,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #bd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b#d4 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc 

,NONE ( ! LEAD+ LIB]ALS1 /ILL LESS ! ULTRAS1 HAD ANY SUSPICION ?AT ,*>LES'S C\P D'ETAT W\LD 9DUCE ,P>IS TO EXPLODE 9 REVOLUTION4 ,NOR DID ! OPPOSITION FACTIONS 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES HAVE ANY DESIRE TO SEE ! RETURN ( >M$ MASSES--SO R$OL5T ( ! J\RNEES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION-- ) !IR CAPACITY = VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! WELL-TO-DO & AGA9/ PROP]TY4 ,9 #a#h#c1 B\RGEOIS & NOBLES W]E /ILL ALIVE :O C\LD VIVIDLY RECALL ! GREAT MASSES ( SANS-CULOTTES :O HAD /ORM$ ! ,BA/ILLE1 BATTL$ ! K+'S TROOPS 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,G>D51 & RO>$ APPROV+LY AT ! DROP ( ! GUILLOT9E'S BLADE4 ,YET DESPITE RUMORS ?AT ! K+ MI<T USE HIS ,>TICLE #ad P[]S TO ACT /]NLY AGA9/ ! NEW1 MORE LIB]AL ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ! FULL SCOPE ( HIS REPRESSIVE PLANS WAS VIRTUALLY UNKN[N TO ANYONE \TSIDE ! CIRCLE ( HIS CLOSE/ M9I/]S4 ,! NEW ORD9ANCES HAD BE5 COMPOS$ 9 SU* COMPLETE SECRECY ?AT ,POLIGNAC KEPT ! SOLE COPY ( !M ON HIS [N P]SON1 EV5 REFUS+ TO PLACE !M 9 A LOCK$ DRAW] 9 HIS DESK4 

,NOR DID ,*>LES NE$ TO BE CONV9C$ BY ANY ( HIS M9I/]S ?AT HE HAD TO ACT =CEFULLY AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION 9 ! ,*AMB]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE RECOLLECTION1 ! K+1 :O SOON LEFT = HIS SUMM] RESID5CE AT ,SA9T-,CL\D1 FIRMLY DECL>$ ON SIGN+ ! ORD9ANCES3 0,! MORE ,I ?9K AB\T IT ! MORE ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO O!RWISE40.<#c#g#i.> 

0,?,R,E,E ,G,L,O,R,I,\,S ,D,A,Y,S0 

,BUT IF ! K+ WAS RESOLUTE1 HIS LIB]AL OPPON5TS W]E NOT4 ,= !M1 ! (FICIAL PUBLICATION ( ! ORD9ANCES--9 ! ,MONITEUR ON ,JULY #b#f-->RIV$ LIKE A ?UND]CLAP1 S5D+ !M SCURRY+ >\ND1 DISORI5T$1 TO ! HOMES & $ITORIAL (FICES ( !IR ALLIES4 ,EV5 ! COMM&] ( ! ,P>ISIAN ,G5D>M]IE WAS TAK5 COMPLETELY BY SURPRISE2 NO ONE 9 ! M9I/RY HAD SE5 FIT TO 9=M HIM ?AT HIS POLICE =CES MI<T SOON BE NE$$ TO CURB PUBLIC VIOL5CE4 ,MANY LIB]ALS & ROYALI/S 9 !IR C\NTRY HOMES LE>N$ AB\T ! K+'S C\P D'ETAT FROM VISITORS /REAM+ 9 PANIC FROM ! CAPITAL4 ,! PUBLIC ?AT DID NOT SUBSCRIBE TO ! ,MONITEUR HE>D ! NEWS 9 READ+ ROOMS & CAFES4 ,! LEAD+ & LESS] LI<TS ( ! ,P>ISIAN BUS9ESS1 J\RNALI/IC1 & POLITICAL COMMUNITIES N]V\SLY GA!R$--9 SMALL NUMB]S OR L>GE--TO DISCUSS ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! K+'S ACTION1 FE>FUL ( ACT+ 9 A MANN] ?AT W\LD DE/ABILIZE ! MON>*Y4 

,REPORTS ?AT W]E LAT] PUBLI%$ /AT$ ?AT [N]S ( PR9T+ E/ABLI%M5TS HAD CLOS$ !IR %OPS TO PROTE/ ! RE/RICTIVE PRESS ORD9ANCE1 BUT !SE ACC\NTS HAVE NO BASIS 9 REALITY4 ,! E/ABLI%M5TS ?AT DID CLOSE D[N SEEM TO HAVE DONE SO MORE BECAUSE !Y FE>$ PROSECUTION BY ! AU?ORITIES ?AN AS A 0/RIKE0 AGA9/ ! K+'S DIRECTIVES4 ,9 %ORT1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES BEHAV$ ) ! *>ACT]I/IC C[>DICE ?AT M>K$ !IR BEHAVIOR 9 ! FACE ( ANY ASSAULT ON !IR FRE$OMS4 

,9ITIALLY1 9 FACT1 ! ,P>ISIAN PUBLIC SEEM$ TO BE QUITE 9DIFF]5T TO ! C\P4 ,MONDAY1 ,JULY #b#f1 WAS A V]Y HOT DAY &1 = WORK]S 9 C]TA9 TRADES1 A HOLIDAY4 ,L>GE CR[DS FLOCK$ \T ( DOORS1 SEEK+ RELIEF FROM ! SWELT]+ WEA!R4 ,!Y W]E NOT PROTE/]S1 LET ALONE 9SURG5TS1 & SEEM$ COMPLETELY 9DIFF]5T TO ! K+'S ORD9ANCES1 :I*1 AFT] ALL1 AFFECT$ ONLY A SMALL WELL- TO-DO M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,J\RNALI/S & $ITORS FROM A V>IETY ( P]IODICALS1 TO BE SURE1 DID FLOCK TO ! (FICES ( ! MOD]ATE ,NATIONAL1 :I* PUBLI%$ A PROTE/ CALL+ UPON ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE TO REFUSE TO PAY TAXES 7A FUTILE GE/URE ?AT WAS NOT OBEY$74 ,ONCE ! EXCIT$ GA!R+ AT ! ,NATIONAL'S (FICES MANAG$ TO SORT ITSELF \T1 IT E/ABLI%$ A COMMITTEE TO DRAW UP A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ORD9ANCES4 ,WRITT5 BY ! Y\NG ,ADOLPHE ,?I]S1 A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/1 IT VAGUELY CALL$ = DISOB$I5CE 9 RESPONSE TO ! K+'S ACTION4 ,AFT] A GREAT DEAL ( BICK]+1 ! DOCUM5T WAS SIGN$ BY J\RNALI/S & $ITORS ( ELEV5 LEAD+ P]IODICALS 9 ! CAPITAL1 BUT BEYOND ?IS GE/URE1 NONE ( ! MEET+S ?AT 5SU$ 9 ! LATE AFT]NOON & EV5+1 OR EV5 ! FOLL[+ DAY1 C\LD PRODUCE AGREEM5T ON A CONCRETE =M ( ACTION4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! K+1 HIS M9I/]S1 & (FICIALS 9 V>I\S GOV]NM5TAL DEP>TM5TS RE/$ 9 ! S]5E BELIEF ?AT ! ORD9ANCES W\LD EVOKE V]Y LITTLE PUBLIC RESPONSE4 ,NONE ( ! COMM&+ G5]ALS 9 ! C\NTRY'S MILIT>Y DI/RICTS W]E ORD]$ TO MOBILIZE ANY TROOPS1 NOR W]E ANY SPECIAL MEASURES TAK5 TO PREP>E ! POLICE = PUBLIC DISORD]S4 ,ON ,MONDAY ! K+1 CONFID5T ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS 9DIFF]5T TO HIS C\P1 FOLL[$ HIS NORMAL DAILY R\T9E3 HE ATT5D$ MORN+ MASS & !N W5T HUNT+ ) ! DAUPH94 ,9 ! EV5+ ! ROYAL P>TY RETURN$ TO ! PALACE1 :]E !Y D9$ & SP5T ! EV5+ PLAY+ C>DS4 

,AS = ! HOLIDAY CR[DS 9 ! /REETS1 !Y TOO W]E QUIESC5T = MO/ ( ?AT ,MONDAY1 ,JULY #b#f4 ,NOT EV5 PR9T]S1 FAC$ ) ! LOSS ( WORK1 :O TOOK TO ! /REETS 9 ANGRY PROTE/1 C\LD P]SUADE PASS]SBY TO JO9 !M4 ,BUT :ATEV] CATALY/ IT IS ?AT TURNS MILDLY CURI\S CR[DS 9TO PROTE/]S & PROTE/]S 9TO 9SURRECTION>IES WAS V]Y MU* AT WORK ON ,MONDAY EV5+4 ,9 ! G>D5 ( ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL1 A SMALL CR[D GA!R$ BE=E A PR9T %OP TO READ SOME V]SES PO/$ 9 ! W9D[1 :5 POLICE (FIC]S >RIV$ TO CLOSE D[N ! E/ABLI%M5T1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( AN (F5SE IT HAD COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! NEW PRESS RE/RICTIONS4 ,AS ! CURI\S CR[D MULTIPLI$ 9 NUMB]1 IT BECAME UNRULY1 BOO+ ! (FIC]S & %\T+1 0,LONG LIVE ! ,*>TE,V' &1 /RIK+ A NEW & DANG]\S NOTE1 0,D[N ) ! ,B\RBONS60 ,AN 5TIRELY SPONTANE\S DEMON/RATION SPRANG UP4 ,! G5D>MES1 TRA9$ = CR[D CONTROL1 >RIV$ 9 =CE1 >RE/$ EI<T RESI/+ DEMON/RATORS1 & CLE>$ ! G>D5 & CLOS$ ITS GATES4 

,BUT ! CR[D DID NOT DISP]SE--9DE$1 IT RE=M$ 9 ! SQU>E ( ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL4 ,A NUMB] ( RIOT]S RAN UP ! ,RUE DE ,RIVOLI1 BREAK+ /REETLAMPS & %\T+ D5UNCIATIONS ( ! M9I/RY1 S+L+ \T ,POLIGNAC 9 P>TICUL> = CONDEMNATION4 ,:5 ! CR[D REA*$ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,F9ANCE1 IT BECAME VIOL5T1 ?R[+ /ONES AT ! GU>DS & BREAK+ (FICE W9D[S4 ,/ILL ANO!R GR\P1 *ANT+ D5UNCIATIONS ( ! ORD9ANCES1 M>*$ PA/ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,JU/ICE1 :]E ,POLIGNAC & F\R ( HIS M9I/]S W]E CONF]R+ ON H[ TO CONTROL ! GR[+ UNRE/4 ,AFT] MOV+ (F TO ! MA9 B\LEV>DS1 IT DISP]S$4 ,BY MIDNI<T1 9 FACT1 ! CITY WAS DECEPTIVELY CALM1 & ! ,PREFECT ( ,POLICE REPORT$ ?AT TRANQUILITY HAD BE5 RE/OR$4 ,SMALL-SCALE RIOTS HAD BE5 SE5 BE=E 9 ,P>IS1 & ! AU?ORITIES ?\<T !Y HAD NO REASON TO VIEW !SE ONES ) ANY AL>M4 

,BUT A MAJOR 9SURRECTION WAS 9 ! (F+4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,TUESDAY1 ,JUNE #b#g1 CR[DS MORE M5AC+ ?AN ?OSE ( ! DAY BE=E BEGAN TO COLLECT 9 ! /REETS & SQU>ES ( ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E1 ! CRUCIBLE ( ,P>ISIAN J\RNEES DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :ILE B&S ( PR9T]S ROAM$ ! /REETS ( ! CAPITAL1 CALL+ ON WORK]S TO SUPPORT !IR PROTE/4 ,AS ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL FILL$ ONCE AGA9 ) ANGRY CR[DS1 ! POLICE TRI$ TO CLOSE ! GATES1 SCATT]+ PROTE/]S 9TO ! SURR\ND+ SQU>ES & /REETS4 ,! M\NT$ G5D>MES1 :OM ! AU?ORITIES HAD S5T TO ! SQU>E TO PREV5T FUR!R TR\BLE1 !MSELVES PROVOK$ UNRE/3 IRRITAT$ BY ! HEAT & LOS+ PATI5CE ) ! TAUNT+ CR[DS1 !Y BEGAN TO FIRE ON ! PEOPLE4 ,FATALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD SPILL$ BLOOD1 & ! BODIES ( ! REVOLUTION'S FIR/ M>TYRS W]E P>AD$ ?R\< ! /REETS ) CRIES ( 0,DEA? TO ! M9I/]S60 & 0,DEA? TO ,POLIGNAC60 

,:AT HAD BEGUN AS PROTE/S & SCATT]$ RIOTS SOON TURN$ 9TO AN >M$ CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ESPECIALLY ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS4 ,! K+ REACT$ TO ! G5D>M]IE'S %OOT+S BY APPO9T+ ,AUGU/E DE ,M>MONT1 ,DUKE ( ,RAGUSE1 TO COMM& ! SECURITY =CES4 ,AMONG MO/ ,P>ISIANS1 ,M>MONT WAS P>TICUL>LY DETE/$ = AB&ON+ ,NAPOLEON 9 ,APRIL #ahad & DEFECT+ TO ! ,ALLIES4 ,9 FACT1 HIS V]Y NAME HAD BECOME A SYNONYM 7A 0,RAGUS>D07 = 0OPPORTUNI/0 & 0TRAITOR40 ,! DUKE REACT$ =CEFULLY TO ! %OOT+S BY S5D+ \T ! 5TIRE ,P>ISIAN G>RISON--ROYAL GU>DS1 G5D>MES1 & TROOPS ( ! L9E--TO OCCUPY ! CAPITAL'S MAJOR SQU>ES & AV5UES--A PROVOCATIVE ACTION ?AT ONLY /OK$ ! CR[D'S FURY4 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,TUESDAY1 ,JULY #b#g1 ! SPORADIC DEMON/RATIONS IGNIT$ 9TO A WIDESPREAD 9SURRECTION4 ,TO SL[ D[N ! MOVEM5T ( ,M>MONT'S COLUMNS T[>D !IR PRESCRIB$ DE/9ATIONS1 B>RICADES W]E RE>$ ALL OV] ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ! RI<T BANK1 :]E MO/ ( ! GOV]NM5T BUILD+S W]E LOCAT$4 ,BY SEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! EV5+1 ! TROOPS W]E 9DISCRIM9ATELY US+ !IR FIRE>MS AGA9/ CR[DS ?AT PELT$ !M ) /ONES1 ADD+ TO ! TOLL ( ! REVOLUTION'S M>TYRS4 ,AT TWILI<T1 F> FROM DIM9I%+1 ! CR[DS SWELL$1 US+ ! COV] ( NI<T TO RANSACK GUN %OPS4 ,SY/EMATICALLY BLOTT+ \T ! /REETLAMPS1 !Y PLUNG$ ! 9SURRECTION>Y P>TS ( ! CAPITAL 9TO TOTAL D>KNESS1 5ABL+ !M TO BUILD !IR DEF5SES & F9D WEAPONS ) IMPUNITY4 

,! CR[D BEHAV$ ) REM>KABLE JUDICI\SNESS & DISCRIM9ATION T[>D ! V>I\S >M$ =CES DEPLOY$ AGA9/ !M1 PROBABLY BECAUSE MANY ( ! OLD] 9SURRECTION>IES W]E VET]ANS ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S & W]E POSSESS$ ( A DEGREE ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!Y REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ?IS SITUATION ! LOYALTIES ( ! TROOPS ( ! L9E--ORD9>Y SOLDI]S--W]E UNC]TA91 AS ?OSE ( ! HAT$ G5D>MES & ROYAL GU>DS W]E NOT4 ,IF ! CR[D BEHAV$ WELL T[>D ! SOLDI]S1 !Y MI<T CROSS OV] TO ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,%REWDLY !Y RAIS$ ! CRY1 0,LONG LIVE ! L9E6 ,D[N ) ! G5D>MES & ! GU>D60 ,DEMON/RATORS /AY$ AT !IR B>RICADES UNTIL >\ND T5 O'CLOCK1 :5 !Y BEGAN TO RETURN HOME = ! NI<T4 ,BY MIDNI<T1 ! CR[DS HAD ALL BUT DISAPPE>$4 ,! AU?ORITIES1 ?9K+ ! LULL MEANT ! 5D ( RESI/ANCE1 R$UC$ !IR TROOP LEVELS TO M]E /REET PATROLS NE> ! ,TUIL]IES & ! ,PLACE DE LA ,BA/ILLE1 :ILE ,M>MONT ASSUR$ ! IMP]TURBABLE K+ ?AT ! UPRIS+ HAD BE5 SNUFF$ \T4 

,BUT ON ,W$NESDAY MOM+1 ,JULY #b#h1 ! CR[DS REAPPE>$ 9 FULL =CE 9 ! C5TRAL DI/RICTS4 ,9DE$1 !Y W]E EV5 MORE NUM]\S & ?REAT5+1 AS ,M>MONT N]V\SLY REPORT$1 ?AN !Y HAD BE5 BE=E4 ,!Y W]E BUILD+ EV] MORE ELABORATE B>RICADES 9 EV] GREAT] E>NE/--FELL+ TREES1 PULL+ UP PAV+ /ONES1 & OV]TURN+ WAGONS & M>KET /ALLS TO CON/RUCT !M4 ,TROOPS ?AT TRI$ TO PASS ?R\< ! 9SURRECTION>Y >RONDISSCM5TS MET ) FURI\S RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ! N>R[ /REETS ADJO9+ ! SQU>ES & B\LEV>DS1 ! COLUMNS W]E BLOCK$ BY ONE B>RICADE AFT] ANO!R ALONG !IR L9ES ( ADVANCE4 ,EA* TIME !Y W]E HALT$1 !Y W]E EXPOS$ TO FIRE FROM 9SURG5T MUSKETS 9 ADJAC5T H\SES & TO B>RAGES ( PAV+ /ONES1 FURNITURE1 & TILES FROM ! RO(TOPS4 ,EV5 :5 ! TROOPS SUCCE$$ 9 DEMOLI%+ A B>RICADE1 A NEW ONE W\LD QUICKLY SPR+ UP 9 !IR RE>1 TRAPP+ !M1 SO ?AT !Y W]E S&WI*$ )9 ! N>R[ /REETS & CAU<T 9 MURD]\S CROSSFIRE4 

,AT >\ND ELEV5 A4M4 A CR[D 9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE OV]:ELM$ ! GU>D PO/ BE=E ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 =C$ OP5 ! GATES1 & 9VAD$ ! AG$ LABYR9?9E BUILD+1 CAUS+ ! PREFECT TO FLEE4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 :I* ,*>LES HAD DISB&$ 9 #ahbg AS A POLITICALLY UNRELIABLE =CE1 REAPPE>$ & OCCUPI$ ! CITY HALL4 ,ATOP ! BUILD+1 9 ! C5TRAL CUPOLA1 !Y REPLAC$ ! :ITE ,B\RBON FLAG ) ! \DAW$ TRICOLOR AS A SYMBOL ( REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY4 ,9DE$1 9 ONE ( !IR MO/ 9SPIR$ ACTIONS1 ! 9SURG5TS RAIS$ ! TRICOLOR ON A T[] ( ,NOT] ,DAME AS WELL1 :]E IT C\LD BE SE5 BY MO/ RESID5TS ( ! CITY4 ,! SOLDI]S ( ! L9E1 SURR\ND$ BY FRI5DLY CR[DS1 BEGAN TO FRAT]NIZE ) ! WORK]S4 ,BY NOON ,M>MONT1 HE>+ REPORTS ( ?IS DANG]\S DEVELOPM5T1 S5T \T HIS TROOPS 9 L>G] UNITS1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T SMALL GR\PS ( SOLDI]S FROM DEFECT+4 ,BATTALION- & REGIM5T-SIZ$ COLUMNS SUPPORT$ BY >TILL]Y ?US SALLI$ =? TO RECLAIM ! CITY'S C5T]1 ITS /RATEGIC AV5UES1 & ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,DESPITE SOME %ORT-LIV$ ADVANCES1 ! RESULTS W]E DISA/R\S = ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y4 

,! ,NAPOLEONIC VET]ANS SEEM TO HAVE PROVID$ ! 9SURG5TS ) A DEGREE ( TACTICAL FLEXIBILITY ?AT WAS LACK+ AMONG !IR OPPON5TS' (FIC]S4 ,A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ON AN OP5 BATTLEFIELD W\LD HAVE SURELY L$ TO !IR DEFEAT1 BUT FROM ! RO(S & W9D[S ( !IR [N AP>TM5T BUILD+S1 ! 9SURG5TS C\LD RA9 TILES & PAVES AS WELL AS BULLETS ONTO ! HAT$ GU>DS & G5D>M]IE4 ,) !IR 9TIMATE KN[L$GE ( !IR MAZELIKE NEI<BORHOODS1 !Y C\LD E/ABLI% COMMUNICATION L9KS BETWE5 B>RICADES & /RONG- PO9TS1 TRANS=M+ L>GE P>TS ( ! CITY 9TO ONE VA/ REVOLUTION>Y =TRESS4 ,TROOPS W]E LUR$ 9TO CONFUS+ BL9D ALLEYS & 9TRICATE PASSAGES :]E1 DESPITE !IR SUP]IOR >MS & TRA9+1 !Y W]E PLAC$ ON ! DEF5SIVE AGA9/ ! KN[L$GEABLE & AGILE 9SURG5TS4 ,BY ,JULY #b#i1 A TRAVEL] :O WALK$ FROM ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,P>IS T[>D ! C5T] ( ! CITY W\LD HAVE 5C\NT]$ B>RICADES ON NE>LY EV]Y /REET1 AT 9T]VALS ( ?IRTY FEET OR SO1 SOME ( =MIDABLE SIZE4 ,R>ETIES DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 MORE B>RICADES W]E RE>$ 9 ,JULY #ahc ?AN 9 ANY ,P>ISIAN 9SURRECTION BE=E OR S9CE4 

,EV]Y:]E 9SURG5T SNIP] FIRE TOOK ITS DEMORALIZ+ TOLL4 ,SOME COMM&]S1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! ,SWISS M]C5>Y UNITS 9 ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D1 W]E UNFAMILI> ) ! W9D+ /REETS1 ALLEYS1 & CUL-DE-SACS ( ,P>IS1 SO ?AT !IR =CES LO/ NE>LY ALL COMMUNICATION ) NE>BY TROOPS4 ,EV5 PROTECTIVE /RUCTURES PROV$ TO BE TRAPS4 ,! ,SWISS ,GU>DS SEEK+ TO RETAKE ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS F\ND !MSELVES HOPELESSLY SURR\ND$ BY >M$ CR[DS 9 ! ,PLACE DE ,GREVE & FIR$ UPON FROM ! BUILD+4 ,:5 ! ,SWISS F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 TAK+ ! CITY HALL1 !Y SOON F\ND ?AT !Y C\LD GET NO RE9=CEM5TS OR SUPPLIES4 ,ORD]$ TO DEP>T1 MO/ ( ! ,SWISS HAD TO FI<T !IR WAY BACK TO ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY1 ONCE AGA9 B>RAG$ BY FIRE FROM NE>BY BUILD+S & N>R[ /REETS4 

,F9ALLY1 LACK+ FOOD1 DR9K1 & EV5 AMMUNITION1 ,M>MONT'S =CES GREW EV] MORE DEMORALIZ$4 ,! WIDESPREAD REVOLT ( ! POPULACE N[ SEEM$ BEYOND !IR P[] TO VANQUI%4 ,AT L5G?1 BE=E ,W$NESDAY WAS \T1 NE>LY ALL ! KEY GOV]NM5T >EAS HAD FALL5 9TO 9SURG5T H&S1 LEAV+ ONLY A S+LE R\TE OP5 TO TROOP MOVEM5TS4 ,! COLUMNS ?AT ,M>MONT HAD S5T 9TO /RATEGIC >EAS DUR+ ! PREVI\S DAY W]E ?9N$ \T NOT ONLY BY CASUALTIES BUT--P]HAPS MORE IMPORT&Y--BY A /EADY FL[ ( DEFECTIONS4 ,! LOYALTY ( 5TIRE REGIM5TS WAS N[ TOTALLY UNRELIABLE4 ,UNITS ?AT HAD MANAG$ TO PASS ?R\< ! B>RICAD$ /REETS F\ND ?AT !Y W]E CONF9$ TO M]E PLAZAS1 A FEW BROAD AV5UES1 & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 :ILE ! MAZE ( /REETS SURR\ND+ !M W]E HELD FA/ BY ! 9SURG5TS4 ,ATTEMPTS BY ,M>MONT'S TROOPS TO SUBDUE ! D5SELY POPULAT$ >EAS ?AT SURR\ND$ ! SEATS ( GOV]NM5T W]E MET ) FI]CE BUT CALCULAT$ RESI/ANCE1 & EV5 ! NEI<BORHOODS ?AT ,M>MONT'S TROOPS HAD APP>5DY CONQU]$ W]E QUICKLY RECLAIM$ AFT] ! SOLDI]S MOV$ ON4 

,BY ,?URSDAY1 ,JULY #b#i1 ! >MY HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 DEFEAT$4 ,EV5 UNITS ( ! NORMALLY RELIABLE ,ROYAL ,GU>DS N[ REFUS$ TO FI<T ! POPULACE4 ,MOREOV]1 ANY FE>S ?AT LOYAL TROOPS FROM ! PROV9CES W\LD >RIVE TO RE9=CE ! ,P>ISIAN G>RISON W]E DISPELL$ AS ! PROV9CIALS 5 R\TE NOT ONLY REFUS$ TO SUPPLY ! TROOPS ) FOOD & DR9K BUT EV5 ATTACK$ !M ALONG ! ROADS4 ,:AT REMA9$ ( ,M>MONT'S =CES ON ?IS LA/ DAY ( ! 9SURRECTION W]E EI!R )DRAWN TO ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY OR FL$ ( !IR [N ACCORD4 

,SOME #b1 PEOPLE HAD DI$ DUR+ ! 0?REE GLORI\S DAYS10 FROM ,TUESDAY TO ,?URSDAY4 ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 SOME #a1#h1 W]E >TISANS1 PR9CIPALLY C>P5T]S & JO9]S1 CAB9ETMAK]S1 /ONEMASONS1 %OEMAK]S1 LOCKSMI?S1 JEWELRY MAK]S1 PR9T]S1 & TAILORS4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE PLAY$ A CONSEQU5TIAL ROLE 9 ! FI<T+1 JUDG+ FROM CLAIMS = COMP5SATION ?AT W\ND$ 9SURG5TS PUT 9 TO ! ,COMMISSION DES ,RECOMP5SES ,NATIONALES AFT] ! UPRIS+4 ,DUR+ ! /REET FI<T+ CLASS DIVISIONS HAD BE5 M>K$1 EV5 9 S+LE BUILD+S1 LET ALONE NEI<BORHOODS4 ,WELL-TO-DO ROYALI/S :O R5T$ AP>TM5TS ON ! L[] FLOORS ( ! T5EM5TS1 = EXAMPLE1 PROVID$ FOOD & DR9K = ! TROOPS TRY+ TO SUPPRESS ! 9SURRECTION1 :ILE ! WORK]S :O LIV$ ON ! UPP] FLOORS F\<T ! SAME TROOPS ) WEAPONS & /ONES FROM !IR W9D[S & RO(S4 ,AS ,DAVID ,H4 ,P9KNEY S>DONICALLY OBS]VES3 

,9 ! SO-CALL$ ,B\RGEOIS ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc ! MIDDLE & UPP] B\RGEOISIE W]E EI!R IMMUNE TO BULLETS OR ABS5T FROM ! FIR+ L9E4 ,IMMUNITY IS IMPROBABLE1 H[EV]1 = SOME B\RGEOIS MET !IR 5DS AS UN9VOLV$ BY/&]S4444 ,ON ! 444 LI/ ( DEAD .<COMPIL$ BY ! ,COMMISSION DES ,RECOMP5SES ,NATIONALES7 W]E ONE DOCTOR & ONE TEA*] BUT NO BANK]S1 NO LAWY]S1 NO DEPUTIES1 NO PUBLI%]S OR J\RNALI/S1 AL?\< ONE S\RCE LI/$ ONE J\RNALI/ DEAD4 ,A FEW FROM ?IS CLASS DO FIGURE AMONG ! W\ND$ & O!R COMBATANTS--F\R DOCTORS1 ONE LAWY]1 & EI<T TEA*]S BUT NO J\RNALI/S1 NO PUBLI%]S1 NO DEPUTIES-- & ALL COMB9$ !IR NUMB]S DO NOT EV5 APPROA* ! NUMB] ( MASONS OR ( CAB9ETMAK]S ALONE4 ,! TOP-HATT$ B\RGEOIS ON ! B>RICADE 9 ,F]D9& ,DELACROIX'S 0,LIB]TY ,LEAD+ ! ,PEOPLE0 SC>CELY DES]VES HIS CONSPICU\S PLACE1 C]TA9LY NOT AS A SYMBOL ( HIS L& 9 ?IS P]IL\S SPOT4.<#c#h.> 

,! ,U,N,R,E,S,O,L,V,$ ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,9 ! WEEK ?AT FOLL[$ ! UPRIS+1 ! DEFEAT$ K+ & HIS 5T\RAGE DEP>T$ ,P>IS1 DRIFT+ SL[LY TO ! ,*ANNEL PORTS & EXILE 9 ,5GL&4 ,TO REPLACE HIM1 J\RNALI/S1 PUBLI%]S1 DEPUTIES1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 DISPOSSESS$ ,BONAP>TI/ BUREAUCRATS & (FIC]S W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO USE ! POPUL> UPRIS+ C>RI$ ON & WON BY ! WORK]S ( ,P>IS TO ]ECT A REGIME ?AT W\LD BE SYMPA!TIC TO !IR [N 9T]E/S & PRE/IGE4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,P>ISIAN LIB]ALS W]E REPUBLICANS ( V>I\S HUES1 SOME ( !M O/5SIBLY ,JACOB9 9 SPIRIT4 ,ONJULY #bi !Y W]E /ILL N]V\SLY DEBAT+ ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN LEAD+ IT ON ! B>RICADES4 ,BUT ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! ROYAL DEF5SE ( ! CITY1 !Y HA/ILY DRAP$ !MSELVES 9 ! OLD TRICOLOR &1 JO9+ ) ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S1 TOOK ! /EP ( *OOS+ A ,MUNICIPAL ,COMMISSION1 ) MEMB]S 9CLUD+ ,P]I]1 ! BANK]4 ,*>G$ BY ! SUBDU$ ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES TO PROVISION & DEF5D ! CAPITAL & MA9TA9 ORD]1 ?IS ,COMMISSION--& IT NOTICEABLY DID NOT CALL ITSELF A ,COMMUNE1 AS REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION PRESCRIB$--9/ALL$ ITSELF 9 ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE & BEGAN TO SORT \T ! EXT5T ( ITS AU?ORITY4 

,! MILIT>Y P[] 9 ,P>IS N[ CONSI/$ ( TWO =CES3 ! UNORGANIZ$ >M$ WORK]S & ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,AS ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y =CE 9 ,P>IS1 ! ,GU>D WAS COMM&$ BY A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/1 ! ,M>QUIS DE ,LAFAYETTE1 :O1 9 HIS DUBI\S TRANS=MATION 9TO A REPUBLICAN LEAD]1 HAD ASSIDU\SLY UND]TAK5 ! JOB ( HOLD+ AT BAY ! MORE RADICAL T5D5CIES AMONG ! REPUBLICAN /UD5TS1 WORK]S1 ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 & ,BONAP>TI/S4 ,AMONG ! DISORGANIZ$ =CES ( ! WORK]-9SURG5TS1 !RE WAS NO POT5TIAL LEAD] :O C\LD MAT* ,LAFAYETTE'S PRE/IGE & REPUTATION4 ,?US :5 ,LAFAYETTE ORD]$ ! MUSKETS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D TO BACK UP ! ,MUNICIPAL ,COMMISSION1 HE 5SUR$ ?AT ! ,COMMISSION WAS ! SOLE ADM9I/RATIVE P[] 9 ,P>IS4 ,LIKE ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ! ,COMMISSION FAVOR$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A LIB]AL CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y ALONG ! ,BRITI% P>LIAM5T>Y MODEL4 ,BUT :O W\LD FILL ! REQUIR$ ROLE ( MON>*8 ,! *OICE WAS MADE NOT BY ! 9SURRECTION>IES BUT BY ! BANK] ,LAFFITTE1 HIS J\RNALI/ COLLEAGUE ,?I]S1 & ! HI/ORIAN ,FRANCOIS ,GUIZOT1 :O =M$ A CABAL TO PROMOTE ! C&IDACY ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS4 ,! DUKE WAS ! SON ( ,L\IS ,X,VL'S RIVAL1 ,PHILIPPE ,EGALITE1 :O DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAD AB&ON$ HIS L(TY TIDE TO SUPPORT ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC 

,EGALITE'S R5UNCIATION1 H[EV]1 HAD NOT SAV$ HIM FROM ! GUILLOT9E1 A FATE ?AT MADE HIS SON1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 ALL ! MORE PRUD5T4 ,! ,ORLEANI/S1 AS HIS SUPPORT]S W]E CALL$1 & ! REPUBLICAN 0M5 ( ORD]0 SU* AS ,LAFAYETTE1 :O UPHELD ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,MUNICIPAL ,COMMISSION1 FE>$ ?AT ANY REPUBLIC W\LD NECESS>ILY BECOME A T]RORI/IC ,JACOB9 REGIME4 ,LAFFITTE & ,?I]S !REUPON 5T]$ 9TO NEGOTIATIONS TO BR+ ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE TO ! ?RONE UND] ! TIDE 0CITIZ5 K+0 OR1 MORE ABSURDLY1 ! 0K+ ( ! B>RICADES0--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT DUR+ ! /REET FI<T+ ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS HAD AB&ON$ ! EMBATD$ CAPITAL = HIS SAFE RETREAT AT ,NEUILLY4 ,9 ! POLITICAL LABYR9? AFT] ! 9SURRECTION1 PO/]S ALL OV] ,P>IS W]E HAIL+ HIM AS ! MO/ SUITABLE SUCCESSOR TO ,*>LES--A PROPAG&A 5T]PRISE GUID$ BY ,?I]S & APP>5DY F9ANC$ BY ,LAFFITTE4 ,F9ALLY1 ) ! GUIDANCE ( HIS LIB]AL ADVIS]S1 NONE ( :OM HAD BE5 ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! UPRIS+1 ! DUKE BEGAN TO SIDLE HIS WAY T[>D ! ?RONE4 

,:AT F9ALLY VALIDAT$ ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE AS A K+ 0SURR\ND$ BY REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS0 7AS HIS SUPPORT]S W]E TO PUT IT7 WAS ,LAFAYETTE'S PUBLIC EMBRACE ( HIM AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE ON ,JULY #c#a4 ,LE/ ! CR[D ?AT GA!R$ \TSIDE-- :I* SEEM$ TO PREF] A REPUBLIC--GET \T ( CONTROL & ACT ON ITS [N1 ,LAFAYETTE1 AS ,*ATEAUBRI& TELLS US 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 0GAVE ! ,DUE D',ORLEANS A TNCOLOR FLAG1 W5T \T ON ! BALCONY ( ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 & EMBRAC$ ! ,PR9CE BE=E ! EYES ( ! A/\ND$ CR[D1 :ILE ! ,DUKE WAV$ ! NATIONAL FLAG40 ,ONE ( ! MORE PR9CIPL$ ROYALI/S1 ,*ATEAUBRI& S>DONICALLY CONCLUDES3 0,! REPUBLICAN KISS ( ,LAFAYETTE CREAT$ A K+40.<#c#h#a.> 

,F> FROM EXHIBIT+ ANY RELUCTANCE1 ,LAFAYETTE WAS ONLY TOO WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! DUKE AS A MON>*1 A CRASS BETRAYAL ( ! HOPES ( MANY ( ! WORK]S :O HAD MADE ! #ahc ,REVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 ,*ATEAUBRI&'S ACC\NT TAKES NOTE ( ! A/ONI%M5T ( ! CR[D AT ! ACTION1 NOT ! 0*E]S0 ?AT SOME HI/ORIANS ATTRIBUTE TO !M4 ,?US1 ,LAFAYETTE ONCE AGA9 %[$ HIMSELF TO BE A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/ :OSE COMMITM5T TO A REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T WAS L>GELY RHETORICAL4 ,SOON !REAFT]1 NE>LY EV]YONE 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T APP>5DY WANT$ TO BE RID ( ?IS RELIC ( #a#g#h#i4 ,AFT] BE+ GRANT$ ! VACU\S TIDE ( 0,HONOR>Y ,COMM&+-,G5]AL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ( ! ,K+DOM10 :I* ! SEV5TY-?REE-YE>-OLD M>QUIS CONSID]$ AN 9SULT1 HE RESIGN$ FROM HIS COMM& & VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! POLITICAL SC5E4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #i1 SC>CELY A WEEK AFT] ,LAFAYETTE'S DEMON/RATIVE BLESS+1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 ) ! AGREEM5T ( ! ,*AMB]S ( ,DEPUTIES & ,PE]S1 WAS CR[N$ SOV]EIGN4 ,! CORONATION1 :I* TOOK PLACE AT ! ,PALAIS ,B\RBON 7! SEAT ( ! ,*AMB]71 WAS DELIB]ATELY M>K$ BY AN ALMO/ PURITANICAL SIMPLICITY1 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ,*>LES'S ORNATE C]EMONY AT ! ,CA!DRAL ( ,RHEIMS4 ,9 A L>GELY CIVIL C]EMONY ?AT REF]R$ TO 0! WILL ( ! PEOPLE0 RA!R ?AN 0DIV9E RI<T10 ! NEW MON>* PL$G$ TO UPHOLD ! ,*>TE1 :I* ITSELF WAS LIB]ALIZ$ BY ! REMOVAL ( ! NOXI\S PREAMBLE /AT+ ! DOCUM5T WAS A 0VOLUNT>Y0 GIFT FROM ! CR[N4 ,! REVISIONS ALSO LIMIT$ H]$IT>Y MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ,PE]S1 L[]$ ! VOT+ AGE FROM #c TO #b#e1 & R$UC$ ! TAX QUALIFICATIONS = ! FRAN*ISE FROM #c FRANCS TO #b4 ,! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES WAS 9/RUCT$ TO PASS LAWS TO ABOLI% PRESS C5SOR%IP & REQUIRE JURY TRIALS 9/EAD ( >BITR>Y JUDGM5TS = J\RNALI/IC MALFEASANCES4 ,EV5 $UCATION WAS MADE A /ATE RA!R ?AN A ,*UR* AFFAIR ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 :5 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES APPROPRIAT$ FUNDS TO AF=D SECUL> PRIM>Y S*OOLS TO COMMUNES 9/EAD ( *UR*ES4 

,9 DEF]5CE TO ROMANTIC NO/ALGIA1 ! TRICOLOR WAS MADE ! (FICIAL SYMBOL ( ,FRANCE4 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 9 TURN1 PL$G$ TO 0GOV]N ONLY BY ! LAWS & ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS40.<#c#h#b.> ,AMID CRIES ( 0,LONG LIVE ! K+60 & 0,LONG LIVE ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE ,I10 ! DUKE ACCEPT$ ! CR[N1 ! SCEPT]1 & ! ROYAL SWORD FROM ! PE]S & DEPUTIES1 DUTIFULLY SIGN+ 9 TRIPLICATE ! DECL>ATIONS 5D[+ HIM ) HIS NEW /ATUS1 MU* AS ?\< !Y W]E A COMM]CIAL CONTRACT4 ,9 ?IS PROSAIC BUS9ESSLIKE FA%ION1 :I* PRESUMABLY REPRES5T$ ! TRIUMPH ( REPUBLICAN VIRTUE OV] ABSOLUTISM1 ! DUKE ACCEPT$ ! ?RONE AS 0K+ ( ! ,FR5*0 RA!R ?AN 0K+ ( ,FRANCE40 

,A CALCULAT+ MAN1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE HAD TRAVEL$ WIDELY DUR+ HIS YE>S ( EXILE1 EV5 TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & HAD SP5T HIS TIME PATI5TLY WAIT+ = EV5TS TO UNFOLD ON HIS BEHALF4 ,:5 ,VILLELE'S COMP5SATION LAW WAS PASS$ 9 #a#h#b#e1 HE HAD DULY REGA9$ ! CONSID]ABLE L&$ PROP]TIES ?AT HAD BE5 EXPROPRIAT$ FROM HIS FAMILY1 REC\P+ MU* ( HIS FAMILY =TUNE1 & HE ROSE TO HI< POSITION 9 ! ,B\RBON REGIME4 ,9DE$1 ! K+'S BEHAVIOR REFLECT$ A NEW K9D ( ,FR5*MAN ?AT ,HONORE DE ,BALZAC WAS DEPICT+ 9 HIS NOVELS4 ,DESPITE HIS >I/OCRATIC P$IGREE1 9 HIS HABITS ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE WAS A P>SIMONI\S & /OLID B\RGEOIS1 CAUTI\S AB\T ADVANC+ HIMSELF2 9DE$1 EV5 AFT] HE WAS E/ABLI%$ AS K+1 HE RETA9$ A CORDIAL ATTITUDE T[>D ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 :O FREELY VISIT$ ! ROYAL PALACE AS ?\< IT W]E A PUBLIC 9/ITUTION4 ,9 HIS DRESS ! 0CITIZ5 K+0 WAS PLA91 & HIS REIGN--! ,JULY ,MON>*Y1 AS IT WAS CALL$--WAS FREE ( O/5TATION4 ,=TUNATELY = ! NEW MON>*1 MOREOV]1 ,FRANCE BEGAN TO RECOV] FROM ! ECONOMIC DEPRESSION ?AT HAD PLAGU$ H] 9 ! LATE #a#h#bS & E>LY #a#h#cS & BEGAN TO 5JOY A P]IOD ( RELATIVE PROSP]ITY4 

,BUT ! NEW ELECTORAL LAW ( ,APRIL #a#h#c#a1 H]ALD$ AS AN ,ORLEANI/ RE=M MEASURE1 /ILL DEPRIV$ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ADULTS ( ! FRAN*ISE3 ONLY #a#f#f1 \T ( #i MILLION ADULTS W]E ABLE TO MEET ! #b-FRANC C5S ?AT MADE !M ELIGIBLE TO VOTE4 0,! SITUATION MAY HAVE BE5 EV5 WORSE ?AN ! FIGURES %[10 NOTES ,PRISCILLA ,ROB]TSON1 0BUT AT ANY RATE SMALL & MIDDL+ BUS9ESSM5 W]E EXCLUD$ ALONG ) ! LE>N$ & PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES &1 ( C\RSE1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS40.<#c#h#c.> ,DISQUALIFI$ ,FR5*M5 C\LD LOOK ) 5VY ACROSS ! ,*ANNEL1 :]E ! ,RE=M ,BILL ( #a#h#c#b1 = ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 HAD EXP&$ ! ,5GLI% ELECTORATE BY AB\T #e P]C5T TO SOME #g#e14 ,AL?\< #cb P] ?\S& N[ HAD ! FRAN*ISE 9 ,BRITA91 A M]E #e P] ?\S& C\LD VOTE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,TO DEM&S = A MORE REPRES5TATIVE SUFFRAGE1 ,GUIZOT1 ! K+'S PREMI]1 >ROGANTLY RESPOND$1 0,5RI* Y\RSELVES2 !N Y\ CAN VOTE10 ) ! RESULT ?AT AS LATE AS #a#h#c#f1 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES CONTA9$ ONLY #de BANK]S1 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S1 & M]*ANTS1 AS AGA9/ #aaf L&$ PROPRIETORS & P>ASITIC R5TI]S4 

,9DE$1 ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ( ! #ahc ,REVOLUTION AS A %IFT 9 P[] FROM ! L&$ NOBILITY TO ! F9ANCIAL B\RGEOISIE IS NOT SUPPORT$ BY ! REALITY ?AT1 AP>T FROM A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 ! F9ANCIAL & C]TA9LY ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE GA9$ LITDE P[] FROM ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,! SAME L&$ NOBILITY1 ESPECIALLY LOCAL NOTABLES1 :O HAD =M$ ! BASE ( ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION CONT9U$ TO CON/ITUTE ! BASE ( ! NEW MON>*Y1 AL?\< !IR NUMB]S W]E AUGM5T$ BY EX-,BONAP>TI/ (FICIALS & A FEW B\RGEOIS4 ,AS ,WILLIAM ,L4 ,LANG] REM>KS1 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,JULY ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c1 :I* WAS />T$ BY ,P>IS PR9T]S & F\<T \T BY CRAFTSM5 & >TISANS1 WAS TAK5 OV] BY A GR\P ( ADROIT BANK]S1 ( :OM ,LAFFITTE1 ,CASIMIR-,P]I]1 & ,DELESS]T W]E ! MO/ PROM95T ,BUT :5 ! EXCITEM5T WAS OV]1 IT TURN$ \T ?AT = ! NEXT EI<TE5 YE>S ,FRANCE WAS TO BE RUL$ NOT BY BANK]S & 9DU/RIALI/S BUT BY PROV9CIAL NOTABLES1 BY LAWY]S & BY BUREAUCRATS1 MANY ( :OM W]E (FIC]S OR (FICIALS ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC REGIME4 ,9 #ahcg !RE W]E H>DLY MORE ?AN =TY DEPUTIES :O C\LD BE FAIRLY DESCRIB$ AS MEMB]S ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CLASS4.<#c#h#d.> 

,& AS ,P9KNEY T]SELY OBS]VES1 

,! NEW REGIME DID DIFF] FROM ITS PR$ECESSOR 9 ?AT !RE WAS A L>G] PLACE 9 IT = BUS9ESSM5 LIKE ,LAFFITTE & ,P]I]4444 ,NONE!LESS1 POLITICAL P[] WAS /ILL FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( ! L&$ PROPRIETORS1 ! (FICEHOLD]S1 & ! PR(ESSIONAL M54.<#c#h#e.> 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK]S :O HAD DONE ALL ! FI<T+ GA9$ NO?+ :ATSOEV]1 POLITICALLY OR MAT]IALLY1 FROM ! V]Y UPRIS+ ?AT MADE POSSIBLE ! ,ORLEANI/ REGIME4 ,HAV+ %ATT]$ ,M>MONT'S >MY 9 AN 9SURRECTION1 ! 0H]OES ( ,JULY0 7AS ! >TISANS W]E CALL$7 W]E SADDL$ ) AN ELECTORAL LAW ?AT1 9 #a#h#c#a1 SLAMM$ ! POLITICAL DOOR 9 !IR FACES4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! ,JULY DAYS ONW>D1 ! ,ORLEANI/ REGIME WAS W>Y ( WORK+ PEOPLE1 NOT ONLY 9 ,P>IS BUT 9 ! RE/ ( ,FRANCE AS WELL4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 ,DECEMB] #ahc ! HEAT$ CONFLICT OV] ! FATE ( ! =M] ,B\RBON M9I/]S1 :O W]E TREAT$ FAIRLY B5IGNLY BY ! NEW MON>*Y1 NE>LY ?REW ! CAPITAL 9TO ANO!R 9SURRECTION4 ,BY PUTT+ UP A /RONG %[ ( =CE1 MOBILIZ+ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 & PLAC+ ORD9>Y TROOPS ON AL]T1 ! GOV]NM5T %[$ ?AT IT WAS QUITE PREP>$ TO USE ALL ! MILIT>Y =CE AT ITS DISPOSAL TO CONTROL ! 0AN>*I/ES0 7A WORD ?AT CROPP$ UP 9 M9I/]IAL DELIB]ATIONS7 :O ?REAT5$ PUBLIC ORD]4 ,FOLL[+ ! CRISIS ( ! EX-M9I/]S' TRIAL1 A RA% ( /RIKES & ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS OBLIG$ ! ,P>ISIAN ,MUNICIPAL ,COMMISSION TO PROVIDE PUBLIC WORKS = ?\S&S ( UNEMPLOY$1 9 ORD] TO ALLAY PUBLIC UNRE/4 

,9DE$1 AS RADICAL REPUBLICAN GR\PS BEGAN TO CONSPIRE AGA9/ ! ,ORLEANI/ REGIME & AS ASSASS9S /ALK$ ! K+1 ! GOV]NM5T BECAME MORE & MORE CONS]VATIVE4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#h#c#a1 9 RESPONSE TO RIOTS & DEMON/RATIONS1 ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES 5ACT$ LEGISLATION AGA9/ UNLAWFUL MEET+S OR SO-CALL$ ATTR\PEM5TS & RESUM$ ! PROSECUTION ( OPPOSITIONAL LEAD]S4 ,?AT MO/ SACR$ C[ ( ! LIB]ALS1 NAMELY FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 :I* HAD BE5 AFFIRM$ BY ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE ON ACCEPT+ ! ?RONE1 WAS REPEAT$LY ABRIDG$ FROM ! AUTUMN ( #ahc UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#c#d1 :5 PRESS LIMITATIONS =BADE NOT ONLY ! USE ( ! WORD REPUBLIC BUT EV5 POLITICAL C>ICATURES4 ,A ,LAW ON ,ASSOCIATION PASS$ 9 #ahcd REQUIR$ MO/ SOCIETIES--EV5 ?OSE ?AT CONTA9$ FEW] ?AN TW5TY MEMB]S1 :I* ! ,B\RBONS HAD TOL]AT$--TO BE AU?ORIZ$ BY ! /ATE BE=E !Y C\LD FUNCTION LEGALLY4 ,?IS LAW EFFECTIVELY QUA%$ NOT ONLY REPUBLICAN SOCIETIES BUT EV5 E>LY TRADE UNIONS SEEK+ HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AS WELL AS MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES4 ,AS ,PAMELA ,PILBEAM OBS]VES1 ! ,ORLEANI/S PURSU$ 0A POLICY ( SURVEILLANCE1 PROSECUTION & ULTIMATELY *ANGES 9 ! LAW ON ASSOCIATIONS :I* MADE ! NEW LIB]AL REGIME EV5 LESS TOL]ANT ?AN ! ,RE/ORATION40.<#c#h#f.> ,BETWE5 M9I/RIES HEAD$ ALT]NATELY BY ,GUIZOT1 ! EV]-ADAPTABLE ,NICOLAS ,S\LT 7=M]LY A M>%AL ( ,NAPOLEON71 & ! P]5NIAL 5EMY ( REBELLI\S WORK]S ,?I]S1 ,ORLEANI/ COMMITM5TS TO FRE$OM W]E /EADILY ABRIDG$4 

,9ASMU* AS 0POLITICAL P[] WAS /ILL FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( ! L&$ PROPRIETORS1 ! (FICEHOLD]S1 & ! PR(ESSIONAL M510 ,P9KNEY CONCLUDES1 

44 ! ,JULY ,DAYS HAD EFFECT$ NO REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE40 ,BUT ! UPRIS+ HAD MADE 0ONE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 ONE ?AT ITS PR9CIPAL B5EFICI>IES HAD NOT 9T5D$ & ?OR\<LY DEPLOR$4 ,IT HAD BR\<T ! PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 BACK 9TO POLITICS 9 A WAY !Y HAD NOT BE5 9VOLV$ S9CE ! #a#g#iS40.<#c#h#g.> 

,! ,S,E,C,R,E,T ,S,O,C,I,E,T,I,E,S 

,! CR[DS :O WAT*$ ,LAFAYETTE EMBRACE ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS AT ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE *AF$ AT ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( ! ,JULY EV5TS1 :OSE VICTORY !Y REASONABLY FELT WAS BE+ BRAZ5LY SNAT*$ FROM !M4 ,HAV+ RIS5 AGA9/ ! DETE/$ ,B\RBON MON>*Y & DEFEAT$ IT ONCE1 WORK+ PEOPLE W]E N[ ACUTELY AW>E ( !IR P[]4 ,IT WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc ?AT CREAT$ ! SIZABLE ,FR5* PUBLIC = ,BUON>OTTI'S ACC\NT ( ! ,BAB\VI/ CONSPIRACY1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ ONLY TWO YE>S BE=E ! ,JULY DAYS4 ,BUON>OTTI'S BOOK N[ F$ A GR[+ DESIRE TO TURN TO CONSPIRATORIAL ME?ODS TO OV]?R[ ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y--& AMONG ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! P]IOD1 NONE EMBODI$ ?IS T5D5CY MORE CONSI/5DY & MILIT&Y ?AN ,BLANQUI4 ,:5 ! ,JULY 9SURRECTION EXPLOD$1 ,BLANQUI MAY ALREADY HAVE BE5 A REPUBLICAN--9 ANY CASE1 HE AB&ON$ HIS MOD]ATE J\RNALI/ COLLEAGUES AT ! ,GLOBE & ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! /REET FI<T+1 BR&I%+ A MUSKET 9 ONE H& & A TRICOLOR 9 ! O!R4 ,HE WAS W\ND$1 = :I* ! ,ORLEANS GOV]NM5T AW>D$ HIM A DECORATION1 BUT HE EM]G$ FROM ! FI<T+ AS A R$ REPUBLICAN & RAPIDLY EVOLV$ 9TO A SOCIALI/4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#c#b1 :ILE DEF5D+ HIMSELF AT A HI<LY PUBLICIZ$ TRIAL = HIS RADICAL VIEWS1 HE DELIV]$ A PASSIONATE SPEE* ?AT ,J4 ,T*EM(F DESCRIBES AS 0! FIR/ SOCIALI/ MANIFE/O ( ?IS EPO*40.<#c#h#h.> ,! ,JULY ,MON>*Y1 ,BLANQUI SAID1 WAS 0! GOV]NM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES10 & SOCIETY WAS 9 0A /ATE ( W> BETWE5 RI* & POOR40.<#c#h#i.> ,ASK$ BY ! PRESID5T ( ! C\RT TO NAME HIS [N 0E/ATE10 OR CLASS1 ,BLANQUI ANSW]$ =?RI<DY1 0,PROLETAIRE40 ,:5 ! PRESID5T D5I$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS AN E/ATE1 ,BLANQUI RO>$1 0,H[ IS IT NOT AN E/ATE6 ,IT IS ! E/ATE ( ?IRTY MILLION ,FR5*M5 :O FIVE BY !IR LABOR & >E DEPRIV$ ( POLITICAL RI<TS60.<#c#i.> ,! LANGUAGE ( SOCIALISM WAS ALREADY V]Y MU* 9 HIS M9D AS WELL AS 9 ! M9DS ( A GR[+ NUMB] ( ORD9>Y REPUBLICANS 9 ,FRANCE4 

,AN E>LY >5A = G5]AT+ SOCIALI/S WAS ! SECRET REPUBLICAN SOCIETY ,SOCIETE DES ,AMIS DU ,PEUPLE 7,SOCIETY ( ! ,FRI5DS ( ! ,PEOPLE71 9SPIR$ BY ! REPUBLICAN PUBLICI/ ,GODEFROY ,CAVAIGNAC4 ,! ,AMIS1 :O W]E ORGANIZ$ ON ,JULY #c1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,P>IS /REET FI<T+1 DEM&$ ?AT ,FRANCE BE P]MITT$ TO ELECT A NEW CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY TO DECIDE ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 9/EAD ( RE/OR+ ! OLD ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES4 ,! MANY REPUBLICAN BANQUETS & ORATORICAL T\RNAM5TS ! SOCIETY HELD *ALL5G$ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! NEW MON>*Y1 EV5 ATTRACT+ AS MANY AS A ?\S& PEOPLE TO !IR MEET+S4 ,9 REALITY ! ,AMIS HAD ONLY #ae COMMITT$ MEMB]S 9 ,P>IS-- ,BUON>OTTI WAS AMONG !M1 AS WAS ,BLANQUI1 AL?\< H[ 9TIMATE !Y W]E REMA9S UNCLE>4 ,MORE RADICAL & L>G] ?AN ! ,AMIS WAS ! ,SOCIETE DES ,DROITS DE ,I',HOMME 7,SOCIETY = ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN71 A HI<LY DISCIPL9$ (F%OOT ( ! ,AMIS ?AT1 AFT] #a#h#c#b1 MANAG$ TO COLLECT A CONSID]ABLE WORK+-CLASS FOLL[+ & EXT5D ITS REA* ?R\<\T ! >RONDISSEM5TS ( ,P>IS & 9TO SOME ( ! PROV9CES4 ,HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$1 ! TOP LEVEL ( ! ,DROITS WAS AN ELEV5- MAN C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 BEL[ :I* CAME TWELVE COMMISSION]S1 ONE = EA* >RONDISSEM5T1 & BEL[ !M ANO!R =TY-EI<T COMMISSION]S1 ONE = EA* ( ! F\R QU>T]S 9TO :I* EA* >RONDISSEM5T WAS DIVID$4 ,! QU>T]S1 9 TURN1 W]E SUBDIVID$ 9TO SECTIONS1 :OSE CLUBS CLAIM$ TO BE 9DEP5D5T 9 ORD] TO EVADE GOV]NM5T RE/RICTIONS ON MEMB]%IP 9 SOCIETIES4 

,CLUBS LIKE ! ,AMIS & ! ,DROITS1 :I* PROLIF]AT$ ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 W]E EXPRESSLY REPUBLICAN & SOMETIMES EV5 SOCIALI/IC 9 \TLOOK4 ,BY #ahcc ! ,DROITS CLAIM$ A TOTAL MEMB]%IP ( #d 9 ,P>IS1 :ILE ITS BRAN* 9 ,*ALONS1 ONE ( SEV]AL \TSIDE ! CAPITAL1 HAD AS MANY AS #a#e4 ,NOR W]E !SE REPUBLICAN CLUBS M]E DEBAT+ SOCIETIES4 ,A NUMB] ( !M1 9CLUD+ C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! ,DROITS1 W]E >M$1 :ILE O!RS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PROV9CES1 DRILL$ & HELD T>GET PRACTICE4 ,! MU%ROOM+ ( SU* REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES AMONG >TISANS PROVID$ ! UPP] CLASSES ) ! EXCUSE--& ! NE$--TO ACCEPT ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES ON ASSOCIATION IMPOS$ BY ! ,ORLEANI/ GOV]NM5T 

,ON ,JUNE #e1 #a#h#c#b1 A FUN]AL WAS HELD = ,MAXIMILI5 ,LAM>QUE1 AN IMM5SELY POPUL> ,BONAP>TI/ G5]AL ON :OM ! EXIL$ ,NAPOLEON HAD LOOK$ ) SU* FAVOR ?AT HE BEQUEA!D UPON HIM1 ON HIS DEA?B$ AT ,/4 ,HEL5A1 ! HONORIFIC TITLE ( M>%AL4 ,N[ A CORTEGE ( ?\S&S1 L$ BY SEV]AL DI/+UI%$ MILIT>Y M51 9CLUD+ ,LAFAYETTE1 FOLL[$ ,LAM>QUE'S C(F9 AS IT W\ND ITS WAY TO ! ,PAN!ON4 ,MANY :O FOLL[$ BEH9D 9 ! PROCESSION W]E MEMB]S ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES :O EXPECT$1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! FUN]AL1 TO /AGE A FULL-SCALE REPUBLICAN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! MON>*Y4 

,ONE ( A P>TY ( /UD5TS HAV+ EXCLAIM$1 0,BUT1 AFT] ALL1 :I!R >E !Y LEAD+ US80 0,TO ! REPUBLIC10 REPLI$ A P]SON1 WE>+ ! ,JULY DECORATION1 :O WAS ACT+ AS *IEF ( ! TROOP1 0& MAKE Y\RSELF SURE ( ?IS1 ?AT TONI<T WE WILL SUP 9 ! ,TUIL]IES40.<#c#i#a.> 

,! CORTEGE /OPP$ BE=E A SPECIALLY PREP>$ SCAFFOLD TO HE> DIGNIT>IES DELIV] SOLEMN EULOGIES TO ,LAM>QUE1 :5 SUDD5LY1 AS ,L\IS ,BLANC REC\NTS1 

A /RANG] CAME UP1 M\NT$ ON A HORSE1 :I* HE HAD GREAT DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ ?R\< ! IMM5SE CONC\RSE4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( ?IS MAN WAS MO/ S9I/]2 HE WAS DRESS$ 9 BLACK1 & HELD 9 HIS H& A R$ FLAG1 SURM\NT$ BY A CAP ( LIB]TY4 ,IT WAS ! SYMBOL ( '#i#c ?AT WAS ?US REVIV$ BE=E ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! FLAG SO DISCONC]T$ ,LAFAYETTE ?AT1 AL?\< HE WAS A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,LAM>QUE'S1 HE ABRUPTLY LEFT ! FUN]AL4 

,! 9DIGNATION :I* ?IS SPECTACLE EXCIT$1 WAS EXTREME1 ESPECIALLY ON ! P>T ( ! REPUBLICANS1 :OSE PR9CIPLES ?IS FE>FUL APP>ITION T5D$ TO MISREPRES5T & ?R[ A SLUR UPON4 ,ONE %\T ( REPROBATION BUR/ FROM ALL PRES5T1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW1 :O APPLAUD$1 EI!R ) IMBECILE FANATICISM1 OR ) ! TREA*]\S PURPOSE ( ?R[+ ODIUM ON ! CAUSE ( ! REPUBLIC4 

,! MAN'S APPE>ANCE1 9 ,BLANC'S VIEW1 SUCCE$$ 9 TURN+ MANY MEMB]S ( ! CORTEGE AGA9/ ! PROSPECTIVE 9SURRECTION1 BY ASSOCIAT+ REPUBLICANISM ) 0SANGU9>Y JACOB9ISM40 

,! R$ FLAG HAD PRODUC$ ITS EFFECT3 HE :O BORE IT IMM$IATELY DISAPPE>$2 & FROM ?AT MOM5T1 ! REPUBLICANS HAD TO R5\NCE ! HOPE ( DRAW+ AFT] !IR /EPS ! BULK ( ! B\RGEOISIE4.<#c#i#b.> 

,WE WILL NEV] KN[ :E!R ! HORSEMAN WAS A POLICE PROVOCATEUR OR NOT1 BUT HIS ACTION DID SUCCE$ 9 PREV5T+ A WIDE-SCALE 9SURRECTION ?AT DAY4.<#c#i#c.> ,! MORE MILITANT REPUBLICANS 9 ,P>IS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT TO BE DET]R$3 !Y W5T ON1 9 SPITE ( ! HORSEMAN1 TO /AGE AN UPRIS+1 RAIS+ HUGE B>RICADES AT SOME ( ! CAPITAL'S KEY CROSS SECTIONS 7VIVIDLY DESCRIB$ BY ,VICTOR ,HUGO 9 ,LES ,MIS]ABLES71 EXHIBIT+ EXCEPTIONAL C\RAGE & PANICK+ MANY MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 H[EV]1 ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE WAS WELL PREP>$ TO CONFRONT ANY 9SURRECTION3 HE HAD AB\T #b#d1 TROOPS AT HIS DISPOSAL1 AS WELL AS MO/ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ,ON ,JUNE #f1 AFT] TWO DAYS ( VALIANT BUT FUTILE /REET FI<T+ ON ! P>T ( ! REBELS1 ! UPRIS+ WAS CRU%$4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,JUNE #ahcb UPRIS+1 SOCIETIES ?AT HAD 5JOY$ A SEMILEGAL /ATUS W]E DRIV5 COMPLETELY UND]GR\ND1 BUT ! MORE /R+5TLY ! SOCIETIES W]E REPRESS$1 ! MORE BROADLY SOCIALI/IC IDEAS SPREAD AMONG ! R$ REPUBLICANS4 ,SOON ! NEWLY =M$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES W]E COLLABORAT+ ) ! OLD] REPUBLICAN SOCIETIES1 9T]P5ETRAT+ ONE ANO!R ) JO9T CONSPIRACIES & ACTIONS4 ,BY H\ND+ !SE REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ GR\PS ALIKE1 ! ,ORLEANI/ REGIME =C$ !M TO TAKE DESP]ATE & (T5 ADV5TURI/IC ACTIONS4 ,BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ MEMORABLE ( ! UND]GR\ND SOCIETIES1 S]V+ P>DY AS AN 9SPIRATION & P>DY AS A MODEL1 W]E ?OSE CREAT$ BY ,BLANQUI & HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #ahcd 7OR #a#h#c#e1 ACCORD+ TO SOME S\RCES71 ,BLANQUI F\ND$ ! ,SOCIDTE DES ,FAMILIES 7,SOCIETY ( ! ,FAMILIES71 A SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS AV[$LY COMMITT$ TO OR*E/RAT+ A C\P D'ETAT AGA9/ ! ,ORLEANI/ MON>*Y4 ,BY #a#h#c#f1 ! MEMB]%IP ( ! SOCIETY1 IT HAS BE5 E/IMAT$1 NUMB]$ AB\T #a#b4 

,! /RUCTURE ( ! ,FAMILIES1 AGA91 WAS HI]>*ICAL1 PATT]N+ ITSELF ON ! CLASSICAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( ! *>BONN]IE4 ,ITS BASIC UNIT WAS A SIX- TO-TWELVE-MEMB] 0FAMILY02 FIVE OR SIX FAMILIES CON/ITUT$ A 0SECTION0 UND] A *IEF2 ?REE OR F\R SECTIONS MADE UP A 0QU>T]10 L$ BY A COMM&ANT DE QU>TI] SEV]AL QU>T]S W]E L$ BY AN AG5T REVOLUTIONNAIRE4 ,F9ALLY1 GUID+ ?IS APP>ATUS FROM ABOVE WAS A ,COMITE SECRET1 OR C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 :OSE MEMB]%IP WAS UNKN[N TO ! RE/ ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE WAS MORE OR LESS A FICTION4 ,! REAL COMM& ( ! SOCIETY CONSI/$ ( ?REE 0REVOLUTION>Y AG5TS10 ! MO/ NOTABLE ( :OM W]E ,BLANQUI & ,>M& ,B>BES4 ,B>BES1 :OM ,MAX ,NOMAD DESCRIBES AS 0Y\NG1 RI*1 5?USIA/IC1 GOOD-NATUR$1 & H]OIC--! IDOL ( ! /UD5T Y\? & POPUL> ) ALL ! REPUBLIC OPPON5TS ( ! REGIME10.<#c#i#d.> LONG REMA9$1 9 HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E]1 A P]PETUAL ADOLESC5T & RECKLESS ROMANTIC4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,FAMILIES DID NOT ACQUIRE MU* SIGNIFICANCE UNTIL ,BLANQUI JO9$ IT >\ND #a#h#c#e4 

,EA* MEMB] ( A 0FAMILY0 WAS EXPECT$ TO JO9 ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 9 ORD] TO GA9 MILIT>Y TRA9+1 PROPAG&IZE AMONG ! ,GU>DS1 & IF POSSIBLE ACQUIRE A WEAPON & GUNP[D]4 ,?IS TYPICALLY ,BLANQUI/ SOCIETY HAD ITS [N GUNP[D] LABORATORY 7POSSIBLY TWO7 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ,P>IS1 AS WELL AS >MS CA*ES 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! CAPITAL1 & BE=E ! POLICE LE>N$ ( ITS EXI/5CE1 IT HAD EV5 BEGUN TO 9FILTRATE TWO REGIM5TS ( ! ,P>IS G>RISON4 ,UPON ITS DISCOV]Y ,BLANQUI WAS >RE/$ & JAIL$1 BUT A YE> LAT] HE WAS RELEAS$ UND] A G5]AL AMNE/Y & S5T 9TO A RA!R PLEASANT SEMIBANI%M5T NE> ,P>IS1 :]E HE HAD A BRIEF P]IOD ( DOME/IC HAPP9ESS ) HIS BELOV$ WIFE1 ,AMELIE-,SUZANNE 7:OSE E>LY DEA? ONLY A FEW YE>S LAT] CA/ A PALL OV] ,BLANQUI'S MANY REMA9+ YE>S74 

,9 EXILE ,BLANQUI =M$ /ILL ANO!R SECRET NETWORK1 ! ,SOCIETE DES ,SAISONS 7,SOCIETY ( ! ,SEASONS71 9 COLLABORATION )1 ONCE AGA91 ,B>BES1 & ! PR9T] ,M>T9 ,B]N>D4 ,MORE ?AN ! ,FAMILIES1 ITS MEMB]%IP GREW TO CONSI/ ( A L>GE P]C5TAGE ( WORK]S4 7,M>X1 9 FACT1 REG>D$ ! SOCIETY AS EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IAN1 BUT ?IS IS PROBABLY A SIMPLIFICATION47 ,ONCE AGA9 ! ,SAISONS1 FOLL[+ ! ,*>BONN]IE1 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9TO A HI]>*Y ( LEVELS ( GR\PS4 ,?IS TIME 9DIVIDUAL CONSPIRATORS W]E EA* NAM$ AFT] A WEEKDAY1 SIX ( :OM TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ A 0WEEK10 L$ BY 0,SUNDAY40 ,F\R WEEKS =M$ A 0MON?0--UND] ! COMM& ( 0,JULY0--& ?REE MON?S =M$ A 0SEASON10 L$ BY 0SPR+40 ,ALL F\R SEASONS TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ A 0YE>10 :I* WAS DIRECT$ BY A 0REVOLUTION>Y AG5T0 ,S9CE ! SOCIETY HAD AB\T A ?\S& MEMB]S1 IT CONSI/$ ( ?REE 0YE>S10 EA* ( :I* WAS L$ BY A 0REVOLUTION>Y AG5T0--:O HAPP5$1 9 FACT1 TO BE ,BLANQUI1 ,B>BES1 & ,B]N>D4 ,?IS ELABORATE SY/EM ( SMALL UNITS & C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL WAS MEANT TO NEUTRALIZE ANY POLICE 9FILTRATION & AT ! SAME TIME MAXIMIZE ! ORGANIZATION'S COORD9ATION DUR+ ! C\P ?AT IT 9T5D$ TO /AGE1 ! DATE ( :I* WAS KN[N TO NO ONE BUT ! TOP LEAD]S4 

,MEMB]S ( ! ,SAISONS 5GAG$ 9 TRA9+ EX]CISES = ! C\P AMID ! UNKN[+ ,SUNDAY-AFTEMOON CR[DS ( ,P>ISIANS :O W]E 5JOY+ !IR DAY (F \T ( DOORS4 ,!SE 9SURRECTION>Y EX]CISES W]E CONDUCT$ UND] ! CLOSE SUP]VISION ( ,BLANQUI1 :O1 9 HIS BLACK COAT & BLACK GLOVES1 W\LD CALMLY ASSESS ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESS ( HIS FUTURE 9SURG5TS1 (T5 FROM A CAFE W9D[ AS !Y PASS$ BY4 ,! MOM5T ( TRU? = ! ,SAISONS F9ALLY CAME ON ! MORN+ ( ,MAY #a#b1 #a#h#c#i1 :5 ! CONSPIRATORS RAID$ GUNSMI? %OPS & SEIZ$ ! ,PALAIS DE ,JU/ICE & ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 PROCLAIM+ A REPUBLIC & WILDLY S++ ! 0,M>SEILLAISE40 ,! ,NATIONAL & ,MUNICIPAL ,GU>DS W]E QUICKLY MOBILIZ$1 DRIV+ ! 9SURG5TS BEH9D B>RICADES 9 ! WORK]S' DI/RICTS4 ,DESPITE ! ,SAISONS' L>GELY WORK+-CLASS FOLL[+1 ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE REMA9$ PASSIVE1 AB/A9+ FROM P>TICIPATION 9 ! UPRIS+4 ,TWO PAT5TLY HOPELESS DAYS LAT]1 ! 5TIRE 5T]PRISE COLLAPS$1 ) NO IMPACT UPON ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS4 

,AFT] FIVE MON?S ( HID+ 9 CELL>S & ATTICS1 ,BLANQUI WAS CAU<T & CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 A S5T5CE ?AT WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 ,! CONSPIRATOR WAS CONF9$ TO ! ISL& =TRESS ( ,MONT ,SA9T-,MI*EL & LAT] TO A PRISON HOSPITAL AT ,T\RS1 FROM :I* HE WAS RELEAS$ 9 #ahdd BECAUSE ( HIS FRAGILE HEAL?4 ,AL?\< HE HAD PLANN$ ! ,MAY UPRIS+ 9 EV]Y DETAIL1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE DEVELOP$ D\BTS AB\T ITS *ANCES = SUCCESS ONCE IT WAS UND] WAY4 ,9 ANY CASE1 :5 IT BECAME CLE> TO ,BLANQUI ?AT ! UPRIS+ W\LD BE A FAILURE1 HE PRUD5DY BUT REPREH5SIBLY )DREW HIMSELF FROM ! ACTION--AN ACT ?AT L$ TO AN IRRECONCILABLE BREAK BETWE5 HIMSELF & ! MORE ADV5TUR\S ,B>BES1 :O HAD BE5 W\ND$ 9 ! FI<T+4 

,DESPITE ITS FAILURE1 ! ,SAISONS CONSPIRACY WAS TO SEIZE ! IMAG9ATION ( LAT] REVOLUTION>IES1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S1 & IT MAY HAVE SUPPLI$ ! CONSPIRATORIAL ATMOSPH]E = NOVELS ON AN>*I/ T]RORISM WRITT5 BY DI/+UI%$ AU?ORS FROM ,DO/OYEVSKY TO ,CONRAD4 ,BLANQUI1 TO BE SURE1 WAS NO AN>*I/2 9DE$1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SAISONS HOP$ ULTIMATELY TO PRESIDE OV] A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 ,BUT ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL OR ,PEOPLE'S ,FRE$OM--! ,RUSSIAN WORD VOLYA HAS BO? MEAN+S71 ! POPULI/ & T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION ?AT ASSASS9AT$ ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I 9 #a#h#h#a1 WAS 9FLU5C$ BY ,PET] ,TKA*EV1 ONE ( ,BLANQUI'S COLLABORATORS4 ,! NOTION ?AT SMALL GR\PS1 IF NOT 9DIVIDUAL CONSPIRATORS1 C\LD 9ITIATE SWEEP+ REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS ?R\< H]OIC ACTIONS IS A LEGACY ( E>LY ,BLANQUISM--H[EV] MU* ,BLANQUI HIMSELF1 OV] TIME1 >RIV$ AT A MORE REALI/IC APPRAISAL ( ! LIMITS ( SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 FACT1 BY ! #a#h#dS1 9 ! FACE ( REPEAT$ DEFEATS1 >RE/S1 & REPRESSION1 POPUL> BELIEF 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ,BLANQUI/ CONSPIRATORIALISM WAS DIM9I%+4 ,! REGIME %REWDLY EXPLOIT$ ! CONSPIRACIES & V>I\S ATTEMPTS TO ASSASS9ATE ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE 9 ORD] TO >\SE PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ REPUBLICANISM & SOCIALISM4 ,:E!R BECAUSE ( ?IS REPRESSION OR = O!R REASONS1 ! SECRET SOCIETIES AWAK5$ NO MASS MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! WORK]S ( ,FRANCE HAD A TRADITIONAL AG5DA ( !IR [N--TO RETA9 CONTROL OV] !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS1 9DE$ TO E/ABLI% COOP]ATIVE WORK%OPS ?AT IMPLICITLY *ALL5G$ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! PROP]TY SY/EM ITSELF1 AS WELL AS TO LIVE DEC5TLY & ) SELF-RESPECT4 ,9 TIME1 ONCE SWEEP+ TRANS=MATIONS HAD OCCURR$ 9 ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL L&SCAPE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 !Y W]E TO FLOCK 9TO SOCIALI/IC ORGANIZATIONS ?AT S\<T TO CREATE A BETT] SOCIETY BY O!R MEANS4 

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