,VOLUME #b1 ,P>T #e1 ,*APT] #bb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T ,V4 ,! ,R,I,S,E ,( ,>,T,I,S,A,N,A,L ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M 

,*APT] #bb ,FROM ,JACOB9ISM TO ,SOCIALISM 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION DID NOT 5D ) ! FALL ( ! ,ROBESPI]RI/S ON ,JULY #b#h1 #a#g#i#d--OR1 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D>1 ) ! T5? ( ,!RMIDOR 9 ,YE> ,TWO ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AMONG A M9ORITY ( RADICAL CONSPIRATORS1 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 AS IT CAME TO BE CALL$1 WAS TO HAUNT ! ,NAPOLEONIC ]A & ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION ?AT FOLL[$ IT4 ,AL?\< IT WAS GIV5 A GRISLY IMAGE BY ! RETURN+ MON>*Y & NOBILITY & CL]GY AS ! 9C>NATION ( T]ROR & BLOODY CIVIL W>1 ! ,REVOLUTION LIV$ ON AMONG BELEAGU]$ REPUBLICANS1 & LAT] AMONG SOCIALI/S1 AS A VALIANT ATTEMPT TO CREATE A NEW ]A ( FRE$OM = ! OPPRESS$ MASSES ( ,FRANCE & EV5 = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,9DE$1 AS ,I HAVE NOT$1 IT REMA9$ AN IMP]I%ABLE S\RCE ( LESSONS = REVOLUTION>IES ( EV]Y K9D :O1 WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 W\LD MODEL !IR /RATEGIES ON ! ATTA9M5TS & FAIL+S ( #a<i TO #a#g#i#d4 ,LAT] G5]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES W\LD S+ ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 AS AN 9T]NATIONAL HYMN AT GA!R+S ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 & !Y W\LD EMPLOY ! T]M CITIZ5 7UNTIL IT WAS SUPPLANT$ BY COMRADE AMONG SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S7 AS A =M ( ADDRESS 9 CORRESPOND5CE1 MANIFE/OS1 & PUBLIC ORATIONS WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 NE>LY ALL ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 SELFDESIGNAT$ ,JACOB9S W]E TO PROCLAIM A /RID5DY REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY & E/ABLI% ,JACOB9-TYPE SOCIETIES4 

,BUT SOME ( !SE SOCIETIES TOOK !IR VIEWS BEYOND ! EXPANSIVE PR9CIPLES ( LEGAL EQUALITY EMBODI$ 9 ! 0,CON/ITUTION ( '#i#c40 ,!Y BEGAN TO DEM& NOT ONLY P]SONAL EQUALITY BUT ECONOMIC EQUALITY AS WELL1 9 :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS R$ REPUBLICANISM4 ,SU* ADVANCES OV] A /RICDY POLITICAL ,JACOB9ISM CONSI/$ ( NOTIONS ( DI/RIBUTIVE ECONOMIC JU/ICE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* WEAL? WAS TO BE EQUITABLY %>$ )9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( PROP]TY [N]%IP4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC \DOOK ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY R$ REPUBLICANS DID NOT GO MU* BEYOND ?AT ( ! RADICAL ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S ( TWO C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,! GOOD SOCIETY1 ACCORD+ TO ,LEVEL]S & R$ REPUBLICANS ALIKE1 WAS TO CONSI/ ( SMALL-SCALE PRODUC]S1 SU* AS PEASANTS & >TISANS1 EA* ( :OM WAS 5TITL$ TO ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO TRADITIONAL PR9CIPLES ( 0NATURAL LAW10 SU* AS ?OSE ADVOCAT$ BY ,COLONEL ,RA9BOR\< 9 ! ,PUTNEY DEBATES4.<#c#e#c.> ,ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES1 RADICAL ,LEVEL]S & R$ REPUBLICANS >GU$1 C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ BY %>+ ! RES\RCES ( SOCIETY 9 A JU/ MANN]1 ESPECIALLY BY PROVID+ A MAT]IAL COMPET5CE--COMMONLY1 A P>CEL ( L&--TO EV]Y POOR MAN & HIS FAMILY4 ,EV]Y 0HE10 AS ,RA9BOR\< PUT IT1 %\LD 5JOY ! RI<T 9 A FREE SOCIETY TO SECURE A B5EFIC5T FUTURE AS AN 9DEP5D5T FOOD CULTIVATOR OR EV5 AS A SMALL 5TREPR5EUR4 

,NEI!R ! ,LEVEL]S NOR ! R$ REPUBLICANS1 H[EV]1 *ALL5G$ ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AS SU*4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y BELIEV$ PROP]TY %\LD BE FRE$ ( M$IEVAL 5CUMBRANCES ?AT IMP$$ ITS EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION AMONG ! PEASANTRY & ! URBAN POOR4 ,:AT !Y OPPOS$ WAS ! SY/EM ( PRIVILEGE1 BAS$ ON BIR? & ! PUR*ASE ( TIDES1 ?AT =M$ ! SOCIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! ANCI5 REGIME4 

,!SE VIEWS1 ( C\RSE1 W]E NOT SOCIALI/4 ,!Y DID NOT CALL = ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY OR DEM& ?AT ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR BE DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO NE$S4 ,! R$ REPUBLICANS1 EV5 MORE DECID$LY ?AN ! ,LEVEL]S1 DESIR$ AN ECONOMICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY EQUITABLE SOCIETY 9 :I* >TISANS1 [N+ !IR [N TOOLS1 & PEASANTS1 [N+ !IR [N PLOTS ( L&1 W\LD GA9 ! FULL REW>DS ( !IR LABOR )\T ! EXPLOITATION ( A PROP]TYLESS CLASS4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y DESIR$ A SOCIAL ORD] ?AT W\LD EQUALIZE ! [N]%IP ( PROP]TY RA!R ?AN COLLECTIVIZE IT1 GU>ANTEE+ FULL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIB]TY = ALL4 

,?IS BASICALLY 9DIVIDUALI/IC SY/EM ( SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION1 C>EFULLY TUN$ BY A FRI5DLY /ATE &_/OR BY COOP]ATIVELY MANAG$ CR$IT 9/ITUTIONS TO FO/] EQUALITY 9 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 WAS TO BECOME V]Y POPUL> AMONG >TISANS E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY 9 ,BRITA9 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE1 :OSE ECONOMY WAS MA9LY /RUCTUR$ >\ND H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION & A PEASANT AGR>IAN SOCIETY4 ,ITS MO/ FAM\S ADVOCATE WAS ,PI]RE- ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 :OSE IDEAS & 9FLU5CE WE %ALL EXAM9E 9 DUE C\RSE4 

,9ASMU* AS MANY ( !SE ,FR5* >TISANS HAD TO COOP]ATE TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! 9VASION ( !IR M>KETS BY *EAP] FACTORY GOODS & TO F9D AMPLE CR$IT TO TIDE !MSELVES OV] DIFFICULT TIMES1 !Y E>LY =M$ ASSOCIATIONS OR CORPORATIONS = MUTUAL AID4 ,SU* CORPORATIONS W]E NO MORE SOCIALI/ 9 ! PRES5T-DAY S5SE ( ! WORD ?AN1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTEMPOR>Y TRADE UNIONS OR CR$IT UNIONS2 BUT ! V]Y FACT ?AT !Y SEEM$ LIKE AU!NTIC PRODUC]S' COOP]ATIVES EASILY 9DUC$ SOCIAL ?9K]S 9 ! LA/ C5TURY TO VIEW !M AS A =M ( SOCIALISM4 ,& 9 FACT1 !SE CORPORATIONS (T5 5GAG$ 9 MANY COMMON ACTIVITIES1 RANG+ FROM ! 9NOC5TLY FE/IVE TO ! MILITANTLY DEF5SIVE1 ?AT IMP>T$ TO !M A SEEM+LY SOCIALI/IC *>ACT]4 ,9DE$1 AS !Y BECAME A SORT ( PROGRAMMATIC MOVEM5T1 ) =CEFUL DEM&S = ! RECTIFICATION ( S]I\S 9JU/ICES1 !Y W]E (T5 PEJORATIVELY CALL$ SOCIALI/S4 ,?US1 FOLL[+ ! CU/OM ( ! DAY1 !Y MAY CONV5I5TLY BE 9CLUD$ UND] ! G5]AL RUBRIC ( >TISANAL SOCIALISM4 

,! E>LIE/ AU!NTIC >TISANAL SOCIALI/S1 H[EV]1 W]E ?OSE >TISANS & !ORI/S :O DEM&$ MORE ?AN ! EQUITABLE [N]%IP ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4.<#c#e#d.> ,!Y BEGAN TO *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AS SU*1 CALL+ = ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :]EV] FEASIBLE4 7,PRUD5DY & = S\ND POLITICAL REASONS1 !SE E>LY AU!NTIC SOCIALI/S EXEMPT$ FROM COLLECTIVIZATION ! PEASANTRY1 :I* VIEW$ ITS [N]%IP ( FAMILY PLOTS AS A SACR$ RI<T47 ,AS TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS PRODUC$1 !SE SOCIALI/S 9ITIALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! PRODUCE ( !IR WORK %\LD BE %>$ ACCORD+ TO ! LABOR CONTRIBUT$ BY EA* >TISAN4 

,/ILL O!R SOCIALI/S1 :O BY ! #a#h#dS W]E TO BE CALL$ COMMUNI/S1 BELIEV$ 9 A MORE E?ICAL SY/EM ( LABOR & DI/RIBUTION1 ONE ?AT W\LD AVOID ! 9EQUITIES PRODUC$ BY UNAVOIDABLE DIFF]5CES 9 9DIVIDUALS' ABILITIES TO CONTRIBUTE !IR LABOR TO ! COMMON SOCIETY & 9 9DIVIDUALS' NE$S4 ,GUID$ BY ! MAXIM 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 7OR H]7 ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 7OR H]7 NE$S10 ! COMMUNI/S HELD ?AT A TRULY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY HAD TO TAKE FULL ACC\NT ( ! DIFF]5T PHYSICAL CAPACITIES & NE$S ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS %\LD BE BAS$ NOT ON ! LABOR EXP5D$ BY A WORK] 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION BUT ON ! SPECIFIC NE$S ?AT HE OR %E HAD TO SATISFY--NE$S ?AT 9EVITABLY V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! PRODUC]'S FAMILIAL & P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,C,O,N,T,9,U,I,T,I,E,S ,& ,D,I,S,C,O,N,T,9,U,I,T,I,E,S 

,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! >TISANAL WORLD ( SMALL %OPS & H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION 9 :I* !SE IDEAS EVOLV$ WAS GRADUALLY REPLAC$ BY ! PROLET>IAN WORLD ( L>GE FACTORIES & MA*9E PRODUCTION1 GIV+ RISE TO A CLASS ( MA9LY UNSKILL$ MA*9E OP]ATIVES4 ,GIV5 ! EM]G5CE ( FACTORIES ?AT W]E TOO L>GE TO BE [N$ BY A S+LE CRAFTSMAN1 SOCIALISM HAD TO *ANGE ITS 0SCALE10 SO TO SPEAK4 ,SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES APPE>$ ?AT EMPHASIZ$ ! 9TEGRATION ( PRODUCTION ON A REGIONAL & NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,SOCIALIZATION SOON BEGAN TO MEAN ! COMPLETE TAKEOV] ( ! ECONOMY EI!R BY ! /ATE 7NATIONALIZATION7 OR BY WORK]-CONTROLL$1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ TRADE UNIONS 7SYNDICALISM74 ,P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 >TISANAL SOCIALISM /EADILY GAVE WAY1 ALBEIT NEV] COMPLETELY1 TO PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 ) CORRESPOND+ *ANGES 9 ! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT WORK]S FAVOR$ & BY :I* !IR REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S HOP$ TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 

,! /RATEGIES ?AT >TISANAL & PROLET>IAN SOCIALI/S US$ 9 !IR /RUGGLES = SOCIAL *ANGE COMMONLY /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO EA* O!R4 ,ASIDE FROM !IR CORPORATIONS1 >TISANS NORMALLY BELONG$ TO CLUBS & (T5 TO SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,!Y T5D$ TO D5IGRATE P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 EV5 :]E !Y W]E ALL[$ TO VOTE1 & TURN$ TO DIRECT ACTION 9 ! =M ( CR[D ASSAULTS AGA9/ ! POLICE & MILIT>Y4 ,9 P]IODS ( S]I\S CRISIS1 !Y (T5 RE>$ B>RICADES & 5GAG$ 9 \TRI<T 9SURRECTION4 ,!IR ORGANIZATIONS W]E G5]ALLY TRANSITORY1 !Y APPE>$ & DISAPPE>$ ) *ANGES 9 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 PROLET>IANS T5D$ TO =M TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,:5 MAJOR SOCIAL CRISES PRODUC$ 9SURRECTION>Y SITUATIONS1 & EV5 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9DU/RIAL WORK]S G5]ALLY FUNCTION$ ?R\< MASS P>TIES1 LABOR UNIONS1 & C\NCILS1 :I* W]E (T5 EXT5SIONS ( !IR COORD9AT+ /RIKE COMMITTEES4 ,:]E >TISANS BUILT B>RICADES1 PROLET>IANS CREAT$ P>AMILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,:]E >TISANS T5D$ TO CONF9E !IR 9SURRECTIONS TO !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS1 PROLET>IANS1 UNIT$ BY !IR FACTORIES1 ROSE ON A CITYWIDE1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL SCALE1 PREC$$ BY G5]AL /RIKES ?AT 9 SOME CASES P>ALYZ$ AN 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,!SE DIFF]5CES 9 /RATEGY & =MS ( ORGANIZATION BETWE5 >TISANS & PROLET>IANS1 TO BE SURE1 W]E BY NO MEANS IRONCLAD4 ,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#bS1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! #a#h#cS1 ,FR5* >TISANS TOOK REC\RSE NOT ONLY TO 9SURRECTIONS BUT TO /RIKES ON AN 9CREAS+ SCALE1 & !Y ORGANIZ$ TRADE UNIONS AS WELL AS CLUBS TO PURSUE !IR 5DS4 ,NOR DID !Y ES*EW ! USE ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS TO ELECT DEPUTIES TO P>LIAM5T>Y BODIES4 

,BUT ! TRANSITION FROM >TISANAL TO PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM BELONGS TO A LAT] *APT]4 ,9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY >TISANAL SOCIALI/S HAD YET TO DECIPH] SU* PROBLEMS AS !IR RELATION%IP TO ! RUL+ ELITES ( !IR TIME1 ! NATURE ( EXPLOITATION1 & ! ROLE ( CLASSES 9 CREAT+ A NEW SOCIETY4 ,!IR !ORI/S VIEW$ ! =MATION ( A COOP]ATIVE WORLD ALMO/ 5TIRELY AS A PROBLEM ( MORAL SUASION4 ,!Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! WEAL?Y HAD TO BE P]SUAD$ BY E?ICAL >GUM5TS TO FO/] ! V>I\S SOCIALI/IC S*EMES ?AT AB\ND$ AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! GOOD (FICES ( ! RI* & P[]FUL1 !Y BELIEV$1 W]E NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T TOTAL *ANGE--H5CE ! IMPORTANCE ( (F]+ COMPELL+ EXAMPLES ( COOP]ATIVE LIV+ & PRODUCTION AS A MEANS TO GA9 ! BACK+ ( ELITES4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS VIEW ( SOCIAL *ANGE DISC\RAG$ ! SPREAD ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 /ILL LESS NOTIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! EYES ( E>LY SOCIALI/ !ORI/S1 ! OLD & NEW POT5TATES ( ! WORLD W]E EXPECT$ TO L5D !IR SUPPORT & WISDOM TO ! 9NOVATION ( SOCIALI/IC S*EMES ?AT 9 FACT W]E EXPRESSLY OPPOS$ TO !IR 9T]E/S4 ,V>I\S SOCIALI/ !ORI/S EV5 TRI$ TO F9D A PLACE = ! OLD ELITES 9 !IR NEW WORLD1 :E!R AS ! F9ANCI]S ( SOCIALI/ PROJECTS1 ADM9I/RATORS ( SOCIALI/ S*EMES1 OR EV5 AS ! POT5TIAL LEAD]S ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,H5CE ! E>LY SOCIALI/ !ORI/S EMPHASIZ$ NOT CLASS /RUGGLE BUT ONE OR ANO!R =M ( CLASS RECONCILIATION--:]E ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS EXPLOITATION WAS ACKN[L$G$ AT ALL4 

,?US1 ) SU* AMIABLE VIEWS T[>D ! WEAL?Y & P[]FUL1 ! UTMO/ CONFUSION EXI/$ AMONG E>LY SOCIALI/S AB\T H[ ! [N]S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY ACQUIR$ !IR PR(ITS4 ,DID !Y DO IT BY OV]*>G+ CONSUM]S8 ,BY EXACT+ 9T]E/ FROM BORR[]S :O NE$$ CR$IT TO BUY RAW MAT]IALS & PAY WAGES8 ,BY WORK+ !IR HIR$ LABOR]S TO ! LIMITS ( !IR PHYSICAL 5DURANCE 7AN EXPLANATION ?AT CONFLICT$ ) ! DESIRE ( MANY SOCIALI/ !ORI/S TO FO/] CLASS H>MONY78 ,BY REAP+ SURPLUSES FROM S\ND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES8 ,OR SIMPLY AS JU/ REW>DS = !IR CONTRIBUTION TO ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS8 ,!SE W]E SOME ( ! MORE POPUL> NOTIONS ?AT ! ECONOMI/S ( ! DAY FLOAT$ = PUBLIC CONSID]ATION & ?AT MANY E>LY SOCIALI/S 9CORPORAT$ 9TO !IR ANALYZES4 

,! IDEOLOGICAL TRANSITION FROM ,JACOB9ISM TO SOCIALISM WAS GREADY COMPLICAT$ BY REPUBLICAN MY?S & CONSPIRATORIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! PREVAIL+ RADICAL IDEOLOGY DUR+ ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! #a#h#bS1 WAS /ILL REPUBLICAN--& 9 MANY C\NTRIES IT REMA9$ SO = ! RE/ ( ! C5TURY4 ,MON>*IES & >I/OCRACIES /ILL APPE>$ AS ! PR9CIPAL OB/ACLES TO POLITICAL RE=M1 AS !Y W\LD UP TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ AIMS WAS NOT AS IMM$IATELY CLE>1 AT ?AT TIME1 AS IT IS 9 RETROSPECT ,! L>GELY REPUBLICAN RHETORIC ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION COLOR$ ! ORATORY & LIT]ATURE ( R$ REPUBLICANS & SOCIALI/S ALIKE4 ,9DE$1 = A TIME ! TWO MOVEM5TS 5GAG$ TOGE!R 9 ! SAME UPRIS+S & CONSPIRACIES & !IR MEMB]S (T5 BELONG$ TO ! SAME SECRET SOCIETIES4 

,ADD+ TO ! CONFUSION1 SOME M9IMALLY SOCIALI/IC IDEAS C\LD BE COAX$ \T ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,SA9T-,JU/'S PROPOSAL1 9 ,V5TOSE 7,FEBRU>Y & ,M>*7 #a#g#i#d1 ?AT ! PROP]TY ( 0RECOGNIZ$ 5EMIES0 ( ! REPUBLIC BE SEQUE/]$ & DI/RIBUT$ AMONG 09DIG5T PATRIOTS10 LAT] SEEM$ LIKE A SOCIALI/IC WILL+NESS TO R$I/RIBUTE PROP]TY4 ,BUT !SE ,V5TOSE ,LAWS1 :I* ! ,CONV5TION 5ACT$ SOME F\R MON?S BE=E !IR SPONSOR WAS BR\<T TO ! GUILLOT9E1 PROV$ UNWORKABLE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES /OOD 9 ! WAY ( DET]M9+ :I* 5EMIES W]E 0RECOGNIZ$0 & :I* PATRIOTS W]E 09DIG5T0 ,NOR W]E !SE LAWS SOCIALI/IC 9 NATURE3 !Y 9VOLV$ A SIMPLE TRANSF] ( PROP]TY FROM A V]Y LIMIT$ NUMB] ( 05EMIES0 TO A V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( POOR1 :I* LEFT ONLY A PITTANCE TO EA* ELIGIBLE PATRIOT4 ,! ,V5TOSE ,LAWS C\LD BETT] BE REG>D$ AS A =M ( *>ITY = ! IMPOV]I%$ MASSES4 

,F> MORE SOCIALI/IC 9 NATURE W]E ! DEM&S ( ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF & HIS SUPPORT]S :O =M$ ! 0! ,CONSPIRACY ( ! ,EQUALS0 DUR+ ! SPR+ ( #a#g#i#f1 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,! 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,EQUALS10 WRITT5 9 ,APRIL BY ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL AS A DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5T ( !IR AIMS1 REPRES5T$ A %>P DISCONT9UITY ) ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 EV5 AS IT RESONAT$ ) ALL ! ,JACOB9 V]BAL FL\RI%ES ( #a#g#i#c4 0,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS ONLY ! H]ALD ( ANO!R REVOLUTION10 DECL>$ ,M>E*AL 9 ! SPIRIT$ LANGUAGE ( ! TIME1 ONE 0F> GREAT]1 F> MORE SOLEMN1 :I* WILL BE ! LA/ ( !M ALL40 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#c1 ! MANIFE/O CONCLUD$1 0WAS A GREAT DE FACTO /EP T[>D REAL EQUALITY2 NEV] HAD ANY?+ COME SO NE> TO REAL EQUALITY4 ,YET EV5 ?IS LATT] ,CON/ITUTION DID NOT REA* ! GOAL & BR+ AB\T ! COMMON WELF>E1 ! GREAT PR9CIPLE ( :I* IT NEV]!LESS SOLEMNLY CONSECRAT$40 

,GIV+ REALITY TO ?IS 0GREAT PR9CIPLE10 ACCORD+ TO ! MANIFE/O1 W\LD 9VOLVE NO?+ LESS ?AN CREAT+ A 0,R,E,P,U,B,L,I,C ,( ,E,Q,U,A,L,S10 9 :I* ALL DISCREPANCIES ( WEAL? W\LD BE ABOLI%$ BY E/ABLI%+ 0! COMMUNITY ( ,G,O,O,D,S6 ,NO MORE 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( L&3 ! L& BELONGS TO NO ONE4 ,WE >E DEM&+1 WE DESIRE1 COMMUNAL 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( ! E>?3 ! FRUITS BELONG TO ALL40.<#c#e#e.> 

,?IS WAS HEADY LANGUAGE 9DE$4 ,IF D\BTS REMA9 AMONG HI/ORIANS ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! ,BAB\VI/S DEM&$ ! EV5TUAL ABOLITION ( PROP]TI$ SOCIETY1 !Y MAY BE DISPELL$ BY ,BABEUFS [N DEF5SE AT HIS TRIAL1 AFT] ! ,BAB\VI/ CONSPIRACY WAS BETRAY$ & ITS LEAD]S >RE/$4 ,AS ,BABEUF READ 9TO HIS TRIAL RECORD PASSAGES FROM HIS P]IODICAL1 ,TRIBUNE ( ! ,PEOPLE1 HE UNEQUIVOCALLY ASS]T$3 

,! SOLE MEANS ( >RIV+ AT .<! ,REPUBLIC ( ,EQUALS.> IS TO E/ABLI% A COMMON ADM9I/RATION2 TO SUPPRESS PRIVATE PROP]TY2 TO PLACE EV]Y MAN ( TAL5T 9 ! L9E ( WORK HE KN[S BE/2 TO OBLIGE HIM TO DEPOSIT ! FRUIT ( HIS WORK 9 ! COMMON /ORE1 TO E/ABLI% A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATION ( NE$S1 :I*1 KEEP+ A RECORD ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS & ALL ! ?+S ?AT >E AVAILABLE TO !M1 WILL DI/RIBUTE !SE AVAILABLE GOODS ) ! MO/ SCRUPUL\S EQUALITY1 & WILL SEE TO IT ?AT !Y MAKE !IR WAY 9TO ! HOME ( EV]Y CITIZ54.<#c#e#f.> 

,BUT ,BABEUF S APPEAL = SOCIALISM & EV5 COMMUNISM WAS /ILLBORN2 AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! CONSPIRACY1 !SE IDEAS FELL VICTIM TO ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL AMNESIA ?AT GRIPP$ MO/ ( ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,NAPOLEONIC & ,RE/ORATION YE>S4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! #a#h#cS1 MORE ?AN A G5]ATION AFT] ,BABEUF WAS EXECUT$ BY ! ,!RMIDORIAN ,DIRECTORY1 ?AT SOCIALISM >OSE 9 ,EUROPE AS A LA/+ CONCEPT1 & EV5 !N ! WORD SOCIALISM WAS NOT M9T$ 9 ! C\NTRY ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION--RA!R1 IT FIR/ APPE>$ 9 PR9T 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#b#g1 9 A P]IODICAL COMMITT$ TO ,ROB]T ,[5'S VISION ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION1 FROM #ahae TO #a#h#c1 ,FR5* RADICALS W]E /ILL L>GELY OCCUPI$ ) V>I\S NEO-,JACOB9 REPUBLICAN CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ! ,B\RBONS4 

,AL?\< ,BABEUFS CONSPIRACY WAS L>GELY =GOTT5 AFT] ITS LEAD]S W]E EXECUT$ OR IMPRISON$1 ONE ( ! LA/ SURVIV+ ,BAB\VI/S1 ,PHILIPPE ,BUON>OTTI1 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahbh A TWO-VOLUME DOCUM5T>Y HI/ORY ( ! ,CONSPIRACY ( ,EQUALS--! ,HI/OIRE DE LA CONSPIRATION P\R LEGALITE1 DITE DE ,BABEUF---?AT CATAPULT$ ! PLOT & ITS DRAMA 9TO PUBLIC ATT5TION & /IMULAT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9 ,FRANCE1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! TAM] NOTIONS ?AT >TISANAL & SIMIL> SOCIALI/ !ORI/S W]E PROPAGAT+4 ,BUON>OTTI1 A FI]Y ,ITALIAN ( NOBLE ANCE/RY1 HAD BE5 CAU<T UP 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION :ILE /UDY+ LAW 9 ,P>IS & WAS GRANT$ ,FR5* CITIZ5%IP BY ! ,CONV5TION 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,AL?\< HE SUBSEQU5DY BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,BABEUF CONSPIRACY1 HE WAS SP>$ ! GUILLOT9E AFT] ITS SUPPRESSION & WAS IMPRISON$4 ,EV5TUALLY HE W5T 9TO EXILE 9 ,G5EVA1 BUT HE REMA9$ A VOLATILE 9SURRECTION>Y :OSE IDEAS MELD$ OLD POLITICAL 5RAGE S5TIM5TS ) NEW >TISANAL SOCIALI/IC IDEAS4 ,= NE>LY ?IRTY YE>S1 ! MASSIVE CULTURAL & POLITICAL BACKLA% AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY NOT)/&+1 HE ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* REPUBLICAN CONSPIRACIES4 

,BUON>OTTI LIV$ LONG 5\< TO GA9 ! AWE ( Y\NG ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS--REPUBLICAN & NATIONALI/ AS WELL AS SOCIALI/-- AS !Y BEGAN TO PROLIF]ATE ONCE AGA9 9 ! LATE #a#h#bS4 ,HIS BOOK MAY NOT HAVE BE5 ! K9DL+ ?AT F$ ! SOCIALI/IC FIRE ?AT BURN$ 9 ! BREA/ ( ,FR5* Y\?1 BUT IT WAS ALMO/ C]TA9LY ! SP>K ?AT SET IT ALI<T ,BY ! TIME ( HIS DEA? 9 #a#h#c#g1 HE HAD PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 TRANS=M+ ! SIMPLE ,JACOB9ISM ( MANY ( HIS Y\NG FOLL[]S 9TO ! VIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM ( ,BABEUF & HIS SUPPORT]S ?AT /RESS$ 9SURRECTION & CLASS W>4 ,9DE$1 BE=E HE DI$1 ,BUON>OTTI W\LD SEE ! TRICOLOR ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC REPLAC$ BY ! R$ FLAG ( SOCIALISM 9 ! /REETS ( ,LYON & ,P>IS4 

,L,A,B,O,R,I,/ ,R,A,D,I,C,A,L,I,S,M ,9 ,B,R,I,T,A,9 

,TO ! SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E P]COLAT+ 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,BRITI% RADICALS ADD$ A NEW & MORE !ORETICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ DIM5SION4 ,9 ! #a#g#iS MANY SELF-/YL$ ,JACOB9S 9 ,5GL& HAD DEMON/RATIVELY HAIL$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION FROM ACROSS ! ,*ANNEL1 BUT ,BRITA9'S [N FIR/ /EPS T[>D SOCIALISM W]E DRAWN FROM UNIQUELY ,5GLI% S\RCES1 REFLECT+ A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 

,:]E E>LY ,FR5* ECONOMIC !ORI/S SU* AS ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 LIV+ 9 A PR$OM9&Y AGR>IAN & PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 APPROPRIATELY REG>D$ AGRICULTURE AS ! S\RCE ( VALUE & MAT]IAL SURPLUSES1 ,BRITI% ECONOMIC !ORI/S1 FAC$ ) AN ]A ( 9DU/RIAL GR[?1 ADOPT$ A LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,SO P]VASIVE WAS ?IS ORI5TATION 9 ,5GLI% ECONOMIC !ORY ?AT MANY ECONOMI/S 9 ,BRITA9 MAY PROP]LY BE CALL$ 0LABORI/S10 AS ,GEORGE ,LI*!IM CALL$ !M4.<#c#e#g.> ,! C5TRALITY ?AT ,5GLI% ECONOMICS GAVE TO LABOR CAN BE TRAC$ FROM ,WILLIAM ,PETTY 9 ! LATE SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ,ADAM ,SMI? 9 ! EI<TE5?1 BUT IT WAS ,DAVID ,RIC>DO A G5]ATION LAT]1 LIV+ 9 ! FULL TIDE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :O DREW FROM LABORI/ !ORIES !IR BROAD SOCIAL & ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS4 

,! NOTION ?AT LABOR IS ! S\RCE ( ALL 0WEAL?10 AS ! LABORI/ !ORI/S PUT IT1 C\LD LEAD TO V]Y RADICAL CONCLUSIONS4 ,BY 5HANC+ ! C5TRALITY ( ! WORK]1 LABORI/ !ORY GA9$ A TREM5D\S EXPLANATORY P[] ?AT WAS MORE APPROPRIATE = SOCIALI/ IDEAS ?AN E>LI]1 MORE SIMPLI/IC NOTIONS4 ,9DE$1 BE=E ,RIC>DO1 ,5GLI% SOCIALISM HAD BE5 LITTLE MORE ?AN A MORAL !ORY ?AT 5JO9$ ! EXPLOIT$ & !IR EXPLOIT]S TO BEHAVE ) A DEC5T REG>D = EA* O!R'S NE$S4 ,?IS L>GELY SUBJECTIVI/IC APPROA* N\RI%$ V]Y NAIVE & RE=MI/ NOTIONS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,MO/ 0UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S10 AS LAT] G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S W\LD CALL !M1 W]E CONT5T TO APPEAL TO EMPLOY]S1 ! /ATE1 & EV5 DESPOTS TO 9/ITUTE V>I\S RE=MS & GRADUALI/ /RATEGIES1 (T5 9 WAYS ?AT W]E SIMPLY PATRONIZ+ TO ! 0L[] ORD]S0 & 9 AWE ( !IR SOCIAL 0BETT]S40 

,RIC>DO1 :O AS A MAN ( WEAL? WAS ANY?+ BUT A SOCIAL RADICAL1 IMP>T$ TO ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE A DEGREE ( !ORETICAL CONSI/5CY ?AT NONE ( HIS PR$ECESSORS HAD A*IEV$4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE CONCEIVE ( LABOR AS A COMMODITY1 MU* LIKE ANY O!R COMMODITY ON ! M>KET1 BUT HE CA/ ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE 9 T]MS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,AS A COMMODITY1 HE SAID1 A WORK]'S LABOR WAS WOR? NO MORE ?AN ! M9IMUM CO/S ( MA9TA9+ ?AT WORK] 9 EV]YDAY LIFE & ( REPRODUC+ FUTURE WORK]S = ! PRODUCTION ( AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL COMMODITIES 7LEAV+ ASIDE WAGE FLUCTUATIONS ?AT MAY >ISE FROM SUPPLY & DEM& & O!R FACTORS74 ,TO USE ,RIC>DO'S [N =MULATIONS 9 HIS PIVOTAL #ahag WORK1 ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ,TAXATION1 ! 0NATURAL PRICE0 ( LABOR IS PRECISELY :AT IS 0NECESS>Y TO 5ABLE ! LABOR]S1 ONE ) ANO!R1 TO SUBSI/ & TO P]PETUATE !IR RACE1 )\T EI!R 9CREASE OR DIM9UTION40 ,H5CE ! VALUE ( LABOR--?AT IS1 ! WAGES TO :I* LABOR]S >E 5TITL$--DEP5DS 0ON ! QUANTITY ( FOOD1 NECESS>IES1 & CONV5I5CES .<?AT.> BECOME ESS5TIAL TO HIM FROM HABIT0.<#c#e#h.> 

,FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 ?IS 0IRON LAW ( WAGES10 AS IT CAME TO BE CALL$1 MEANT ?AT POV]TY WAS A SY/EMIC--& 5DEMIC--CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,POV]TY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS CAUS$ NOT M]ELY BY ! GRE$ ( ! RI*2 IT /EMM$ ABOVE ALL FROM COMPELL+ LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE DESCRIB$ 9 ,MAL?USIAN !ORY ?AT MA9TA9 ?AT SURPLUS POPULATION ALWAYS DRIVES WAGES D[N TO ! B>E/ M9IMUM NE$$ TO KEEP ! LABOR =CE ALIVE44 

,AL?\< SOCIALI/S W]E V]Y CRITICAL ( ,RIC>DO'S IMPLICIT JU/IFICATION = ! EXI/5CE ( POV]TY1 HIS SUBSI/5CE !ORY ( WAGES PROVID$ !M ) ! MEANS BY :I* !Y C\LD CON/RUCT A HI<LY IMPRESSIVE CASE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,)\T AB&ON+ !IR MORAL CONDEMNATION ( ! SELF-SEEK+ B\RGEOISIE1 ESPECIALLY AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & ALL ITS HORRORS BEGAN TO CRE/ 9 ,BRITA91 !Y C\LD N[ SUPPORT !IR DEM&S = A COMPLETE REORD]+ ( SOCIETY ALONG COOP]ATIVE L9ES BY PO9T+ TO TR5DS 9H]5T )9 CAPITALISM AS SU*4 ,>M$ ) ?IS ANALYSIS1 SOCIALI/S 9FLU5C$ BY ,RIC>DO'S LABOR !ORY1 OR 0LEFT ,RIC>DIANS10 C\LD N[ DEMY/IFY ! HIDD5 NATURE ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y C\LD DISPEL ! *>ACT]I/IC CLAIM ( CAPITALI/S TO ! PR(ITS ?AT ACCRU$ 9 !IR FACTORIES & BANKS AS A =M ( FAIRLY E>N$ 0REMUN]ATION0--! 0WAGES0 ( CAPITAL--= ! S]VICES !Y PROVID$ TO ! ECONOMY4 ,RIC>DO'S LABORI/ !ORY CREAT$ ! BASIS = UND]/&+ ?AT WAGE LABOR1 AS A DI/9CT SOCIAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! PROLET>IAN1 WAS NOT ONLY EXPLOITATIVE BUT NECESS>ILY RESULT$ 9 ! IMPOV]I%M5T1 9DE$ ! DE/ITUTION1 ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]4 

,EV5 AMONG RADICALS :O HAD /UDI$ ,RIC>DO'S WORKS1 TO BE SURE1 !SE IDEAS REMA9$ SOME:AT HAZY3 !Y W]E NOT TO BE FULLY CL>IFI$ UNTIL ,M>X BRILLIANTLY SYN!SIZ$ ,5GLI% ECONOMIC !ORY ) ,FR5* SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 :ILE 9 ,FRANCE ITSELF1 NO SU* >GUM5T EXI/$ UNTIL !SE !ORIES CROSS$ ! ,*ANNEL4 ,BUT AW>5ESS1 AMONG E>LY ,BRITI% SOCIALI/S1 ( ! UNIQUE FEATURES ( CAPITALISM WAS GR[+1 AS A RESULT ( NEW ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5TS4 ,F> MORE ?AN ANY C\NTRY 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY1 ,BRITA9 WAS WITNESS+ A /EADY ]OSION 9 ! /ATUS ( TRADITIONAL >TISANS1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( MA*9ES = H&WORK1 & ! UND]M9+ ( ! FAMILY COTTAGE 9DU/RY BY ! FACTORY SY/EM--9 %ORT1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,UNAVOIDABLY1 !SE BASIC *ANGES 9 ,BRITI% SOCIETY--& ! SE>+LY H>% SOCIAL CONDITIONS !Y G5]AT$-- OBLIG$ E>LY ,BRITI% SOCIALI/S TO TRANSC5D ! POLITICAL LIMITS ( ,JACOB9ISM4 ,BUT IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! E>LY APPE>ANCE ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL& ?AT PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ ! RISE ( SOCIALISM1 & NOT ONLY AT HOME1 :]E ITS IMPACT--! DEGRADATION ( ! PROLET>IAT--WAS IMM$IATE1 BUT 9 TIME ON ! CONT95T1 :]E CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E POIS$ TO P5ETRATE AS WELL1 WREAK+ A SIMIL> TRANS=MATION ON CONT95TAL WORK+ CLASSES4 

,! ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N3 ,5,G,L,& 

,5GL& IS JU/LY CIT$ BY MO/ HI/ORIANS AS ! C\NTRY ( ORIG9 = ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 S9CE IT WAS H]E ?AT MO/ ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E DEVELOP$ ?AT LAID ! BASIS = ! FACTORY SY/EM & RATIONALIZ$ =MS ( L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE4 ,BEG9N+ ) ,JAMES ,WATT'S SOPHI/ICATION ( ! /EAM 5G9E1 !Y EV5TUALLY TRANS=M$ ! 5TIRE /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL LIFE BO? 9 ,BRITA9 & ON ! CONT95T ,BUT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT ONLY A PROCESS ( ME*ANIZATION ( PRODUCTION3 IT ALSO MEANT ! RISE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* HAD ALREADY BEGUN BE=E ME*ANIZATION1 :5 RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T COTTAGE WORK]S1 US+ FAIRLY TRADITIONAL TOOLS & MA*9ES1 W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R 9TO %$S OR FACTORIES 7SO NAM$ AFT] ! TRAVEL+ 0FACTORS10 :O PROVID$ !M ) RAW MAT]IALS & B\<T UP !IR SEMIF9I%$ GOODS7 SO ?AT !IR \TPUT & WORK+ H\RS C\LD BE REGULAT$4 ,A L>GE COTTAGE 9DU/RY ( >TISANS WAS TO COEXI/ ) !SE FACTORIES WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BUT O!R PROCESSES W]E UND] WAY ?AT W\LD F9ALLY TRANS=M ! NATURE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! MODEM WORLD4 

,ANY ACC\NT ( ! IMPACT ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION ON ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION MU/ DRAW A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! /RIK+ TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS ?AT MADE ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION POSSIBLE1 & ! ACTUAL *ANGES ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION BR\<T 9TO ! EV]YDAY LIVES ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E OBVI\SLY NECESS>Y = ! EM]G5CE ( AN 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 !IR IMPACT ON SOCIETY ITSELF WAS (T5 V]Y UNEV5--AN UNEV5NESS ?AT P>TLY EXPLA9S ! V>Y+ T5SIONS ?AT P]VAD$ ! 5TIRE ]A4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( A NEW TE*NIQUE1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE1 WAS NOT IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY ITS APPLICATION TO 9DU/RY4 ,(T5 A CONSID]ABLE LAG EXI/$ BETWE5 A TE*NOLOGICAL DISCOV]Y & ITS PRACTICAL USE 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS LAG1 ! 0PROLET>IANIZATION0 ( ! PRE9DU/RIAL >TISAN WORLD WAS (T5 RELATIVELY SL[--PROVID+ TIME = ! EM]G5CE ( WIDESPREAD & (T5 /ORMY RESI/ANCE TO ! FACTORY SY/EM4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW MA*9ES1 WELL BEYOND ! RES\RCES ( ! >TISAN & TOO L>GE TO BE US$ EFFECTIVELY 9 COTTAGES1 BEGAN MODESDY4 ,9 #agcc ,JOHN ,KAY 9V5T$ ! SO-CALL$ FLY+ %UTTLE1 A SIMPLE DEVICE ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = A COTTON WEAV] TO PRODUCE TWICE AS MU* CLO? AS A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD4 ,!REAFT] NECESSITY CLE>LY BECAME ! MO!R ( 9V5TION1 AS EA* 9NOVATION 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY CREAT$ A MAJOR DISEQUILIBRIUM 9 ! V>I\S /AGES ( DO? PRODUCTION4 ,KAY'S FLY+ %UTDE1 = EXAMPLE1 CREAT$ AN 5ORM\S DEM& = ?READ1 A DEM& ?AT C\LD NOT BE SATISFI$ UNTIL NEW TE*NIQUES = SP9N+ BECAME AVAILABLE4 ,A FULL ?IRTY YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#g#f#d1 ?IS DISP>ITY WAS /ILL ONLY P>TLY RESOLV$ :5 ,JAMES ,H>GREAVES DESIGN$ A SIMPLE SP9N+ J5NY ?AT C\LD TURN EI<T SP9DLES 9/EAD ( ! S+LE SP9DLE ( ! TRADITIONAL SP9N+ :EEL4 ,FIVE MORE YE>S !N HAD TO PASS BE=E ,RI*>D ,>KWRI<T1 9 #a#g#f#i1 PAT5T$ ! WAT]-P[]$ SP9N+ FRAME1 :I*1 BAS$ ON ! ROT>Y MOTION ( TWO SETS ( ROLL]S1 C\LD PRODUCE A F9] & TI<T] ?READ4 ,! WAT] FRAME ALL[$ = ! USE ( AS MANY AS F\R HUNDR$ SP9DLES1 :I* C\LD PRODUCE 9EXP5SIVELY 9 ,5GL& ! F9E H&SPUN YAM & CLO? ?AT FA%ION-CONSCI\S ,BRITONS HAD PREVI\SLY HAD TO IMPORT FROM ,9DIA4 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL A DECADE LAT] ?AT ,H>GREAVES'S SP9N+ J5NY & ,>KWRI<T'S WAT] FRAME W]E IMPROV$ /ILL FUR!R BY ,SAMUEL ,CROMPTON'S SP9N+ MULE 9 #a#g#g#i4 ,N[ ! ,5GLI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY HAD A SURPLUS ( ?READ BUT NOT 5\< ME*ANIZ$ WEAV]S TO TURN IT 9TO CLO?4 ,UNTIL ME*ANIZ$ WEAV+ MA*9ES CAME 9TO USE1 ME*ANICALLY SPUN ?READ WAS /ILL WOV5 BY >TISANS US+ H&LOOMS4 ,9DE$1 ! 9T]VALS BETWE5 EA* SUCCESSIVE BUT P>TIAL TE*NICAL 9NOVATION W]E FILL$ BY US+ ! LABOR ( MANY TRADITIONAL >TISANS & COTTAGE WORK]S4 ,SMALL PRODUC]S :O :OLLY OR P>TLY F9I%$ MA*9E-PRODUC$ COMMODITIES W]E ?US LONG 9DISP5SABLE TO ! OP]ATIONS ( L>GE MILLS4 ,SOME SIX YE>S AFT] ,CROMPTON1 9 #a#g#h#e1 ,$MUND ,C>TWRI<T F9ALLY PAT5T$ ! P[] LOOM1 :I*1 AFT] IMPORTANT REF9EM5TS1 LAID ! BASIS = ! ME*ANIZATION ( ! 5TIRE COTTON CLO? 9DU/RY4 

,NONE ( !SE 9V5TIONS C\LD HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO ASSURE ,5GL&'S 9DU/RIAL HEGEMONY IF ! PRIME MOV] HAD BE5 ONLY WAT] P[]1 AN UNRELIABLE S\RCE ( 5]GY ?AT LIMIT$ FACTORY SITES TO /REAMS ?AT W]E (T5 REMOTE FROM COMM]CIAL C5T]S & PORTS4 ,?IS CRUCIAL PROBLEM WAS ULTIMATELY RESOLV$ BY ,JAMES ,WATT'S MODEM /EAM 5G9E1 PAT5T$ 9 #a#g#f#i1 :I* 9 TIME WAS TO BECOME ! PULSAT+ HE>T ( FACTORIES1 LOCOMOTIVES1 & /EAM%IPS4 ,YET ,WATT'S /EAM 5G9E WAS /ILL TOO 9EFFICI5T & FRAGILE1 EV5 DECADES AFT] IT HAD BE5 9V5T$1 TO COMPLETELY FREE FACTORIES FROM !IR RELIANCE ON WAT] P[]4 ,9DE$1 MANY ( ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY 9V5TIONS1 9 !IR ORIG9AL =M1 W]E V]Y CUMB]SOME & CRUDE & CON/ANTLY 9 NE$ ( REPAIR4 ,M9+ OP]ATIONS W]E PLAGU$ BY FLOOD$ PITS1 & *EAP /EEL LONG REMA9$ UNAVAILABLE1 DESPITE IMPROVEM5TS 9 SMELT+4 

,NOT UNTIL ! NEXT C5TURY DID FUR!R IMPROVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NIQUES ( 9/RUM5TATION1 MAKE !SE 9NOVATIONS EM95TLY FEASIBLE & ECONOMICALLY PR$OM9ANT4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! #a#h#cS1 A C5TURY AFT] ,KAY'S FLY+ %UTTLE & SOME SIXTY YE>S AFT] ,WATT'S /EAM 5G9E1 ?AT MODEM 9DU/RY 9 ,5GL& F9ALLY >RIV$4 ,BY ?AT DECADE MORE ?AN #b#g1 OP]ATIVES W]E PRODUC+ COTTON GOODS1 MANY 9 FACTORIES 9 ,LANCA%IRE & ,YORK%IRE4 ,/ILL ANO!R G5]ATION HAD TO PASS BE=E ! NEW SY/EM CR[D$ \T NE>LY ALL H&WORK]S & COTTAGE PRODUC]S--BY :I* TIME ,5GL& HAD E>N$ ITS TITLE 0! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD40 

,! TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION PRODUC$ MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! CLASS CONFIGURATION ( ,5GL& AS WELL4 ,= SOME F\R OR FIVE G5]ATIONS BE=E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION TRIUMPH$1 ! TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS HAD BE5 DIVID$ AMONG MA/]S1 J\RNEYM51 & APPR5TICES3 N[ IT UND]W5T A SWEEP+ METAMORPHOSIS4 0,WORK]S0 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY >TISANS 7PRE9DU/RIAL J\RNEYM5 AS WELL AS MA/]S71 :O WORK$ 9 FAIRLY SMALL 9/ALLATIONS ) TOOLS & H&-OP]AT$ MA*9ES1 BUT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O W]E UNSKILL$ ADJUNCTS ( HUGE1 HI<LY RATIONALIZ$1 CAPITAL-9T5SIVE FACTORIES1 CLOSELY SUP]VIS$ BY =EM5 & MANAG]S4 

,AL?\< BO? >TISANS & PROLET>IANS W]E REG>D$ AS WORK]S & AL?\< BO? ASSUM$ ! NAME PROLET>IANS 7P>TICUL>LY 9 ,FRANCE71 !IR 9T]E/S1 BEHAVIORAL PATT]NS1 & DEGREE ( MILITANCY DIV]G$ M>K$LY4 ,G5]ALLY >TISANS1 WORK+ \TSIDE ! 9DU/RIAL 5VIRONM5T1 HAD A C]TA9 LATITUDE 9 DET]M9+ !IR WORK+ H\RS1 & !Y 5JOY$ A DEGREE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 PRODUC+ A FAIRLY COMPLETE PRODUCT--IMP>T+ TO !M A S5SE ( CRAFTSMAN%IP & PRIDE ?AT WAS D5I$ TO FACTORY PROLET>IANS4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 !SE >TISANS OPPOS$ ! 5CROA*+ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM ) A MILITANCY ?AT WAS R>E AMONG E>LY FACTORY PROLET>IANS1 MANY ( :OM W]E MORE SUBDU$ & DEF]5TIAL T[>D FACTORY [N]S4 

,A SIMIL> DIFF]5TIATION OCCURR$ )9 ! 0B\RGEOISIE40 ,9ITIALLY MEAN+ 0BUR<]0 OR CITY DWELL]1 ! WORD B\RGEOIS 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES WAS 9CREAS+LY APPLI$ TO PR(ESSIONALS1 M]*ANTS1 F9ANCI]S1 & WELL-TO-DO RETAIL]S :O 5JOY$ A COM=TABLE 9COME & HELD PROP]TY-- ESPECIALLY L&--9 AM\NTS ?AT N[ SET !M AP>T FROM ORD9>Y CITY DWELL]S4 ,)9 EV5 ?IS FAIRLY AMORPH\S CATEGORY1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION SL[LY PRODUC$ ANO!R CLEAVAGE4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIAL CLASS1 :I* MORE APPROPRIATELY %\LD BE CALL$ CAPITALI/S1 BEGAN TO DEVELOP 9T]E/S ?AT W]E SEP>ATE FROM--9DE$1 9 COLLISION )--?OSE ( ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! T]M B\RGEOIS WAS ?US MORE APPROPRIATELY APPLI$ TO NON9DU/RIAL UPP] CLASSES--UNTIL A CAPITALI/ RUL+ CLASS ) %>$ SOCIAL 9T]E/S EM]G$ ?AT 5COMPASS$ F9ANCI]S & M]*ANTS AS WELL AS 9DU/RIALI/S4.<#c#e#i.> 

,!SE DI/9CTIONS >E F> FROM SEMANTIC QUIBBLES4 ,! SOCIAL METABOLISM ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS PR(\NDLY GUID$ BY /RUGGLES BETWE5 CRAFTSM51 L&$ B\RGEOIS1 M]*ANTS1 PROLET>IANS1 & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S4 

,AS NEW SITUATIONS >OSE1 !SE /RATA V>I\SLY WORK$ ) EA* O!R AT SOME TIMES & OPPOS$ EA* O!R AT O!R TIMES4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 :5 >TISANS HAD ALL BUT DISAPPE>$ AS AN IMPORTANT PRODUCTIVE =CE 9 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY1 ! WORDS B\RGEOIS & CAPITALI/ CAME TO D5OTE A BROAD BUT S+LE SOCIAL GR\P--SU* AS FACTORY [N]S1 BANK]S1 & L>GE COMM]CIAL :OLESAL]S & RETAIL]S--:OSE 9T]E/S W]E NOT ONLY BASICALLY %>$ BUT ORGANICALLY 9T]LOCK$4 

,! ,9,D,U,/,R,I,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ,9 ,F,R,A,N,C,E 

,ON ! CONT95T1 ! LAG 9 9DU/RIALIZATION1 PRODUC+ UNEV5 LEVELS ( TE*NOLOGY 9 ! V>I\S /AGES ( PRODUCTION1 WAS EV5 MORE M>K$ ?AN 9 ,5GL&4 ,:]E1 BY #a#h#a1 ,5GL& C\LD BOA/ ( POSSESS+ SOME FIVE ?\S& /EAM 5G9ES1 = EXAMPLE1 ,FRANCE HAD ONLY TWO HUNDR$4 ,COMP>ABLE DIV]G5CES 9 ME*ANIZATION APPLI$ TO NE>LY ALL BRAN*ES ( ,FR5* 9DU/RY4 ,G5]ALLY1 TOO1 9 ! REPLACEM5T ( COTTAGE & >TISANAL PRODUCTION BY ! FACTORY SY/EM1 ,FRANCE LAGG$ F> BEH9D ,5GL&4 ,9 ! ,5GL& ( #a#h#e1 = EXAMPLE1 NE>LY A QU>T] ( A MILLION P[] LOOMS W]E 9 OP]ATION1 COMP>$ ) AB\T #d1 H&LOOMS2 9 #ahdh 9 ,FRANCE1 BY CONTRA/1 DESPITE ITS SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] POPULATION1 !RE W]E ONLY #c#a1 P[] LOOMS4 7,NONE!LESS1 ,FRANCE HAD A L>GE TEXTILE \TPUT1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,FR5* H&LOOMS--:OSE SCALE WE CAN ONLY GUESS AT BECAUSE ( ! DEC5TRALIZ$ NATURE ( COTTAGE PRODUCTION--W]E 5ORM\SLY PRODUCTIVE47 

,TO BE SURE1 ,FRANCE1 LIKE ,5GL&1 HAD A NUMB] ( L>GE 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS4 ,! MULTI/ORI$ ,BRITI% FACTORIES LIKE ! ,B\LTON & ,WATT 5G9E WORKS W]E MAT*$ BY ! ,LE ,CREUSOT F\NDRIES AS E>LY AS ! #a#g#iS4 ,BUT IF SMALL FIRMS & COTTAGE PRODUCTION L+]$ PREC>I\SLY 9 ,BRITA9 EV5 UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !Y REMA9$ DOM9ANT 9 ,FRANCE1 & = A MU* LONG] P]IOD ( TIME4 ,! H& PRODUCTION ( G>M5TS & LUXURY ITEMS ?AT GAVE ,FR5* GOODS !IR WORLDWIDE REPUTATION = >TI/RY & QUALITY PLAY$ A MAJOR ECONOMIC ROLE EV5 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! M>K$ LAG 9 ! SPREAD ( FACTORIES 9 ,FRANCE BY COMP>ISON ) ,BRITA9 IS ACC\NTABLE P>TLY1 P]HAPS DECISIVELY1 BY :AT ,TOM ,KEMP HAS APTLY CALL$ 0! ESS5TIAL P>ADOX ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FRANCE40.<#c#f.> ,AS A RESULT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ,FRANCE HAD ONE ( ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/IC POLITICAL & JURIDICAL SY/EMS 9 ,EUROPE--:I*1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 %\LD HAVE SUPPLI$ AN 5ORM\S IMPETUS TO ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM !RE4 ,YET ! SAME ,REVOLUTION1 BY REMOV+ ! FEUDAL BURD5S ON AGRICULTURE & CONTRIBUT+ TO A WIDESPREAD R$I/RIBUTION ( L&1 ALSO FURNI%$ ! MAT]IAL UND]P9N+S = ONE ( ! MO/ SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANTRIES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,BY ITS V]Y SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 ?IS PEASANTRY CLOS$ (F MU* ( ,FRANCE'S DOME/IC M>KET TO FACTORY-MADE GOODS1 CREAT+ LITDE 9C5TIVE = ! MASS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES SU* AS TEXTILES1 LEA!R PRODUCTS1 & ! LIKE4 

,TO EXAC]BATE ! SITUATION1 ! V]Y 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD EXP&$ 0CONFIRM$ ! PEASANT CU/OM ( .<L&.> DIVISION ON 9H]ITANCE10 ,KEMP NOTES1 0& ?US PREV5T$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A REALLY 9DIVIDUALI/ AGRICULTURE OV] ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE40 ,! 9H]ITANCE CLAUSES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y & ,NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODES 

CONTRIBUT$ TO MORCELLEM5T .<P>CEL+.> ( ! PEASANTS' L&S :]E !Y DID NOT 5C\RAGE ! LIMITATION ( FAMILY SIZE4 ,NO D\BT !Y HELP$ TO CONS]VE ! PEASANTRY1 ALBEIT AT A L[ /&>D ( LIV+1 BUT AT ! PRICE ( IMP$+ ! EXPANSION ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET & ! CREATION ( AN URBAN1 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4.<#c#f#a.> 

,?US1 DESPITE ! SEEM+LY 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#i#d1 ,FR5* 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S ACTUALLY F\ND !MSELVES AT A CONSID]ABLE DISADVANTAGE ) RESPECT TO !IR ,5GLI% COMPETITORS1 :OSE GOV]NM5T WAS 5GAG$ 9 A FR5ZY ( L& 5CLOSURES ?AT VIRTUALLY DE/ROY$ ! ,BRITI% PEASANTRY1 LEAV+ 0DES]T$ VILLAGES0 9 !IR WAKE4 ,FR5* 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM WAS SIGNIFIC&Y IMP$$ BY ! V]Y REVOLUTION ?AT HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS CLASSICALLY B\RGEOIS4 

,NOR WAS ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ITSELF DISPOS$ TO FO/] 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ALONG ,BRITI% L9ES4 ,9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 L>GELY C5T]$ 9 ,P>IS1 CONT9U$ TO EXP5D ITS FUNDS ON ! PUR*ASE ( L&1 ON MORTGAGES & /ATE BONDS1 & ON MONET>Y SPECULATION1 TO ! G5]AL NEGLECT ( ! 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY4 ,/ILL PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN1 ! ,FR5* ECONOMY WAS HIDEB\ND BY TRADITION--P>O*IAL1 CRAFT-ORI5T$1 & ABOVE ALL1 FIXAT$ ON ! VALUE ( L&--! V]Y TRAITS ?AT HAD M>K$ ! ECONOMY ( ! ANCI5 REGIME4 ,AS = ! EXPANSION ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET & ! OV]COM+ ( REGIONAL ISOLATION1 FEW /ATI/ICS HI<LI<T ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE 9 !SE YE>S BETT] ?AN ! NUMB]S = RAILWAY MILEAGE LAID D[N4 ,9 #ahdc ,BRITI% RAILS EXT5D$ = #b1#c#f MILES1 COMP>$ ) ONLY #bfh MILES 9 ,FRANCE--A NE>LY T5FOLD DIFF]5CE ?AT REMA9$ SIGNIFICANTLY UNDIM9I%$ = DECADES4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* REGIONAL DI/9CTIONS1 SO PRON\NC$ 9 ! PRE9DU/RIAL ]A ( BO? C\NTRIES1 W]E DIM9I%$ BY 9DU/RIALIZATION & BY RAILROADS /RONGLY AFFECT$ ! K9DS ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS & PRACTICES ?AT W\LD DEVELOP ON EA* SIDE ( ! ,*ANNEL4 

,B,R,I,T,A,9',S ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,T,R,A,J,E,C,T,O,R,Y 

,ECONOMIC FACTORS ALONE1 TO BE SURE1 CANNOT ACC\NT = ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE3 POLITICAL TRADITIONS1 ! FLEXIBILITY ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! CULTURAL ELAN ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES HAD SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AS WELL4 ,BUT ! ROLE ( ECONOMIC FACTORS %\LD NOT BE UND]RAT$4 

,REA*+ UNPREC$5T$ PEAKS E>LY 9 ! C5TURY1 ,BRITI% L& 5CLOSURES PRODUC$ A LABOR =CE ?AT WAS 9*OATE & DEMORALIZ$1 ONE ?AT EV5TUALLY FELL PREY TO RU?LESS EXPLOITATION ON ! P>T ( FI]CELY COMPETITIVE FACTORY [N]S4 ,9 ,5GL& ITSELF1 BETWE5 #ah & #a#h#b1 AB\T #c1 ACRES ( OP5 L&1 ON :I* MANY VILLAG]S DEP5D$ = WOOD & PA/URAGE1 W]E 5CLOS$1 LEAV+ 9CALCULABLE NUMB]S ( RURAL FOLK AT ! M]CY ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S4 ,! LABOR =CE ?AT 5T]$ ! NEW ,5GLI% FACTORIES WAS ?US MADE UP ( BROK5 PEOPLE1 DI%E>T5$ BY ! LOSS NOT ONLY ( !IR HOMES BUT ( ! TRADITIONAL PROTECTIONS ?AT HAD ONCE BE5 SUPPLI$ BY ! L&$ NOBILITY & BY GUILDS4 ,LIKE ! 9DEP5D5T >TISANAL H&WORK]S :O W]E FAC$ ) EXT9CTION BY P[]-DRIV5 MA*9]Y1 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT WAS CAU<T 9 ! H>% T5SION BETWE5 A RATIONALIZ$ FACTORY SY/EM & ! MORE ORGANIC LIFEWAYS1 H[EV] MIS]ABLE !Y HAD BE5 MAT]IALLY1 ( PRE9DU/RIAL VILLAGE SOCIETY4 

,CANNILY1 ,BRITI% 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S EXPLOIT$ ! WEAKNESSES ( ?IS PROLET>IAT BY PLAY+ ITS RELIGI\S & G5D] DIFF]5CES AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,AB\T TW5TY P]C5T ( ! NEW ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT WAS COMPOS$ ( ,IRI% PEASANTS :O HAD FL$ DEVA/AT+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4 ,ACRIMONY FL>$ UP EASILY BETWE5 ,IRI% ,CA?OLICS & ,5GLI% ,PROTE/ANTS1 DESPITE ! MIS]Y ?AT BO? GR\PS %>$ 9 FACTORIES & SLUMS4 ,SU* DIFF]5CES KEPT PROLET>IANS SUFFICI5DY DIVID$ AMONG !MSELVES ?AT !IR POT5TIAL TO UNITE 9 OPPOSITION TO !IR EMPLOY]S WAS1 = A TIME1 DIV]T$ 9TO MUTUAL HATR$--UNTIL CLASS CONSCI\SNESS BEGAN TO DILUTE ! MALICE ,5GLI% WORK]S H>BOR$ T[>D 0=EIGN]S0 & 0PAPI/S40 

,MOREOV]1 AN E/IMAT$ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! FACTORY LABOR =CE WAS MADE UP ( WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,SOCIALLY VULN]ABLE & RELATIVELY DOCILE1 !SE GR\PS C\LD BE R$UC$ TO SUBMISSION TO FACTORY [N]S ) RELATIVE EASE4 ,NO SECTION ( ! WORK+ POPULATION1 DUR+ ! 5TIRE ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 WAS MORE RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$ & MORE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLL$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,FEMALE WORK]S1 G5]ALLY 9TIMIDAT$ BY !IR EMPLOY]S1 C\LD BE HIR$ 9/EAD ( MILITANT MALES 9CL9$ TO TRADE UNION ORGANIZ+4 ,*ILDR51 = SIMIL> REASONS1 W]E WORK$ TO EXHAU/ION1 GR[+ UP 9TO AN ADULT G5]ATION PHYSICALLY WEAK & DE=M$ BY RICKETS4 ,SO W>P$ W]E !IR BODIES ?AT !Y UNN]V$ EV5 ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :O REQUIR$ A SUPPLY ( PHYSICALLY ABLE RECRUITS1 NOT ONLY = ,5GL&'S FACTORIES BUT = ITS MILIT>Y =CES AS WELL4 

,! MORE 9DEP5D5T >TISANS1 /ILL ROOT$ 9 ! CULTURAL LIFEWAYS ( ! PRE9DU/RIAL PA/1 W]E F> LESS ACCEPT+ ( !IR DET]IORAT+ SOCIAL CONDITION ?AN !SE 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,RIOTS & NE>-9SURRECTIONS OV] FOOD %ORTAGES & SOCIAL ABUSES W]E !IR TYPICAL =MS ( PROTE/4 ,EV5 /RIKES BEGAN TO OCCUR1 AL?\< !Y W]E TO BECOME MORE *>ACT]I/IC ( 9DU/RIAL ?AN >TISANAL WORK]S4 ,! SKILL$ KEELM5 ( ,NEWCA/LE W5T ON /RIKE AS E>LY AS #a#g#e1 AS DID ,LONDON TAILORS A YE> LAT]1 BO? ACTIONS LA/+ SEV]AL WEEKS4 ,9 #agec 9 ,MAN*E/]1 C>P5T]S1 JO9]S1 & BRICKLAY]S--?AT IS TO SAY1 >TISANS--AS WELL AS CON/RUCTION LABOR]S 5GAG$ 9 A WORK /OPPAGE = HI<] WAGES1 EV5 RAIS+ MONEY TO DEF5D !IR IMPRISON$ LEAD]S4 ,ABOVE ALL1 GREAT HUNG] RIOTS SWEPT OV] ,BRITA9 9 #a#g#i#e-#i#f1 M>K$ BY VIRTUAL 9SURRECTIONS & ATTACKS ON ! P]SON ( ! K+ 9 ,LONDON1 L$ BY CRAFTSPEOPLE :OSE BELLIG]5CY WAS R$OL5T ( ! WAN+ NONCAPITALI/IC WORLD4 

,O!R >TISAN REVOLTS W]E MORE ORGANIZ$4 ,! /ORMY ,LUDDITE MOVEM5T1 :I* TRI$ TO PRES]VE OLD >TISANAL LIFEWAYS BY DAMAG+ NEW LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES1 WAS 9ITIAT$ MA9LY BY COTTAGE LACE & HOSI]Y WORK]S 9 ! ,MIDL&S1 SPREAD+ TO CROPP]S & COTTON WEAV]S 9 #a#h#a#a-#a#b4 ,!SE >TISANS & COTTAG]S W]E H>DLY A RIOT\S CR[D BUT W]E MADE UP ( A NUMB] ( WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\PS :O SECRETLY DIRECT$ !IR ACTIVITIES AGA9/ C>EFULLY SELECT$ 9DU/RIAL T>GETS4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #ahab ! GOV]NM5T HAD TO /ATION MORE ?AN #a#b1 TROOPS 9 PLACES :]E MA*9E-BREAK+ DI/URBANCES & RIOTS HAD OCCURR$4 ,AFT] A BRIEF HIATUS LATE 9 #a#h#a#c1 ! MOVEM5T RESUM$1 PANICK+ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S 9TO FE>S ( A WELL-ORGANIZ$ 9SURRECTION4 ,NOT UNTIL A MAJOR TRIAL 9 ,YORK ,CASDE WAS !IR MOVEM5T EFFECTIVELY PUT D[N1 RESULT+ 9 ! HANG+ ( TW5TY ( !IR LEAD]S & ! P5AL TRANSPORTATION ( SEV5 TO ,AU/RALIA4 

,SU* BEHAVIOR & VALUES1 AS ,GWYN ,A4 ,WILLIAMS SO P]CEPTIVELY CONCLUDES1 W]E ESS5TIALLY PRE-9DU/RIAL 9 A DEEP] S5SE ?AN ! M]ELY TE*NICAL4 

0,LONG HAVE WE BE5 5DEAVOR+ TO F9D \RSELVES M510 SAID ! SAILORS ( ! ,BRITI% FLEET 9 #a#g#i#g4 0,WE N[ F9D \RSELVES SO4 ,WE WILL BE TREAT$ AS SU*40 ,!Y LE>N$ ?IS TONE FROM O!RS4 ,! FIR/ POLITICAL /ATEM5T ( ?IS 9/9CT WAS MADE BY M5 :O1 H[EV] POOR1 C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( !MSELVES AS .<FACTORY.> 0H&S0 OR A 0LABOR =CE10 M5 ) ! DIGNITY ( A SKILL & ! MY/]Y ( A CRAFT1 M5 :O POLI%$ TOOLS & KNEW ! 0F9E PO9TS10 M5 :OSE WAGE WAS A 0SELL+ PRICE0 & :OSE PROP]TY WAS LABOR1 M5 :OSE VALUES1 EV5 9 ADV]SITY1 W]E FIX$ BY AN E>N$ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! /ATEM5T1 ONCE MADE1 WAS UNIV]SAL--S9CE1 TO QUOTE ANO!R ( !M--0A MAN'S A MAN = A' ?AT0--BUT ITS ORIG9 %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$4 ,?IS IS ! C5TRAL TRU?4444 ,! IDEOLOGY ( DEMOCRACY WAS PRE9DU/RIAL & ITS FIR/ S]I\S PRACTITION]S W]E >TISANS4.<#c#f#b.> 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! NEW 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT WAS COMPLETELY PASSIVE 9 ! FACE ( ! T]RIBLE ABUSES 9FLICT$ UPON IT4 ,! FIR/ 0MODEM0 9DU/RIAL /RIKE SEEMS TO HAVE OCCURR$ 9 #a#h#a1 :5 ,MAN*E/] COTTON SP9N]S LEFT !IR FACTORIES BY ! ?\S&S--DISBURS+ AMONG !MSELVES1 = !IR SUBSI/5CE1 ,G,B,P#a1#e A WEEK 9 /RIKE FUNDS ?AT !Y HAD ACCUMULAT$4 ,IT WAS A H>B+] ( LAT] /RIKES ?AT W]E TO SWEEP UP 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS 9 GREAT MOVEM5TS = HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] H\RS1 & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,YET AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY ! ,5GLI% 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT WAS ALREADY MAK+ ITSELF FELT1 OP5+ EXPECTATIONS ?AT W\LD MAKE IT ! FOCUS ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 NEI!R ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT NOR ! >TISAN CRAFTWORK]S 9 ,5GL& *ALL5G$ ! EXI/+ /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY AS SU*1 DESPITE ! ATTEMPTS ( MANY RADICAL !ORI/S TO IMPUTE SU* AIMS TO !M4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ,CROMWELL'S RULE1 ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 ,BRITA9 HAD DEVELOP$ A SUFFICI5T DEGREE ( 9/ITUTIONAL FLEXIBILITY TO KEEP MASS MOVEM5TS UND] CONTROL1 !IR WILL+NESS TO USE =CE AGA9/ REBELS NOT)/&+4 ,! GREAT MOVEM5TS ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASSES1 9CLUD+ ,LUDDISM1 W]E EFFECTIVELY CONTA9$ )9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM--TO AN EXT5T ?AT COMP>ABLE MOVEM5TS 9 ,FRANCE W]E NOT4 ,UNLIKE MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL& ALWAYS HELD \T ! PROSPECT ?AT IT C\LD BE RE=M$ TO B5EFIT ! POOR & DIS5FRAN*IZ$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ANY SOCIAL OR POLITICAL UPHEAVAL1 F> FROM 9T5SIFY+ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 C\LD ULTIMATELY BE SETTL$ BY COMPROMISE4 ,9 ! #a#g#iS ! L&$ CLASSES1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO KEEP ! RURAL POOR FROM MIGRAT+ TO ! CITIES1 AGRE$ AT ,SPE5HAML& TO PROVIDE A BASIC1 ALBEIT MEAG] 9COME TO ! MO/ UND]PRIVILEG$ RESID5TS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,?IS MEASURE1 :I* REMA9$ 9 EFFECT = DECADES1 DID NOT PREV5T ALL HUNGRY & DISPOSSESS$ VILLAG]S FROM MIGRAT+ TO ! NEW 9DU/RIAL T[NS4 ,BUT BY PROVID+ A SEMBLANCE ( PATRONAL CONC]N & BY GIV+ TRADITIONAL RURAL SOCIETY AN EXT5D$ LEASE ON LIFE1 IT HELP$ KEEP REVOLT 9 ABEYANCE4 

,! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T & ITS \TCOME EXEMPLIFY ?IS CONTA9M5T ( POPUL> OPPOSITION4 ,ADOPT$ 9 #ah* BY ! ,LONDON ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,*>T] RAIS$ BASIC DEM&S = RE=MS LIKE UNIV]SAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE1 PAYM5T = MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T1 A SECRET BALLOT1 FAIRLY DIVID$ ELECTORAL DI/RICTS1 ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,H\SE1 & ANNUAL P>LIAM5TS--DEM&S ?AT MORE OR LESS HAD ALREADY BE5 GRANT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,SUPPORT = ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T CAME FROM ALMO/ EV]Y SECTOR ( ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS--FACTORY WORK]S AS WELL AS >TISANS1 LABOR]S AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALS1 CL]KS AS WELL AS ALEH\SE PROPRIETORS4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD A C]TA9 VOLATILITY1 & SOME ( ITS ACTIONS TOOK ?REAT5+ =MS3 9 ,JULY #a#h#c#i1 AFT] ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS REJECT$ ! ,*>T] DESPITE ! MILLION & A QU>T] SIGNATURES ATTA*$ TO IT1 ! 5SU+ POPUL> ANG] G5]AT$ RIOTS1 /RIKES1 & EV5 LOCAL UPRIS+S4 ,TALK ( \TRI<T CIVIL W> WAS RIFE BUT NOT FRI<T5+ 5\< TO PREV5T ! ,H\SE FROM REJECT+ A SECOND ,*>TI/ PETITION 9 #a#h#d#b4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#h#d#h--ITSELF A YE> ( >M$ 9SURRECTION ON ! CONT95T--A PLAN TO PRES5T ,*>TI/ DEM&S TO ,P>LIAM5T 9 YET ANO!R GREAT PETITION1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A MASS DEMON/RATION1 G5]AT$ A V]ITABLE PANIC AMONG ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,EXPECT+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ,*>TI/S TO ALL BUT 9VADE ,LONDON1 !Y PROCE$$ TO TURN ! CAPITAL 9TO AN >M$ CAMP4 ,A L>GE CIVILIAN CON/ABUL>Y WAS RECRUIT$ FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES2 ! AG$ ,DUKE ( ,WELL+TON WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! COMM& ( AN >MY TO DEF5D ! CITY2 & EV5 ! QUE5 WAS SPIRIT$ (F TO ! ,ISLE ( ,WI<T = PROTECTION AGA9/ ! ANTICIPAT$ 9SURRECTION4 

,BUT ! PANIC1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 WAS UNF\ND$4 ,S9CE ITS HI< PO9T 9 ! E>LY #a#h#dS1 ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T HAD ACTUALLY BE5 WAN+4 ,9 ADVANCE ( ! #ahdh EF=T1 ITS LEAD]S W]E %>PLY DIVID$ OV] /RATEGY1 & ! RELATIVELY SMALL CR[D ?AT MASS$ TO PRES5T ! PETITION WAS PAT5TLY 9TIMIDAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T'S 5ORM\S %[ ( =CE4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS :O HAD =M]LY SUPPORT$ ! ,*>TI/S HAD BY N[ TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO O!R PRESS+ ISSUES1 ESPECIALLY AN EF=T TO ABOLI% ! ,COM ,LAWS1 :I* HAD BE5 5ACT$ 9 #ahae TO RE/RICT ! IMPORTATION ( COM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! L&$ CLASSES1 BUT :I* W]E KEEP+ DOME/IC FOOD PRICES & WAGES 9ORD9ATELY HI<4 ,9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 = !IR P>T1 HAD %IFT$ FROM ,*>T] AGITATION TO ! =MATION ( TRADE UNIONS 7:I* ! REPEAL ( ! ,COMB9ATION ,ACTS HAD P]MITT$7 AS ! MO/ PROMIS+ MEANS = A*IEV+ !IR MAT]IAL GOALS4 ,F9ALLY1 ! >TISANS1 NEWLY H>NESS$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 W]E TURN+ TO PEACEFUL =MS ( ACTION TO PRES]VE !IR WAN+ /ATUS & LIFEWAYS4 

,9 FACT1 A /RONG PRIMA FACIE CASE CAN BE MADE = CORRELAT+ ! RISE ( ,*>TISM ) WORS5+ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 & ITS EBB ) MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,IT WAS :5 ! PRICE ( COM 9CREAS$ 5ORM\SLY 9 #ah* & :5 A SEV]E DEPRESSION DEVELOP$ 9 #ahdb ?AT ,*>TISM BECAME A MAJOR =CE1 AS WORK+-CLASS FURY REA*$ NE>-9SURRECTION>Y PROPORTIONS-- ONLY TO WANE DUR+ ! 9T]V5+ YE>S & VIRTUALLY FADE AWAY AFT] #a#h#d#f1 :5 BREAD-&-BUTT] TRADE UNIONISM BEGAN TO SUPPLANT ,*>TI/ 9FLU5CE AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 

,MOREOV]1 EV5 AS ,P>LIAM5T WAS US+ A FIRM /ICK TO 9TIMIDATE ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T1 IT WAS ALSO (F]+ ! WORK+ CLASSES A C>ROT 9 ! =M ( AMELIORATIVE LABOR LEGISLATION4 ,9 #ahdd A ,TORY P>LIAM5T PASS$ A LAW R$UC+ ! WORK+ TIME ( *ILDR5 BETWE5 ! AGES ( EI<T & ?IRTE5 TO SIX & A HALF H\RS DAILY4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE BETWE5 ?IRTE5 & EI<TE5 C\LD NOT WORK MORE ?AN ELEV5 H\RS1 & *ILD & FEMALE LABOR WAS PROHIBIT$ COMPLETELY 9 M9ES4 ,?REE YE>S LAT] A T5-H\R WORK+ DAY = EV]YONE WAS 5ACT$1 MAK+ ,5GLI% LABOR LEGISLATION AMONG ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,FACTORY 9SPECTORS W]E APPO9T$ TO OV]SEE WORK+ CONDITIONS1 ISSU+ REPORTS ?AT W\LD GA9 A REPUTATION = AN UNPREC$5T$ CRITICAL FRANKNESS4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES & EV] L>G] SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS GA9$ ! FRAN*ISE4 ,AP>T FROM A FEW FL>E-UPS--:I* !MSELVES NEV] S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ ! SOCIAL ORD]--! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT WAS ULTIMATELY DOME/ICAT$4 

,! TRAJECTORY ( ,5GLI% SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS WAS NO MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ,*>TISM4 ,SOCIALI/ PROLET>IANS & >TISANS PUT !IR EF=TS 9TO ! =MATION ( COOP]ATIVES1 B5EFIT & $UCATIONAL SOCIETIES1 & CONV5TIONAL TRADE UNIONS RA!R ?AN ! FOM5T+ ( 9SURRECTIONS4 ,LAT] G5]ATIONS ( SOCIALI/S P9N$ !IR HOPES ON ! =MATION ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 :I* PR(ESS$ TO SEEK A SOCIALI/IC SOCIETY BY ELECTORAL MEANS4 ,NONE!LESS1 BE=E ,5GLI% SOCIALISM WAS 5TIRELY TAM$1 MANY E>LY ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S & !IR AN>*I/ AFF9ES W]E COMMITT$ TO LESS P>LIAM5T>Y APPROA*ES4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #ahcc DELEGATES TO A ,COOP]ATIVE ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON1 CALL$ BY ,ROB]T ,[5 TO UNITE ! COOP]ATIVE & TRADE UNION MOVEM5TS1 FLIRT$ ) ! =MATION ( A 0,GR& ,NATIONAL ,MORAL ,UNION ( ! ,PRODUCTIVE ,CLASSES0 7! PRES5CE ( ! WORD 0,MORAL0 IS WOR? NOT+7 & ) WAG+ A G5]AL /RIKE AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,9 ! SAME MON? A MEET+ ( ,GLASG[ WORK]S 5DORS$ A RESOLUTION = A G5]AL /RIKE 9 T]MS ?AT ,H>RY ,W4 ,LAIDL] CALLS 0LIKE A MOD]N SYNDICALI/ MANIFE/O40.<#c#f#c.> 

,BUT ! /RIKE PLAN !Y DISCUSS$ WAS NOT G5]AL 9 ANY SYNDICALI/ S5SE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS 9T]MITT5T & FRAGM5T>Y4 ,WORK]S W\LD SET ASIDE SOME ( !IR 9COME1 & :5 !Y HAD ACCUMULAT$ SUFFICI5T FUNDS TO COV] !IR LIV+ EXP5SES = AN EXTRA WEEK OR MON?1 !Y W\LD REMA9 AT HOME = ?AT P]IOD ( TIME4 ,AFT]W>DS !Y W\LD RETURN TO WORK1 REPEAT+ ! SAME ALT]NAT+ SEQU5CE ( WORK & IDL5ESS4 ,?IS 0DIRECT ACTION0 WAS 9T5D$ TO EV5TUALLY R$UCE CAPITALISM TO A %AMBLES4 ,LAIDL]'S OP9ION ( ITS MILITANCY NOT)/&+1 ! NOTION WAS NAIVE & NEV] C>RI$ \T4 ,LAT]1 A MORE RESOLUTE NOTION ( A 0,GR& ,NATIONAL ,HOLIDAY0 ( ONE MON?'S DURATION W\LD CAPTURE ! IMAG9ATION ( MANY ,*>TI/S1 :O ACTUALLY MANAG$ TO BR+ \T WORK]S = SEV]AL DAYS ON ! 0HOLIDAY40 ,BUT ! /RIKE HAD NO /AY+ P[]1 NOR DID IT ASSUME NATIONAL DIM5SIONS4 ,FOLL[+ H>% P]SECUTION BY ! AU?ORITIES & A LACK ( CONV5TIONAL TRADE UNION SUPPORT1 ! EF=T--& ! IDEA ( A G5]AL /RIKE--FIZZL$ \T4 

,= ALL HIS S+LE-M9D$NESS & IDEALISM1 ! GREAT 0UTOPIAN SOCIALI/0 ,ROB]T ,[5 WAS BY NO MEANS A FIREBR&4 ,HE RESOLUTELY OPPOS$ ! NOTIONS ( CLASS CONFLICT ?AT W]E P]COLAT+ ?R\< ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,9ITIALLY A TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]1 HE HAD 9TRODUC$ SWEEP+ RE=MS 9 HIS FACTORY AT ,NEW ,LAN>K TO %[ ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD BE MANAG$ B5EFIC5TLY & HUMANELY1 :ILE /ILL MAK+ A PR(IT--& ,NEW ,LAN>K QUICKLY BECAME A %[PLACE = VISIT+ /ATESM5 & 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,9 HIS LAT] 5DEAVORS HE HOP$ TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND 0VILLAGES ( COOP]ATION40 ,AS ,[5 5VISION$ IT1 !SE SELF-SUFFICI5T 0VILLAGES10 9ITIALLY PEOPL$ BY ! UNEMPLOY$1 W\LD COMB9E AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY TO PRODUCE = MEMB]S' NE$S & !N EX*ANGE !IR SURPLUSES ) ONE ANO!R 9 A SPIRIT ( COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN COMPETITION4 ,9 TIME1 HE HOP$1 ! 0VILLAGES0 W\LD PEACEFULLY REPLACE CAPITALISM & ITS 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS1 OP5+ AN ]A ( H>MONY & BRO!RLY LOVE4 ,[5 EV5 TRI$ TO GA9 GOV]NM5TAL ASSI/ANCE TO REALIZE HIS PLAN1 :I*1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 WAS NOT =?COM+4 

,AL?\< HE DEVOT$ ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE TO REALIZ+ ?IS ESS5TIALLY PRE9DU/RIAL VISION ( A NEW SOCIETY1 NONE ( HIS PRACTICAL S*EMES SUCCE$$--LEA/ ( ALL HIS ATTEMPT TO F9ANCE1 E/ABLI%1 & MA9TA9 A UTOPIAN COMMUNITY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,YET HIS TIRELESS EF=TS TO IMPROVE ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MADE HIM1 = A TIME1 ! 9DUBITABLE LEAD] ( E>LY ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONISM1 :ILE HIS PROPAG&A ON BEHALF ( COOP]ATIVES HELP$ 9SPIRE V>I\S COMMUNIT>IAN MOVEM5TS ?AT FL\RI%$ WELL 9TO ! NEXT C5TURY1 BO? AT HOME & ABROAD4 7,9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY ,[5'S COOP]ATIVE VISION CONT9UES TO BE RECYCL$ BY COMMUNIT>IANS :O APPE> TO KN[ NO?+ ( ! 0VILLAGES ( COOP]ATION0 OR ! LESSONS TO BE DRAWN FROM !IR FAILURE47 

,= ! RE/ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,BRITI% SOCIALISM PROLIF]AT$ 9TO A V>IETY ( T5D5CIES3 GUILD SOCIALISM1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON LOCALISM2 ,FABIAN SOCIALISM1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON GRADUALISM & $UCATION2 & EV5 A SMALL ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/ T5D5CY & A FAIRLY RESPECTABLE AN>*I/ SC5E4 ,BUT ALL ( !M CULM9AT$ 9 ! CREATION ( A P>LIAM5T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T ( SIZABLE PROPORTIONS4 ,AS = ! LABORI/ IDEAS ( ,DAVID ,RIC>DO & ! SOCIALI/S :O HAD DRAWN \T !IR RADICAL IMPLICATIONS1 !Y W]E ABSORB$ 9TO ! SYN!SIS PRODUC$ BY ,M>X1 :OSE ECONOMICS W]E F> MORE ,RIC>DIAN ?AN MANY ( HIS SUPPORT]S ACKN[L$G$4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! GREATE/ S+LE A*IEVEM5T ( ,5GLI% SOCIALISM--OR AT LEA/ ! ,5GLI% RADICAL MILIEU--WAS ! WORK ( AN EXIL$ ,G]MAN :O1 5SCONC$ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 PRODUC$ A MA/]PIECE1 ,CAPITAL1 ?AT PR(\NDLY %AP$ SOCIALISM 9 MO/ ( ! WORLD--EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 9 ,BRITA94 ,! PASS+ ( ! >TISANS--& ) !M !IR /RONG S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE1 !IR SOMETIMES B5IGN TRADITIONAL LIFEWAYS1 & !IR COMMITM5T TO A MORAL ECONOMY--HAD DONE MU* TO DEVITALIZE ! ,BRITI% WORK+ CLASSES & /E] !M T[>D P>LIAM5T>Y SOLUTIONS = SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,IDEALI/IC SOCIAL GOALS W]E CONSI/5DY REPLAC$ ) PRAGMATIC RE=MS TO LIMIT WORK+ H\RS 9 FACTORIES1 EXP& ! FRAN*ISE1 & ALL[ = TRADE UNIONS & A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LABOR P>TY4 ,9 ,5GL& IT WAS ULTIMATELY 9 P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION ?AT SOCIAL *ANGES W]E REGI/]$4 

,! ,F,R,5,* ,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,/ ,T,R,A,J,E,C,T,O,R,Y 

,9 ,FRANCE1 BY CONTRA/1 SOCIAL *ANGES W]E ULTIMATELY REGI/]$ 9 >M$ 9SURRECTIONS ?AT1 EV5 AS FAILURES1 LEFT A LEGACY ( RADICAL IDEALISM ) 5ORM\S 9T]NATIONAL 9FLU5CE4 

,FROM AN IDEOLOGICAL & EMOTIONAL /&PO9T1 ! =EMO/ FACT AB\T ,FR5* SOCIALISM WAS ! DRAMA ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,HAUNT+ EV]Y ASPECT ( ,GALLIC POLITICAL LIFE--REACTION>Y AS WELL AS REVOLUTION>Y--IT WAS F\<T & REF\<T 9 ! V]Y WRIT+ ( HI/ORY4 ,HI/ORIANS ( V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y SYMPA?IES WROTE ACC\NTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION AS ,DANTONI/S1 ,ROBESPI]RI/S1 ,HEB]TI/S1 & EV5 7ALBEIT R>ELY7 AS 5RAGES4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! DEBATE W]E HI/ORIANS :O ADMIR$ ! ,B\RBONS1 ! ,GIROND9S1 & EV5 ! CONTEMPTIBLE ,DIRECTORY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,BONAP>TI/S :O CLAIM$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MANTLE = !IR ,EMP]OR1 & MOD]ATE REPUBLICANS :O W]E ECUM5ICALLY 9SPIR$ BY ! MONUM5TAL EV5TS ( #a<i & AFT]W>DS4 

,9DE$1 UNTIL ! #a#h#fS1 :5 ,B>ON ,HAUSSMANN BEGAN TO DE/ROY ! CITY'S REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] & ITS MANY L&M>KS BY BUILD+ BROAD AV5UES-- SO USEFUL = PROVID+ A CLE> L9E ( FIRE = >TILL]Y TO R\T DEMON/RATORS-- ! ,REVOLUTION WAS 9SCRIB$ ON ! CITY ( ,P>IS ITSELF4 ,! ,TUIL]IES1 9 :OSE MAGNIFIC5T G>D5S FI<T+ HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,JULY #a<i & :OSE PALACE ,L\IS ,X,V,I & HIS FAMILY HAD OCCUPI$ AFT] ! WOM5'S M>* ON ,V]SAILLES 9 #a#g#h#i1 WAS /ILL ! (FICIAL C5T] ( ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE /ILL /OOD AS A TE/AM5T TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE1 :]E ,HEB]TI/S1 5RAGES1 & SECTIONNAIRES HAD DEBAT$ FURI\SLY & :]E ,ROBESPI]RE HAD BRIEFLY TAK5 REFUGE AFT] HIS FALL4 ,9ASMU* AS ! ,P>ISIAN CITY HALL BECAME ! TRADITIONAL SITE = ! SANCTIFICATION ( REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TS1 RADICAL 9SURRECTION>IES W\LD REPEAT$LY TRY TO OCCUPY IT 9 ! NAME ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 RECAPITULAT+ ITS IMPORTANCE 9 ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 

,! QU>TI]S1 H\SES1 & /REETS ?AT W\LD =M SETT+S = N9ETE5?-C5TURY B>RICADES--& ! PAV+ /ONES ?AT W\LD BE !IR BUILD+ MAT]IAL--BORE TE/IMONY TO ,P>IS AS ! WORLD C5T] ( REVOLUTION1 BUT ESPECIALLY = ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE4 ,TO LIVE 9 ,P>IS 9 ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS TO DR9K AT ! V]Y F\NTA9 ( REVOLUTION1 TO FEEL ITS PRES5CE 9 EV]Y /REET1 ALLEY1 CUL-DE-SAC1 & AV5UE4 ,!RE ONE C\LD 5C\NT] ! SONS & DAU<T]S ( ! SANS-CULOTTES :O HAD DRIV5 =W>D ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION--& EV5 ELD]LY M5 & WOM5 :O !MSELVES HAD PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ITS EV5TS4 ,PHYSICALLY1 DESPITE ,NAPOLEON'S SELF-CELEBRATORY MONUM5TS1 ,P>IS REMA9$ AN OV]SIZE M$IEVAL CITY ) N>R[ ALLEYS1 CUL-DE-SACS1 & TWI/+ /REETS1 %AD$ BY OV]HANG+ T5EM5TS AS MANY AS SEV5 /ORIES HI<--! IDEAL URBAN L&SCAPE = B>RICADE FI<T]S AS WELL AS = SNIP]S4 ,H[EV] POORLY >M$1 CIVILIANS C\LD DEF5D !MSELVES 9 ?IS CITY ) TELL+ EFFECT EV5 AGA9/ TRA9$ PR(ESSIONAL TROOPS4 

,P>IS1 TOO1 WAS ! C5T] ( ! MO/ VIGOR\S CAFE LIFE 9 ,EUROPE4 ,DUR+ ! ,EMPIRE & ! ,B\RBON ,RE/ORATION1 DESPITE REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO SUPPRESS !IR POLITICAL & ORATORICAL EBULLI5CE1 RADICAL ,P>ISIANS TOOK EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS !IR CAU/IC VIEWS ( ! CURR5T REGIME4 ,C5T]$ 9 ! CAFES :]E !Y D9$1 DRANK W9E1 PLAY$ *ESS1 & READ P]IODICALS1 >D5T Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS MIX$ ) LIT]ATE >TISANS--AL?\< SELDOM ) ORD9>Y WORK]S--TO CREATE A HI<LY SPIRIT$ PUBLIC =UM4 ,AS W9E LOOS5$ BO? TONGUES & PASSIONS1 !Y TRANSPORT$ ONE ANO!R TO VISIONS ( A ,FRANCE ?AT W\LD ONCE AGA9 UPHOLD ! TOR* ( AN 5LI<T5$ ,EUROPE AGA9/ ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 ! UNION ( P[]S ?AT ,METTEMI* ( ,AU/RIA1 AFT] ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S1 HAD FA%ION$ ) ! COMPLICITY ( ,PRUSSIA & ,RUSSIA4 

,P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! ,B\RBON ,*>LES ,X WAS DISLODG$ FROM ! ?RONE 9 ,JULY #a#h#c1 ,P>IS BECAME A F]TILE GR\ND = REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ CLUBS4 ,ATTRACT+ ESPECIALLY 9TELLECTUALS1 !SE POLITICAL CLUBS PROLIF]AT$ ) A NEW VITALITY 9 ! TEMPOR>ILY FRE] ATMOSPH]E ( ! ,ORLEANI/ MON>*Y4 ,Y\NG ,P>ISIANS GAVE AVID SUPPORT TO ,POL&'S EF=TS TO EMANCIPATE H]SELF FROM ,RUSSIAN TYRANNY1 TO ,GREEK /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! GRIP ( ,TURKI% RULE1 & TO ,ITALIAN ATTEMPTS TO =GE A NATION \T ( ! MANY T]RITORIES ?AT FRACTUR$ ! P59SULA4 ,POR+ OV] ! PAMPHLETS ?AT PASS$ FROM H& TO EAG]LY WAIT+ H& 9 ! RADICAL DEMIMONDE1 !IR F]M5T DID NOT GO UNNOTIC$ BY POLICE AG5TS4 

,BROAD CONCEPTIONS ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W]E TO COME SL[LY1 G5]ALLY FROM 9TELLECTUALS & J\RNALI/S4 ,AP>T FROM ,BABEUF1 :OSE ,CONSPIRACY ( ,EQUALS WAS RESURRECT$ BY ,BUON>OTTI 9 #a#h#b#h1 ! E>LIE/ IMPORTANT SOCIALI/IC VISION>Y 9 ,FRANCE WAS ! ,COMTE DE ,SA9T-,SIMON1 :O1 DESPITE HIS TIDE & CLAIM TO DIRECT DESC5T FROM ,*>LEMAGNE1 HAD MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! FULL FURY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,SA9T-,SIMON REMA9$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE D$ICAT$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( LA CLASSE LA PLUS NOMBREUSE ET LA PLUS PAUVRE1 AS HE PUT IT--! D[NTRODD5 ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS1 :I* WAS 9DE$ ! 0MO/ NUM]\S & ! POORE/0 

,HIS 9T5TIONS & HIS FANTASIES ( A P]FECT H>MONI\S SOCIETY ASIDE1 ,SA9T- ,SIMON WAS ! MO/ CONSPICU\S ( ! ,UTOPIANS TO MAKE A H>DHEAD$ ASSESSM5T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & TO EXTOLL ITS ECONOMIC PROMISE4 ,WELCOM+ ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY1 HE VIEW$ LES 9DU/RIES AS ! ELITE ( ! FUTURE :O W\LD1 9 A WORLD GUID$ BY REASON1 REORD] SOCIETY TO ALLEVIATE ! MAT]IAL MIS]Y ( ! MASSES4 ,LES 9DU/RIES 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY ! WORK]S BUT PRACTICAL SCI5TI/S1 MANAG]S ( 9DU/RY1 5G9E]S1 FACTORY [N]S1 & ESPECIALLY BANK]S1 :O ,SA9T-,SIMON BELIEV$ C\LD BE P]SUAD$ TO *ANNEL !IR F9ANCIAL RES\RCES 9TO SOCIALLY B5IGN 5T]PRISES4 ,ANY CONFLICTS BETWE5 !SE GR\PS1 HE CONT5D$1 W]E NE$LESS1 ! RESULTS ( A SOCIALLY DI/ORT$ SOCIETY ?AT HIS UTOPIA W\LD REM$Y4 

,! *ANG+ EMPHASES ( ,SA9T-,SIMON'S IDEAS BELONGS TO A HI/ORY ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY RA!R ?AN TO ! PRES5T BOOK1 AS DOES !IR EVOLUTION OV] A SPAN ( SOME ?IRTY YE>S 9TO A JU/IFICATION = A TE*NOCRATIC OLIG>*Y 7,SA9T- ,SIMON HELD NO BRIEF = DEMOCRACY7 & A PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,H]E IT IS NECESS>Y ONLY TO NOTE ?AT1 9 C]TA9 SUP]FICIAL RESPECTS1 HE ANTICIPAT$ ,M>X'S ECONOMI/IC VIEWS2 FUR!R1 HE WAS ! E>LIE/ ?9K] TO ADVANCE ! BASIC PROPOSITIONS ( A /ATE-GUID$ SOCIALISM1 :I* W]E NOT TO BE TAK5 UP & PUT 9TO PRACTICE = G5]ATIONS4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#h#bS ,SA9T-,SIMON'S DISCIPLES REMA9$ IDEOLOGICALLY 5TIRELY )9 HIS ESS5TIALLY TE*NOCRATIC FRAMEWORK4 ,BUT AFT] !IR MA/]'S DEA? 9 #a#h#b#e1 !Y SET \T ON A C\RSE ( !IR [N1 EXP&+ HIS CALL = ! MORAL REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY & EV5 = A 0,NEW ,*RI/IANITY0 9TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A FULL-FL$G$ ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN *UR*1 REPLETE ) RITUALS1 HYMNS1 CO/UMES1 A QUASI-RELIGI\S HI]>*Y1 S]MONS1 & SCRIPTURAL COMPILATIONS ( HIS WRIT+S1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY ADDITIONS ( !IR [N4 ,AL?\< ,SA9T-,SIMONISM SANK NO LA/+ ROOTS 9 ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASSES1 IT EX]CIS$ A C]TA9 FASC9ATION ON SOME ( ! 9DU/RIES TO :OM ITS F\ND] APPEAL$--NOTABLY ! BANK] ,JACQUES ,LAFFITTE2 ! ,P]I] BRO!RS1 F9ANCI]S :O F\ND$ ! ,CR$IT ,MOBILI]2 A NUMB] ( BIG MANUFACTUR]S2 & ! GIFT$ J\RNALI/ ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 :OSE ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN J\RNAL ,LE ,GLOBE 0CO9$0 ! WORD SOCIALISME 7:E!R 9DEP5D5DY ( ! ,BRITI% OR NOT7 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#c#b4 

,( LESS] IMPORTANCE 9 !IR DAY BUT NONE!LESS ( CONSID]ABLE LONG-RANGE 9FLU5CE1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG RADICAL BOHEMIANS1 W]E ! ,F\RI]I/S1 :OSE MAITRE1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 DEVOT$ MO/ ( HIS LIFE TO =MULAT+ A SCI5CE ( HUMAN NATURE BAS$ ON 0UNIV]SAL0 LAWS ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION1 & A CORRESPOND+ PLAN = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,A BRILLIANT PAMPHLETE] & A BIT+ CRITIC ( B\RGEOIS PRET5SIONS1 ,F\RI] REMA9$ A LON] 9 ! (T5 >ID FIELDS ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM4 ,HIS SP>E TIME--HE WORK$ AS A TRAVEL+ SALESMAN--WAS DEVOT$ TO CREAT+ EXTRAORD9>ILY 9NOVATIVE S*EMES = SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 ,WILD] FANTASIES ?AT HE H>BOR$1 SU* AS 0ANTI-LIONS0 ?AT W]E TO REPLACE EXI/+ C>NIVORES1 SEAS TO BE FILL$ ) LEMONADE1 & /AGES ( HUMAN ADVANCEM5T ?AT SOMETIMES RESEMBL$ SCI5CE FICTION1 >E EASILY D]ID$4 ,YET ,F\RI]1 :O GAUG$ ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY BY ! /ATUS ( WOM5 9 SOCIETY1 DREW UP S]I\S PLANS = SELF-SUFFICI5T COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITIES1 :I* HE CALL$ PHALAN/]IES1 COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS :OSE NATURES W\LD COMPLEM5T EA* O!R 9 EXACT MA!MATICAL RATIOS4 ,9/EAD ( BOR+ TOIL1 WORK1 9 ,F\RI]'S UTOPIA1 W\LD BE AN 5JOYABLE & V>I$ ACTIVITY1 ) AN ALMO/ H\RLY ROTATION ( TASKS 9 HORTICULTURAL AS WELL AS >TISANAL WORK4 ,HIS ORIG9ALITY 9 ?IS RESPECT SURPASS$ ?AT ( SOCIALI/IC !ORI/S :O FOLL[$ HIM--9DE$1 MANY IDEAS ?AT HE N\RI%$ AB\T ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( CREATIVE WORK >E RELEVANT TO ?IS DAY4 

,F\RI]'S UTOPIA WAS BY NO MEANS AN EGALIT>IAN ONE3 MEMB]S ( A PHALAN/]Y W]E TO BE REW>D$1 NOT ON ! BASIS ( !IR LABOR OR !IR NE$S1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! F9ANCIAL 9VE/M5T !Y HAD MADE 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS DIFFICULT TO CALL ,F\RI] A SOCIALI/ ,YET HE WAS VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ TO CAPITALISM1 :OSE ABUSES HE NEV] CEAS$ TO *RONICLE & ATTACK4 ,MOREOV]1 HIS PHALAN/]IES V]Y CLOSELY RESEMBL$ ,[5'S 0VILLAGES ( COOP]ATION0 7SO MU* SO ?AT COPI\S 9K WAS SPILL$1 AMONG ,[5ITES & ,F\RI]I/S1 OV] ! TIRESOME ISSUE ( :O HAD 0PLAGI>IZ$0 FROM :OM74 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 & 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI] ES*EW$ ALL NOTIONS ( A C5TRALIZ$1 /ATE-MANAG$ ECONOMY1 A FEATURE ( HIS WORK ?AT 5DE>$ HIM TO AN>*I/S LAT] 9 ! C5TURY4 

,AL?\< ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( ,F\RI]I/S CLU/]$ >\ND ! LONELY MAN 9 ! #a#h#bS1 DUR+ ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,REVOLUTION ( #ahc ,F\RI]'S IDEAS GA9$ A RESPECTABLE FOLL[+ AMONG CRAFTSPEOPLE AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALS4 ,LIKE ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS1 ! ,F\RI]I/S AFT] ! MA/]'S DEA? PROPAGAT$ HIS IDEAS 9 A SOCIALI/IC =M4 ,NOR DID ,F\RI]ISM LACK = DI/+UI%$ ADMIR]S 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD4 ,9 V>Y+ DEGREES ,AM]ICAN J\RNALI/S & AU?ORS SU* AS ,ALB]T ,BRISBANE1 ,HORACE ,GREELEY1 ,M>G>ET ,FULL]1 ,NA?ANIEL ,HAW?ORNE1 & ,RALPH ,WALDO ,EM]SON DISSEM9AT$ HIS IDEAS AMONG !IR READ]S AS WELL AS !IR PE]S 9 ! PROGRESSIVE ,NEW ,5GL& ELITE4 ,SOME ( HIS FOLL[]S CREAT$ PHALAN/]IES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( :I* ,BROOK ,F>M1 \TSIDE ,BO/ON1 IS ! MO/ FAM\S4 

,PRIOR TO ! #ahc ,REVOLUTION 9 ,FRANCE1 ! LEAD+ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S1 9CLUD+ ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI]1 VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ 9SURRECTIONS & ES*EW$ A CLASS ANALYSIS ?AT FOCUS$ ON CONFLICT BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y DESPIS$ ! EXPLOIT]S ( !IR DAY4 ,SA9T- ,SIMON1 = EXAMPLE1 DETE/$ ! IDLE & REACTION>Y L&$ >I/OCRACY ?AT1 DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION1 WAS ! PREEM95T SOCIAL CLASS 7:I* MAY ACC\NT = ! SUPPORT HE E>N$ FROM F9ANCI]S & MANUFACTUR]S74 ,F\RI]1 = HIS P>T1 FE>$ ! IMPACT ( COMPETITION UPON PRE9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 & ! V]Y NATURE ( HIS PHALAN/]IES REFLECT$ HIS DISPOSITION TO FAVOR RURAL LIFE ORGANIZ$ ALONG COMMUNAL L9ES4 ,?AT LAT] SOCIALI/S TURN$ !IR ATT5TION AWAY FROM !SE IDEAS & T[>D ! WORK+ CLASS IS DUE LESS TO !IR UTOPIAN NATURE ?AN TO ! GREAT UPHEAVALS1 E>LY 9 ! C5TURY1 ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,FRANCE-- NOTABLY ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! E>LY #a#h#cS & ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,!SE EV5TS & ! /IRR+ DEM&S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES = MORE FRE$OM C\LD NOT BE IGNOR$1 LEA/ ( ALL BECAUSE !Y W]E BACK$ UP ) B>RICADES & MUSKETS4 

,TO ,FR5* >TISANS1 MO/ ( :OM WORK$ 9 SMALL %OPS & :O (T5 ASPIR$ TO 9DEP5D5T 5T]PRISES1 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ TRADE UNIONISM ?AT W\LD SOON GA9 A /RON<OLD AMONG ,5GLI% FACTORY WORK]S WAS IRRELEVANT ,NOR DID ! ,FR5* P>LIAM5T>Y TRADITION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,BRITI%1 OP5 AV5UES = ! EXPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS DISCONT5T4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,FR5* WORK]S1 LIKE RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS1 T5D$ TO VIEW DIRECT1 EV5 >M$ CONFRONTATION ) AN OPPRESSIVE REGIME AS ! PR9CIPAL MEANS = RESOLV+ SOCIAL 9JU/ICES4 ,FR5* SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 9 EFFECT1 DIFF]$ PR(\NDLY FROM !IR ,BRITI% C\NT]P>TS1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y APPE>$ LAT] BUT BECAUSE1 ! PACIFISM ( E>LY SOCIALI/ !ORI/S NOT)/&+1 !Y W]E MU* MORE 9SURRECTION>Y4 

,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BACKLA% AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY UND] ! ,B\RBON MON>*S ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I & ,*>LES ,X1 ALSO BR\<T ! REPRESSION ( REPUBLICAN & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,Y\NG RADICALS W]E OBLIG$ TO =M SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL GR\PS1 MANY ( :I* FAVOR$ AS !IR IDEAL A 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 ,?IS SLOGAN1 :I* WAS TO RES\ND ?R\< MU* ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY DUR+ ! C5TURY1 FUZ$ RADICAL POLITICAL ,JACOB9ISM ) CLE>LY SOCIALI/IC 5DS1 PO9T+ TO A *ANGE NOT ONLY 9 ! GOV]N+ REGIME BUT 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] ITSELF4 ,A 0DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL REPUBLIC0 W\LD BE ONE ?AT PROVID$ = ! POOR1 ! UND]PRIVILEG$1 & ! HELPLESS1 & ONE ?AT PROTECT$ CRAFT WORK]S FROM ! DEPR$ATIONS ( ! PRIVILEG$ & P[]FUL1 & FROM ! 9ROADS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,= MANY ORD9>Y ,P>ISIANS1 PRIOR TO ! #a#h#cS1 IT WAS ?US ESS5TIALLY A DEF5SIVE CONCEPT1 9 :I* GOV]NM5T W\LD RECTIFY GROSS ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES & PROTECT >TISANS 9 !IR TRADITIONAL VOCATIONS4 ,NONE!LESS1 SO 9T5SE WAS ! REACTION>Y BACKLA% DUR+ ! ,RE/ORATION ?AT EV5 ?IS MOD]ATE IDEA C\LD BE ADVANC$ ONLY 9 SECRET CONSPIRATORIAL SOCIETIES4 

,H[ WIDESPREAD REPUBLICAN CONSPIRATORIAL GR\PS W]E 9 ?IS P]IOD1 & H[ MANY W]E SOCIALI/IC1 IS H>D TO JUDGE1 GIV5 ! DEMIMONDE !Y 9HABIT$4 ,BUT ! UND]GR\ND WORLD CLE>LY BECAME A TRA9+ GR\ND = ! =MATION ( EXPRESSLY 9SURRECTION>Y SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,AL?\< ! ,ITALIAN NAME = !SE SOCIETIES1 C>BON>I1 IS ! MORE FAMILI> ONE 9 PRES5T-DAY ACC\NTS1 ! ,FR5* NAME1 *>BONN]IE MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE BECAUSE ! SOCIETIES PROBABLY ORIG9AT$ 9 ,FR5*-SPEAK+ >EAS ( ! ,JURA ,M\NTA9S AMONG MILITANT *>COAL BURN]S4 ,!IR NAME COMES FROM ! C>BON !Y PRODUC$1 NOT FROM ANY USE ( C>B9E WEAPONS4 ,& !IR RITUALS & HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES W]E R$OL5T ( ! ,MASONS1 ALBEIT )\T ANY QUASIMETAPHYSICAL LANGUAGE4 

,! AFF9ITY BETWE5 !IR NAMES NOT)/&+1 ! TWO MOVEM5TS W]E ( A CONSID]ABLY DIFF]5T NATURE 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES4 ,:]E ! ,ITALIAN C>BON>I W]E PRIM>ILY NATIONALI/S1 ! ,FR5* *>BONN]IE BR\<T TOGE!R R$ REPUBLICANS1 EMBITT]$ ,BONAP>TI/S1 & SOCIALI/S LIKE ,BUON>OTTI 7:O ACTUALLY PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 BO? ! ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* GR\PS74 0,AT ITS HEI<T .<! *>BONN]IE.> HAD AB\T #f1 MEMB]S 9 SIXTY DEP>TM5TS .<( ,FRANCE.>1 ! MAJORITY 9 ! EA/10 OBS]VES ,PAMELA ,PILBEAM4 0,ITS AIMS W]E VAGUELY SUBV]SIVE1 /RESS+ ! BRO!RHOOD & EQUALITY ( MAN1 & IT ATTRACT$ Y\NG IDEALI/S AS WELL AS REPUBLICANS & ,BONAP>TI/S UNRECONCIL$ TO ! NEW REGIME40.<#c#f#d.> ,TO CIRCUMV5T ! ,RE/ORATION P5AL CODE ?AT REQUIR$ ANY ORGANIZATION ( MORE ?AN TW5TY PEOPLE TO BE (FICIALLY APPROV$1 ! *>BONN]IE LIMIT$ EA* COMPON5T GR\P1 OR V5TE1 TO TW5TY OR FEW] MEMB]S4 ,AGA9 LIKE ! ,MASONS1 !IR NETWORK WAS /RUCTUR$ HI]>*ICALLY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A COMM&+ V5TE SUPREME 9 ,P>IS4 

,AL?\< ! *>BONN]IE HAD BE5 =M$ BY ,JURA WORKM51 ! MOVEM5T 9 ,RE/ORATION ,FRANCE BECAME ESS5TIALLY AN ELITE PH5OM5ON4 ,ITS R$ REPUBLICAN & O!R MEMB]S T5D$ TO BE NOT >TISANS BUT /UD5TS1 =M] ,NAPOLEONIC (FIC]S1 ROMANTIC WRIT]S & POETS1 & EV5 LIB]ALS :O PREF]R$ AN ,ORLEANI/ ?RONE TO A ,B\RBON ONE4 ,>TISANS1 :O CON/ITUT$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,FR5* WORK]S AT ! TIME1 CREAT$ !IR [N SOCIETIES BAS$ ON FELL[%IP & MUTUAL AID1 QUITE AP>T FROM 9TELLECTUALS & PR(ESSIONALS4 ,DESPITE LEGISLATION ?AT HAD BE5 PASS$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION BANN+ ! TRADITIONAL GUILD SY/EM & ALL K9DS ( TRADE UNIONS1 MA/] CRAFTSM5 & J\RNEYM5 E/ABLI%$ B5EFIT & MUTUAL AID GR\PS TO ADVANCE !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,H]E CONCEPTS ( MUTUELLISME W]E N\RI%$ 9TO A SPECIFICALLY >TISANAL SOCIALISM WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S ON MUTUALISM 9 ! #a#h#dS4 

,! MO/ CONSPICU\S & RAMBUNCTI\S MUTUAL B5EFIT SOCIETIES AT ?IS TIME W]E ! COMPAGNONNAGES1 :I* W]E =M$ BY J\RNEYM5 >TISANS4 ,COMPAGNONS1 OR BA*ELOR J\RNEYM51 W&]$ >\ND ,FRANCE SEEK+ WORK & GA9+ SKILLS1 F9D+ TEMPOR>Y H\S+ 9 HO/ELS4 ,AL?\< !IR SOCIETIES W]E =M$ = !IR MUTUAL B5EFIT1 COMPAGNONS1 ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO !IR TRADES & H\S$ TOGE!R 9 CLOSE QU>T]S1 W]E IMBU$ ) A /RONG S5SE ( CRAFT EXCLUSIVITY & >ROGANCE4 ,COMPAGNONS FROM DIFF]5T TRADES FREQU5DY CLA%$ ) ONE ANO!R1 (T5 VIOL5TLY & RIOT\SLY EXPRESS+ !IR TRADE P>O*IALISM AS WELL AS !IR SOCIAL DISCONT5TS4 ,9 ! CAFES & /REETS ( SMALL T[NS & CITIES !Y W]E A P]5NIAL S\RCE ( WORK+-CLASS DIVISIV5ESS--AL?\< 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL CRISIS1 !Y MI<T UNITE TO FI<T ! AU?ORITIES AS WELL4 ,NONE!LESS1 AS !IR 9FI<T+ ILLU/RATES1 CRAFT DI/9CTIONS /ILL DIVID$ ,FR5* WORK]S4 ,9DE$1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! SLOGAN ON :I* ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 5D$--0,WORK+M5 ( ALL C\NTRIES1 UNITE60--WAS A PLEA NOT ONLY = 9T]NATIONAL CLASS SOLID>ITY BUT ALSO = 9T]NAL CLASS UNITY4 

,BY ! #a#h#cS1 H[EV]1 A NEW MOOD WAS 9 ! AIR4 ,!RE WAS A GR[+ FEEL+ AMONG WORK]S ?AT ! T]M CITIZ51 SO COMMONLY US$ AS A MODE ( ADDRESS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 HAD A DUAL MEAN+2 IT MEANT ONE ?+ = ?OSE :O WORK$ & ANO!R = ?OSE :O IDLY 5JOY$ ! FRUITS ( ! WORK]S' LABOR4 ,IF ECONOMI/S & UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S /ILL PUZZL$ OV] ! S\RCES ( PR(ITS & PREA*$ CLASS CONCILIATION1 ORD9>Y WORK]S 9/9CTIVELY KNEW ?AT !Y W]E BE+ EXPLOIT$1 9 EFFECT ROBB$ ( !IR LABOR TIME4 ,A REALIZATION WAS GR[+1 EV] MORE CLE>LY1 ?AT ,JACOB9ISM1 ) ITS MESSAGE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM1 WAS 9ADEQUATE TO ADDRESS ! NE$S ( WORK]S1 SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ ALIKE4 ,WORK]S 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE W]E COM+ TO UND]/& ?AT FRE$OM WAS 9COMPLETE IF !Y W]E 9SECURE1 ILL- F$1 ILL-H\S$1 %ORT-LIV$1 & D5I$ ! SIMPLE/ AM5ITIES ( LIFE4 ,?IS UND]/&+ DID NOT1 9 ITSELF1 R5D] WORK]S1 LEA/ ( ALL MA/] >TISANS1 RECEPTIVE TO SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEAS ( SOCIALISM1 BUT IT DID OP5 !IR M9DS TO IDEAS ( COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION1 SPELL+ AN 5D TO ,JACOB9ISM AS ! DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL REBELLION4 

,AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY APPROA*$ ITS MIDPO9T1 IT WAS EVID5T TO ! CLE>E/ M9DS ( ! TIME1 BE !Y COMMUNI/S SU* AS ,M>X OR A/UTE CONS]VATIVES SU* AS ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 ?AT ! FUTURE W\LD BE %AP$ BY CLASS CONFLICTS1 9 :I* ! PROP]TYLESS MASSES W\LD BE ALIGN$ AGA9/ !IR PROP]TI$ OPPON5TS4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! TRANSITION FROM ,JACOB9ISM TO SOCIALISM1 :ILE PA9FULLY SL[1 WAS TO BE COMPLET$ 9 ! F\R? DECADE ( ! C5TURY1 :5 ! R$ FLAG WAS PITT$ 9 OP5 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! TRICOLOR ( #a#g#h#i4 

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