,VOLUME #a1 ,PREFACE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS BOOK HAS BE5 WRITT5 BECAUSE ( A DEEP5+ CONC]N ,I HAVE FELT OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES3 ! EBB+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,! ]A ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 FROM ?AT ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS TO ?AT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i1 IS WAN+ TODAY FROM ! CONSCI\SNESS ( EV5 RADICAL Y\NG PEOPLE1 LET ALONE ! REASONABLY $UCAT$4 ,9S(> AS !SE REVOLUTIONS >E REMEMB]$ AT ALL1 !Y >E DISMISS$ AS IRRELEVANT FAILURES OR AS ! 9CUBATORS ( AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES & !IR RUL]S SU* AS ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL1 ,MAXIMILI5 ,ROBESPI]RE1 & ,JOSEPH ,/AL94 

,YET :ILE ! NAMES ( ! TYRANTS ?AT ! REVOLUTIONS >E SAID TO HAVE PRODUC$ LIVE ON AS HI/ORICAL VILLA9S1 ! NAMES ( ! PEOPLE :O TRI$ TO RESCUE !IR LIB]ATORY POT5TIALITIES >E NE>LY LO/1 & SO TOO >E ! EXHIL>AT+ IDEAS !Y PROP\ND$4 ,ALL BUT =GOTT51 9 FACT1 >E ! LITTLEKN[N POPUL> SPOKESP]SONS :O >TICULAT$ GREAT VISIONS ( FRE$OM & (T5 COORD9AT$ GREAT 9SURRECTION>Y UPRIS+S 9 T[NS & ! C\NTRYSIDE1 LIKE ,?OMAS ,MT9Z]1 ,RI*>D ,OV]TON1 ,DANIEL ,%AYS1 ,JEAN ,V>LET1 ,JEAN ,V>L91 ,L\ISE ,MI*EL1 & ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO4 ,EA* ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 AMONG MANY O!RS1 E>NE/LY TRI$ TO PROPEL ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( PA/ C5TURIES T[>D A FULL REALIZATION ( !IR EMANCIPATORY GOALS4 ,YET !Y & !IR 5DEAVORS >E USUALLY =GOTT51 (T5 COMPLETELY SO1 EXCEPT AMONG PEOPLE :O HAVE A SPECIALIZ$ KN[L$GE ( ! REVOLUTIONS 9 :I* !Y P>TICIPAT$4 

,?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A ( ! PA/ F\R C5TURIES CONT9UALLY WID5$ ! RADICAL HORIZON ( FRE$OM IS EQUALLY UNKN[N TO ! PRES5T G5]ATION4 ,FEW PEOPLE TODAY >E AW>E ( ! RADICAL PROGRAMS1 A*IEVEM5TS1 & GA9S1 AS WELL AS ! ]RORS ?AT W]E MADE1 ESPECIALLY AT ! POPUL> BASE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,ORD9>Y PEOPLE--PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 >TISANS1 RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS-- MADE GREAT ATTEMPTS TO TAKE FULL CONTROL ( SOCIETY1 E/ABLI% FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & DEF5D IMPORTANT HUMAN RI<TS AS WELL AS EXP\ND L(TY GOALS ( FRE$OM4 ,?AT SU* AN ]A1 ) ALL ITS PROBLEMS & IDEALS1 MAY BECOME LO/ TO MEMORY HAS BE5 TOO *ILL+ = ME TO CONTEMPLATE4 

,IT IS ?IS SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL AMNESIA ?AT HAS IMPELL$ ME TO WRITE AN ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A--TO SET D[N PEOPLE1 EV5TS1 SOCIAL FACTORS1 & POLITICAL PROGRAMS ( POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?AT BEGAN ) ! PEASANT W>S BE=E ! MOD]N ]A & REA*$ REM>KABLE FRUITION = A BRIEF TIME 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i4 ,EA* ( !SE REVOLUTIONS WAS BUILT IDEOLOGICALLY ON ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY ( ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAD PREC$$ IT4 ,AM]ICANS W]E DEEPLY CONSCI\S ( ! ,5GLI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( ! #a#f#dS & #a#f#eS2 ! ,FR5* W]E PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 :OSE RADICALISM IS USUALLY WOEFULLY UND]/AT$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL LIT]ATURE TODAY2 & ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT FOLL[$ W]E IMM5SELY 9FLU5C$ BY ! EV5TS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,MY PR9CIPAL ORI5TATION 9 ?IS WORK HAS BE5 T[>D ! POPUL> OR 0MASS0 MOVEM5TS & ! SO-CALL$ 0GRASSROOTS0 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES & ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKS ( ! GR\PS ?AT PROPELL$ ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS =W>D4 ,= EA* REVOLUTION1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PROVIDE ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL BACKGR\ND ?AT GAVE RISE TO & SU/A9$ ITS RADICAL MOVEM5T4 

,I HAVE AVOID$ VIEW+ ! 9T5TIONS ( !SE MOVEM5TS AS REFLECT+ ! EM]G5CE & CONSOLIDATION ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM2 RA!R1 ,I HAVE TAK5 ! DEM&S ( V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES AT !IR WORD4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! GREAT MASS ( PEOPLE :O MADE ! REVOLUTIONS DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS WORK G5U9ELY BELIEV$ 9 ! NOTIONS ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 FRAT]NITY1 & ! PURSUIT ( HAPP9ESS ?AT !Y >TICULAT$--NOT NECESS>ILY 9 FREE TRADE1 A RU?LESS EGOTISM1 OR CLASS COLLABORATION1 CONTR>Y TO ! RETROSPECTIVE 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO !IR LIB]ATORY SLOGANS4 

,EA* REVOLUTION1 MOREOV]1 ADVANC$ MORAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM--AL?\< !Y LACK$ ANY CLE> IDEA ( :AT CAPITALISM W\LD BECOME & (T5 EV5 CLE>$ ! WAY = MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,! POPUL> REVOLUTION>IES DID PRES5T ALT]NATIVES TO ! SELF-SEEK+1 COMPETITIVE1 & ACQUISITIVE SOCIETY ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4 ,! REASONS ?AT !Y FAIL$ %\LD BE A MATT] ( ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ TO US1 N[ ?AT CAPITALISM IS (T5 TAK5 AS A GIV5 9 ORD9>Y DISC\RSE OR SE5 AS ! 05D ( HI/ORY10 ! \TCOME ( HUMANITY'S LONG & BITT] /RUGGLE = ! GOOD SOCIETY4 

,H5CE ,I DO NOT WORK ) ! TELEOLOGICAL CONVICTION ?AT :AT N[ EXI/S HAD TO COME 9TO EXI/5CE2 RA!R1 IT WAS ONE ( MANY O!R POSSIBILITIES ?AT W]E LAT5T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES ?AT EXI/$ G5]ATIONS1 9DE$ C5TURIES1 AGO4 ,ANY PREJUDGM5TS ( ! PA/ 9 ! LI<T ( ! PRES5T REPRES5T ! ABDICATION ( A MORAL 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY--! ABJUR+ ( AN EMANCIPATORY 0%\LD BE0 ?AT CRITICALLY OPPOSES ! PREVAL5T 0:AT IS40 ,IF A L>GELY RETROSPECTIVE OR EV5 FATALI/IC P]SPECTIVE W]E TO GUIDE US1 WE W\LD HAVE TO CONSID] ! HI< IDEALS ?AT EM]G$ 9 PA/ REVOLUTIONS AS M]ELY AN IDEOLOGICAL PAT9A = UNCONTROLLABLE ECONOMIC =CES ?AT DET]M9$ HUMAN BEHAVIOR IRRESPECTIVE ( HUMAN WI%ES & DESIRES4 

,9 FACT1 IF CULTURAL FACTORS W]E M]ELY REFLEXES ( ECONOMIC ONES1 CAPITALISM W\LD HAVE EM]G$ AT ALMO/ ANY TIME 9 ! PA/1 AS F> BACK AS ANTIQUITY4 ,CAPITALI/S 9 SIZABLE NUMB]S LIV$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE & ,ROME AS WELL AS MANY P>TS ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 & !Y W]E NO LESS ACQUISITIVE OR 5T]PRIS+ 9 !IR PURSUIT ( WEAL? ?AN \R [N B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT :AT PREV5T$ !M FROM TAK+ A COMM&+ POSITION 9 SOCIAL LIFE--ASSUM+ ?AT !Y TRI$ TO DO SO--WAS PRECISELY A HO/ ( CULTURAL FACTORS ?AT FAVOR$ ! [N]%IP ( L& OV] CAPITAL1 D5IGRAT$ MAT]IAL ACCUMULATION1 & /RONGLY EMPHASIZ$ SOCIAL /ATUS 9 ! =M ( NOBLE TITLES RA!R ?AN ! [N]%IP ( FUNGIBLE PROP]TY4 

,! TITLE ( ?IS BOOK --,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION --HAS BE5 *OS5 L>GELY TO %[ ?AT CAPITALISM AS WE KN[ IT TODAY WAS NOT PR$E/9$ TO GA9 ! SUPREMACY IT PRES5TLY HAS2 RA!R1 ?AT POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS (F]$1 & F\<T =1 MORE RATIONAL & DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY & TO SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS10 TO USE ! LABEL ?AT HAS SO (T5 BE5 GIV5 TO ! ,5GLI%1 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS4 ,I HAVE ?US EXAM9$ ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTIONS 9T]NALLY1 FROM )9 !IR [N 9N] DYNAMICS1 RA!R ?AN EXT]NALLY1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( :]E WE >E TODAY4 

,MY EMPHASIS ON POPUL> 9SURG5CIES PLACES UNAVOIDABLE LIMITS ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ,I CAN DESCRIBE !SE SWEEP+ HI/ORICAL MOVEM5TS AS A :OLE4 ,READ]S :O WANT MORE DETAIL$ ACC\NTS ( SPECIFIC REVOLUTIONS MAY CONSULT ! S\RCES 9 MY NOTES & ! BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY AT ! 5D ( ?IS BOOK4 ,=TUNATELY1 NE>LY EV]Y WORK ,I CITE 9 ! ESSAY CONTA9S REF]5CES TO ! ABUNDANT1 9CREAS+LY SPECIALIZ$ WORKS ?AT N[ EXI/ 9 MANY LANGUAGES4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO USE S\RCES 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE TO MEET ! NE$S ( ! G5]AL READ]%IP TO :I* ?IS BOOK IS ADDRESS$1 & ,I HAVE PROVID$ REF]5CE NOTES MA9LY = ! QUOTATIONS ?AT APPE> 9 ! N>RATIVE4 

,LET ME MAKE IT CLE> FROM ! \TSET ?AT ?IS BOOK DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO BE A WORK ( ACADEMIC S*OL>%IP4 ,RA!R IT HAS BE5 WRITT5 TO *>T \T A MEMORABLE LEGACY = ! READ] UNLIKELY TO BE CONC]N$ ) ESOT]IC S\RCES OR M9OR DETAILS4 ,IT IS ADMITT$LY AN ACC\NT ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS ?AT PROPELL$ ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS =W>D TO !IR MO/ RADICAL & DEMOCRATIC EXTREMES--& IT IS AN 9T]PRETATION ( EV5TS AS !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 SE5 BY A RADICAL P>TICIPANT 9 !M4 

,I DO NOT REG>D SU* AN APPROA* BY A TW5TIE?-C5TURY LIFELONG /UD5T ( ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS AS PRESUMPTU\S4 ,:5 CIRCUM/ANCES AF=D$ POPUL> REVOLUTION>IES SUFFICI5T FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 !Y W]E (T5 V]Y ELOQU5T 9 PRES5T+ !IR [N 9T]PRETATIONS ( :AT !Y W]E DO+ & MADE !IR GOALS QUITE CLE> 9 PAMPHLETS1 SPEE*ES1 MANIFE/OS1 & ACTIONS4 ,:AT ,I HAVE DONE IS TO CITE !M1 !IR IDEAS1 & !IR ACTIONS ) ! ATT5TION !Y DES]VE1 & FREE !M FROM ! HI/ORICAL DUNGEONS TO :I* MANY ( !M HAVE BE5 CONF9$ BY CONV5TIONAL1 (T5 MIDDLE-CLASS1 & P>TISAN HI/ORIANS4 

,I MAKE NO CLAIM TO BE IMP>TIAL 9 MY [N VIEWS--AS ?\< 0IMP>TIALITY0 W]E POSSIBLE 9 DISCUSSIONS ( GREAT REVOLUTIONS--& ,I ADMIT QUITE FRANKLY ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE /OOD SIDE BY SIDE ) ,JEAN ,V>LET 9 ! SANS-CULOTTES' UPRIS+ ( #agic & ) ,JEAN ,V>L9 DUR+ ! EMBATTL$ DAYS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 

,?IS VOLUME--! FIR/ ( TWO1 RANG+ FROM ! PEASANT W>S ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION--WAS READ AS ! BASIS ( A C\RSE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION TO MY /UD5TS 9 ,V]MONT 9 #a#i#h#h-#h#i4 ,! EXT5SIVE TEXT ?AT ,I PREP>$ WAS SUPPLEM5T$ BY EXTEMPORANE\S ELABORATIONS & DISCUSSIONS4 ,I WI% TO ?ANK MY COLLEAGUE & COMPANION1 ,JANET ,BIEHL1 = $IT+ ! TEXT & GIV+ IT MORE ( A BOOK =MAT = ! G5]AL READ]1 FILL+ 9 BACKGR\ND MAT]IAL1 & WRIT+ MO/ ( ,*APT] #ac ON ! BASIS ( DISCUSSIONS BETWE5 US & H] [N RESE>*4 ,BO? ! /YLE & CONT5T ( ! BOOK REMA9 5TIRELY MY [N RESPONSIBILITY4 ,I WI% ALSO TO ?ANK MY $ITOR1 ,/EVE ,COOK1 ( ,CASSELL1 = HIS 5C\RAGEM5T & SUPPORT = ?IS BOOK4 

,VOLUME ,TWO ( ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION WILL TAKE ! READ] ?R\< ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 FOCUS+ ON ! ,FR5* UPRIS+S ( #a#h#c1 #a#h#d#h1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 FOCUS+ ON REVOLUTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY1 & ,SPA94 ,SO ACUTELY AW>E >E WE1 !SE DAYS1 ( ! %ORTCOM+S ( !SE REVOLUTIONS--! ELITISM ( ! POLITICAL FACTIONS & P>TIES 9 ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA1 = 9/ANCE1 & ! EXT5T TO :I* ! NE$S ( WOM51 NATIVE PEOPLES1 & P]SECUT$ M9ORITIES ( ALL K9DS W]E NOT FULLY 5COMPASS$ BY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS--?AT WE T5D TO OV]LOOK H[ SWEEP+ ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA W]E 9 SO MANY RESPECTS4 

,! FACT ?AT ,I HAVE NOT ADDRESS$ 9 ANY GREAT DETAIL C]TA9 %ORTCOM+S ( ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS1 SU* AS ! LIMIT$ ROLE ?AT WOM5 W]E P]MITT$ TO PLAY 9 !M & ! OPPRESSION ?AT ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS SUFF]$ EV5 AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION HONOR$ !IR 0NATURAL RI<TS0 9 ! BREA*1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,I AM OBLIVI\S TO ! RI<TS & 9T]E/S ( WOM51 HOMOSEXUALS1 & E?NIC M9ORITIES4 ,BUT ANY 9TRODUCTORY ACC\NT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A MU/ NECESS>ILY BE HI<LY SELECTIVE 9 ITS *OICE ( EV5TS & FACTS4 ,=TUNATELY1 !RE >E N[ MANY BOOKS AVAILABLE ?AT DEAL 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL ) ISSUES ( G5D] & E?NICITY 9 !SE REVOLUTIONS & ?AT ADEQUATELY FILL \T MY [N GAPS4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT 

,JUNE #a#d1#a#i#i#c 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #a1 ,PREFACE -- ,ADD$4 
,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #a1 ,PREFACE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/