,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #ah 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#h4 ,J\RNEES T[>D ! ,REPUBLIC 

,! ,LEFT 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE WAS BY NO MEANS REPUBLICAN1 /ILL LESS RADICAL4 ,IT WAS COMPOS$ L>GELY ( CON/ITUTIONALI/S1 :O ACCEPT$ ! MON>*Y AS AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 & ITS DELIB]ATIONS W]E GUID$ BY PRUD5T LAWY]S :O TILT$ T[>D FAIRLY CONS]VATIVE VIEWS4 ,F> MORE LIB]AL--EV5 RADICAL--W]E ! ELECT$ (FICIALS 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES1 :OSE CON/ITU5CIES W]E MORE OP5 TO PUBLIC SCRUT9Y & PRESSURE ?AN DEP>TM5TAL (FICIALS OR ,ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES4 

,! AU!NTIC RADICALS ( ?IS P]IOD C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT1 ON ! ,LEFT ,BANK ( ! ,SE9E4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ MILITANT DI/RICT 9 ! CAPITAL & A MAJOR PROPAG&A C5T] ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,CORDELI]S PLAY$ A /RATEGIC ROLE 9 AWAK5+ PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS 9 FAVOR ( A REPUBLIC4 ,L$ BY ! EBULLI5T LAWY] ,GEORGES ,DANTON1 :O PRESID$ OV] ! DI/RICT'S ASSEMBLY1 AS WELL AS O!R F]V5T LEAD]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION :O ALSO LIV$ & WORK$ !RE1 IT BECAME AT ONCE A C5T] & A PROTECTIVE HAV5 = RADICALS ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,JEAN-,PAUL ,M>AT MOV$ TO ! DI/RICT = A TIME TO SEEK REFUGE FROM ! POLICE1 & IT WAS H]E ?AT ! PR9T] ,ANTONIO ,MOMORO'S PRESS PUBLI%$ SOME ( ! MO/ 9C5DI>Y PAMPHLETS ( ! P]IOD4 ,H]E1 TOO1 ! FAM\S ,CAFE ,PROCOPE ATTRACT$ SOME ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S ABLE/ J\RNALI/S1 9TELLECTUALS1 LAWY]S1 & >TI/S1 CONT9U+ A TRADITION ?AT DAT$ BACK TO ,MOLT]E & ,DID]OT4 ,F9ALLY1 MO/ ( ! RADICAL PUBLI%]S W]E LOCAT$ 9 ! DI/RICT3 ! ,CORDELI]S WAS HOME TO ,DESM\L9S'S NEWSPAP] ,LA ,FRANCE ,LIBRE & ! OLD] ,REVOLUTIONS DE ,P>IS1 AMONG O!RS ( ! SAME FI]Y G5RE4 

,! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT HAD L$ ALL O!R DI/RICTS 9 ! J\RNEES ( ! PREC$+ YE>S4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a<i IT ISSU$ FI]CE D5UNCIATIONS ( ! K+'S GA!R+ ( TROOPS 9 ,P>IS1 & 9 ! J\RNEE ( ,OCTOB] #e IT PETITION$ ,LAFAYETTE'S ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS TO FOLL[ ! WOM5 TO ,V]SAILLES4 ,?IS ACTIVITY WAS DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! HEAD ( ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT1 ,DANTON HIMSELF4 ,G>GANTUAN 9 BUILD1 RI*LY 5D[$ ) ORATORICAL GIFTS1 ,DANTON HELP$ TO E/ABLI% P]HAPS ! MO/ VIGOR\S EXAMPLE ( A MILITANT DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 AT LEA/ ( ACTIVE CITIZ5S4 0,DANTON REALIZ$ ! POLITICAL CAPITAL TO BE MADE \T ( APPEALS TO LOCAL AUTONOMY & D5UNCIATIONS ( MUNICIPAL DESPOTISM10 OBS]VES ,NORMAN ,HAMPSON 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]4 

,HE WAS ! 9V5TOR ( :AT W]E TO BECOME ! TACTICS ( EV]Y RADICAL GR\P FI<T+ = ITS PLACE 9 ! SUN3 ! BASIS ( ALL AU?ORITY WAS ! LOCAL MEET+ :I* CLAIM$ TO REFLECT ! DIRECT DEMOCRACY ( ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE1 EV5 IF1 9 FACT1 IT /OOD = NO MORE ?AN A MILITANT M9ORITY4 ,AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ALL P[] WAS TO BE LOCAT$ 9 SU* GA!R+S1 & :5 CONC]T$ ACTION ON ! ,P>ISIAN SCALE WAS NECESS>Y1 IT %\LD BE TAK5 BY ! SPONTANE\S COOP]ATION ( ! ,DI/RICTS 7& LAT]1 ( ! ,SECTIONS71 COMMUNICAT+ !IR RESOLUTIONS TO EA* O!R & ELECT+ AD HOC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES AS NECESS>Y4 ,ALL M5 ELECT$ TO ANY HI<] BODY W]E TO BE DELEGATES1 NOT REPRES5TATIVES1 ! M]E AG5TS ( ! ,DI/RICTS & SUBJECT TO 9/ANT RECALL4 ,?R\<\T ! ,REVOLUTION ?IS WAS TO BE ! PROGRAM ( ! M5 AT ! BOTTOM4.<#b#f#i.> 

,! ,FR5* W]E BY NO MEANS UNAW>E ( ! GRASSROOTS POPUL> NETWORK CREAT$ DUR+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION--! GREAT COMMITTEE 05G9E10 AS ,JOHN ,ADAMS CALL$ IT4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! \TSET ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 COMMITTEES & ASSEMBLIES HAD =M$ ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 COMP>ABLE TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY1 & CONV5TIONS1 ON :I* ! DI/RICTS & LAT] ! SECTIONS DEP5D$ = !IR EFFECTIV5ESS4 

,! SIXTY ELECTORAL DI/RICTS ( ,P>IS HAD ESS5TIALLY BECOME P]MAN5T NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ( ACTIVE CITIZ5S1 MANY ( :I* W]E GADFLIES = ! LESS RADICAL ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* HAD TRANS=M$ ITSELF 9TO A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY TO WRITE A CON/ITUTION1 & LAT] ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY ?AT FOLL[$ ! CON/ITUTION'S ADOPTION4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#g#i1 ! RETIC5T MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY1 FE>FUL ( ! DI/RICTS' RADICALISM1 P]SUAD$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY TO DIM9I% !IR 9FLU5CE BY R$UC+ !M TO =TY-EI<T SECTIONS 9 ! VA9 HOPE ?AT ! FEW] !IR NUMB]1 ! MORE CONTROLLABLE !Y W\LD BE4 ,UNLIKE ! DI/RICTS1 :OSE ORIG9 /EMM$ FROM ! ELECTION ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 !SE NEW SECTIONS W]E ! CREATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 & AS SU* ! ,ASSEMBLY S\<T TO DEF9E & LIMIT !IR P[]S AS IT SAW FIT4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 IT /IPULAT$1 W\LD REMA9 LEGALLY OP5 ONLY TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S4 7,EA* SECTION RANG$ FROM SEV5TE5 HUNDR$ TO EI<TE5 HUNDR$ POT5TIAL P>TICIPANTS47 ,A SECTION'S ASSEMBLY MEET+S W]E TO BE CIRCUMSCRIB$3 IT C\LD MEET ONLY TO ELECT (FICIALS OR :5 FIFTY MEMB]S REQUE/$ A MEET+4 ,P]HAPS NAIVELY1 RI<T-W+ DEPUTIES PROBABLY CONGRATULAT$ !MSELVES 0ON DECIMAT+ C]TA9 ( ! #f ELECTORAL DI/RICTS :I* HAD BEGUN TO FUNCTION AS C5T]S ( POPUL> RADICALISM10 OBS]VES ,WILLIAM ,DOYLE4.<#b#g.> 

,BUT ! V>I\S CLUBS & REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9 ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT1 CAMPAIGN$ VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ ! *ANGE1 & AL?\< !Y LO/1 ! REORGANIZATION & NAME *ANGES--! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS R5AM$ ! ,!AT]-,FRANCAIS SECTION--FAIL$ MIS]ABLY TO HAVE !IR 9T5D$ EFFECT4 ,! NEW SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES /ILL CLAIM$ A WIDE LATITUDE ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY2 9DE$1 9 PRACTICE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S WAS HONOR$ LESS & LESS AS TIME W5T BY4 ,DANTON'S =MIDABLE POLITICAL MA*9E CONT9U$ TO 9FLU5CE NOT ONLY ! O!R SECTIONS ( ,P>IS BUT ! NATION AS A :OLE4 ,9 FACT1 ALMO/ FROM ! />T1 ! NEW SECTIONS JEAL\SLY UPHELD !IR [N AUTONOMY & DEVELOP$ A CRITICAL /ANCE NOT ONLY T[>D ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY BUT T[>D ! FAIRLY CONS]VATIVE ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AT ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,AS E>LY AS ,SEPTEMB] & ,OCTOB] #agi MANY ( ! SECTIONS VOT$ TO C5SURE ! M9I/]S = CONNIV+ ) >I/OCRATS1 A PROPOSAL ?AT ,DANTON HIMSELF BR\<T TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,AL?\< IT WAS DEFEAT$1 ! VOTE WAS SO CLOSE ?AT ALL ! M9I/]S BUT ONE RESIGN$4 

,/ILL ANO!R REASON :Y ! SECTIONS REMA9$ P[]FUL & BECAME 9CREAS+LY RADICALIZ$ WAS ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ?AT ! NEW POPUL> CLUBS & SOCIETIES EX]CIS$ ON ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CLUBS ?AT WAS TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! EV5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! ,SOCIETY ( ,FRI5DS ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ! ,CITIZ51 =M$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #agi & LOCAT$ 9 AN OLD ,FRANCISCAN MONA/]Y ON ,CORDELI]S /REET 9 ! ,!ATRE ,FRANCAIS >EA ( ! ,LEFT ,BANK4 ,NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! OLD ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT1 IT G5]ALLY BECAME KN[N AS ! ,CORDELI]S ,CLUB & PROV$ 9 TIME TO BE AN ACTION GR\P RA!R ?AN A DEBAT+ SOCIETY1 D$ICAT$ TO PROTE/+ ! GRIEVANCES ( ! POOR & VOIC+ SOME ( ! MO/ RADICAL GOALS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! F\ND+ ,CORDELI]S *>T]1 ITS 0MA9 OBJECT IS TO D5\NCE BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( PUBLIC OP9ION ! ABUSES ( ! V>I\S AU?ORITIES1 & EV]Y SORT ( 9FR+EM5T ( ! RI<TS ( MAN40.<#b#g#a.> ,AN EYE WAS IMPR9T$ ON ! CLUB'S PUBLIC PAP]S1 SYMBOLIZ+ A 0VIGILANT EYE0 ALWAYS ON ! AL]T TO DETECT ! MISDE$S ( ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES & (FICIALS4 ,! CLUB FAM\SLY CONDUCT$ 9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ABUSES1 DREW UP PETITIONS = R$RESS+ MALFEASANCES1 & PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 MOBILIZ+ POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS4 

,! ,CLUB DREW NO DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S1 & ITS MEMB]%IP FEE WAS KEPT V]Y L[ 7ONLY TWO S\S A MON?7 SO ?AT ! POOR1 AS WELL AS %OPKEEP]S & >TISANS1 C\LD JO9 IT4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 UNLIKE MANY O!R CLUBS 9 ,P>IS1 ! ,CORDELI]S ALSO OP5$ ITS DOORS TO WOM54 ,DUR+ ! W9T] ( #agi & #a#g#i#a1 9 FACT1 FRAT]NAL SOCIETIES ?AT W]E 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! ,CORDELI]S W]E =M$ ?R\<\T ,P>IS1 & BY ,MAY #agia ! ,CORDELI]S =M$ A CONF$]ATION ) O!R CLUBS ?AT WAS L9K$ BY A C5TRAL COMMITTEE4 ,AS ,MA?IEZ OBS]VES 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 

,!IR IDEAL1 BORR[$ FROM ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 WAS ?AT ( DIRECT GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y HELD ?AT ! CON/ITUTION & EV5 ! LAWS %\LD BE SUBJECT TO ! RATIFICATION ( ! PEOPLE1 & !Y W]E NOT SL[ TO EXPRESS !IR DI/RU/ ( ! OLIG>*Y ( POLITICIANS :I* HAD REPLAC$ ! OLIG>*Y ( NOBLES & PRIE/S4.<#b#g#b.> 

,BY ! 5D ( #a#g#i1 ! ,CORDELI]S 9 ,P>IS NUMB]$ A ?\S& MEMB]S1 :O CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO A HI<LY DEMOCRATIC VANGU>D ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 MAK+ ! ,CLUB A MAJOR PROPELL+ =CE 9 ! DRIFT T[>D ! ,LEFT4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,CORDELI]S1 ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB WAS 9ITIALLY QUITE MOD]ATE1 EV5 RA!R ELEGANT4 ,=M$ 9 ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION UND] ! NAME ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,FRI5DS ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ITS MEET+ ROOMS W]E LOCAT$ 9 ! ,JACOB9 MONA/]Y1 H5CE ! CL]ICAL NAME4 ,DEPUTIES ( ALL POLITICAL %ADES ATT5D$ ,JACOB9 MEET+S AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS A CLUB ( ! ,LEFT 9 ITS E>LY DAYS1 ! ,JACOB9S MA9TA9$ A CONFRONTATIONAL /ANCE ?AT REFLECT$ A WIDE SPECTRUM ( REVOLUTION>Y PUBLIC OP9ION1 AS ,DESM\L9S GR&I\SLY OBS]V$3 

,NOT ONLY IS IT ! GR& 9QUISITOR :I* /RIKES T]ROR 9 ! >I/OCRATS2 IT IS ALSO ! GREAT ACCUS]1 R$RESS+ ALL ABUSES & COM+ TO ! AID ( ALL CITIZ5S4 ,IT IS1 9DE$1 AS ?\< ! CLUB EX]CIS$ ! FUNCTIONS ( A PUBLIC PROSECUTOR TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9 ITS BOSOM >E P\R$ \T ! GRIEVANCES ( ! OPPRESS$1 :I* COME TO IT FROM EV]Y SIDE BE=E BE+ TAK5 BE=E ! AUGU/ ASSEMBLY4.<#b#g#c.> 

,9DE$1 AFT] ,OCTOB] #agia ! DEBATES ( ! ,JACOB9S W]E OP5$ TO ! PUBLIC1 & V]Y (T5 ! CLUB'S GALL]IES W]E FILL$ TO OV]FL[+4 ,MORE SO ?AN ! ,CORDELI]S1 :O REMA9$ L>GELY ,P>ISIAN1 ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB WAS REPLICAT$ ?R\<\T ! PROV9CES UNTIL SOME F\R HUNDR$ CLUBS =M$ A NETWORK ACROSS ,FRANCE1 ) :I* ! ,P>ISIAN SOCIETY MA9TA9$ A CLOSE CORRESPOND5CE1 %>+ PUBLICATIONS1 IDEAS & /RATEGIC ADVICE & SPREAD+ ITS POLITICAL IDEAS4 

,IF ! SOCIETIES EX]CIS$ 9CREAS+ 9FLU5CE ON ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 9 TURN1 CONT9UALLY TRI$ TO EXT5D !IR P[]S1 DESPITE ATTEMPTS TO RE/RICT !M4 ,?US1 EV5 BE=E ,MAY #a#g#i1 ,P>I--:O BECAME PRESID5T ( ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT AFT] ,DANTON AB&ON$ HIS ROLE 9 IT = NATIONAL (FICE--D5I$ ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S POLICE HAD LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY TO SE>* = ,M>AT1 :O WAS HID+ 9 ! DI/RICT AT ! TIME4 ,! DI/RICT1 9 EFFECT1 CLAIM$ ! SOLE RI<T TO >RE/ MALEFACTORS 9 ITS T]RITORY1 A CLAIM ?AT OP5LY FL\T$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ITSELF4 

,9 FACT1 BY ! SUMM] ( #a#g#i1 ! MOOD 9 ,P>IS & 9 ,FRANCE WAS ANY?+ BUT PLACID4 ,AFT] A YE>1 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 IT BECAME CLE>1 HAD FAIL$ TO DEAL ) ! NE$S ( ! URBAN POOR & ! PEASANTRY4 ,! POPUL> SONG 0,CA IRA0--TO :I* RADICALS HAD ADD$ ! L9E 0,LET'S HANG ! >I/OCRATS FROM ! LANT]NS0--CREAT$ PANIC AMONG ! >I/OCRATS ( ! CITY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT C>RIAGES ( NOBLES HEAD+ = ! FRONTI] C\LD BE SE5 DAILY 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 ,NO ONE D\BT$ ?AT AN \TRI<T ROYALI/ C\NT]REVOLUTION WAS BE+ PLOTT$ TO RE/ORE ! K+ & ! ,*UR* TO !IR =M] /ATUS4 ,JACQU]IES CONT9U$ TO FL>E UP 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS PEASANTS1 :O REFUS$ TO PAY FEUDAL DUES AFT] ! ,AUGU/ #d 0DEFEUDALIZATION10 REPEAT$LY 9VAD$ SEIGNEURIAL =E/S & GAME P>KS & DE/ROY$ ! HAT$ *ATEAUX ?AT HAD DOM9AT$ RURAL LIFE = C5TURIES4 

,ONCE AGA91 5\< T9D] WAS ACCUMULAT+ SO ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION NE$$ ONLY A SP>K TO IGNITE IT--& ?AT CAME1 SURELY 5\<1 FROM ! K+1 HIS 0LOYAL CL]GY10 & ! POPE4 

,! ,F,L,I,<,T ,T,O ,V,>,5,N,E,S 

,ON ,APRIL #a#c1#a#g#i#a1 ! POPE =MALLY 9/RUCT$ ! ,GALLICAN BI%OPS NOT TO TAKE ! OA? = ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,CL]GY1 AN ORD] ?AT ! RADICALS W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO *ALL5GE4 ,ANTICL]ICALISM1 ALWAYS POPUL> 9 ! POLITICAL CLUBS & ! !AT]S1 N[ 9CREAS$ 9 9T5SITY AMONG ! PEOPLE1 :O BURN$ ! POPE 9 EFFIGY1 9VAD$ CONV5TS1 & PREV5T$ ! REFRACTORY PRIE/S FROM CONDUCT+ MASS4 ,9 ! *UR* ( ,SA9T-,SULPICE1 = EXAMPLE1 :OSE CURD WAS REFRACTORY1 AN 9VAD+ CR[D ORD]$ ! ORGANI/ TO PLAY 0,QJ IRA0 :I* !Y SANG M5AC+LY TOGE!R ) ! PANICK$ CONGREGATION4 

,! K+1 NEV] AT PEACE ) ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION1 PAT5TLY REGRETT$ HE HAD SIGN$ ! DOCUM5T2 & ,P>IS1 EV] MI/RU/FUL ( HIS BEHAVIOR1 GREW /ILL MORE SUSPICI\S ( HIS 9T5TIONS AFT] HE HELP$ HIS AUNTS1 :O W]E ALSO HIS CLOSE ADVIS]S1 TO J\RNEY TO ,ROME 9 ,FEBRU>Y #agia TO DISCUSS ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,FR5* ,*UR* P]SONALLY ) ! POPE4 ,L\IS WAS ACCUS$ ( TAK+ COMMUNION FROM A REFRACTORY PRIE/1 = :I* \TRAG$ ,P>ISIAN PAMPHLETE]S CALL$ HIM A TRAITOR TO ! NATION4 ,BY N[1 ,P>ISIANS W]E SO 9C5S$ T[>D ! MON>*Y ?AT :5 ,L\IS TRI$ TO LEAVE ! CAPITAL TO SP5D ,EA/] ,WEEK AT ,SA9T-,CL\D1 A HILL OV]LOOK+ ! CITY1 A CR[D ACTUALLY PREV5T$ ! MON>*'S C>RIAGE FROM MOV+4 ,) GOOD REASON1 !Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT HE PLANN$ TO ESCAPE ABROAD TO ORGANIZE A C\NT]REVOLUTION ) ! DMIGRDS & 9VADE ,FRANCE AT ! HEAD ( A =EIGN >MY4 ,9DE$1 SO NUM]\S W]E ANTIROYALI/ & ANTICL]ICAL RIOTS 9 ,P>IS ?AT ,LAFAYETTE S5T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS RU%+ >\ND ! CITY 9 A FRUITLESS EF=T TO SUPPRESS !M4 

,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY C\LD DO LITTLE TO CALM ! SITUATION4 ,EXAC]BAT+ POPUL> FE>S ( A C\NT]REVOLUTION W]E S]I\S ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS ?AT MADE ,P>IS MORE RE/IVE ?AN AT ANY TIME S9CE ,JULY #a#g#h#i4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T WAS RIS+1 E>N+S W]E DECL9+1 & WORK]S & J\RNEYM5 W]E 9 A DANG]\SLY SULL5 MOOD4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY'S ABOLITION ( GUILDS 9 ,M>* #agia HAD FRE$ WORK+ PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY C>P5T]S & BLACKSMI?S1 TO ORGANIZE = HI<] WAGES1 :I*1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! POPUL> CLUBS1 SEEM$ TO PORT5D A WAVE ( /RIKES = A M9IMUM WAGE4 ,BUT ! ,ASSEMBLY1 HORRIFI$ BY ?IS PROSPECT1 PROMPTLY PASS$ ! NOTORI\S ,LE ,*APELI] LAW ON ,JUNE #a#d1 :I* PROHIBIT$ WORK]S FROM =M+ ANY ASSOCIATIONS--:AT W\LD LAT] BE CALL$ TRADE UNIONS--ON ! EXCUSE ?AT ANY ECONOMIC COMB9ATIONS W]E R$OL5T ( FEUDAL CORPORATIONS4 ,! LAW1 :I* WAS TO REMA9 9 EFFECT WELL 9TO ! NEXT C5TURY1 DEPRIV$ WORK]S ( ! RI<T TO /RIKE4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,LE ,*APELI]1 :O HAD PROPOS$ ! BILL1 HAD BE5 A LEAD+ RADICAL & A F\ND+ MEMB] ( ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 BUT BY #agia HE DECID$ ?AT ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION HAD TO BE SL[$ D[N BECAUSE POPUL> EMOTION ?REAT5$ TO R5D] IT UNCONTROLLABLE4 

,TO ALLAY POPUL> SUSPICIONS ?AT ! K+ WAS TRY+ TO ELUDE ! PEOPLE'S SURVEILLANCE _<& POSSIBLY TO PROTECT HIM71 HUNDR$S ( ,NATIONAL ,GU>DSM5 W]E DISPAT*$ TO /& GU>D >\ND ! ,TUII]IES4 ,9 FACT1 AS ! SUMM] ( #agia APPROA*$1 ! K+ & HIS CLOSE/ ADVIS]S HAD LAID DETAIL$ PLANS = HIM TO FLEE ) ! ROYAL FAMILY TO ,MONTM$Y1 ON ! ,LUXEMB\RG FRONTI]4 ,!RE1 ,L\IS HOP$ TO GA9 ! NECESS>Y MILIT>Y SUPPORT FROM IMIGRIS & ! ,AU/RIAN EMP]OR1 ,LEOPOLD1 ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE'S BRO!R1 TO UNDO ALL ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ! NI<T ( ,JUNE #b1 ! K+ & QUE51 !IR TWO *ILDR51 & AN 5T\RAGE CONSI/+ ( ! K+'S SI/]1 TWO SEAM/RESSES1 & ! *ILDR5'S GOV]NESS SLIPP$ \T ( ! ,TUII]IES ?R\< AN UNGU>D$ DOOR & LEFT ,P>IS 9 A L>GE1 HEAVILY LAD5 C>RIAGE1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A CABRIOLET = ! ROYAL S]VANTS4 ,TRAVEL+ 9COGNITO T[>D ! FRONTI] ) IMPRUD5T DILATOR9ESS1 !Y >RIV$ F\R H\RS LATE AT ,PONT DE ,SOMME ,VESLE1 :]E ! ESCAPE PLAN CALL$ = ! ROYAL P>TY TO MEET UP ) A CAVALRY ESCORT4 ,BUT !SE PLANS MISFIR$ COMPLETELY4 ,BY ! TIME ! C>RIAGE >RIV$1 ! ESCORT ?AT WAS ASSIGN$ TO ACCOMPANY !M HAD )DRAWN BECAUSE IT HAD >\S$ SUSPICION AMONG ! LOCAL PEASANTS :O1 FE>FUL ?AT ! TROOPS W]E !RE TO COLLECT OV]DUE R5TS = A LOCAL L&LORD1 M5AC+LY ?REAT5$ !M ) PIT*=KS4 

,AS ! P>TY CONT9U$ UNESCORT$ TO ,SA9TE-,M5EH\LD1 IT C\LD NOT REMA9 UNNOTIC$ = LONG4 ,! PO/MA/] ( ! T[N1 :O RECOGNIZ$ ! K+ FROM HIS PICTURE ON ! ASSIGNAT1 EXCIT$LY RU%$ TO ,V>5NES1 ! NEXT T[N ALONG ! R\TE1 RAIS+ ! AL>M OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BY ! TIME ! ROYAL C>RIAGE REA*$ ,V>5NES1 ! 5TIRE T[N CAME \T TO 9T]CEPT ! ESCAPEES4 ,LIKE ! MANY BLUND]S ?AT M>K$ HIS REIGN1 ,L\IS'S ATTEMPT$ FLI<T HAD FAIL$ BECAUSE ( AN >ROGANT DISDA9 = HIS OPPON5TS--HIS C>RIAGE WAS SL[$ D[N TO A LEISURELY PACE ONCE IT LEFT ! 5VIRONS ( ,P>IS--& ! ROYAL FAMILY WAS ESCORT$ BACK TO ,P>IS UND] GU>D4 ,! PEOPLE CAME \T TO WITNESS HIS RETURN 9 SULL5 SIL5CE4 ,L\IS HAD LEFT BEH9D A WRITT5 /ATEM5T ABJUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & HIS PREVI\S 5DORSEM5TS ( ITS ACTS & CONDEMN+ ! ,CON/ITUTION1 :I* \TRAG$ REVOLUTION>IES ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,! K+'S POSITION AS HEAD ( /ATE WAS N[ COMPLETELY UNT5ABLE4 ,ON ,JUNE #bd ! ,CORDELI]S ,CLUB1 BACK$ BY A CR[D ( ?IRTY ?\S&1 PRES5T$ A PETITION TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY DEM&+ ?AT IT EI!R DEPOSE ! K+ OR HOLD A REF]5DUM ON HIS FATE4 ,TALK ( REPUBLICANISM1 CONSID]$ HE9\S TWO YE>S E>LI]1 N[ BECAME OP51 & ! SYMBOLS ( ROYALTY W]E DESECRAT$ ?R\<\T ! CAPITAL4 

,TO ADD TO ALL ! MI%APS ?AT PLAGU$ ,L\IS'S FLI<T1 ! ,EMP]OR ,LEOPOLD ( ,AU/RIA ISSU$ AN >ROGANT CIRCUL> NOTE FROM ,PADUA CALL+ UPON ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S 0TO V9DICATE ! LIB]TY & HONOR ( ! ,MO/ ,*RI/IAN ,K+ & HIS FAMILY1 & TO LIMIT ! DANG]\S EXTREMES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION40.<#b#g#d.> ,AN ,AU/RIAN 9VASION1 ) OR )\T ,L\IS AT ITS HEAD1 SEEM$ IMM95T1 & ,FR5* MILIT>Y =CES1 RANG+ FROM ! LOCAL ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS TO ! >MY1 W]E MOBILIZ$ ON A W> FOOT+4 

,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY N[ F\ND ITSELF 9 A HOPELESS DILEMMA4 ,FRANCE )\T A K+ SEEM$ UN?9KABLE TO MANY ( ITS DEPUTIES1 & A REPUBLIC W\LD REQUIRE ! WRIT+ ( A NEW CON/ITUTION TO REPLACE ! ONE ?AT HAD JU/ BE5 SO PA9/AK+LY COMPLET$4 ,MOREOV]1 ! DEPOSAL ( ! MON>* W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY1 IT SEEM$1 9VITE 9VASION BY =EIGN P[]S AS WELL AS V9DICATE REPUBLICAN DEM&S = BASIC *ANGES 9 ! /ATE4 ,) ! TYPICAL AWKW>DNESS ( MOD]ATES 9 A SE>+ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ! ,ASSEMBLY RESOLV$ TO PRES]VE ! UNPRES5TABLE MON>*Y4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] ! FLI<T1 IT ISSU$ A PAT5TLY FALSE /ATEM5T ?AT ! K+ HAD BE5 KIDNAPP$ BY ROYALI/S & ?AT HIS COMPROMIS+ /ATEM5T HAD BE5 CO]C$ FROM HIM BY S9I/] ADVIS]S4 ,BUT NO ONE BELIEV$ ! /ORY4 ,! ,CORDELI]S MILITANTLY PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! :ITEWA%1 AS DID O!R RADICAL CLUBS ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 BUT ,L\IS REMA9$ K+4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY1 = ITS P>T1 TEMPOR>ILY DEPRIV$ HIM ( HIS CON/ITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS & TOOK OV] ! P[] ( ! EXECUTIVE = ITSELF1 ISSU+ DECREES )\T ROYAL APPROVAL4 

,NONE ( !SE ACTIONS S]V$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WELL AMONG ! ,P>ISIAN MASSES4 ,9DE$1 ! FIRMLY REPUBLICAN ,CORDELI]S PREP>$ ANO!R PETITION CALL+ = A REPUBLIC1 & CALL$ UPON ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS TO SIGN IT BY PLAC+ IT UPON ! ,ALT> ( ! ,NATION 9 ! ,*AMP DE ,M>S--! SITE ( ! #agi ,FETE DE LA ,F$]ATION4 ,ON ,JULY #ag A CR[D ( FIFTY ?\S& GA!R$ 9 ! P>ADE GR\ND4 ,SOME SUE ?\S& HAD SIGN$ IT :5 TWO SUSPICI\S M5 W]E DISCOV]$ HID+ UND] ! ALT>2 ! SURLY CR[D DECID$ !Y W]E SPIES & HANG$ !M4 ,BAILLY1 ! MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 US$ ! LYN*+ AS A PRETEXT TO DECL>E M>TIAL LAW & CALL$ \T ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 TO :I* ,LAFAYETTE RESPOND$ ) ALACRITY4 ,! M>QUIS1 APP>5TLY EAG] TO DISP]SE ! CR[D1 M>*$ TO ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S ) ! MAYOR & HIS MA9LY B\RGEOIS TROOPS4 ,:5 ! ,GU>D RAIS$ ! R$ FLAG ( M>TIAL LAW1 ! CR[D GREET$ !M ) /ONES & A FEW %OTS4 ,AFT] !Y REFUS$ TO DISP]SE1 ,LAFAYETTE ORD]$ HIS TROOPS TO FIRE SEV]AL VOLLEYS PO9T-BLANK 9TO MO/LY UN>M$ PEOPLE1 & :5 ! SMOKE CLE>$1 FIFTY PEOPLE W]E LY+ DEAD ON ! P>ADE GR\ND4 

,) ! MASSACRE ( ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S1 ! POPUL>ITY ( ,LAFAYETTE & ,BAILLY CAME TO A DEF9ITIVE 5D4 ,LAFAYETTE & HIS CIRCLE ( MEMB]S1 :O FAVOR$ RETA9+ ! MON>*Y1 )DREW FROM ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB1 ( :I* !Y HAD BE5 MEMB]S1 RA!R ?AN SIGN A PETITION DEM&+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! K+1 & =M$ A NEW CLUB ?AT MET AT ! =M] CONV5T ( ! ,FEUILLANTS4 ,ALL ! ,JACOB9 DEPUTIES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DEP>T$ ) !M4 ,MAXIMILI5 ,ROBESPI]RE1 :O /AY$ BEH9D1 MANAG$ 9 EFFECT TO KEEP ! CLUB FROM DISSOLV+ COMPLETELY BY HOLD+ TOGE!R A H&FUL ( WAV]+ REPUBLICANS4 ,9DE$1 ALL ?AT REMA9$ ( ! ,JACOB9S W]E ITS ,LEFT ELEM5TS1 :I* ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS SUPPORT]S REBUILT1 9 TIME1 9TO A P[]FUL POLITICAL MA*9E4 

,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 9 TURN1 US$ ! ,*AMP DE ,M>S MASSACRE TO LAUN* AN ATTACK NOT UPON ! ROYALI/S1 :O HAD SUPPORT$ ! K+'S FLI<T1 BUT ! GR[+ NUMB] ( REPUBLICANS 9 ! CAPITAL1 :O W]E \TRAG$ BY IT4 ,US+ A LAW AGA9/ SO-CALL$ 0TUMULTS0 ?AT HAD BE5 PASS$ AS E>LY AS ,OCTOB] #a#g#h#i1 MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES & POLICE W]E UNLEA%$ ON ANTIROYALI/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! RADICAL PRESSES & NEWSPAP]S ?AT HAD SUPPORT$ REPUBLICAN VIEWS W]E CLOS$2 RADICAL LEAD]S W]E >RE/$ & TRI$ 9 ! HUNDR$S2 & G5]ALLY1 EV]Y EF=T WAS MADE TO 9TIMIDATE KN[N REPUBLICANS4 ,!REAFT]1 ! ,ASSEMBLY PASS$ A LAW--UNANIM\SLY1 EXCEPT = ,ROBESPI]RE'S DISS5T--RE/RICT+ FRE$OM ( ! PRESS = ?OSE :O 0DELIB]ATELY PROVOKE DISOB$I5CE TO ! LAW0 OR 0DISP>AGEM5T ( ! CON/ITUT$ P[]S & RESI/ANCE TO !IR ACTS40.<#b#g#e.> ,DANTON WAS OBLIG$ TO FLEE FROM ! CITY & TAKE REFUGE 9 ,5GL&1 :ILE ,M>AT1 :OSE NEWSPAP] HAD RAG$ AGA9/ ! ROYALI/S1 HID 9 ! CELL> ( ! ,CORDELI]S ,CLUB4.<#b#g#f.> ,DESM\L9S1 ,SANT]RE1 & O!R VOCAL ,CORDELI]S W]E PLAC$ UND] PROSCRIPTION & W5T 9TO HID+4 

,! NEW ,CON/ITUTION1 :I* HAD YET TO BE COMPLET$1 WAS MADE MORE MOD]ATE4 ,IT REMOV$ ! ,CIVIL ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,CL]GY FROM ! DOCUM5T1 !REBY ALL[+ REFRACTORY CL]GY TO SUPPORT ! ,CON/ITUTION & 5ABL+ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY'S SUCCESSOR1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 TO MODIFY IT1 IF IT SO *OSE4 ,/ILL ANO!R *ANGE RAIS$ PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = VOT+ = ,ASSEMBLY DEPUTIES SO HI< ?AT ONLY ! FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO C\LD EX]CISE ! FRAN*ISE4 ,) !SE AM5DM5TS1 ,L\IS AGRE$ TO SIGN ! NEW ,CON/ITUTION &1 DESPITE HIS FLI<T TO ,V>5NES1 WAS (FICIALLY RE/OR$ TO ! ?RONE4 

,! ,L,E,G,I,S,L,A,T,I,V,E ,A,S,S,E,M,B,L,Y ,& ,E,U,R,O,P,E,A,N ,W,> 

,! OLD ,NATIONAL ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY DISB&$1 HAV+ COMPLET$ ITS LABORS1 & A NEW ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY CONV5$ ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#g#i#a4 ,S9CE DEPUTIES TO ! =M] ASSEMBLY W]E EXCLUD$ FROM BECOM+ DEPUTIES TO ! LATT]1 ! MEMB]%IP WAS 5TIRELY NEW & CONSI/$ L>GELY ( LAWY]S & ! B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS ( ! P]IOD4 ,! L>GE/ S+LE POLITICAL BLOC 9 NUM]ICAL T]MS WAS ! ROYALI/ ,FEUILLANTS4 ,!Y EXPRESSLY CALL$ = ! LOYALTY ( ! K+ TO ! *ANG$ ,CON/ITUTION1 RECONCILIATION ) ! REFRACTORY CL]GY1 & ! RETURN ( ! IMIGRIS4 ,BUT ! ,FEUILLANT BLOC1 DESPITE ITS SIZE NUM]ICALLY1 WAS /ILL A M9ORITY 9 ! NEW ,ASSEMBLY--& A DIM9I%+ ONE :OSE UNEASY MEMB]S & SUPPORT]S W]E TRICKL+ 9TO =EIGN EXILE4 

,F> MORE 9FLU5TIAL ?AN ! ,FEUILLANTS1 ON ! :OLE1 W]E ! LEFTI/S1 MA9LY LAWY]S1 J\RNALI/S1 & M]*ANTS1 :O CON/ITUT$ A NEW TYPE ( RADICAL4 ,!Y W]E EXTREMELY AMBITI\S & EAG] TO M\? REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS TO GA9 POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,!SE Y\NG PEOPLE & !IR SUPPORT]S W]E G5]ALLY KN[N AS ,BRISSOT9S2 NOT UNTIL LAT] W\LD !Y ACQUIRE ! MORE FAMILI> NAME ( ,GIROND9S4 ,L$ BY ,JACQUES-,PI]RE ,BRISSOT1 A GIFT$ ORATOR & A PROLIFIC AU?OR & PAMPHLETE]1 ! ,BRISSOT9S DOM9AT$ ! ,ASSEMBLY ) !IR SKILLFUL LEAD]%IP4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ROYALI/S' VIEWS1 !IR PLAT=M CALL$ = A W> AGA9/ ! TMIGRDS1 :O W]E GA!R+ 9 CITIES NE> ! ,FR5* FRONTI]1 &1 IF NECESS>Y1 ) ,EUROPEAN MON>*IES :O PROTECT$ !M4 ,?IS DEM& WAS BASICALLY TACTICAL3 A W> AGA9/ ! 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,BRISSOT9S EMPHASIZ$1 W\LD =CE ! K+ TO WORK ) ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 HEI<T5 PATRIOTIC F]VOR1 & RALLY ! C\NTRY >\ND ! ,REVOLUTION4 0,DO Y\ WI% AT ONE BL[ TO DE/ROY ! >I/OCRACY1 ! REFRACTORY PRIE/S1 ! MALCONT5TS80 CRI$ ,BRISSOT4 0,!N DE/ROY ,COBL5Z .<! C5T] ( EMIGRE MILIT>Y ACTIVITY.>4 ,! HEAD ( ! NATION WILL !N BE OBLIG$ TO REIGN 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,CON/ITUTION40.<#b#g#g.> ,A W>1 ,BRISSOT >GU$1 W\LD ALSO SPREAD ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 FOM5T+ CIVIL CONFLICTS AGA9/ TYRANTS 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,! ,JACOB9 DEPUTIES1 = !IR P>T1 W]E DIVID$ OV] ! ISSUE ( W>1 AL?\< !IR DIVISIONS HAD LITTLE IMM$IATE IMPACT4 ,!IR AU?ORITY LAY ) !IR CLUB1 :I* WAS %IFT+ TO ! ,LEFT1 RA!R ?AN 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9DE$1 ! V>I\S CLUBS & POPUL> SOCIETIES W]E N[ DEVELOP+ 9TO AN EXTRAP>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL SPH]E ( CONSID]ABLE P[] 9 ,P>IS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =TY-EI<T ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS4 ,ECONOMIC %ORTAGES & RIS+ FOOD PRICES DUR+ ! SPR+ ( #agib HAD GIV5 A NEW IMPETUS TO ! GR[? ( RADICAL SOCIETIES1 :I* N[ BEGAN TO P>ALLEL ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,AS ,GOODW9 OBS]VES2 

,PETION1 :O REPLAC$ ,BAILLY AS MAYOR ( ,P>IS 9 ,NOVEMB]1 ,DANTON1 AS ASSI/ANT DEPUTY ( ! T[N CL]K1 & ,ROBESPI]RE1 AS PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ( ! DEP>TM5T ( ,P>IS1 DID MU* TO EXT5D ! P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! MUNICIPALITY & TO DEVELOP ! ACTIVITY ( ! POLITICAL CLUBS4 ,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! MO/ VITAL ISSUE ( =EIGN POLICY AT ?IS TIME--W> OR PEACE ) ,EUROPE-- WAS F\<T \T AS MU* 9 ! ,JACOB9 CLUB AS 9 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 & ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE ( DOME/IC POLITICS--! FATE ( ! MON>*Y-- WAS DECID$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS4.<#b#g#h.> 

,MOREOV]1 ! PROSPECT ( W> WAS V]Y POPUL> 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,PEASANTS /ILL SAW V]Y LITTLE *ANGE 9 !IR SITUATION4 ,AL?\< !IR NOBLE L&LORDS MI<T RESIDE 9 ,SAVOY OR ,COBL5Z1 !IR AG5TS /ILL REMA9$ 9 ,FRANCE & EXPLOIT$ ! PEASANTS AS MU* AS BE=E4 ,! R$I/RIBUTION ( ! ,*UR* L&S HAD BE5 NEI!R ?OR\< NOR EQUITABLE1 PRODUC+ GR[+ RURAL UNRE/ & EV5 >M$ PEASANT REVOLTS4 

,! W> FEV] 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & AMONG ! ,BRISSOT9S NOT)/&+1 H[EV]1 ! ,FR5* >MY WAS 9 NO WAY PREP>$ = :AT MI<T WELL BECOME A MAJOR ,EUROPEAN CONFLICT4 ,MO/ ( ! >MY'S ]/:ILE (FIC]S HAD DES]T$ TO V>I\S IMIGRE C5T]S1 & ITS REGUL> TROOPS W]E DEMORALIZ$1 UNDISCIPL9$1 & DISORGANIZ$1 LACK+ EQUIPM5T1 WEAPONS1 & AMMUNITION4 ,! RISKS OP5$ BY A W> W\LD BE 5ORM\S3 WELL-EQUIPP$ =EIGN >MIES C\LD DECISIVELY DEFEAT ! ,REVOLUTION1 & EV5 IF ,FRANCE W]E VICTORI\S1 SU* A CONFLICT C\LD EASILY LEAD TO A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP AT HOME4 ,BO? ,M>AT & ,ROBESPI]RE 9SI<TFULLY =ESAW !SE DANG]S & SPOKE \T /RONGLY AGA9/ ! W> FEV] G5]AT$ BY ! ,BRISSOT9S--BUT TO NO AVAIL1 AS EV5TS SOON REVEAL$4 

,! QUE5 & ! TMIGRES1 ON ! O!R H&1 WELCOM$ A W> & ! PROSPECT ( A =EIGN 9VASION4 ,9DE$1 ,L\IS1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 BR\<T SEV]AL PRO-,BRISSOT9 M9I/]S 9TO ! ROYAL C\NCIL1 9CLUD+ ! VA9 & AMBITI\S BUT ABLE ,G5]AL ,*>LES-,FRANCOIS ,DUM\RIEZ4 ,AT L5G?1 ,L\IS DECL>$ W> AGA9/ ,AU/RIA ON ,APRIL #b1 #a#g#i#b1 ) ! 5?USIA/IC ASS5T ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,?REE MON?S LAT]1 ,PRUSSIA ALLI$ ITSELF ) ,AU/RIA & DECL>$ W> AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE4 

,ALMO/ FROM ! \TSET1 ! W> W5T BADLY = ! ,FR5*1 :O1 AFT] ADVANC+ 9TO ,BELGIUM1 W]E OBLIG$ TO RETREAT PRECIPIT\SLY T[>D ,LILLE1 :ILE /ILL ANO!R =CE FELL BACK ON ,VAL5CI5NES4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,BRISSOT9S W]E RAPIDLY LOS+ CR$IBILITY 9 ! CAPITAL1 :ILE ! W> HAD ! EFFECT ( RAIS+ ,ROBESPI]RE'S /> [+ TO HIS BITT] CRITICISMS ( ! K+1 ! W>1 & ! ,BRISSOT9S4 

,YET ON ONE MATT] ! ,BRISSOT9S AT LEA/ HAD BE5 CORRECT3 ! W> REVEAL$ ! HATR$ ( ! MON>*Y = ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ALMO/ OP5LY1 ! K+ & QUE5 ( ,FRANCE SID$ ) ! 5EMY1 & RUMORS AB\ND$ AMONG ! PEOPLE ( MA*9ATIONS BY ! QUE5 ON BEHALF ( ,AU/RIA4 ,) GOOD REASON1 %E WAS ACCUS$ ( PROVID+ ,VI5NA ) 9TELLIG5CE1 & H] ALLEG$ 0,AU/RIAN ,COMMITTEE0 9 ! ,TUIL]IES WAS POPUL>LY BLAM$ = ! DEFEAT 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ,M>IE ,ANTO9ETTE HAD ACTUALLY DISCLOS$ ! PLAN = ! ,FR5* MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN TO ! 5EMY1 :I*1 AFT] ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ROYAL C\PLE BECAME KN[N1 C\LD LEAD TO NO?+ BUT ! 5D ( ! MON>*Y4 

,! ,J,\,R,N,E,E ,( ,A,U,G,U,/ #a 

,9 ! E>LY SUMM] ( #a#g#i#b1 FAC$ ) MILIT>Y DEFEATS & FE>+ TREA*]Y 9 ! ,C\RT & >MY1 ,P>IS WAS REA*+ A /ATE ( REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ITS MOOD ON ,JULY #a#d1#a#g#h#i4 ,! POL>IZATION ( ! C\NTRY BETWE5 EV5 CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/S & REPUBLICANS WAS N[ ACUTE4 ,AS ,FR5* >MIES ROLL$ BACK T[>D ,LONGWY & ,V]DUN1 ,LAFAYETTE FRANTICALLY RU%$ FROM ! FRONT BACK TO ,P>IS TO RALLY ! ,ASSEMBLY 9 SUPPORT ( ! K+ & QUA% ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUBS IMM$IATELY4 ,! ONCE-MOD]ATE M>QUIS WAS APP>5TLY PLANN+ A MILIT>Y C\P TO RE/ORE ORD]1 P]HAPS TO ABET ! K+ 9 ANO!R FLI<T \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY RECEIV$ ,LAFAYETTE COOLLY1 ITS SUSPICIONS RE9=C$ BY ! FACT ?AT HE WAS NEGLECT+ HIS TROOPS 9 ! FACE ( A ,PRUSSIAN ADVANCE1 & HE DESPOND5TLY RETURN$ TO ! FRONT ,REPORTS ( PRO-,AU/RIAN PLOTS 9 ! C\RT & AMONG REFRACTORY PRIE/S 9 ! PROV9CES FILL$ ,P>IS ) AL>M1 PU%+ PUBLIC S5TIM5T 9CREAS+LY 9 A REPUBLICAN DIRECTION4 

,ON ,JUNE #h1 #a#g#i#b1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY PASS$ A DECREE SUMMON+ TW5TY ?\S& FIDIRIS1 OR PROV9CIAL ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS1 TO ,P>IS = ! ANNUAL ,FITE DE LA ,F$]ATION ON ! ?IRD ANNIV]S>Y ( ,BA/ILLE ,DAY4 ,!SE FIDIRIS W]E EXPECT$ TO FREE UP ! REGUL> TROOPS 9 ! CAPITAL = S]VICE AT ! FRONT4 ,>\ND ! SAME TIME1 ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! CAPITAL PETITION$ ! ,ASSEMBLY TO AB&ON ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S AT !IR MEET+S & ALL[ !M TO MEET EV]Y DAY--9 P]MAN5T SESSION4 ,!Y ALSO REQUISITION$ A L>GE NUMB] ( PIKES = G5]AL DI/RIBUTION TO CITIZ5S1 EV5 ?\< C>RY+ WEAPONS WAS /ILL A PRIVILEGE (FICIALLY RES]V$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 

,AS ! MON? DREW TO AN 5D1 ! SECTIONS C>RI$ \T A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! K+ ON ,JUNE #b1 ?AT IS1 ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,T5NIS ,C\RT ,OA?4 ,9 VIEW ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT ! W> WAS CREAT+ 7RIS+ PRICES HAD ALREADY CAUS$ WIDESPREAD FOOD RIOTS71 SOME T5 ?\S& ,P>ISIAN SANS-CULOTTES1 BO? WOM5 & M51 ILLEGALLY >M$ ) PIT*=KS1 MUSKETS1 & PIKES1 GA!R$ 9 ! EA/]N FAUB\RGS1 & !N 9VAD$ ! ,TUIL]IES ) PETITIONS AGA9/ ! K+'S VETO ( ,ASSEMBLY DECREES & HIS REC5T DISMISSAL ( SEV]AL POPUL> M9I/]S4 ,! CR[D *OPP$ D[N DOORS ( ! PALACE ) HAT*ETS & EV5 DRAGG$ A CANNON UP A /AIRCASE4 ,BEH9D A SMA%$ DOOR !Y F\ND ,L\IS1 WE>+ A R$ SANS-CULOTTE BONNET4 ,AL?\< ! MON>* CALMLY REFUS$ !IR DEM&S1 ! NEW MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 ,POTION1 P]SUAD$ ! CR[D TO LEAVE ! PALACE AFT] IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ,L\IS W\LD /& FIRM ON BEHALF ( HIS ROYAL PR]OGATIVE4 

,F9ALLY1 ON ,JULY #aa ! ,ASSEMBLY TRI$ TO CONVEY ! FULL S5SE ( DANG] ?AT FAC$ ! C\NTRY FROM ITS =EIGN & EMIGRE OPPON5TS1 PROCLAIM+ A NATIONAL /ATE ( EM]G5CY4 ,AT ! URG+ ( ! SECTIONS1 :I* FELT ?AT ! RES\RCES ( ! NATION %\LD BE COMPLETELY ?R[N 9TO ! W> EF=T1 ! ,ASSEMBLY CALL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS EV]Y:]E TO >MS4 ,)9 A FEW DAYS1 FIFTE5 ?\S& ,P>ISIANS HAD ANSW]$ ! CALL1 & NEW BATTALIONS ( VOLUNTE]S W]E QUICKLY =M$4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 9 TURN1 DECRE$ ?AT ALL CITIZ5S :O POSSESS$ PIKES BE DRAFT$ 9TO ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 ?US OP5+ ITS RANKS TO EV]-LESS] MEMB]S ( ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,AS FIC,URIS1 OR ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! PROV9CES1 BEGAN TO >RIVE 9 ! CAPITAL1 ,ROBESPI]RE ADDRESS$ !M ) ! ICY W>N+3 0,CITIZ5S1 HAVE Y\ HA/5$ H]E = A M]E C]EMONY1 ! R5EWAL ( ! ,F$]ATION ( ,JULY #a#d80 ,! G5]ALS1 9CLUD+ ,LAFAYETTE1 W]E DES]T+1 HE TOLD !M1 & ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY 0HAS BE5 \TRAG$ & DEGRAD$1 BUT .<[+ TO ITS [N 9ACTION.> HAS NOT AV5G$ ITSELF60 ,HE !N *>G$ ! FIDIRIS ) ! SWEEP+--PAT5TLY REPUBLICAN--TASK ( SAV+ ! NATION4.<#b#g#i.> ,)9 %ORT ORD]1 PETITIONS FL[$ 9TO ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 CALL+ = ! DEPOSITION ( ! K+4 

,! CELEBRATIONS ( ,JULY #ad W]E OBS]V$ )\T 9CID5T--& ) NO %\TS ( 0 ,VIVE LE ROIF' ,MO/ ( ! FIDTRIS PRUD5TLY REMA9$ ON 9 ! CITY AFT] ! CELEBRATION LE/ C\NT]REVOLUTION RE> ITS HEAD1 & !IR V]Y PRES5CE 9 ,P>IS PROV$ 9C5DI>Y4 ,! F$IRTS OV]:ELM+LY SUPPORT$ ! DEM&S ( ! SECTIONS2 9DE$1 ON ,JULY #a#g1 !Y E/ABLI%$ A C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( !IR [N AT ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB TO BACK UP ! RADICALS & SANS-CULOTTES 9 AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! K+4 ,! ,CORDELI]S1 9 TURN1 OP5LY CALL$ = A ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION1 SO SIMIL> TO ! ,AM]ICAN CONV5TIONS DECADES E>LI]1 ?AT W\LD UNSEAT ! K+ & WRITE A /RICTLY REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION = ,FRANCE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S HAD ESS5TIALLY DISAPPE>$4 ,! ,!AT]-,FRA@5AIS SECTION 7=M]LY ! ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT7 (FICIALLY 9ITIAT$ ! DI/9CTION BY OP5+ ITS DOORS TO ALL ! UND]PRIVILEG$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,?IS DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,!AT]-,FRAN@5AIS ASSEMBLY WAS QUICKLY EMULAT$ BY O!R SECTIONS & F9ALLY VALIDAT$ BY ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY ITSELF4 ,ON ,JULY #be ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY P]MITT$ ! SECTIONS TO MEET DAILY1 :]EUPON !Y (FICIALLY W5T 9TO 0P]MAN5T0 SESSION4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY SECTIONS OP5$ !IR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BATTALIONS TO =M] PASSIVE CITIZ5S1 RADICALLY TRANS=M+ ! ,P>ISIAN ,NATIONAL ,GU>D FROM A MIDDLE-CLASS =CE 9TO A SAM-CULOTTE MILITIA4 ,! IRRESOLUTE ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* DID LITTLE TO 9T]V5E 9 !SE *ANGES1 WAS PAT5TLY LOS+ CONTROL ( ! CAPITAL4 

,AMID ?IS /EADY FL[ ( EV5TS1 ON ,JULY #b#h1 ,P>ISIANS AWOKE TO A PROVOCATIVE MANIFE/O FROM ! ,DUKE ( ,BRUNSWICK1 COMM&] ( ! 5EMY =CES1 9 :I* HE DECL>$ ?AT HIS ,AU/RIAN & ,PRUSSIAN >MIES W\LD 9VADE ,FR5* SOIL TO RE/ORE ! K+ TO HIS RI<TFUL PLACE4 ,ANY ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS :O TRI$ TO IMP$E ! ALLI$ >MIES1 ! ,DUKE W>N$1 W\LD BE %OT1 & IF ! ,TUIL]IES W]E 9VAD$ AGA9 OR ! ROYAL FAMILY H>M$ 9 ANY WAY1 SAVAGE V5GEANCE W\LD BE WR\<T UPON ,P>IS1 R$UC+ ! CITY TO RUBBLE4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] ! MANIFE/O WAS PUBLI%$1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 FIVE HUNDR$ FID]@&S FROM ,M>SEILLES >RIV$ 9 ,P>IS1 AFT] /OPP+ TO PUT D[N A ROYALI/ REVOLT AT ,>LES1 & W]E QU>T]$ 9 ! OLD ,CORDELI]S DI/RICT4 ,M>*+ ?R\< ! /REETS1 !Y SANG ,R\GET DE ,LISLE'S /IRR+ 0,M>SEILLAISE10 ! 9TOXICAT+ HYMN ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E TO ADOPT WELL 9TO ! NEXT C5TURY4 

,BRUNSWICK'S DECL>ATION CAN BE REG>D$ AS ! TURN+ PO9T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! EV5T ?AT =C$ ,FRANCE TO *ANGE FROM A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y 9TO A REPUBLIC4 ,) FE>S ( 9VASION RUNN+ HI< & ROYALI/ PLOTS AB\ND+1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>ISIANS HAD LITTLE D\BT ?AT ! K+ 9T5D$ TO RESI/ ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY & ! SECTIONS1 9DE$ TO OP5 ! WAY = A =EIGN 9VASION ?AT C\LD E/ABLI% HIS FULL CONTROL OV] ! CITY4 ,TO HEAD (F ?IS LOOM+ DISA/]1 ! SECTIONS & ! FIDIRIS W]E DECID$ ?AT !Y HAD TO =CE ! K+ TO ABDICATE )\T DELAY4 

,)9 ! WEEK1 ON ,AUGU/ #i1 DELEGATES FROM ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES >RIV$ AT ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE & DISB&$ ! OLD CONS]VATIVE ,COMMUNE1 REPLAC+ IT ) A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MUNICIPALITY1 ! ,9SURRECTION>Y ,COMMUNE4 ,! MAYOR WAS CONF9$ TO HIS H\SE UND] GU>D & ! BREW] ,SANT]RE WAS PLAC$ 9 *>GE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,9 RESPONSE TO PROTE/S BY MOD]ATES AGA9/ ?IS ACTION1 ! DELEGATES FLATLY REPLI$1 0,:5 ! PEOPLE PLACE !MSELVES 9 A /ATE ( 9SURRECTION1 !Y )DRAW ALL P[] FROM O!R AU?ORITIES & ASSUME IT !MSELVES40.<#b#h.> 

,! 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 ?OR\<LY PLANN$1 & !RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT ! ,JACOB9 LEAD]S1 9CLUD+ ,DANTON1 HAD BE5 COMPLICIT\S 9 C>RY+ IT (F4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a1 ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE ORD]$ ITS SUPPORT]S TO M>* ON ! ,TUIL]IES4 ,TO ! S\ND ( ! TOCS91 SOME TW5TY ?\S& >M$ F$IRIS & SANS-CULOTTES ATTACK$ ! PALACE1 & ! ROYAL FAMILY1 W>N$ 9 ADVANCE1 FL$ TO ! NE>BY ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* N]V\SLY AGRE$ TO PROTECT !M4 ,) !IR FLI<T1 MO/ ( ! REMA9+ ,NATIONAL ,GU>D BATTALIONS ?AT HAD BE5 ACC\NTABLE TO ROYALI/ SECTIONS %IFT$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! ,TUIL]IES WAS N[ LEFT TO DEF5D ITSELF ) ONLY N9E HUNDR$ ,SWISS ,GU>DS & A FEW HUNDR$ C\RTI]S4 ,! CR[D TRI$ TO FRAT]NIZE ) ! ,SWISS1 BUT FOLL[+ A *ANCE %OT BY ONE ( !IR M51 O!RS OP5$ FIRE & A FRUITLESS BATTLE 5SU$4 

,CRY+ 0TREA*]Y10 ! ,M>SEILLAIS /REAM$ 9TO ! PALACE UND] FIRE1 CUTT+ D[N EV]YONE 9 SI<T4 ,( ! ,SWISS ,GU>DS1 :O SURR5D]$ AFT] !IR AMMUNITION RAN \T1 SIX HUNDR$ W]E MASSACR$--:ILE ! 9SURRECTION>IES LO/ AB\T F\R HUNDR$4 ,BY ! AFT]NOON1 !Y W]E 9 COMPLETE CONTROL ( ,P>IS4 ,) ! ,ASSEMBLY MEMB]S FE>FUL = !IR [N LIVES1 ! K+ WAS SURR5D]$ & CONF9$ TO A SMALL PRISON KN[N AS ! ,TEMPLE4 

,?IS J\MIE ( ! FID,MS & SANS-CULOTTES SEAL$ ! FATE ( ! MON>*Y1 & M>K$ ! DEF9ITIVE 5D ( ! SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS0 ,REVOLUTION4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ! K+ HAD BE5 DE?RON$1 & ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#a1 SO REC5TLY COMPLET$1 WAS ABROGAT$4 ,! SANS-CULOTTES HAD NOT ONLY AV5G$ ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S MASSACRE1 BUT AFT] PLAY+ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 J\RRTEES ?AT UNSEAT$ ! ANCI5 REGIME1 !Y N[ MOV$ TO ! C5T] /AGE ( ! ,REVOLUTION & PU%$ IT EV] F>!R TO ! ,LEFT4 

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