NM5T MEMB]S--,LAM>T9E1 ,L$RU-,ROLL91 & ! O!RS--HAD BE5 APPROV$1 !Y W]E L$ BY A SYMPA!TIC GUIDE ?R\< 5DLESS PASSAGES 9 ! MAZELIKE ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE TO A SMALL *AMB] 9 ANO!R P>T ( ! BUILD+4 ,H]E !Y %UT ! DOOR & CONV5$ TO ASS]T !IR AU?ORITY1 PO/+ A GR\P ( >M$ /UD5TS FROM ! ,ECOLE ,POLYTE*NIQUE \TSIDE TO /& GU>D4 ,MEAN:ILE ,BLANC1 ,FLOCON1 & ,M>RA/1 :O HAD >RIV$ LAT]1 W]E OBLIG$ TO F9D !IR [N WAY TO ! REMOTE *AMB]4 0,IT WAS NOT )\T DIFFICULTY10 ,BLANC NOTES1 0?AT WE SUCCE$$ 9 F9D+ .<! GOV]NM5T MEMB]S.> \T1 ?R\< ! W9D+ PASSAGES ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE40.<#d#b#b.> ,! ABS5CE ( !IR MORE RADICAL COLLEAGUES HAD NOT PREV5T$ ,LAM>T9E & HIS CLIQUE FROM PROCE$+ )\T !M1 & !IR >RIVAL WAS NOT RECEIV$ CORDIALLY4 ,9 HIS MEMOIR ,LAM>T9E WRITES ( ,BLANC'S >RIVAL AS IF HE W]E AN ALI5 BE+ :O HAD SUDD5LY 9TRUD$4 ,AL?\< ! POET GREET$ !M ) HIS *>ACT]I/ICALLY 0RADIANT0 EXPRESSION1 TO USE ,BLANC'S ADJECTIVE1 O!RS GL>$ AT !M SULL5LY OR EV5 ) HO/ILITY4 ,!Y C\LD SC>CELY BR+ !MSELVES TO ACCEPT ,BLANC1 ,M>RA/1 ,FLOCON1 & ,ALB]T 7:O >RIV$ /ILL LAT]7 AS P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !N1 ! NEW M9I/]S C\LD IGNORE ! RADICAL MEMB]S ONLY AT !IR P]IL1 AS IT W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A /ORM 9 ! CR[D \TSIDE4 ,AT ! BRI<T SUGGE/ION ( ,G>NI]-,PAGES1 ! LATE >RIVALS W]E DESIGNAT$ AS 0SECRET>IES10 LEAV+ !IR /ATUS 9 ! GOV]NM5T AMBIGU\S4.<#d#b#c.> 

,YET EV5 ,LAM>T9E LEAVES NO D\BT ?AT ! LEGITIMACY ( ! GOV]NM5T AS A :OLE WAS >GUABLE4 ,LACK+ ANY REAL F\NDATION AP>T FROM ! %E] EFFRONT]Y ( ITS MEMB]S1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 AT ?IS PO9T1 C\LD HAVE BE5 DISP]S$ BY ANY RESOLUTE BODY ( >M$ M51 SU* AS ! WORK]S MILL+ >\ND 9 ! SQU>E BEL[ !IR W9D[4 ,& BE=E ! NI<T WAS OV]1 ! *ALL5GES TO ! NEW GOV]NM5T'S AU?ORITY W\LD COME ?ICK1 FA/1 & FURI\S4 

,! FIR/ ISSUE ( CONT5TION WAS :E!R ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T W\LD DECL>E ! REPUBLIC ?AT ! CR[D \TSIDE WAS DEM&+ SO VEHEM5DY1 A /EP ?AT ! MOD]ATE MAJORITY W]E NOT EAG] TO TAKE4 ,! ?\<T ( A REPUBLIC /ILL EVOK$ IMAGES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS MASS MOBILIZATION ( ! POOR & DISPOSSESS$4 ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT1 FE>+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! URBAN WORK]S1 ! MAJORITY ( ! M9I/]S WANT$ RURAL ,FRANCE1 P>TICUL>LY ! REACTION>Y PEASANTRY1 TO DECIDE ! QUE/ION ( ! GOV]NM5TAL =M4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! M9I/]S (F]$ A TEPID /ATEM5T ( 9T5TION WRITT5 BY ,LAM>T9E1 DECL>+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 0PREF]S0 A REPUBLIC1 :I* ,BLANC ALT]$ TO SAY ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 0/&S BY0 A REPUBLIC4 

,BY N[1 ! DELAYS & EQUIVOCATIONS ON ?IS CRUCIAL QUE/ION W]E BEG9N+ TO ANG] ! MASSES 9 ! SQU>E BEL[4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! GOV]NM5T F9ALLY PROMULGAT$ ITS FIR/ DECREE4 ,IT PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T EXI/$ 09 ! NAME ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE0 & DECL>$ ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T DESIRES A REPUBLIC1 P5D+ RATIFICATION BY ! PEOPLE1 :O WILL BE IMM$IATELY CONSULT$40.<#d#b#d.> ,BUT A /ATEM5T ( 0DESIRE0 WAS NOT 5\<4 ,9 %ORT ORD]1 ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ,FRANCOIS ,RASPAIL 0COMM&$ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T TO PROCLAIM A REPUBLIC10 OBS]VES ,M>X2 0IF ?IS ORD] ( ! PEOPLE W]E NOT FULFILL$ )9 TWO H\RS1 HE W\LD RETURN AT ! HEAD ( #b1 M540.<#d#b#e.> ,BLANC WAS OBLIG$ TO GO \T TO ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE & ASSURE ! PEOPLE ?AT 0! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WILL.<S.> ! ,REPUBLIC0--:I* !Y TOOK TO MEAN ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD ACTUALLY PROCLAIM$ ! REPUBLIC4 

,! GRIM FACES ,I HAD BE=E ME1 MADE /ILL MORE T]RIBLE BY ! GL>E ( NUMB]LESS TOR*ES1 EXPRESS$ ON A SUDD5 A FEEL+ ( 9DESCRIBABLE SATISFACTION1 & ?IS FEEL+ BUR/ \T 9TO A TRIUMPHANT RO>4444 ,SOME WORKM5 HAV+ F\ND 9 A COM] ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE A L>GE PIECE ( L951 TOOK A BIT ( *>COAL & TRAC$ ON IT 9 COLOSSAL LETT]S3 ,LA ,RE'PUBLIQUE UNE ET 9DIVISIBLE E/ PROCLAMEE 5 ,FRANCE4.<#d#b#f.> 

,! BANN] WAS HOI/$ UP TO A W9D[ 9 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 :]E IT WAS ILLUM9AT$ BY TOR*ES = ALL ?OSE BEL[ TO SEE4 

,HAV+ MADE ?IS DECL>ATION1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T P>CEL$ \T ! M9I/RIES AMONG ITS V>I\S MEMB]S4 ,AL?\< MO/ HI/ORIES ( #ahdh TREAT ,LAM>T9E AS ! HEAD ( /ATE1 (FICIALLY HE WAS M]ELY ! M9I/] ( =EIGN AFFAIRS4 ,NONE!LESS HE WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ CONSPICU\S FIGURE 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 EV5 9 ! EYES ( HIS OPPON5TS4 ,! ELD]LY ,DUPONT DE L',EURE WAS MADE ! (FICIAL PRESID5T ( ! M9I/]IAL C\NCIL1 HIS NAME L5D+ ! GOV]NM5T AN AURA ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 9 :I* HE HAD P>TICIPAT$1 & AN AIR ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE4 ,CREMIEUX ACQUIR$ ! M9I/RY ( JU/ICE1 & ,M>IE PUBLIC WORKS4 ,>AGO BECAME M9I/] ( ! NAVY1 & ,L$RU-,ROLL9 WAS MADE ! M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR1 :ILE ! SO-CALL$ 0SECRET>IES0 RECEIV$ NO M9I/]IAL PORDOLIOS AT ALL4 

,! REMA9+ M9I/RIES W]E ALLOTT$ TO M5 :O HAD NOT BE5 ON ! LI/S COMPIL$ BY ! TWO REPUBLICAN NEWSPAP]S4 ,! BANK] ,MI*EL ,G\D*AUX WAS MADE M9I/] ( F9ANCE 7TO BE REPLAC$ A FEW DAYS LAT] BY ,GAMI]-,PAGES72 ,B>ON ,SUB]VIE1 AN ,EMPIRE G5]AL1 BECAME M9I/] ( W>2 ,EUG5E ,BE?MONT1 A LIB]AL REPUBLICAN LAWY] WELL KN[N = DEF5D+ LEFT-W+ REPUBLICANS1 WAS GIV5 ! M9I/RY ( AGRICULTURE & TRADE2 & ! ,VICOMTE DE ,C\RTAIS BECAME ! COMM&] ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,F9ALLY1 ONE ,HIPPOLYTE ,SAMOT WAS GRANT$ ! M9I/RY ( $UCATION4 

,M>RA/ TOOK OV] ! MAYORALTY ( ,P>IS )\T FUR!R ADO4 ,M>C ,CAUSSIDI]E1 A ,JACOB9 :O HAD BE5 CLOSE TO ,BLANQUI 9 ! #a#h#cS & !N BECAME A J\RNALI/ = ,LA ,RE=ME1 SIMPLY W5T TO ! PREFECTURE & BOLDLY DECL>$ HIMSELF *IEF ( POLICE1 A DECL>ATION ?AT >\S$ NO OPPOSITION FROM ! TREMUL\S OCCUPANTS ( ! POLICE HEADQU>T]S4 ,HE OBLIG$ ALL ! (FIC]S TO SWE> !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! REPUBLIC1 W>N+ !M ?AT !Y W\LD BE %OT IF !Y VIOLAT$ !IR OA?1 !N ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION URG+ ! PEOPLE TO RETA9 !IR >MS1 S9CE !Y HAD BE5 BETRAY$ 9 ! PA/ BY ?OSE :O HAD RIDD5 TO P[] ON !IR BACKS4 ,9 %ORT ORD] ,CAUSSIDI]E CREAT$ A SMALL >MY1 CALL$ ! 0,MONTAGN>DS10 :O W]E PL$G$ TO PROTECT ! REVOLUTION FROM ITS 5EMIES1 9CLUD+ POT5TIAL OPPORTUNI/S 9 ITS RANKS4 ,F9ALLY1 ,ETI5NE ,>AGO 7BRO!R ( ! A/RONOM] ,FRANCOIS7 BECAME M9I/] ( ! PO/1 BR++ ANO!R ,RE=ME J\RNALI/ 9TO ! GOVEMM5,L 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T N[ 5GAG$ 9 A M>A?ON NI<T ( DECREE- WRIT+1 ABOLI%+ MON>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS & CREAT+ NEW REPUBLICAN ONES4 ,ONE DECREE SIMPLY ELIM9AT$ ! ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S2 ANO!R GU>ANTE$ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 5D+ ! C5SOR%IP ?AT HAD VEX$ SO MANY OPPOSITION P]IODICALS1 :ILE ANO!R E/ABLI%$ ! RI<TS ( FREE ASSEMBLY & ASSOCIATION4 ,/ILL ANO!R 0DEMOCRATIZ$0 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BY OP5+ ITS RANKS TO ALL ADULT MALES & BY PROVID+ UNI=MS = ?OSE :O C\LD NOT AF=D !M4 ,AS ! M9I/]S SCRAWL$ \T DECREE AFT] DECREE1 ! DOCUM5TS W]E RECOPI$ A HUNDR$FOLD BY H&1 !N TOSS$ \T ( ! W9D[S TO ! WAIT+ CR[D BEL[4 ,A :ILE LAT]1 PR9T+ PRESSES W]E BR\<T TO ! DTY HALL TO PUBLI% ! DECREES1 :I* W]E !N PLAC>D$ ALL OV] ,P>IS4 ,OV]NI<T1 ! GOV]NM5T SEEM$ TO BECOME A MA*9E = PRODUC+ ONE DECREE AFT] ANO!R4 ,9DE$1 MORE ?AN SIXTY DECREES1 BY ,LAM>T9E'S C\NT1 W]E WRITT5 ON ?AT NI<T ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#d4 

,! ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E ,= ,! ,H,O,T,E,L ,D,E ,V,I,L,L,E 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 DUR+ ! EV5+1 PEOPLE CONT9U$ TO /REAM 9TO ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE FROM ! NEI<BORHOODS & SUBURBS--ACCORD+ TO ,LAM>T9E1 !IR NUMB]S SO>$ TO AB\T #b1 M5 & WOM5 9 ALL4 ,BY ! ?\S&S !Y FLOOD$ 9TO ! HUGE ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE ITSELF1 PACK+ ITS SALONS1 HALLS1 & VE/IBULES4 ,AT EV]Y TURN A DIFF]5T ORATOR1 IT SEEM$1 EXHORT$ ! MASSES-- PRIM>ILY WORK]S--TO ASS]T !IR RI<TS4 

,LAM>T9E APDY CALLS ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE ON ! NI<T ( ,FEBRU>Y #bd A 0FIELD ( BATDE40.<#d#b#g.> ,ESPECIALLY TO ! WORK]S NEWLY >RIV$ FROM ! FAUB\RGS1 ! E>LI] R\NDS ( QU]IES & DEBATES 9 ! ,SALLE ,SA9T-,JEAN HAD BY NO MEANS 5D[$ ! M9I/]S ) ! RI<T TO FUNCTION AS ! *IEF (FIC]S ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,9 FACT1 ! NEW >RIVALS1 R$ FLAGS FLUTT]+ FROM ! PO9TS ( !IR BAYONETS1 SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( EXPELL+ ! GOV]NM5T MEMB]S FROM ! ,HOTEL ALTOGE!R1 & P]HAPS ?RA%+ !M 9 ! B>GA94 

,!IR MO/ P]SI/5T S5TIM5T WAS ! FE> ?AT !Y W\LD BE *EAT$ ( A REVOLUTION !Y HAD MADE AT ! SACRIFICE ( !IR [N BLOOD & LIVES4 ,:5 !Y LE>N$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T RADICALS--,BLANC1 ,FLOCON1 & ,ALB]T1 M5 :OM !Y HAD COME TO RESPECT DUR+ ! YE>S ( AGITATION AGA9/ ! MON>*Y 9 FAVOR ( A 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0--W]E TO S]VE ONLY AS SECRET>IES TN ! GOV]NM5T1 :ILE ?OSE :O HAD ! REAL P[] W]E MOD]ATES OR EV5 =M] MON>*I/S1 !Y W]E \TRAG$ & DEM&$ ?AT ! TITLE 0SECRET>Y0 BE /RUCK FROM !IR NAMES ON ALL DECREES4 ,JU/ AS SURELY AS ,LAM>T9E & HIS CLIQUE FE>$ ! DEM&S ( ! HUGE CR[D 9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE1 SO ! WORK]S FE>$ ! 9T5TIONS ( ! SMALL CLIQUE ?AT HAD 9/ALL$ ITSELF AS ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,& BO? SIDES BEHAV$ AS ?\< !Y W]E GIRD+ !MSELVES = A CONFRONTATION4 

,F9ALLY1 BY ! %E] ?RU/ ( !IR BODIES1 SOME MEMB]S ( ! CR[D REA*$ ! DOORS ( ! REMOTE *AMB] :]E ! NEW GOV]NM5T WAS MEET+4 ,!Y BEAT ON ! DOORS 9SI/5TLY1 DEM&+ ?AT ! M9I/]S 9SIDE HE$ !IR WI%ES & C>RY \T !IR DEM&S1 REPEAT$LY *>G+ ! 5TRYWAY ) MUSKETS & SWORDS 9 H&4 ,BUT ! NEW M9I/]S HAD PU%$ FURNITURE UP AGA9/ ! DOORS & 9 ! VE/IBULES TO KEEP ! CR[DS \T ,SOMEH[1 DESPITE ! URG5CY ( !IR DEM&S1 ! SURG+ CR[D WAS REBUFF$--P>TLY BY ! FURNITURE1 BUT P>TLY TOO BY P]SUASION1 AS P]IODICALLY ,LAM>T9E W\LD EM]GE FROM ! ROOM TO SOO! !M ) HIS RHETORIC4 ,!N1 TO ! S\NDS ( MUSKETS FIR+1 ! GOV]NM5T MEMB]S RELUM$ TO WORK1 *URN+ \T DECREES & SIGN+ !M1 AS IF EA* ONE W]E A BRICK 9 A WALL ?AT C\LD SAFEGU>D !M FROM ! ASSAULT ( ! PLEBEIAN CR[D4 ,ONE DECREE ABOLI%$ ! DEA? P5ALTY = POLITICAL CRIMES 7APP>5TLY ! GOV]NM5T WI%$ TO DEMON/RATE ITS 9T5TION ( AVOID+ A ,JACOB9 T]ROR71 & ANO!R REPEAL$ ! ,LE ,*APELI] ,LAW1 GIV+ ! WORK]S ! RI<T TO =M ASSOCIATIONS & TRADE UNIONS4 ,ANO!R CALL$ = A NATIONAL ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 TO BE COMPOS$ ( N9E HUNDR$ 0REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE0 5D[$ ) ! AU?ORITY TO WRITE A NEW1 PRESUMABLY REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION4 ,/ILL ANO!R PROCLAIM$ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE = ALL MALES OV] TW5TY-ONE YE>S ( AGE1 ! BROADE/ FRAN*ISE ,FRANCE HAD EV] SE54 7,LIKE ! CALL = A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ?IS DECREE WAS C]TA9 TO DIM9I% ! POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! URBAN WORK]S 9 FAVOR ( ! PEASANTRY47 

,9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE ! ?REATS & KNOCK-D[N FI<TS BETWE5 WORK]S & SUPPORT]S ( ! GOV]NM5T CONT9U$ UP TO MIDNI<T & BEYOND4 ,F9ALLY1 EXHAU/$1 ! CR[DS DEP>T$ FROM ! SQU>E1 & ! 5TIRE QU>T] FELL SIL5T4 ,ALL ! CLAMOR1 ?REATS1 & PU%+ NOT)/&+1 ! M9I/]S HAD HELD !IR [N1 & !Y /EADFA/LY REFUS$ TO LEAVE ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ROTAT+ !IR SLEEP+ H\RS UNTIL DAYBREAK1 LE/ IT BE RECLAIM$ BY RADICAL WORK]S4 

,AS MOM+ DAWN$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 GR\PS ( FIFTE5 TO TW5TY M5 DRIFT$ FROM ! WORK+-CLASS QU>T]S BACK 9TO ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE1 EA* GR\P C>RY+ A R$ FLAG4 ,>M$ ) MUSKETS & SWORDS1 !Y DI/RIBUT$ R$ /RIPS ( CLO? TO ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE AS !Y >RIV$1 UNTIL A L>GE CR[D HAD ASSEMBL$1 FLECK$ ) R$4 ,:5 O!R GR\PS ( WORK]S %[$ UP BE>+ ! TRICOLOR1 !Y SKIRMI%$1 BUT R$ TRIUMPH$ OV] ! TRICOLOR4 

,! FI<T+ ?AT CONT9U$ ON ?IS DAY WAS OV] ! ISSUE ( :I* FLAG W\LD BE ADOPT$ AS ! SYMBOL ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WELL AS ! MORE NATIONALI/IC ( ! WORK]S1 WANT$ TO RETA9 ! OLD TRICOLOR1 ) ITS OV]TONES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 & ,FR5* NATIONAL PRIDE4 ,TO ! POLITICALLY AW>E M9ORITY ( WORK]S1 H[EV]1 ! TRICOLOR HAD BE5 SULLI$ BY ITS ASSOCIATION ) ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE'S ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,9/EAD1 !Y DEM&$ ! R$ FLAG AS ! SYMBOL ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 

,F9ALLY1 JU/ :5 ! CR[D ATTACK+ ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE TO E/ABLI% ! R$ FLAG SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( OV]COM+ HIS GU>DS1 ,LAM>T9E EM]G$ TO DELIV] AN ORATION 9 DEF5SE ( ! TRICOLOR AS ! SYMBOL ( ! REPUBLIC ,! R$ FLAG1 HE 9TON$1 WAS ! FLAG NOT ( ,FRANCE BUT ( 0A P>TY10 ONE COMPOS$ ( 0,T]RORI/S & ,COMMUNI/S40 ,IT WAS ! 0FLAG ( T]ROR10 ! FLAG ( BLOOD & /RIFE1.<#d#b#h.> & HAD BE5 0DRAGG$ ?R\< ! MUD & BLOOD >\ND ! ,*AMP DE ,M>S0 7A REF]5CE TO ,LAFAYETTE'S MASSACRE ( #a#g#i#a74 ,BUT ! TRICOLOR WAS ! ACCEPT$ NATIONAL FLAG ( ,FRANCE AMONG NATIONS1 HAV+ 0GONE >\ND ! WORLD 9 TRIUMPH40.<#d#b#i.> ,L>GELY AS A RESULT ( ,LAM>T9E'S RHETORIC1 ! TRICOLOR F9ALLY C>RI$ ! DAY AS ! REPUBLICAN /&>D1 IF ONLY BECAUSE MO/ ( ! PEOPLE SUCCUMB$ TO HIS APPEAL TO NATIONAL GLORY4 ,AS A CONCESSION TO ! SIZABLE M9ORITY ( MILITANTS :O W]E /ILL UNAPPEAS$1 ! GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO ADD A R$ ROSETTE TO ! /AFF ( ! NATIONAL FLAG & REQUIRE ALL MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T TO WE> ONE 9 !IR BUTTONHOLES4 

,EV5 N[1 H[EV]1 ! VICTORY ( ! TRICOLOR DID NOT SEEM C]TA9 TO ,LAM>T9E1 & TO PLAY IT SAFE1 HE DECID$ HE NE$$ A L>GE CR[D ?AT W\LD DEMON/RATE ITS W>M 5?USIASM = ! E/ABLI%$ NATIONAL FLAG4 ,?AT EV5+ HE S5T \T HIS Y\NG GU>DIANS & O!R /UD5TS FROM ! ,ECOLE ,POLYTE*NIQUE TO MOBILIZE SUPPORT = ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y1 AID$ BY O!R MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS1 FANN$ \T ?R\< ! CAPITAL1 CALL+ UPON ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES TO RALLY ) >MS 9 H& AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE ! NEXT MOM+4 ,ON ! MOM+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 :5 WORK]S ) R$ FLAGS REAPPE>$ TO RESUME !IR BATDE1 !Y F\ND ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE FILL$ ) CONV5TIONAL REPUBLICANS WAV+ TRICOLORS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( AT LEA/ #e M5 SURR\ND+ ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE ) BAYONET$ MUSKETS4 ,AS ! DAY WORE ON1 BY ,LAM>T9E'S ACC\NT1 ! R$ FLAGS VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 ! SEA ( TRICOLORS4 

,) OR )\T A R$ FLAG AS AN ADORNM5T1 ! WORK]S' DESIRE = ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 WAS V]Y REAL1 & EV5 UND] ! TRICOLOR !IR HOPES P]SI/$4 ,ALL DAY ON ! TW5TY-FIF? !Y PRESSUR$ ! GOV]NM5T TO E/ABLI% ! 0RI<T TO WORK0--?AT IS1 TO GU>ANTEE EMPLOYM5T--& A ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR & ,PROGRESS TO LOOK AFT] ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S4 

,>\ND NOON1 ! PEOPLE *OSE AS !IR SPOKESMAN A Y\NG WORKMAN1 A MILITANT NAM$ ,M>*E--0! ,SP>TACUS ( ?IS >MY ( ! 9TELLIG5T POOR10 ,LAM>T9E CALLS HIM--TO HEAD A DELEGATION TO IMPRESS !IR DEM&S UPON ! M9I/]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LAM>T9E1 ,M>*E 5T]$ ! GOV]NM5T *AMB]1 

A MAN ( TW5TY OR TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE1 ( MIDDLE /ATURE1 BUT ]ECT & /RONG1 ) LIMBS FIRMLY KNIT & /RONGLY MOLD$2 HIS FACE1 P>TIALLY BLACK5$ ) P[D]1 APPE>$ PALE ) EMOTION2 HIS LIPS TREMBL$ ) ANG]1 & HIS EYES1 SUNK UND] HIS PROJECT+ =EHEAD1 D>T$ FIRE4 ,9 HIS LOOK ! ELECTRICITY ( A :OLE PEOPLE WAS CONC5TRAT$4444 ,HE WAV$ 9 HIS LEFT H& A /RIP ( R$ RIBBON OR CLO?1 & 9 HIS RI<T HELD ! B>REL ( A C>B9E1 ! BUTT-5D ( :I*1 AT EV]Y WORD HE SPOKE1 HE CAUS$ TO R+ UPON ! PAVEM5T4444 ,HE SPOKE NOT AS A MAN1 BUT AS A PEOPLE1 :O WILL BE OBEY$1 & WILL BROOK NO DELAY4444 ,HE REPEAT$1 9 ACC5TS ( 9CREAS+ 5]GY1 ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ! MANIFE/O ( IMPOSSIBILITIES1 :I* ! VOCIF]ATIONS ( ! PEOPLE 5JO9$ IT TO ACCEPT & TO REALIZE ON ! 9/ANT--! OV]?R[ ( ALL KN[N SOCIAL ORD]1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( PROP]TY1 & ( CAPITALI/S1 SPOLIATION1 ! IMM$IATE 9/ALLATION ( ! DE/ITUTE 9 ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS1 ! PROSCRIPTION ( BANK]S1 ( ! RI*1 ! MANUFACTUR]S1 ! B\RGEOIS ( EV]Y CONDITION4.<#d#c.> 

,M>*E APPE>S TO HAVE SAID NO SU* ?+S2 ,LAM>T9E'S CRASSLY T5D5TI\S ACC\NT IS VALUABLE PRIM>ILY AS A REFLECTION ( ! EXTREME POL>IZATION ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,BLANC'S ACC\NT ( ! 9CID5T IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY CLOS] TO ! TRU?3 SPEAK+ BRIEFLY & FIRMLY1 ,M>*E SIMPLY 

PRES5T$ HIMSELF 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE1 PO9T$ ) AN IMP]I\S GE/URE TO ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE1 & MAK+ ! BUTT ( HIS MUSKET R+ UPON ! FLOOR1 DEM&$ ! RECOGNITION ( ! 0,DROIT DU ,TRAVAIL0 .<RI<T TO WORK.>1 444 ,I .<,BLANC.> DREW .<HIM.> ASIDE1 & %[$ HIM A PAP] ON :I*1 :ILE ,M4 DE ,LAM>T9E WAS SPEAK+1 ,I HAD WRITT5 ! FOLL[+ DECREE3--0,! PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 444 5GAGE !MSELVES TO GU>ANTEE LABOR TO EV]Y CITIZ540.<#d#c#a.> 

,TO ?IS OV]TURE1 (FICIALLY E/ABLI%+ ! 0RI<T TO WORK10 ,M>*E REPLI$ TO ,BLANC1 0,! ,PEOPLE (F]S ! ,REPUBLIC ?REE MON?S ( POV]TY0--BY :I* HE CLE>LY MEANT ?AT !Y W\LD 5DURE ?REE MORE MON?S ( H>D%IP TO GIVE ! GOV]NM5T TIME TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT *ANGES4 ,!N1 PRESUMABLY1 IF !IR DEM&S W]E NOT MET1 ! WORK]S W\LD RISE 9 E>NE/4.<#d#c#b.> 

,! ,P,>,A,D,O,X,E,S ,( #ahdh 

,M>*E'S W>N+ IS EVID5CE ( AN UNPREC$5T$ TURN 9 ,FRANCE'S REVOLUTION>Y BEHAVIOR BY COMP>ISON ) E>LI] UPRIS+S4 0,H[ ?OR\<LY ?+S HAD *ANG$ S9CE #ahc WAS MADE CLE> 9 #a#h#d#h10 OBS]VES ,WILLIAM ,H4 ,SEWELL1 ,JR41 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ?AT REM>KABLE YE>4 

,:]EAS ! ,JULY REVOLUTION ( #ahc HAD CAU<T ! WORK]S UNAW>E & 9CAPABLE ( >TICULAT+ AN 9DEP5D5T PROGRAM UNTIL IT WAS TOO LATE1 ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh IMM$IATELY PROVOK$ A MASSIVE CLASSCONSCI\S WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 NOT ONLY 9 ,P>IS1 BUT 9 CITIES ?R\<\T ,FRANCE4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS PU%$ ! REVOLUTION TO ! LEFT1 =C+ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T TO PROCLAIM A REPUBLIC ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 TO PROCLAIM ! 0RI<T TO LABOR0 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 & SET UP ! FAM\S ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h4.<#d#c#c.> 

,! ,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS & ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION WILL BE DISCUSS$ PRES5TLY4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE H]E IS ?AT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh WAS ! MO/ CLASS-ORI5T$ CIVIL CONFLICT ( ! 5TIRE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! WORK]S & ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES CONFRONT$ EA* O!R ) GREAT] DIRECTNESS & A /RONG] S5SE ( !IR SOCIAL ID5TITY & !IR CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ?AN WAS TO BE ! CASE EV5 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :I* SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S HAVE1 = G5]ATIONS1 ]RONE\SLY DEPICT$ AS A CLASSICAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SANS-CULOTTES ( #a#g#i#c1 :O HAD VAGUELY ?\<T ( !MSELVES AS 0! PEOPLE10 ! WORK]S ( #ahdh W]E F> MORE AW>E ( !MSELVES AS A SOCIAL CLASS1 DI/9CT FROM 0! PEOPLE0 AS A :OLE4 ,& AS A CLASS1 !Y HAD V]Y SPECIFIC SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,AL?\< FEW ( !M W]E ACTUALLY 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS1 !SE >TISANS :O =M$ ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL DID NOT HESITATE TO CALL !MSELVES PROLET>IES OR1 MORE COMMONLY1 \VRI]S & TRAVAILLEURS1 :O OPPOS$ A DI/9CT CLASS 5EMY1 LES CAPITALI/ES OR LA B\RGEOISIE4 

,! MILITANT \VRI]S ( #ahdh HAD TWO DEM&S ( HI/ORIC PROPORTIONS3 ! RI<T TO =M ASSOCIATIONS1 & ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 ,! RI<T TO =M ASSOCIATIONS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 MEANT ! REPEAL ( ALL LAWS CURTAIL+ OR BANN+ ASSOCIATIONS1 9CLUD+ PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES1 & TRADE UNIONS4 ,) ! REPEAL ( ! ,LE ,*APELI] ,LAW1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD GRANT$ ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS RI<T2 IT REMA9$ TO BE SE5 :E!R IT W\LD CANY \T ! SECOND BY 5C\RAG+ ! GR[? ( ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! 0RI<T TO WORK0 MEANT ?AT WORK]S :O C\LD NOT F9D EMPLOYM5T 9 !IR [N TRADE %\LD BE PROVID$ ) ! MEANS ( LIFE UNTIL SU* EMPLOYM5T WAS TO BE ACQUIR$4 ,?IS DEM& WAS P>TICUL>LY URG5T 9 #a#h#d#h1 S9CE ,P>IS WAS FILL$ ) UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S :O LIV$ FROM H& TO M\?1 PAWN$ OR SOLD EV5 !IR MO/ NECESS>Y POSSESSIONS1 /OLE1 PROSDTUT$ !MSELVES1 SLEPT 9 P>KS1 & HUDDL$ AGA9/ 9CLEM5T WEA!R 9 DOORWAYS1 SEW]S1 & UND] ! BRIDGES ( ! ,SE9E4 ,& WORK]S :O FL$ LOCAL FAM9E CONDITIONS 9 ! PROV9CES TO SEEK WORK 9 ! CITY (T5 HAD ! APPE>ANCE ( SC>ECR[S4 ,HUNG] WAS P]VASIVE 9 ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS4 ,ONE ( ! M9I/]IAL C\NCIL'S MO/ IMPORTANT DECREES E/ABLI%$ ! RI<T ( ! POOR TO RECLAIM >TICLES FROM PAWN%OPS = :I* !Y HAD BE5 PAID LESS ?AN T5 FRANCS4 ,BUT IT WAS MANIFESDY NECESS>Y = ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T TO DO MORE & TRANSLATE ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 9TO PRACDCAL REALITY4 

,!SE RI<TS W]E NOT SIMPLY ORD9>Y DEM&S ?AT MI<T BE RAIS$ 9 DEMON/RATIONS & RIOTS4 ,! WORK]S :O RAIS$ !M1 RA!R1 CONCEIV$ !M AS 9H]5T NATURAL RI<TS1 COMP>ABLE TO ! 9ALI5ABLE RI<TS ( 0LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY0 DEM&$ BY ! RADICALS 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK]S SAW !MSELVES AS CLAIM+ RI<TS ?AT GREADY EXP&$ SOCIETY'S CONCEPTS ( JU/ICE1 REVEAL+ H[ F> BEYOND ! JURIDICAL RI<TS ( #a<i !IR CONSCI\SNESS HAD ADVANC$4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! MILITANTS WANT$ REPRES5TATION1 BY UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE1 9 ALL ORGANS ( GOV]NM5T1 L>GELY TO 5SURE ?AT ! 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 W\LD SATISFY !IR ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,H[EV] UNCLE> ! /RUCTURE ( ?IS REPUBLIC MAY HAVE BE51 !Y KE5LY DESIR$ ?AT WORK+ M5 ) 0CALL\S$ H&S0 7AS !Y PUT IT7 %\LD OCCUPY MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 ( ! SEATS 9 ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON & ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,DESPITE ! L>GE NUMB] ( RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS :O RALLI$ TO !IR CAUSE & :OSE SUPPORT !Y ACCEPT$ WILL+LY1 !Y W]E EAG] TO SEE TRU/$ PROLETAIRES 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 SU* AS ,ALEX&RE ,M>T9 7TO USE ,ALB]T'S REAL NAME71 :O CAME \T ( ! WORK%OPS & ! SECRET SOCIETIES4 

,AT ! RISK ( REPETITION1 H[EV]1 IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S ( #ahdh DID NOT OPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AS SU*4 ,LAM>T9E'S EF=T TO PA9T !M AS 5EMIES ( 0PROP]TY10 NOT TO SPEAK ( 0SOCIETY10 WAS KN[+LY DEMAGOGIC1 9T5D$ TO CURRY FAVOR ) ! B\RGEOISIE &1 LAT]1 TO JU/IFY REPRESSIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,P>ISIAN WORK]S !MSELVES W]E /ILL ROOT$ ECONOMICALLY 9 ! PRE9DU/RIAL AGE1 & AS >TISANS1 MANY W]E SMALL PROPRIETORS 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,! MAJORITY ( >TISANS :O WORK$ = MA/] CRAFTSM5 G5]ALLY ASPIR$ TO E/ABLI% SMALL WORK%OPS ( !IR [N1 :I* !Y C\LD RUN ) OR )\T HIR$ LABOR4 

,BUT ! DEM& = ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 LEFT OP5 ! QUE/ION ( :AT 9/ITUTIONAL =M ?IS 9ALI5ABLE RI<T W\LD TAKE4 ,H[ W\LD SOCIETY BE ORGANIZ$ TO GIVE IT MAT]IAL REALITY8 ,O!R RI<TS C\LD BE GIV5 TANGIBILITY 9 RELATIVELY OBVI\S & /RAI<T=W>D WAYS1 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! REPUBLIC'S LEGAL SY/EM4 ,LIB]TY C\LD BE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY PASS+ LAWS TO PROTECT FRE$OMS ( ! PRESS1 SPEE*1 & ASSEMBLY4 ,EQUALITY 7( OPPORTUNITY1 NOT CONDITION7 C\LD BE EMBODI$ 9 A JURIDICAL PROCESS ?AT REG>D$ EV]YONE AS EQUAL BE=E ! LAW1 IRRESPECTIVE ( WEAL? OR /ATUS4 ,BUT :AT W\LD IT ACTUALLY MEAN TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE ! 0RI<T TO WORK08 

,! !ORI/ :OSE IDEAS SEEM$ TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION BE/ WAS ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :O ADVANC$ A NOTION ( SOCIAL WORK%OPS 7AS WE SAW 9 ,*APT] #b#c7 ?AT W]E ORI5T$ T[>D PRODUCTION TO MEET HUMAN NE$S RA!R ?AN T[>D ! ACQUISITION ( PR(IT1 & ?AT W\LD F$]ATE 9 ASSOCIATIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT TO CREATE A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,HIS ,ORGANIZATION ( ,WORK HAD BE5 IMM5SELY POPUL>1 & 9 ! WEEKS FOLL[+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 MILITANT ,FR5* WORK]S REG>D$ HIM AS !IR MO/ \T/&+ SPOKESMAN4 ,IT WAS TO ,BLANC1 9 FACT1 ?AT MANY WORK]S LOOK$ = PRACTICAL DIRECTION 9 CREAT+ A COOP]ATIVE ALT]NATIVE TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM & FROM :OM !Y RECEIV$ A FAIRLY WORKABLE S*EME4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 ?REE DAYS AFT] ,BLANC WROTE ! 0RI<T TO WORK0 DECREE 9 RESPONSE TO ,M>*E'S DEM&1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ A ,GOV]NM5T ,COMMISSION ( ,LABOR TO DEVELOP V>I\S PROJECTS ON BEHALF ( WORK]S & TO /UDY ! MEANS TO PROVIDE WORK]S ) ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR4 ,TO GILD ?IS ,COMMISSION ) POMP1 ! GOV]NM5T H\S$ IT 9 ! DI/+UI%$ ,LUXEMB\RG ,PALACE1 :I* HAD =M]LY ACCOMMODAT$ ! ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S1 O/5SIBLY TO CONVEY ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! ,COMMISSION WAS LABOR'S 0UPP] H\SE10 & ?AT ! WORK]S HAD A MAJOR 9/ITUTIONAL PLACE 9 ! NEW REPUBLIC4 

,! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION1 AS IT CAME TO BE KN[N1 WAS ESS5TIALLY AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( A NUMB] ( NOTABLE ECONOMI/S1 SOCIALI/ !ORI/S1 & PUBLICI/S1 9CLUD+1 AMONG O!RS1 ! ,F\RI]I/ ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ! ECONOMI/ ,*>LES ,DUPONT-,:ITE1 & ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN ,CON/ANT9 ,PECQUEUR4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,LABOR ,COMMISSION1 ,BLANC E/ABLI%$ :AT HE POMP\SLY CALL$ ! ,LABOR ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* WAS ACTUALLY AN AD HOC ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY1 COMPOS$ ( ?REE DELEGATES FROM EV]Y TRADE CORPORATION OR UNION4 ,( ! ?REE DELEGATES1 ONE WAS TO FUNCTION AS P>T ( ! ,LABOR ,COMMISSION ITSELF1 :ILE ! O!R TWO W\LD ATT5D ! MEET+S ( ! ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY4 

,ON ,M>* #a1 ! FIR/ MEET+ ( ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION DREW AB\T #b DEPUTIES 79 TIME !Y W]E TO NUMB] MORE ?AN #g7 FROM 0V>I\S TRADE UNIONS10 AS ,BLANC SAYS1 TO TAKE 0PLACES =M]LY OCCUPI$ BY ! PE]S ( ,FRANCE10.<#d#c#d.> AN ALLUSION TO ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,PALACE4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT] OP5+ ?IS FIR/ (FICIAL SESSION1 H[EV]1 ,BLANC CAME UP AGA9/ MILITANT WORK]S' DEM&S = AN APPRECIABLE R$UCTION 9 ! L5G? ( ! WORK DAY & = ! ABOLITION ( ! M>*&AGE1 A SY/EM 9 :I* P>ASITIC MIDDLEM51 /&+ BETWE5 ! EMPLOY]S & ! WORK]S1 DI/RIBUT$ JOBS TO WORK]S 9 RETURN = A SLICE ( !IR E>N+S4 ,FE>FUL ( ANTAGONIZ+ ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 ,BLANC SAYS 9 HIS MEMOIR1 HE DID NOT WANT TO ACT ON !SE TWO DEM&S RI<T AWAY1 0)\T HAV+ PREVI\SLY APPEAL$ TO ! EMPLOY]S = !IR ADVICE ON SO DELICATE A SUBJECT40.<#d#c#e.> ,HE TRI$ TO P]SUADE ! WORK]S TO DROP !IR DEM&S1 AN EF=T1 HE CONFESSES1 ?AT WAS NOT 0W>MLY RECEIV$40 

,!RE WAS A GLOOMY SIL5CE1 =]UNN] ( SOME COM+ /RUGGLE1 & 9DE$1 SC>CELY HAD A M9UTE ELAPS$1 :5 A GREAT NUMB] ( WORKM51 RIS+ ALTOGE!R & TALK+ L\D1 DECL>$ ?AT NO K9D ( LABOR %\LD BE RESUM$ UNTIL ! TWO DEM&S HAD BE5 CONC$$4.<#d#c#f.> 

,9DE$1 ,BLANC TRI$ E>NE/LY TO GET EMPLOY]S TO P>TICIPATE AS EQUALS 9 DISCUSSIONS ) WORK]S AT ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,PALACE4 ,OV] ! NEXT MON?S HE SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIAT$ AGREEM5TS TO 5D /RIKES1 :I* HAD BECOME FAIRLY COMMONPLACE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BLANC APPE>S TO HAVE HAD VIRTUALLY NO UND]/&+ ?AT CAPITALI/S & WORK]S W]E IRRECONCILABLE OPPON5TS1 & HE CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ CLASS CONFLICTS AS SOCIALLY H>MFUL4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION1 ) ! ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY1 WAS ! NE>E/ ?+ TO AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ C\NT]P[] AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ?AT ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS HAD4 ,9 ,WILLIAM ,SEWELL'S JUDGM5T ! ,COMMISSION CON/ITUT$ ! 0FOCUS & ORGANIZATIONAL C5T] ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 #a#h#d#h40 

,AL?\< ITS (FICIAL FUNCTION WAS ONLY ADVISORY1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S SAW ITS ROLE 9 MU* L(TI] T]MS4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! CAB9ET MAK]S' DELEGATES1 ITS TASK WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN ELABORAT+ 0! CON/ITUTION ( LABOR10 & ,L\IS ,BLANC HIMSELF *>ACT]IZ$ ! COMMISSION AS 0! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL ( ! PEOPLE40.<#d#c#g.> 

,9DE$ ! ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY ULTIMATELY WAS ABLE TO COMPEL ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T NOT ONLY TO ABOLI% ! M>*&AGE BUT TO ADOPT A T5-H\R DAY = ,P>ISIAN WORK]S & ELEV5 = ?OSE 9 ! PROV9CES4 7,! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 TO BE SURE1 RESI/$ !SE DEM&S1 BUT :5 ! DELEGATES ?REAT5$ TO LEAVE ! ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY 5 MASSE--:I* W\LD HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! ,ASSEMBLY ALTOGE!R--IT SUBMITT$47 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,COMMISSION C\LD CELEBRATE ITS ROLE 9 SUCCESSFULLY 9ITIAT+ SEV]AL SOCIAL WORK%OPS1 MO/ NOTABLY A J\RNEYM5 TAILORS' COOP]ATIVE AT ! AB&ON$ ,CLI*Y PRISON1 :I* TURN$ \T CLOAKS = ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,BUT DESPITE MU* TALK AB\T ITS FUNCTION AS ,FRANCE'S SECOND LEGISLATIVE H\SE1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION HAD NONE ( ! P[]1 LET ALONE ! RES\RCES POSSESS$ BY ! OLD ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 ,BLANC HAD 9ITIALLY PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( A ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR & ,PROGRESS AS P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 ) FULL AU?ORITY TO C>RY \T ! POLICIES IT DEEM$ NECESS>Y4 ,BUT ! O!R M9I/]S HAD F\ND ! PROSPECT ( ,BLANC PLAY+ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! GOV]NM5T TO BE 9TOL]ABLE1 DESPITE HIS BASICALLY MOD]ATE VIEWS4 ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,WORKS ,MANE LAT] CELEBRAT$ ! FACT ?AT1 9 RESPONSE TO ,BLANC'S PROPOSAL1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 

SUFFICI5DY 5]GETIC TO REFUSE ?IS CLAIM1 BEH9D :I* IT SAW CLE>LY BO? ! DICTATOR%IP ( ?IS MAN & ! COMPLETE & IMM$IATE UPHEAVAL ( ! SODAL ORD]1 YET WAS UNABLE TO DO O!RWISE ?AN ACCORD HIM ! F\NDATION ( ! .<,LUXEMB\RG.> ,COMMISSION4.<#d#c#h.> 

,CREAT$ BY ,LAM>T9E & HIS CRONIES1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION WAS SOON R$UC$ TO A L>GELY DECORATIVE & 9SUB/ANTIAL 5TITY :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO APPEASE MILITANT WORK]S :O WANT$ A SOCIAL REPUBLIC ,MOREOV]1 BY MAK+ ,BLANC ITS *AIRMAN & ,ALB]T ITS VICE-*AIRMAN1 ,LAM>T9E %REWDLY %UNT$ ! TWO RADICALS \T ( ! CAB9ET & M>OON$ !M 9 ! PALACE1 A P[]LESS IF MASSIVE %[PIECE4 ,AS ,M>X WAS TO PUT IT1 ?R\< ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION1 

! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E BANI%$ FROM ! SEAT ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOIS P>T ( :I* RETA9$ ! REAL /ATE P[] & ! RE9S ( ADM9I/RATION EXCLUSIVELY 9 ITS H&S2 & SIDE BY SIDE ) ! M9I/RIES ( ,F9ANCE1 ,TRADE & ,PUBLIC ,WORKS1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! ,BANK & ! ,B\RSE1 !RE >OSE A SOCIALI/ SYNAGOGUE :OSE HI< PRIE/S1 ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,ALB]T1 HAD ! TASK ( DISCOV]+ ! PROMIS$ L&1 ( PREA*+ ! NEW GOSPEL & ( PROVID+ WORK = ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT4 ,UNLIKE ANY PR(ANE /ATE P[]1 !Y HAD NO BUDGET1 NO EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY AT !IR DISPOSAL-- ,:ILE ! ,LUXEMB\RG S\<T ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE1 9 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE !Y M9T$ ! CURR5T CO9AGE4.<#d#c#i.> 

,NONE!LESS IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ) ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION1 ,BLANC WAS G5U9ELY TRY+ TO CREATE ! ONLY SOCIALI/IC ALT]NATIVE ?AT A PR$OM9&Y >TISANAL ECONOMY C\LD HAVE ADOPT$ TO C\NT]VAIL ! GR[? ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,BLANC'S 0SOCIALI/ SYNAGOGUE0 S\<T TO CREATE PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES1 NATIONALIZE ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE & ! RAILROADS1 PROVIDE F9ANCIAL AID TO A FEW EXP]IM5TAL SOCIAL WORK%OPS1 5C\RAGE LABOR ASSOCIATIONS1 & GU>ANTEE ! 0RI<T TO WORK04 ,9 ITS REPORT TO ! GOV]NM5T1 CLE>LY PREP>$ BY ,BLANC1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,COMMISSION PROPOS$ TO E/ABLI% AGRICULTURAL COLONIES 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( ,FRANCE1 EA* TO BE COMPOS$ ( A HUNDR$ FAMILIES1 ) COMMON KIT*5S & LAUNDRIES1 & ALSO MODEL H\S+ COMPLEXES ) !IR [N S*OOLS1 NURS]IES1 LIBR>IES1 BA?S1 & G>D5S4 ,LONG ANTICIPAT+ RE=MS ?AT W]E TO BE ADOPT$ G5]ATIONS LAT]1 ,BLANC HOP$ TO SEE ALL WORK]S PROVID$ ) OLD-AGE P5SIONS & /ATE- SPONSOR$ 9SURANCE = ! ILL & F9ANCIALLY DEPRIV$4 ,RE=MI/ & MODE/ AS !SE GOALS SEEM TODAY1 SU* PROPOSALS W]E 9NOVATIVE & EV5 RADICAL 9 #a#h#dS ,FRANCE4 

,NO O!R K9D ( SOCIALISM C\LD HAVE CON/ITUT$ AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM DUR+ ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 ,FRANCE WAS 9 A TRANSITION FROM A PRE9DU/RIAL ECONOMY TO A MODEM 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ONE4 ,SOCIALISM 9 ! LAT] S5SE ( A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD HAVE BE5 \T ( ! QUE/ION3 FEW SUB/ANTIAL BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION EXI/$1 AP>T FROM RAILROADS & BANKS1 ?AT C\LD BE TAK5 OV] BY A REPUBLICAN /ATE4 ,NOR WAS A FACTORY-BAS$ SOCIALISM FEASIBLE3 ! FACTORY SY/EM1 :ILE IT HAD GR[N BY LEAPS & B\NDS 9 ,BRITA91 HAD NOT YET R5D]$ ! ,FR5* >TISANAL WORK%OP A M>G9AL & SUBORD9ATE =M ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4 ,SILK TEXTILES W]E /ILL MADE MA9LY 9 SMALL WORK%OPS 9 ,LYON2 & AL?\< COTTON GOODS W]E SPUN & WOV5 BY MA*9E 9 L>GE FACTORIES1 ! 9DU/RY WAS /ILL ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE4 ,AS = ,PR\DHONISM1 ?AT ALT]NATIVE AM\NT$ TO RETREAT+ TO AN ECONOMY ?AT WAS ALREADY OBSOLETE4 ,IF ANY COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY WAS TO COME TO ,FRANCE1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 9 A ,M>XI/1 ,PR\DHONI/1 OR ,CABETIAN =M2 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE A S*EME ?AT1 LIKE ,BLANC'S1 WAS SUIT$ TO AN >TISANAL ECONOMY1 ALL ITS WEAKNESSES & /ATISM NOT )/&+4 

,BUT AT BE/1 ! SOCIAL WORK%OPS C\LD HAVE BE5 ONLY A BRAKE ON ! GR[? ( ! FACTORY SY/EM--!Y C\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 A SUB/ITUTE = IT ,ONCE ,5GL& HAD 9TRODUC$ MA*9]Y = MASS PRODUCTION1 NO C\NTRY C\LD COMPETE ) ,BRITI% GOODS4 ,TO CREATE A COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY1 ,FRANCE'S ONLY ALT]NATIVE W\LD HAVE BE5 TO ISOLATE ITSELF FROM ! WORLD M>KET1 ON :I* MANY ( H] >TISANS1 ESPECIALLY H] SILK WORK]S1 DEP5D$ = !IR PROSP]ITY4 ,BY ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ASC5T ( CAPITALISM WAS ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO >RE/1 & NO?+ %ORT ( COMPLETE ECONOMIC ISOLATION--A RU9\S ECONOMIC AUT>*Y--C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ *EAPLY MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES FROM ULTIMATELY SUBV]T+ MO/ PRE9DU/RIAL SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ,BLANC'S SOCIAL WORK%OPS1 AL?\< ! MO/ IMPORTANT PLAN TO SL[ ! ADVANCE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 W]E NEV] S]I\SLY ADOPT$4 ,AS WE WILL SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 A S*EME ( 0,NATIONAL ,WORK%OPS0 WAS 9TRODUC$ ?AT1 DESPITE ITS SIMIL>ITY 9 NAME TO ,BLANC'S SOCIAL WORK%OPS1 BORE NO RELATION%IP :ATEV] TO HIS [N SOCIALI/ GOAL &1 IF ANY?+1 WAS US$ TO DISCR$IT IT4 

,EV5 BE=E ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,P>IS HAD BE5 ! C5T] ( SECRET SOCIETIES & ILLEGAL WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION PRODUC$ A POLITICALLY ACTIVE CLUB MOVEM5T ?AT WAS UNPREC$5T$ 9 ,FRANCE S9CE ! HEYDAY ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,CLUBS1 AS WELL AS WORK]S' CORPORATIONS1 $UCATIONAL SOCIETIES1 & RUDIM5T>Y TRADE UNIONS1 EM]G$ EV]Y:]E4 ,LOCAT$ 9 ALL ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,P>IS1 MANY ( !SE CLUBS BORE A SUP]FICIAL RESEMBLANCE TO ! OLD SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( #a#g#i#c1 & !Y QUICKLY BECAME ?RIV+ C5T]S = $UCAT+1 DISCUSS+1 & MOBILIZ+ ! CITY'S MO/ MILITANT WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS1 (T5 ) A VIEW T[>D DIRECDY 9T]V5+ 9 ! CITY'S POLITICAL LIFE4 

,9 ! WEEKS FOLL[+ ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES1 FEW PEOPLE UND]/OOD ! POT5TIALITY ( ! CLUB MOVEM5T MORE CLE>LY ?AN ,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI1 :O HAD BE5 FRE$ FROM HIS DOME/IC EXILE 9 ,BLOIS ON ,FEBRU>Y #bd & WAS HA/5+ TO ,P>IS AS ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T WAS BE+ =M$4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 SC>CELY A DAY AFT] ! K+'S ABDICATION1 ,BLANQUI SPOKE BE=E ! ,CLUB DE ,PRADO 9 A L>GE DANCE HALL1 :]E HE =CEFULLY DECL>$ ?AT UND] ! NEW ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 

,FRANCE IS NOT REPUBLICAN4 ,! ,REVOLUTION ?AT HAS JU/ PASS$ IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A HAPPY SURPRISE 444 ,LEAVE ! M5 9 ! ,HOTEL-DE-,VILLE TO !IR IMPOT5CE2 !IR FEEBL5ESS IS A SURE SIGN ( !IR FALL4 ,!IR P[] IS BUT EPHEM]AL3 WE--WE HAVE ! PEOPLE & ! CLUBS1 :]E WE %ALL ORGANIZE !M 9 REVOLUTION>Y FA%ION1 AS WAS ! WAY ( ! ,JACOB9S ( OLD4.<#d#d.> 

,= A TIME IT SEEM$ ?AT ?IS PR$ICTION ( CLUB EMP[]M5T MI<T SOON BE FULFILL$4 ,%ORDY AFT] ! MON>*Y FELL1 AT LEA/ #bc POLITICAL CLUBS W]E =M$ 9 ! GREAT] ,P>IS >EA1 #adi ( :I* BELONG$ TO A COMMON F$]ATION4 ,PET] ,H4 ,AMANN1 9 HIS /UDY ( ?IS MASS DEMOCRACY1 CONS]VATIVELY E/IMATES ?AT TOTAL MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,P>ISIAN CLUBS NUMB]$ FROM #e1 TO #g11 BUT 0A SOME:AT HI<] FIGURE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& SEEMS MORE LIKELY40 ,SO AVIDLY 9VOLV$ W]E WORK]S 9 ! CLUB MOVEM5T ?AT 9 MID-,M>*1 :5 ! NOVELI/ ,GEORGE ,S& F\ND H]SELF LOCK$ \T ( H] AP>TM5T1 %E HAD ! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY F9D+ A LOCKSMI?4 ,!Y W]E ALL ATT5D+ CLUB MEET+S4 ,AS ,AMANN PUTS IT1 0,)9 A FEW WEEKS A MASS MOVEM5T HAD TAK5 ROOT0-- & AN ORGANIZ$ MASS MOVEM5T AT ?AT4.<#d#d#a.> 

,BY MID-,APRIL1 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD & >RONDISSEM5T 9 ! CAPITAL HAD CLUBS1 MA9LY WORK]S' CLUBS1 :OSE MEET+S (T5 DREW ?\S&S ( MEMB]S & 9=MAL P>TICIPANTS4 ,! L>G] CLUBS USUALLY MET 9 S*OOL BUILD+S1 *UR*ES1 DANCE HALLS1 MUNICIPAL BUILD+S1 & EV5 9 CAFES4 ,!Y V>I$ CONSID]ABLY 9 /RUCTURE3 SOME W]E V]Y =MALLY ORGANIZ$1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIETE DES ,DROITS DE ,I',HOMME1 :ILE O!RS W]E QUITE 9=MAL & EV5 FREE-:EEL+4 ,A FEW CLUBS CONSCI\SLY MA9TA9$ CONT9UITIES ) ! PA/4 ,SOME HAD MEMB]S :O HAD BELONG$ TO ! SECRET SOCIETIES3 ( SEV5TE5 DUB PRESID5TS 9 MID-,M>* #ahdh :OSE POLITICAL BACKGR\NDS >E KN[N1 T5 W]E VET]ANS ( ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y SECRET SOCIETIES1 MO/ NOTABLY ,BLANQUI & ,B>BES1 :O HAD BE5 ! LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! ,SAISONS DUR+ ! #a#h#cS4 ,! MORE RADICAL CLUBS T5D$ TO SUBDIVIDE !MSELVES 9TO 0SECTIONS0 OR 0CELLS10 JU/ AS ! ILLEGAL SOCIETIES UND] ! MON>*Y HAD DONE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT SU* SUBDIVISIONS W]E N[ SUP]FLU\S4 ,O!R CLUBS CONSCI\SLY 9VOK$ NAMES DRAWN FROM ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 SU* AS ,JACOB9S1 ,MONTAGN>DS1 ,AMIS DU ,PEUPLE1 ,EGALITE ET FRAT]NITE1 & ,COMMUNE4 ,AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IODICALS ?AT APPE>$ W]E ?OSE TID$ ,P]E ,DU*ESNE & ,VIEUX ,CORDELI]1 9VOK+ ! MEMORY ( ,HEB]T'S & ,DESM\L9S'S PAP]S ( MORE ?AN A HALF C5TURY E>LI]4 

,BUT MO/ ( ! CLUBS HAD NO ROOTS 9 ! E>LI] SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,SIGNIFIC&Y1 A L>GE NUMB] ( !M HAD NAMES 9CLUD+ ! WORDS ,WORK & ,WORK]S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! CLASS COMPOSITION ( ! CLUBS WAS /RIK+4 ,AMONG HALF ( ! #a< CLUB PRESID5TS :OSE OCCUPATIONS >E KN[N1 

#bc P]C5T W]E WORK]S1 #bb P]C5T 9TELLECTUALS 7WRIT]S1 J\RNALI/S1 PR(ESSORS71 #ba P]C5T B\RGEOIS 7EMPLOY]S1 PROPRIETORS1 MANAG]S1 R5TI]S--?\< ?IS LA/ CATEGORY IS AMBIGU\S72 #ah P]C5T :ITE-COLL> WORK]S 7RANG+ FROM CL]K ?R\< BOOKKEEP] TO PRIE/73 #i P]C5T MEMB]S ( ! 0POPUL> B\RGEOISIE0 ( W9E%OP [N]S1 ROOM+ H\SE OP]ATORS1 MODE/ GRE5GROC]S2 & #e P]C5T UNIV]SITY /UD5TS4.<#d#d#b.> 

,AT LEA/ HALF ( ! CLUB PRESID5TS ?US CONSI/$ ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS1 IF /UD5TS >E 9CLUD$ AMONG ! LATT]4 ,?IS HI< PROPORTION ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS IS CLASSICAL 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS2 9 LAT] UPRIS+S REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS W]E (T5 M>K$ BY EV5 MORE RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS1 9 FACT1 ?AN WORK]S4 ,9DE$1 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA--MA9LY PUBLIC 9DIVIDUALS & PR(ESSIONALS--SUPPLI$ ! LEAD]S ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E PR$OM9&Y WORK+ CLASS 9 COMPOSITION & ORI5TATION4 

,9 #ahdh ! CLUBS HELD !IR MEET+S ) EXTRAORD9>Y FREQU5CY4 ,IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON = !M TO CONV5E AS (T5 AS F\R OR FIVE NI<TS A WEEK1 A FREQU5CY R$OL5T ( ! NUM]\S SECTION MEET+S DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,MO/ ( ! CLUBS /ILL =MALLY LIMIT$ !IR MEET+S TO TWICE A WEEK1 BUT ?IS SEMIWEEKLY S*$ULE WAS COMMONLY IGNOR$ DUR+ ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>*4 ,BLANQUI'S ,C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIETY--OR ,CLUB ,BLANQUI1 AS IT WAS FAMILI>LY CALL$--MET EV]Y EV5+ ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SUNDAYS4 ,RULES W]E (T5 HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*2 MANY CLUBS FUNCTION$ ) M9IMAL =MALITY1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :OSE MEET+S W]E PACK$ ) ?\S&S ( TUMULTU\S WORK]S1 & ATT5DANCE 9 ! MORE IMPORTANT CLUBS (T5 RAN 9TO ! ?\S&S4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! NUM]\S CLUBS1 ! RADICAL POLITICAL CULTURE ( #ahdh 9CLUD$ A BURGEON+ REVOLUTION>Y PRESS1 :I* =M$ A VITAL LIFEL9E BETWE5 ! CLUBS & ! PEOPLE4 ,! CLUBS US$ BO? PO/]S & P]IODICALS1 ESPECIALLY NEI<BORHOOD ONES1 TO ANN\NCE !IR MEET+S & PUBLI% !IR M9UTES4 ,! AVIDLY READ J\RNALS ALSO PUBLI%$ PASSIONATE ORATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN (FICIAL C\NT1 !RE W]E #aga NEWSPAP]S 9 ! CAPITAL1 AL?\< ONLY A M9ORITY W]E ABLE TO SURVIVE MORE ?AN A FEW WEEKS4 ,WORK+- CLASS NEI<BORHOODS 9 P>TICUL> W]E FLOOD$ ) PO/]S VOIC+ A HO/ ( OP9IONS1 PAMPHLETS ADVANC+ CRITICISMS & DEM&S1 & ! SPEE*ES ( LECTUR]S & /REET ORATORS4 ,ALONG ) ORGANIZ$ CLUB MEET+S1 ?IS ELECTRIFY+ LEVEL ( DISCUSSION PRODUC$ A DELIRIUM ( RADICAL F]VOR4 ,TO ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES IT SEEM$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD UNLEA%$ A SOCIAL MON/] ?AT ONLY =CE C\LD F9ALLY SUBDUE4 

,SEV]AL ( ! CLUBS 5JOY$ 5ORM\S PRE/IGE1 P>DY BECAUSE FAM\S RADICAL LEAD]S HAD HELP$ TO CREATE !M1 & P>DY BECAUSE ( !IR RADICAL VIEWS4 ,AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ,BLANQUI'S ,C5TRAL ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIETY1 :I* ATTRACT$ HUNDR$S1 POSSIBLY ?\S&S TO A S+LE MEET+1 9CLUD+ MANY SPECTATORS CURI\S TO SEE ! NOTORI\S BLACK-COAT$ & BLACK-GLOV$ REVOLUTION>Y P> EXCELL5CE4 ,BY %IFT+ ITS MEET+ PLACES TO V>I\S LOCATIONS 9 ! CAPITAL1 ! ,CLUB ,BLANQUI MANAG$ TO REA* A L>GE CROSS-SECTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS MEET+S W]E NOTABLE = !IR OP5 & (T5 HEAT$ DISCUSSIONS ( IDEAS1 & = ! PR(USION ( ORATORY ?AT1 AS ,AMANN OBS]VES1 0,BLANQUI MADE NO ATTEMPT TO DOM9ATE40.<#d#d#c.> ,BUT TO JO9 ! ,CLUB ,BLANQUI WAS NO FRIVOL\S AFFAIR3 A PROSPECTIVE MEMB] HAD TO HAVE TWO MEMB]S AS BACK]S & SIGN A WRITT5 OA? ( SUPPORT4 

,ETI5NE ,CABET'S ,C5TRAL ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 WAS NOTABLE = ! =MALITY ( ITS PROCE$+S & ! AU?ORIT>IAN BEHAVIOR ( ITS F\ND]4 ,CABET HAD CREAT$ A DOGMATIC SECT--! ,IC>IANS--BAS$ ON HIS IMM5SELY POPUL> NOVEL1 ,VOYAGE TO ,IC>IA1 & HIS WIDELY READ P]IODICAL1 ,LE ,POPULAIRE4 ,SOME #d M5 & #a WOM5 BELONG$ TO ! CLUB1 ! MAJORITY ( :OM W]E WORK+ PEOPLE & W]E APP>5TLY MESM]IZ$ BY !IR FAM\S LEAD]4 ,9 ! WEEKS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,FEBRU>Y UPRIS+1 ! ,C5TRAL ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY DREW 5ORM\S WORK+-CLASS AUDI5CES1 POSSIBLY L>G] ?AN ANY O!R CLUB4 ,BY ?IS TIME ! WORD COMMUNI/E WAS BE+ US$ ?R\<\T ,P>IS1 & AS A T]M ( OPPROBRIUM IT WAS REPLAC+ AN>*I/E1 :I* HAD BE5 US$ SO PROMISCU\SLY 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ,CABET HIMSELF WAS ANY?+ BUT A MILITANT1 COMMUNISME T]RIFI$ ! RESPECTABLE /RATA ( SOCIETY1 MU* TO ! GLEE ( ! WORK]S4 ,CABET'S ,C5TRAL ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY WAS BASICALLY NONREVOLUTION>Y & HIS VIEWS W]E SURPRIS+LY TEPID1 BUT 9 ! SPR+ ( #ahdh ,P>ISIAN WORK]S REV]$ HIM4 ,9 ,M>* & ,APRIL ! SECT'S DISCIPL9E W\LD TEMPOR>ILY PROPEL ,CABET & COMMUNISME TO ! =EFRONT ( EV5TS4 ,COMP>ABLE 9 ITS DIDACTIC TONE TO ,CABET'S CLUB WAS ,FRANGOIS ,RASPAIL'S ,SODETE DES ,AMIS DU ,PEUPLE 7,FRI5DS ( ! ,PEOPLE71 :I* WAS MORE AN $UCATIONAL =UM ?AN A POLITICAL >5A4 ,RASPAIL WAS WIDELY RESPECT$ BY ! WORK]S = HIS TE/$ COMMITM5T TO !IR 9T]E/S1 BUT UNLIKE ,BLANQUI HE T5D$ TO LECTURE HIS AUDI5CES RA!R ?AN LI/5 TO !M4 ,AT TIMES HIS 0C\RSES10 AS HE CALL$ !M1 DREW AS MANY AS #d PEOPLE4 ,BUT NONE ( !SE CLUBS COMP>$ 9 SIZE ) ! OLD] ,SOCIETE DES ,DROITS DE ,I',HOMME1 :I* CLAIM$ NE>LY A #a1 MEMB]S1 #c#d1 ( !M 9 ,P>IS4 ,! CLUB1 REBORN 9 #ahdh AFT] ITS SUPPRESSION 9 ! #a#h#cS1 WAS A NEO-,JACOB9 ASSOCIATION ?AT VAGUELY ESP\S$ ! IDEALS ( POLITICAL EQUALITY CONTA9$ 9 ,ROBESPI]RE'S ,PREAMBLE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#c1 T+$ ) QUASI-SOCIALI/IC #a#h#dS CONCEPTS ( JU/ICE4 ,ITS C5TRAL COMMITTEE 9CLUD$ ,>M& ,B>BES1 & IT RECEIV$ SUBSIDIES FROM ,L$RU-,ROLL9'S ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR4 ,DESPITE ITS ATTEMPT TO MAKE ITSELF 9TO A DISCIPL9$ MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! ,DROITS WAS M>K$ MORE BY IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION ?AN BY COH]5CE4 ,9 ADDITION TO HIS ROLE 9 ! ,DROITS CLUB1 ,B>BES ALSO COLLECT$ A FOLL[+ 9 ! ,CLUB DE LA ,REVOLUTION1 OR ,CLUB ,B>BES1 :I* GA9$ A MEASURE ( FAME MA9LY BECAUSE HE WAS ITS LEAD]4 

,AP>T FROM !SE 0BIG NAME0 CLUBS1 MANY SMALL] & MORE TRANSI5T CLUBS AB\ND$ EV]Y:]E4 ,ATTEMPTS TO UNITE !M 9TO A COMMON REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T GAVE RISE TO V>I\S ORGANIZATIONAL ALLIANCES1 BUT ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( !SE ALLIANCES WAS LIMIT$4 ,! MO/ FAM\S WAS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,CLUB ( ,CLUBS1 :I* PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 BR++ V>I\S CLUBS 9TO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 BO? )9 ,P>IS & )\T4 ,LIKE ! ,DROITS1 ! ,CLUB ( ,CLUBS TOOK SUBSIDIES FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,9T]IOR & WAS /RONGLY 9SPIR$ BY ,L$RU-,ROLL91 BUT ITS MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TO BR+ REPUBLICAN IDEAS & PROPAG&A TO ! PROV9CES1 & TO PROVIDE 9=MATION AB\T ! PROV9CES TO ,P>IS4 ,9DE$1 ! MANY ACC\NTS ( PROV9CIAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! ,CLUB'S REPORTS PROVIDE ! HI/ORIAN ) ONE ( ! MA9 S\RCES ( 9=MATION AB\T POLITICAL ACTIVITY \TSIDE ,P>IS4 ,O!R F$]ATIVE CLUBS1 LIKE ! ,C5TRAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY & ITS RIVAL1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE = ! ,G5]AL ,ELECTIONS1 W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN TEMPOR>Y ELECTORAL COALITIONS1 MA9LY DESIGN$ TO PROMOTE ! MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLICAN C&IDATES TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 

,) ALL ITS MANY RIVALRIES1 COALITIONS1 9T]ACTIONS1 FUNCTIONS1 & SECRET SUPPORT]S1 :AT IS IMPORTANT AB\T ! CLUB MOVEM5T IS ?AT1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,LUXEMB\RG'S ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY1 IT =M$ P>T ( AN 9DEP5D5T WORK+-CLASS P[] ?AT WAS EM]G+ AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,AS ,AMANN OBS]VES1 ! CLUBS 0CON/ITUT$ ! APEX1 ! REVOLUTION 5 P]MAN5CE1 ! POPUL> WILL ORGANIZ$1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 H>D5$4''.<#d#d#d.> ,9DE$1 SOME ( ! CLUBS SAW !MSELVES AS P]=M+ PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( ROLE4 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CLUB ( ,BLANCS ,MANTEAUX1 = EXAMPLE1 OP5LY DECL>$3 

,! MEMB]S ( ! .<,CON/ITU5T.> ,ASSEMBLY >E \R DELEGATES1 YET ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE DOES NOT REL9QUI% ITS P[]S & MU/ WAT* OV] ! DISCUSSIONS ( ! DEPUTIES4 ,! CLUBS MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE & ! EXPRESSION ( ITS WILL4.<#d#d#e.> 

,! /RONG IMPLICATION ( ?IS /ATEM5T IS ?AT ! CLUBS W]E 9DE$ A SEP>ATE P[]1 C\NT]POS$ TO ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 AS W]E ! WORK]S' CORPORATIONS :OSE DELEGATES GA!R$ 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,PALACE4 ,NOR DID ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF FAIL TO IGNORE ! DANG] ?AT ! CLUBS1 TOGE!R ) ! ,LUXEMB\RG'S ,LABOR ,ASSEMBLY1 POS$ TO ITS SOV]EIGNTY4 ,W,ULIAM ,H4 ,SEWELL1 ,JR41 9 FACT1 HAS >GU$ ?AT ! 0WORK]S' CORPORATIONS W]E ! CLOSE/ EQUIVAL5T1 9 #a#h#d#h1 TO ! SECUONS ( #a#g#i#b-#i#d40.<#d#d#f.> ,:E!R ! WORK]S' CORPORATIONS & ! CLUBS C\LD HAVE ACTUALLY BECOME A DUAL P[] IS >GUABLE4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,ASSEMBLY WAS DISSOLV$ 79 FACT1 IT WAS ALWAYS A COMPLETELY P[]LESS BODY71 & ! CORPORATIONS ?AT MADE IT UP CEAS$ TO CON/ITUTE 0UNITS ( GOV]NM5T10 AS ,SEWELL HAS CALL$ !M1 COMP>ABLE TO ! SECTIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4.<#d#d#g.> ,MANY CLUBS1 ON ! O!R H&1 REMA9$ ROOT$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,P>IS1 AS ! E>LI] SECTIONS HAD BE51 & DISCUSS$ A WIDE RANGE ( POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC ISSUES4 

,PR\DHON MADE ! BRI<T SUGGE/ION1 9 HIS P]IODICAL ,LE ,REPRES5TANT DU PEUPLE 7,APRIL #b#h1 #a#h#d#h71 ?AT ! MASS DEMOCRACY ( ! CLUBS C\LD BECOME A POPUL> =UM :]E ! SOCIAL AG5DA ( ! REVOLUTION C\LD BE PREP>$ = USE BY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY--A PROPOSAL ?AT W\LD ESS5TIALLY HAVE DEFUZ$ ! POT5CY ( ! CLUBS AS A POT5TIALLY REBELLI\S DUAL P[]4 ,[+ TO ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* REFUS$ TO YIELD ! LEA/ AM\NT ( ITS P[] TO ANY POPUL> AU?ORITY1 ,PR\DHON'S SUGGE/ION CAME TO NO?+4 

,! ,REVOLUTION1 PAT5TLY 9COMPLETE1 WAS BE+ PULL$ 9 TWO DIRECTIONS3 BY DI/9CDY WORK+-CLASS DEM&S ON ONE SIDE & A CONV5TIONAL MIDDLE- CLASS REPUBLIC ON ! O!R4 ,?IS GR[+ T5SION BETWE5 MUTUALLY SUSPICI\S CLASSES C\LD NOT CONT9UE TO EXI/ = LONG1 BUT C\LD EASILY IGNITE 9TO AN OP5 CONFLICT AT ANY TIME4 ,9 ! DAYS & WEEKS FOLL[+ ! ,FEBRU>Y B>RICADES1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD SECRETLY BUILT UP ITS MILIT>Y =CES1 :ILE ! WORK]S1 = :OM ! PASSAGE ( TIME )\T VICTORY WAS AN 5EMY1 GIRD$ !MSELVES = A R5EW$ CONFRONTATION4 ,9 REVOLUTIONS1 :]E WEEKS TELESCOPE MON?S & MON?S TELESCOPE YE>S1 ! CONFRONTATION WAS TO COME ) RAPIDITY & FURY4 

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