,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #d1 ,*APT] #af 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#f4 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,REVOLT 

,! MANY FACTORS ?AT PRODUC$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION--A REVOLUTION ?AT REA*$ SE>+ PROPORTIONS OV] A SPAN ( FIVE YE>S--UTT]LY TRANS=M$ ,WE/]N LIFE1 FROM TRADITIONAL TO NEW WAYS ( ?9K+1 EV5 ( DRESS1 SPEE*1 & EV]YDAY MANN]S4 ,BUT WAS ?AT F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION 9EVITABLE8 ,AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION IS NOT EASY TO GIVE4 ,! >*AIC ,FR5* /ATE1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND EXPLICIT PRIVILEGES & DISORGANIZ$ BY A JUMBLE ( (T5 CONFLICT+ JURISDICTIONS1 C\LD H>DLY HAVE LA/$ LONG 9TO ! NEXT C5TURY4 ,HAD ! ROYAL ADM9I/RATION BE5 LESS 9COMPET5T1 ,FRANCE MI<T HAVE EVOLV$ GRADUALLY 9 A DIRECTION SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,5GL&4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS POSSIBILITY HAD BE5 ! DREAM ( PHILOSOPHES SU* AS ,VOLTAIRE1 ,MONTESQUIEU1 & ,DID]OT1 :OSE WRIT+S1 NO LESS ?AN ,R\SSEAU'S1 PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,BUT NONE ( ! M5 :O W]E TO PLAY LEAD+ ROLES DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 NOT EV5 ,JEAN-,PAUL ,M>AT1 9 TIME ! SEEM+ ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y1 C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$ ! EXPLOSIVE EV5TS ( ! LATE #a#g#hS & E>LY #a#g#iS OR ! ALT]NATIVE TRAJECTORIES !Y OP5$4 

,! ,R,E,V,O,L,T ,( ,! ,N,O,B,L,E,S 

,IRONICALLY1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS 9ITIAT$ BY A REVOLT NEI!R ( ! PEASANTRY NOR ( V>I\S B\RGEOISIES BUT BY ! NOBILITY4 ,! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ! UPP]-CLASS REVOLT /EMM$ FROM ,FRANCE'S DISA/R\S FISCAL CONDITION4 ,EV] S9CE ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 CO/LY W>S & 9T]NAL CONSOLIDATION HAD SWOLL5 ! /ATE'S DEBT TO 9CREAS+LY UNMANAGEABLE PROPORTIONS1 & DUR+ ! REIGNS ( HIS SUCCESSORS1 RIS+ PRICES AFT] #agcc & ! L>GE EXP5DITURES BE/[$ ON ! PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL RANKS AT C\RT HAD EXP&$ 5ORM\SLY4 ,MO/ DISA/R\SLY1 ! MON>*Y HAD WAG$ F\R MAJOR W>S BETWE5 #agcc & #a#g#h#c1 :OSE CO/S TOTAL$ AB\T F\R BILLION LIVRES1 A /UP5D\S SUM AT ! TIME1 & ATTEMPTS TO CURB ! DEBT W]E L>GELY FAILURES BECAUSE ( ! TAX EXEMPTIONS 5JOY$ BY ! CL]GY1 NOBILITY1 & 5NOBL$ (FICEHOLD]S4 

,BY #a#g#g#f1 ,FRANCE FAC$ A F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( DISA/R\S PROPORTIONS1 WORS5$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! COMPTROLL]-G5]AL 9 ! K+'S M9I/RY1 ! ,G5EVAN ,PROTE/ANT ,JACQUES ,NECK]1 WAS AN A/UTE BANK] RA!R ?AN AN 9SI<TFUL ECONOMI/4 ,NECK]1 9 EFFECT1 HAD A BANK]'S FAI? 9 ! B5EFIC5T EFFECTS ( BORR[+4 ,ACCORD+LY1 UND] HIS GUIDANCE ! GOV]NM5T'S FISCAL PROBLEMS SEEM$ TO DISAPPE> UND] A M\NTA9 ( LOANS1 (T5 BORR[$ AT 9T]E/ RATES ( UP TO #a P]C5T4 ,JUGGL+ ! FACTS AB\T ! C\NTRY'S F9ANCIAL CONDITION GAVE ,NECK]'S BUDGET POLICIES A V5E] ( SUCCESS4 ,9 HIS #a<a ,ACC\NT TO ! ,K+ ( ,NATIONAL ,F9ANCES 1 ! FIR/ DISCLOSURE ( ! ROYAL F9ANCES ?AT HAD EV] BE5 MADE TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 ,NECK]'S DELIB]ATE DI/ORTIONS CREAT$ A ROSEATE PICTURE ( AN ANNUAL SURPLUS ( T5 MILLION LIVRES 9 REV5UES OV] EXP5SES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! C\NTRY'S ANNUAL DEFICIT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ITS ACCUMULAT$ DEBT1 GREATLY EXCE$$ #df MILLION LIVRES4 ,BY #a#g#h#h1 NE>LY HALF ( ,FRANCE'S EXP5DITURES CONSI/$ ( PAY+ (F ! 9T]E/ ON ! NATIONAL DEBT1 & LACK+ O!R S\RCES ( 9=MATION TO CONTRADICT ,NECK]'S FIGURES1 ! PUBLIC REMA9$ OBLIVI\S TO ! /ATE'S 9CREAS+LY S]I\S F9ANCIAL /RAITS4 

,9 #a#g#h#c1 %ORTLY AFT] ! DEBT HAD RIS5 /ILL FUR!R AS A RESULT ( ,FRANCE'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN W> AGA9/ ,BRITA91 ,NECK] WAS SUCCE$$ AS COMPTROLL]-G5]AL BY ,*>LES ,ALEX&RE DE ,CALONNE4 ,CALONNE1 FULLY M9DFUL ?AT IF ! C\NTRY W]E TO AVOID NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY1 IT HAD TO OV]HAUL ! 5TIRE TAX SY/EM1 PROPOS$ A COMPREH5SIVE1 WIDE-RANG+ PLAN ?AT W\LD 9CREASE ! TAX LIABILITY ( ! NOBILITY & CL]GY BY E/ABLI%+ A DIRECT TAX ON L& & ITS PRODUCE4 ,?IS PLAN ALL[$ = NO EXCEPTIONS3 ! TAX WAS TO FALL ON ! CL]GY1 NOBLES1 & COMMON]S ALIKE1 &1 MORE DISQUIET+LY1 IT WAS TO BE GRADUAT$1 SO ?AT ! GREAT] BURD5 W\LD FALL ON ! WEAL?Y4 ,! SEV]ITY ( ! HAT$ GABELLE & TAILLE1 AS WELL AS ! CORVIE1 WAS TO BE R$UC$1 MITIGAT+ ! TAX BURD5 PLAC$ ON ! PEASANTRY4 

,MOREOV]1 ,CALONNE'S PLAN CALL$ = ! ELECTION ( LOCAL ASSEMBLIES 9 ALL VILLAGES ( A ?\S& 9HABITANTS OR MORE TO ASSESS ! BASIS = ! TAX4 ,AL?\< !SE ASSEMBLIES W]E TO BE ATT5D$ ONLY BY L&HOLD]S ) AN ANNUAL 9COME ( MORE ?AN #f LIVRES1 ! PLAN CREAT$ A SY/EM ( DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES TO DI/RIBUTE ! TAX BURD5 AMONG ! VILLAGES2 IT ALSO 9CLUD$ ! CREATION ( PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES 9 ! G9IRALITIS1 REMOV+ ANY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! ?REE E/ATES3 CL]GY1 NOBLES1 & COMMON]S4 ,?US NOT ONLY W]E ! NOBILITY & CL]GY TO BE TAX$1 !Y W]E TO BE /RIPP$ ( !IR ACCU/OM$ DOM9ANCE ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,HAD IT BE5 9/ITUT$1 ,CALONNE'S PLAN W\LD HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY ALT]$ NOT ONLY ,FRANCE'S TAX SY/EM BUT ITS V]Y POLITY BY GIV+ CONSID]ABLE P[] TO ! LOCALITIES4 ,NOT ?AT ,CALONNE S\<T TO DEC5TRALIZE ! ,FR5* POLITICAL /RUCTURE2 9DE$1 AS ,ALB]T ,GOODW9 PO9TS \T1 ,CALONNE'S NEW ASSEMBLIES W\LD REMA9 UND] ! CLOSE SUP]VISION ( ! ROYAL 9T5DANTS3 0,! RE=M WAS DESIGN$ 444 TO A*IEVE NOT SO MU* EFFECTIVE DEC5TRALIZATION AS GREAT] ADM9I/RATIVE UNI=MITY40.<#b#d#h.> 

,BUT ! PLAN \TRAG$ ! P>LEM5TS --& = GOOD REASON4 ,!SE ?IRTE5 APPEALS C\RTS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 W]E COMPOS$ ( RI* COMMON]S :O1 BY PUR*AS+ !IR H]$IT>Y JUDGE%IPS & NOBLE TIDES1 HAD OBTA9$ EXEMPTION FROM MO/ TAXATION4 ,CALONNE'S PLAN = RURAL ASSEMBLIES *ALL5G$ !IR JURISDICTION AS QUASI-LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 S9CE HI/ORICALLY ! ,CR[N'S $ICTS HAD TO BE REGI/]$ ) !M4 ,9 FACT1 ! P>LEM5TS SEEM TO HAVE HAD !IR [N AMBITIONS TO DEC5TRALIZE ,FRANCE UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 !Y HAD ATTEMPT$ TO TRANS=M !IR TRADITIONAL RI<T TO REGI/] LAWS & $ICTS 9TO A DE FACTO RI<T TO VETO ANY LAWS & $ICTS !Y DISLIK$ SIMPLY BY REFUS+ TO REGI/] !M1 :I* BR\<T !M 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! ,CR[N4 ,ONLY BY FIAT C\LD ! MON>*Y OV]RIDE !IR REFUSAL4 ,?US ! P[] ( ! P>LEM5TS WAS ESS5TIALLY OB/RUCTIVE ( ! K+1 & !Y W]E OBLIG$ CONT9UALLY TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ! PROV9CIAL E/ATES AGA9/ ROYAL 9T5DANTS & PROV9CIAL GOV]NORS4 

,EXASP]AT$ BY !IR OB/RUCTIONISM & QUASI-LEGISLATIVE CAPACITIES1 ,L\IS ,X,V HAD SIMPLY ABOLI%$ ! ,P>IS P>LEM5T --BY F> ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! REALM--& REPLAC$ IT ) A SY/EM ( REGUL> APPEAL C\RTS :OSE FUNCTIONS W]E /RICTLY JUDICIAL4 ,BUT HIS 9EXP]I5C$ SUCCESSOR1 ! 9COMPET5T ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 NAIVELY REVIV$ ! ,P>IS P>LEM5T 9 #a#g#g#d1 & IT N[ BEGAN VIGOR\SLY TO FL\T ! MON>*Y'S AU?ORITY BY CLAIM+ TO POSSESS NOT ONLY ! P[] TO VETO ROYAL DECREES BUT ! P[] TO CONS5T TO TAXATION4 ,?IS P[]1 9 FACT1 REALLY BELONG$ TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL1 ! ASSEMBLY ( ! ?REE E/ATES ( ! REALM1 :I* HAD NOT MET S9CE #a#f#a#d4 ,>BITR>ILY ASSUM+ ! PR]OGATIVE ( ! ,E/ATES1 ! P>LEM5TS OB/RUCT$ ,CALONNE'S PLAN & CANNILY TRI$ TO PORTRAY ! M9I/RY'S EF=TS TO RE=M ! FISCAL SY/EM AS ON]\S & OPPRESSIVE ABUSES ( ROYAL P[]4 ,MOREOV]1 ! P>LEM5TS DEMAGOGICALLY US$ ,NECK]'S 9ITIAL SPURI\S REPORT ( A BUDGET SURPLUS TO RALLY WIDESPREAD POPUL> SUPPORT BEH9D !IR EF=TS TO CURB ROYAL AU?ORITY1 ALL[+ !M TO PO/URE AS *AMPIONS ( POPUL> LIB]TY1 EV5 9VOK+ IDEAS ( ! PHILOSOPHES SU* AS SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORIES TO JU/IFY !IR OPPOSITION TO :AT WAS 9 FACT A PLAN TO RESCUE ,FRANCE FROM F9ANCIAL RU94 

,CALONNE1 :O CLE>LY SAW ?AT ! P>LEM5TS W\LD NOT REGI/] HIS PLAN & ?AT ,L\IS LACK$ ! *>ACT] TO OV]RIDE !M1 PREVAIL$ UPON ! K+ 9 #a<g TO CONV5E AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES1 :OSE /AT$ PURPOSE WAS TO DISCUSS H[ HIS PLAN WAS TO BE PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,9ASMU* AS ,L\IS C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO *OOSE AS DELEGATES NOBLES & O!R HI<-/ATUS P]SONAGES 9 ! L& :O W\LD OPPOSE AN ADD$ TAX BURD51 ,CALONNE %\LD HAVE SUSPECT$ ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLIES W\LD DISAPPROVE ( HIS PROPOSAL2 9/EAD1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE 9ORD9ATELY RELI$ ON ! RESOLUTIONS ( A MON>* :O1 BY N[1 LEFT LITTLE D\BT ?AT HE WAS TOO WEAK TO C>RY MU* WEI<T ) ANY SECTOR ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 

,NOR WAS ! K+'S LACK ( *>ACT] ! SOLE FAIL+ ( ! ,FR5* MON>*Y4 ,! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY WAS A TIME ( PR(\ND UNRE/ & DEM&S = SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,9 ITS EV]-GR[+ CITIES1 ,FRANCE SAW AN UPSWELL ( URBAN DISCONT5T ) A SOCIETY /RUCTUR$ >\ND PRIVILEGE1 :ILE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE RURAL DISCONT5T REA*$ ! PROPORTIONS ( OP5 PEASANT \TBREAKS4 ,A NEW PH5OM5ON WAS EM]G+ 9 ! L&3 A DEF9ABLE PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,= C5TURIES1 ! ,FR5* PEOPLE HAD TURN$ TO !IR LOCAL PA/ORS = NEWS AB\T ! K+ & HIS M9I/]S2 9DE$1 AB\T TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION AT ?IS TIME W]E /ILL ILLIT]ATE & ESS5TIALLY ALL[$ ! PULPIT TO %APE !IR SOCIAL VIEWS4 ,BUT 5TIRELY NEW DEVELOPM5TS W]E *ANG+ ! CULTURAL L&SCAPE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS P]COLAT+ D[N FROM ! SUMMITS ( ,FR5* SOCIETY TO ITS V]Y BASE1 ) RESULTS ?AT W]E SUBV]SIVE ( RELIGI\S FAI? & FEUDAL HI]>*Y ALIKE4 ,A NEW LIT]ATI1 AN 9TELLIG5TSIA1 BEGAN TO FLOOD ,FRANCE-- ESPECIALLY ITS T[NS & CITIES--) PAMPHLETS1 P]IODICALS1 TREATISES1 & BOOKS ?AT W]E OP5LY HO/ILE TO PRIVILEGE4 ,! C\NTRY'S F9ANCIAL CONDITION CEAS$ TO BE A PRIVATE MATT] BETWE5 ! K+ & HIS M9I/]S & BECAME A Y>D/ICK BY :I* TO MEASURE & JUDGE ! COMPET5CE ( ! MON>*ICAL /ATE ITSELF4 ,?US1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! P>IEM5TS & ! K+ WAS WAT*$ V]Y CLOSELY4 ,IT BECAME A MATT] ( GR[+ PUBLIC CONC]N TO PRIVILEG$ NOBLEM51 ORD9>Y J\RNEYM51 & LIT]ATE COMMON]S 9 ALL WALKS ( LIFE4 

,EV5 REPUBLICAN IDEAS W]E BE+ DISCUSS$1 ALBEIT PRUD5TLY4 ,:5 ! CON/ITUTIONAL DOCUM5TS & V>I\S ACC\NTS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS 9/ITUTIONS BECAME WIDELY AVAILABLE1 9CLUD+ ! ,P5NSYLVANIA /ATE CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#g#f1 !Y W]E READ & DISCUSS$ ) GR[+ 5?USIASM4 ,POLITICAL CLUBS CAME TO LIFE1 ADVANC+ ! CAUSE ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE 9 V>I\S WAYS & POPUL>IZ+ ! WRIT+S ( ! PHILOSOPHES TO AN EV] WID] & HUNGRI] READ]%IP4 ,NEW CRITICAL WRIT+S W]E READ AL\D = ! B5EFIT ( ?OSE :O W]E ILLIT]ATE4 ,MORE KN[L$GEABLE SECTORS ( ! ,FR5* PUBLIC W]E OBSESS$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC1 BY SATIRES ?AT1 = !IR TIME1 W]E \TRAGE\SLY CRITICAL ( AU?ORITY1 & BY NEWS ( CONFLICTS )9 ! C\RT & ! >I/OCRACY4 ,! C(FEEH\SES ( ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL--! G>D5S ?AT ! POLITICALLY AMBITI\S ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS HAD GIV5 TO ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS--BECAME A C5T] = RADICAL AGITATION1 AS DID CAFES 9 CITIES & T[NS ?R\<\T ,FRANCE4 ,PAMPHLETS RA9$ D[N UPON ?\S&S ( 9SATIABLE READ]S1 & W]E READ EV]Y:]E FROM SALONS TO GU>DH\SES 9 FRONT ( ! ,TUIL]IES1 ! RESID5CE ( ! K+1 AS CONTEMPOR>Y VISITORS TO ! CITY ATTE/4 ,! FUEL = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AS = ! ,AM]ICAN BE=E IT1 9 EFFECT1 WAS CREAT$ 9 A PUBLIC REALM 9 :I* MASSES ( PEOPLE C\LD HOPE TO PRESSURE ! MON>*Y = RE=MS1 ?REAT5 ! >I/OCRACY = ITS 9SOL5CE--& ULTIMATELY1 AS TIME WAS TO %[1 EX]CISE VIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y =CE TO GA9 !IR [N 5DS4 

,TO ADD TO ! MANY IRONIES ( ! ]A1 ! SO-CALL$ NOTABLES ( ! L& W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO BE ASSEMBL$ & !REBY CREATE ANO!R =UM = *ALL5G+ ! MON>*'S CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,/ILL *AF+ AT !IR LACK ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CORPORATE P[]1 ! ,FR5* NOBILITY W]E EAG] TO REGA9 ! P[] !Y HAD LO/ AFT] ! ,FRONDE4 ,:51 AT L5G?1 ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES CONV5$ AT ,V]SAILLES ON ,JANU>Y #b#i1 #a#g#h#g1 IT CONSI/$ OV]:ELM+LY ( NOBLES1 9CLUD+ PR9CES ( ! BLOOD & DUKES1 PROV9CIAL GOV]NORS1 CL]ICS1 & MAYORS2 9DE$1 ONLY #a ( ! #add NOTABLES W]E NOT MEMB]S ( ! NOBILITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS COMPOS$ PRECISELY ( HI<LY PRIVILEG$ M5 :O W]E 9 NO WAY WILL+ TO ACCEPT ANY NEW TAX BURD5S OR RIVAL 9/ITUTIONS & W]E B5T ON PAT5TLY WEAK5+ ! MON>*Y'S AU?ORITY4 ,CALONNE1 DESPITE HIS ME?ODICAL ATTEMPT TO REVEAL ! GRIM /ATE ( ! PUBLIC F9ANCES1 HAD GROSSLY MISCALCULAT$ ! 9T5TION ( ! NOTABLES2 9DE$1 ! MAJORITY ( !M1 NO LESS ?AN ! MEMB]S ( ! P>LEM5TS 1 CATEGORICALLY OPPOS$ ANY DIM9UTION ( !IR PRIVILEGES1 P>TICUL>LY ( !IR TAX EXEMPTIONS4 ,NOR W]E !Y WILL+ TO SURR5D] ANY ( !IR AU?ORITY TO HIS PROPOS$ ASSEMBLIES1 /ILL LESS TO ?OSE ?AT W]E TO BE SUP]VIS$ BY ROYAL 9T5DANTS4 

,TO ! CONTR>Y1 FALL+ BACK ON ,NECK]'S SPURI\S REPORT1 ! NOTABLES VILIFI$ ,CALONNE 9 PAMPHLETS1 :I*1 9 TURN1 OBLIG$ ! ABUS$ M9I/] TO RETALIATE BY PUBLI%+ ! FULL TEXT ( ! ASSEMBLY'S SECRET PROCE$+S1 !REBY 9VIT+ ! PUBLIC 9TO ! MO/ HIDD5 & SORDID RECESSES ( ! /ATE--ITS F9ANCIAL EXTRAVAGANCES--& ! BEHAVIOR ( ITS LEAD]S4 ,P]HAPS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,FR5* HI/ORY1 ! PROCE$+S ( A ONCE-HIDD5 ASSEMBLY ( ,FRANCE'S ELITE-- ) ALL ! *>GES & C\NT]*>GES ?AT FILL$ ! AIR--HAD BE5 OP5$ LIKE A LANC$ ABSCESS = ALL TO SEE1 & :E!R ! PUBLIC *OSE TO BELIEVE ,NECK] OR ,CALONNE1 DISCUSSIONS ( ! ASSEMBLY'S PROCE$+S 9 CLUBS & CAFES 5ORM\SLY RAIS$ ! POLITICAL TEMP]ATURE ( ! C\NTRY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,P>IS4 

,TYPICALLY1 AFT] F\R FRUITLESS MON?S ( WRANGL+1 ,L\IS YIELD$ TO ! COMPLA9TS ( ! \TRAG$ NOTABLES & REPLAC$ ,CALONNE ) A MORE AM5ABLE COMPTROLL]-G5]AL1 ,BRI5NE1 :OSE NAME HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ TO HIM BY ! QUE54 ,DESPITE ,BRI5NE'S ATTEMPTS TO S(T5 ,CALONNE'S PROPOSALS1 HE WAS ULTIMATELY OBLIG$ TO ADOPT MU* ( HIS PR$ECESSOR'S PLAN1 9CLUD+ ! UNI=M L& TAX1 ONLY TO MEET ONCE AGA9 ) ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES4 ,9DE$1 D5Y+ ?AT IT LACK$ ANY FISCAL AU?ORITY1 ! NOTABLES--TO !IR EV]LA/+ DETRIM5T--REM9D$ ! K+ & ! C\NTRY ?AT ONLY ! DEFUNCT ,E/ATES ,G5]AL HAD ! RI<T TO LEVY TAXES4 ,! ,M>QUIS DE ,LAFAYETTE1 FRE% FROM FI<T+ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 CALL$ = ! 0CONVOCATION ( A TRULY NATIONAL ASSEMBLY0 TO SETTLE ! PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ ! K+DOM4 ,ANGRILY1 ! K+'S BRO!R1 ! ,C\NT ( ,>TOIS1 ASK$ HIM1 0,:AT1 ,SIR-->E Y\ CALL+ = ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL80 TO :I* ! Y\NG M>QUIS PO9T$LY REPLI$1 0,YES1 MY LORD1 & EV5 BETT] ?AN ?AT0.<#b#d#i.> ,:AT ,LAFAYETTE1 POSSIBLY SPEAK+ = MANY 9 ,FRANCE1 PAT5TLY HAD 9 M9D WAS TO CONV]T ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL 9TO A LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MODEL$ ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,CONGRESS1 ) A CON/ITUTION TO 5SURE ?AT IT MET AT REGUL> 9T]VALS & EX]CIS$ CLE>LY DEL9EAT$ P[]S4 

,) ! 9CR$IBLE MYOPIA ?AT SO (T5 BL9DS RUL+ ELITES TO ! CRISES !Y >E FO/]+1 MANY ( ! NOTABLES TOOK UP ! DEM& = A CONVOCATION ( ! ,E/ATES1 9 MO/ CASES CYNICALLY SO1 9 ! HOPE ( AVOID+ ANY NEW TAXATION4 ,! TRADITIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,E/ATES ITSELF GU>ANTE$ HEGEMONY TO ! NOBILITY-- LAY & CL]ICAL COMB9$3 AT ITS LA/ MEET+ 9 #a#f#a#d1 EA* ( ! ?REE ORD]S-- CL]GY1 NOBILITY1 & COMMONS--HAD HAD AN EQUAL NUMB] ( REPRES5TATIVES & HAD MET1 DELIB]AT$1 & VOT$ SEP>ATELY1 BY ORD]1 NOT BY 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S4 ,?IS PROC$URE HAD GIV5 ! NOBILITY & CL]GY ! TWO-TO-ONE MAJORITY NE$$ TO \TVOTE ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ON ALL CONTROV]SIAL MATT]S4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 P]HAPS1 ! K+ VIEW$ UNEASILY ! PROSPECT ( CONVOK+ ! ,E/ATES1 :I* HE MAY WELL HAVE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! UPRIS+ ( ,ETI5NE ,M>CEL 9 ! #a#c#eS2 AT ANY RATE1 HE DISMISS$ ! ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES 9 ,MAY1 LEAV+ ,FRANCE'S FISCAL PROBLEMS COMPLETELY UNRESOLV$4 

,ONCE AGA91 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#g#h#g1 ,BRI5NE1 AS NAIVELY AS ,CALONNE1 TRI$ TO REGI/] A NEW /AMP TAX ON NEWSPAP]S1 RECEIPTS1 & O!R DOCUM5TS--A COMMON 5\< PRACTICE 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES--ONLY TO BE REBUFF$ BY ! P>LEM5TS ) ! CLAIM ?AT ! ,E/ATES ALONE C\LD RATIFY ANY NEW LEVY4 ,! CALL = A MEET+ ( ! ,E/ATES N[ BECAME A RALLY+ CRY AMONG ! >I/OCRACY & P>LEM5TS1 P]COLAT+ D[NW>D TO ALL /RATA ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 IT N[ BECAME A NATIONAL CAUSE PROPAGAT$ BY LAWY]S1 CL]ICS1 TRADESM51 & NOBLES--AMONG !M ,LAFAYETTE1 ! ,M>QUIS DE ,CONDORCET1 & ! ,C\NT ,MIRABEAU--:O =M$ A QUASI-REPUBLICAN FACTION ?AT HOP$ TO TRANS=M ,FRANCE 9TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,! IDEAS ( !SE 0,AM]ICANS0 OR 0,PATRIOTS10 AS !Y W]E COMMONLY CALL$1 BECAME IMM5SELY POPUL> 9 ! CAFES1 :I*1 AS ONE OBS]V] DECL>$1 W]E BECOM+ 0PUBLIC S*OOLS ( DEMOCRACY & 9SURRECTION40.<#b#e.> 

,! K+ SIMPLY FL\ND]$ ) LITTLE SUPPORT FROM HIS [N NOBLES1 /ILL LESS O!R /RATA ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,EMULAT+ HIS PR$ECESSOR1 HE TRI$ ONCE AGA9 TO VIRTUALLY ABOLI% ! P>LEM5TS & REPLACE !M ) HIS [N C\RTS ( APPEAL 7GR&S BAILLIAGES71 :ILE ISSU+ $ICTS = NEW TAXES1 BUT ! P>LEM5TS OP5LY DEFI$ HIM & ISSU$ REMON/RANCES DEM&+ ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL4 ,AT L5G?1 ,L\IS AGRE$1 9ITIALLY1 TO CONVOKE ! ,E/ATES FIVE YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#g#i#b2 F9ALLY1 9 ,MAY #a#g#h#i4 ,! OPPOSITION FAC$ BY ! MON>*Y TO ANY DELAY1 EV5 AMONG ! >I/OCRACY1 WAS MASSIVE4 ,A 0NOBLE REVOLT10 AS ! K+ CALL$ IT1 SWEPT ACROSS ,FRANCE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,B#f>N1 ,BRITTANY1 & ,DAUPH9E4 ,PROV9CIAL NOBLES PROVOCATIVELY CONV5$ !IR [N UNAU?ORIZ$ ASSEMBLIES1 SECURE 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT !Y HAD ! FULL SUPPORT ( ! CL]GY & (FIC] CORPS4 ,MAJOR RIOTS BROKE \T 9 SEV]AL CITIES4 ,9 ! ,DAUPHUFE PROV9CE ! P>LEM5T WAS EXPELL$ FROM ITS C\R?\SE1 BUT ITS MAGI/RATES SUBV]SIVELY ANN\NC$ ?AT IF ! ROYAL $ICTS W5T ?R\<1 ,DAUPH9E W\LD NO LONG] REG>D ITSELF AS [+ FIDELITY TO ! K+4 ,:5 ! MILIT>Y GOV]NOR TRI$ TO SIL5CE ! P>LEM5T BY S5D+ TROOPS TO ,GR5OBLE ON ,JUNE #g 7LAT] KN[N AS ! ,DAY ( ,TILES7 ! CITIZ5S BOMB>D$ ! TROOPS ) RO( TILES1 DROVE !M \T1 & !N 5?USIA/ICALLY ESCORT$ ! P>LEM5T BACK TO ! C\R?\SE4 

,NOR WAS IT ONLY ! NOBLES :O REVOLT$4 ,9 ! NEW MUNICIPAL /RUCTURES ?AT ,BRI5NE CREAT$1 ! MAYOR1 SUPPOS$LY APPO9T$ BY ! ROYAL 9T5DANT1 WAS ELECT$ BY ! PEASANTS & HELD ACC\NTABLE TO !M4 0,9 ,ALSACE10 OBS]VES ,MA?IEZ1 0AS SOON AS ! NEW MUNICIPALITIES W]E =M$1 !IR FIR/ C>E WAS TO BR+ ACTIONS AGA9/ !IR FEUDAL LORDS1 & ! LATT] COMPLA9$ BITT]LY ( ! '9NUM]ABLE ABUSES' :I* ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! MUNICIPALITIES HAD OCCASION$40.<#b#e#a.> 

,! ,E,/,A,T,E,S ,G,5,],A,L 

,F9ALLY1 :5 ! TIME CAME = ,L\IS TO CONVOKE ! ,E/ATES1 ! MON>*Y1 FOLL[+ PREC$5T1 /RUCTUR$ !M 9TO ?REE DELIB]ATIVE & VOT+ ORD]S1 EA* ( :I* WAS TO HAVE AN EQUAL NUMB] ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BUT NE>LY TWO C5TURIES HAD PASS$ S9CE #a#f#a#d1 :5 ! NOBILITY & CL]GY C\LD /ILL BE ALL[$ TO COMB9E & \TVOTE ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 & ! OLD PROC$URE N[ >\S$ A FUROR ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 :I* SAW IT AS A FLAGRANT ATTEMPT TO FL\T ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE & AVOID RE=M4 ,AFT] ! ,DAY ( ! ,TILES1 ! ,DAUPH9L ASSEMBLY MET & RESOLV$ ?AT ! ,E/ATES %\LD CA/ ITS VOTES BY 9DIVIDUALS 7P> TITE7 RA!R ?AN BY ORD]S 7P> ORDRE71 & FUR!R1 ?AT ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE %\LD HAVE TWICE AS MANY REPRES5TATIVES--0D\BLE REPRES5TATION0--SO ?AT IT C\LD A*IEVE P>ITY ) ! TWO PRIVILEG$ ORD]S4 ,! PLAN IMM$IATELY BECAME IMM5SELY POPUL>4 ,9DE$1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 :5 ! P>LEM5T ( ,P>IS TRI$ TO SUPPORT ! TRADITIONAL #afad >RANGEM5T1 ! PEOPLE TURN$ AGA9/ !IR ]/:ILE ALLIES1 :OM !Y HAD REC5TLY LIONIZ$1 & D5\NC$ !M ) FURY4 

,! POLITICAL TEMP]ATURE ( ,FRANCE N[ BEGAN TO SO>1 RAIS$ HI<] ALMO/ WEEKLY BY AN EXTRAORD9>Y \TP\R+ ( PAMPHLETS AFFIRM+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! NATION--AS OPPOS$ TO SOV]EIGNTY ( ! K+ & ! E/ATES--& CALL+ = ! CREATION ( A DECL>ATION ( RI<TS & A CON/ITUTION4 ,! ,ABB#f ,SIEYFCS'S FAM\S BRO*URE ,:AT ,IS ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE81 :I* APPE>$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g#h#i1 PLAY$ A ROLE MU* LIKE ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,) ITS PI?Y =MULATIONS1 IT GALVANIZ$ ! PUBLIC S5TIM5T >\ND ! NOTION ?AT ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ALONE WAS ! SOLE BODY ?AT SPOKE = ! NATION4 

,AGA91 A SECOND ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES WAS SUMMON$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#g#h#h-- ?IS TIME BY ,NECK]1 :O HAD REPLAC$ ,BRI5NE--TO P]SUADE ! NOBLES TO =GO SOME ( !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS AMONG ! ,E/ATES4 ,BUT PR$ICTABLY1 ! ASSEMBLY FLATLY REFUS$ TO GRANT ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ITS DEM& = 0D\BLE REPRES5TATION02 ,NECK] GA9$ APPROVAL = IT ONLY AFT] MU* BEH9D-!-SC5ES MANEUV]+4 ,TO /OKE ! ALREADY RIS+ FLAMES /ILL MORE1 ! ASSEMBLY LEFT OP5 ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! ?REE ORD]S W\LD VOTE AS SEP>ATE GR\PS OR AS 9DIVIDUALS 9 A UNIT$ BODY1 A GRAVE OMISSION1 AS TIME WAS SOON TO %[1 ?AT PROVOK$ A NATIONAL CRISIS4 

,! UPCOM+ MEET+ ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL BECAME A S\RCE ( 5ORM\S NATIONAL EXPECTATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 G5]ATIONS1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE1 EV5 ! L[E/ /RATA ( ! POPULATION1 :O HAD BE5 IGNOR$ BY ! MON>*Y & OPPRESS$ BY ,FRANCE'S ELITES F\ND !MSELVES CALL$ UPON TO P>TICIPATE1 H[EV] 9DIRECTLY1 9 MATT]S ( /ATE4 0,POLITICS10 WROTE ,MADAME DE ,/AEL1 0W]E A FRE% SPH]E = ! IMAG9ATION ( ! ,FR5*2 EV]YBODY FLATT]$ HIMSELF ?AT HE W\LD PLAY A P>T 9 !M1 EV]YBODY SAW AN OBJECT = HIMSELF 9 ! MANY *ANCES :I* (F]$ !MSELVES ON ALL SIDES40.<#b#e#b.> ,! PROCESS ( ELECT+ REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,E/ATES WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY UPRIS+S & PILLAG+S ( GRA9 /ORES4 ,A CR[D 9 ,NANTES SURR\ND$ ! CITY HALL CRY+ 0,VIVE LA LIB]TE60 ,V]Y MU* LIKE ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES1 MEMB]S ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE MET 9 EXTRALEGAL ASSEMBLIES & E/ABLI%$ NETWORKS = CORRESPOND5CE FROM T[N TO T[N4 ,ADDRESS+ ! ,CR[N1 !SE ASSEMBLIES LI/$ = ! K+'S $IFICATION A S]IES ( GRIEVANCES & DEM&S1 ADDRESSES ?AT W]E MEANT TO BE A MODEL = PEOPLE 9 !IR LOCALITIES TO FOLL[ 9 LI/+ !IR [N GRIEVANCES1 ! CAHI]S DE DO,UANCES4 ,! CAHI]S N[ FLOOD$ ! ROYAL GOV]NM5T1 PRES5T+ COMPLA9TS ?AT1 BY ! V]Y PROCESS ( DRAW+ !M UP1 BECAME 9 !MSELVES A =M ( POLITICAL $UCATION1 MU* LIKE ! PROCESS ?AT ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS HAD EXP]I5C$ 9 #a#g#g#d4 

,BUT ! PROC$URES = ELECT+ REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,E/ATES W]E WILLFULLY COMPLEX & 9DIRECT4 ,ELECTIONS ( ! CL]GY & ! NOBILITY1 ( C\RSE1 PRES5T$ NO DIFFICULTIES2 ALL MALE MEMB]S ( ! TWO ORD]S OV] ! AGE ( TW5TY-FIVE C\LD ATT5D AN ASSEMBLY 9 !IR LOCALITY OR URBAN DI/RICT & !RE VOTE DIRECTLY = !IR REPRES5TATIVES :O W\LD ATT5D ! ,E/ATES MEET+ AT ,V]SAILLES4 ,= ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE VOT]S1 H[EV]1 ! VOT+ SY/EM WAS DIFF]5T1 9DE$ TORTU\S 9 ITS COMPLEXITY4 ,ALL MALE MEMB]S ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE :O W]E OV] TW5TY-FIVE & PAID TAXES W]E OBLIG$ TO MEET 9 !IR RURAL P>I%ES1 URBAN GUILDS1 OR URBAN DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES TO *OOSE TWO ELECTORS = EV]Y HUNDR$ VALID P>TICIPANTS4 ,!SE ELECTORS1 9 TURN1 W\LD !N BE EXPECT$ TO MEET AT ! CITY HALL & *OOSE YET ANO!R SET ( ELECTORS TO REPRES5T ! ASSEMBLY OR DI/RICT4 ,?IS ?IRD GR\P ( ELECTORS W\LD MEET ) ELECTORS FROM O!R T[NS 9 !IR BAILLIAGE TO *OOSE A F\R? GR\P ( ELECTORS1 ?IS TIME REPRES5T+ A NEW DI/RICT ?AT HAD BE5 CREAT$ EXPRESSLY = ELECTORAL PURPOSES1 & IT WAS !Y :O F9ALLY *OSE ! ACTUAL REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL 9 ,V]SAILLES4 ,! OV]LY GU>D$ 9DIRECTNESS ( ?IS PROC$URE MAY ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE REPRES5TATIVES W]E LAWY]S1 ! PEOPLE :O W]E BE/ ABLE TO NAVIGATE ! PROCESS1 :I* 9ADV]T5TLY FILL$ ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ) HI<LY >TICULATE & 9=M$ 9DIVIDUALS = :OM ! NOBLES & CL]ICS W]E NO MAT*4 

,AT EA* /AGE ( ! VOT+ PROCESS = ALL ORD]S1 CITIZ5S DREW UP CAHI]S DE DOLIANCES = !IR GIV5 ELECTORAL JURISDICTION1 ASSEMBL$ & COMB9$ !M 9TO A G5]AL LI/ ( ! JURISDICTION'S GRIEVANCES1 !N S5T !M (F TO ! NEXT ELECTORAL /AGE1 :]E !Y UND]W5T ! SAME PROCESS ( CONSOLIDATION4 ,! GRIEVANCES LI/$ 9 ! CAHI]S W]E REM>KABLY SIMIL> AMONG ALL ! ORD]S4 ,ALL AGRE$ ?AT ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL %\LD DE/ROY ROYAL & M9I/]IAL DESPOTISM2 ?AT !RE WAS A NE$ = A CON/ITUTION ?AT W\LD RE/RICT ! K+'S RI<TS2 & ?AT A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* W\LD MEET P]IODICALLY1 %\LD BE CREAT$4 ,!Y AGRE$ 9 SUPPORT+ TRIAL BY JURY1 FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 & A C]TA9 DEGREE ( /RUCTURAL DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,! NOBILITY EV5 ACCEPT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( TAXATION--ON ! CONDITION ?AT IT WAS ASSESS$ BY ELECT$ LOCAL ASSEMBLIES & NOT BY ! K+'S AG5TS4 

,YET NOT ALL WAS UNANIMITY 9 ! CAHI]S3 ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY DID NOT YET ACCEPT ! POLITICAL EQUALITY ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE4 ,AS ,GOODW9 OBS]VES1 

,! CL]GY W]E DET]M9$1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO RETA9 !IR CORPORATE 9DEP5D5CE & ! NOBILITY TO DEF5D !IR TRADITIONAL SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS1 !IR FEUDAL DUES & !IR POLITICAL CONTROL ( ! PROV9CIAL E/ATES4 ,TO ?AT EXT5T ! CAHI]S REFLECT ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONFLICTS :I* DIVID$ ,FRANCE AS ! ANCI5 REGIME DREW TO ITS DOSE4.<#b#e#c.> 

,O!R S]I\S GRIEVANCES H>DLY MADE IT ONTO ! LI/S 9 ! CAHI]S4 ! LA/ V]SIONS ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE'S CAHI]S W]E $IT$ MA9LY BY !IR URBAN LAWY] REPRES5TATIVES1 :O SIMPLY DELET$ MANY PEASANT DEM&S = PROTECTION ( !IR TRADITIONAL VILLAGE LIFEWAYS AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 

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,! DRAMATIC FIR/ /AGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS WELL KN[N4 ,9 LESS ?AN TWO MON?S--FROM ,MAY #e TO ,JUNE #b#g1#a#g#h#i--! ?REE E/ATES CONV5$ TOGE!R 9 ! ,HALL ( ,MIRRORS AT ,V]SAILLES = ! OP5+ C]EMONIES4 ,! NEXT DAY ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE WAS 9=M$ ?AT ! ORD]S W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO MEET SEP>ATELY1 AN 9/RUCTION ?AT ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE FLATLY REFUS$ TO C>RY \T1 DEM&+ ?AT IT VOTE TOGE!R ) ! NOBILITY & CL]GY AS A S+LE BODY4 ,! NOBILITY REMA9$ UNCOMPROMIS+ ON ?IS SCORE1 ASS]T+ !IR SEP>ATE ID5TITY1 A POSITION ) :I* ! K+ FIRMLY CONCURR$4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE CALL$ UPON ITS SUPPORT]S 9 ! O!R ORD]S TO MEET ) IT1 & ON ,JUNE #ag ?IS MEET+ CON/ITUT$ ITSELF AS A ,NATIONAL ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 !REBY ASSUM+ TEMPOR>Y LEGISLATIVE SOV]EIGNTY ) A VIEW T[>D WRIT+ A CON/ITUTION = ,FRANCE4 ,:5 ! K+ REFUS$ TO ALL[ ?IS SEEM+ USURPATION ( P[]1 ! NEW ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 7AS ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE WAS TO BE G5]ALLY CALL$7 WAS LIT]ALLY %UT \T ( ITS MEET+ PLACE ON ,JUNE #b4 ,ITS MEMB]S1 \TRAG$ BY ! MON>*'S BEHAVIOR1 DEFIANTLY MET NEXT DOOR 9 A T5NIS C\RT1 :]E !Y SWORE AN OA? NOT TO DISB& UNTIL !Y HAD WRITT5 A CON/ITUTION = ,FRANCE4 ,F\R DAYS LAT]1 ! MAJORITY ( ! CL]GY--P>TICUL>LY A L>GE NUMB]S ( POOR CURIS --JO9$ ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 FOLL[$ BY =TY-SEV5 NOBLES ON ! DAY ?AT FOLL[$4 ,H[EV] UNWILL+LY1 ! K+ WAS OBLIG$ TO YIELD3 ON HE>+ ?AT A CR[D ( ?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE FROM ,P>IS W\LD 9VADE ! PALACE IF HE REFUS$1 ! K+ ON ,JUNE #bg 9VIT$ 0HIS LOYAL CL]GY & HIS LOYAL NOBILITY0 TO CONV5E ) ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 

,YET ,L\IS'S AGREEM5T TO ACCEPT ! UNITY ( ! ?REE E/ATES WAS PAT5TLY A RUSE TO GA9 TIME--& GA!R LOYAL TROOPS--TO =CIBLY DISB& ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,SC>CELY A WEEK BE=E HE O/5SIBLY YIELD$1 HE HAD SIGN$ M>*+ ORD]S TO BR+ SOLDI]S TO ,P>IS1 & ON ,JUNE #b#f1 A DAY BE=E HE EXPRESSLY CONC$$ TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 HE SIGN$ MORE ORD]S /R5G!N+ ! =CES AT ,V]SAILLES & >\ND ,P>IS4 ,AS E>LY AS ,JULY #g1 ! VISIBLE MASS+ ( TROOPS ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY G5]AT$ MASS CON/]NATION ?R\<\T ,P>IS1 JU/IFIABLY >\S+ POPUL> SUSPICIONS ?AT ! K+ WAS AB\T TO 9VADE & TAKE OV] ! CAPITAL4 

,! CLOS+ DAYS ( ,JUNE %\LD HAVE PROVID$ ,L\IS ) AMPLE EVID5CE ?AT HIS TROOPS 9 ! CAPITAL1 P>TICUL>LY ! BLUE-UNI=M$ ,FR5* ,GU>DS 7,G>DES FRATIFAISES71 W]E COMPLETELY UNRELIABLE4 ,! (FIC]S ( ?IS =CE HAD IMPOS$ SEV]E MILIT>Y RULES & ,PRUSSIAN-/YLE DISCIPL9E ON ! SOLDI]S1 :I* PR(\NDLY DISAFFECT$ !M1 AS DID !IR /EADY CONTACT ) ! CITY'S 9CREAS+LY 9SURRECTION>Y POPULATION4 ,M9DFUL ?AT ! ,G>DES W]E VULN]ABLE TO ! S5TIM5TS ( ! POPULACE1 ,L\IS DECID$ TO RELY PRIM>ILY ON REGIM5TS ( M]C5>Y =EIGN TROOPS1 :O W]E LESS LIKELY TO FAVOR ! POPUL> CAUSE4 ,YET1 AS !IR COMM&]S W>N$1 EV5 ! =EIGN REGIM5TS1 9CLUD+ ! USUALLY LOYAL ,SWISS M]C5>IES1 W]E UNRELIABLE4 ,AS ,P>IS GREW 9CREAS+LY RE/LESS1 9FLAM$ BY ITS M\NT+ SUSPICIONS ( ! K+'S 9T5TIONS1 SO TOO DID ! TROOPS :O W]E /ATION$ !RE2 BETWE5 ,JUNE #bd & ,JUNE #b#h1 SEV]AL COMPANIES MADE IT CLE>1 BY !IR BEHAVIOR BO? TO ! PEOPLE & TO !IR (FIC]S1 ?AT !Y W\LD REFUSE TO QUELL ANY DISORD]S BY RIOT]S4 ,! R+LEAD]S ( ?IS NE>-MUT9Y W]E >RE/$1 BUT 9 A D>+ RESCUE A CR[D ( ?REE HUNDR$ SPIRIT$ !M AWAY FROM PRISON1 AFT] :I* !Y W]E FET$ & HAIL$ 9 OP5 DEFIANCE ( ! ROYAL AU?ORITIES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 A NEW POLITICAL =CE WAS TAK+ %APE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ! F\R HUNDR$ ELECTORS :O HAD GA!R$ 9 SIXTY DI/RICT ASSEMBLIES TO *OOSE ,P>ISIAN REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE W]E OBLIG$ TO DISB& AFT] FULFILL+ !IR M&ATES1 ! ASSEMBLIES REMA9$ 9 PLACE EV5 AFT] ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL HAD CONV5$4 ,MEET+ AGA9 ON ,JUNE #b#e1 !Y BEGAN TO EXPLORE ! DEVELOP+ POLITICAL SITUATION AS QUASI-LEGAL BODIES1 EV5 MOV+ 9TO ! ,HDTEL DE ,VILLE 7! CITY HALL7 :]E !Y C>EFULLY MA9TA9$ ORGANIZ$ SURVEILLANCE ( ! CITY'S >I/OCRATS & RETA9$ CLOSE CONTACT ) ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AT ,V]SAILLES4 ,ON ,JUNE #bi !SE 0DI/RICTS10 AS ! ASSEMBLIES W]E CALL$1 LAID PLANS TO E/ABLI% A MILITIA ( TWO HUNDR$ CITIZ5S FROM EV]Y P>T ( ! CITY1 P>TLY TO 9TIMIDATE ! K+ %\LD HE TRY TO DISB& ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 P>TLY TO KEEP WAT* OV] ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS ?AT MI<T 9/IGATE TRANSGRESSIONS ( PROP]TY4 ,!Y PLAC$ ?IS MILITIA UND] ! CONTROL ( A ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEE AT ! ,HDTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,ON ! SAME EV5+ ?AT ! MILITIA WAS CREAT$1 ! DI/RICTS M]G$ ) ! EXI/+ MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 :I* TRADITIONALLY HAD BE5 APPO9T$ BY ! K+1 TO CON/ITUTE A NEW ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 OR CITY C\NCIL4 ,! REEM]G5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE REVIV$ TR\BL+ MEMORIES ( ! 9SURRECTION>Y BODY L$ BY ,ETI5NE ,M>CEL C5TURIES E>LI] &1 9 TIME1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS TO BECOME ONE ( ! CIVIC HOTB$S ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BY MID-,JULY1 :5 ! FEV] 9 ,P>IS REA*$ 9SURRECTION>Y PROPORTIONS1 ! ,COMMUNE & DI/RICTS CON/ITUT$ A LAT5T DUAL P[] EV5 RIVAL+ ! ,E/ATES1 & ORGANIZ$ ! CAPITAL'S DEF5SE AGA9/ ! K+'S TROOPS4 

,9 FACT1 ! ,FR5* PEOPLE HAD BE5 >M+ !MSELVES = MORE ?AN A YE>1 CREAT+ CITIZ5S' MILITIAS 7MILICES B\RGEOISES7 9 V>I\S CITIES & PEASANT MILITIAS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 PRESUMABLY TO PROTECT PROP]TY & H>VE/S FROM VAGRANTS4 ,N[ ?AT ,P>ISIANS C\LD REASONABLY EXPECT TO BE ATTACK$ BY =EIGN REGIM5TS ( ! K+1 RUMORS FLEW WILDLY ALL OV] ! CITY AT ! SLI<TE/ H9T ( A TROOP MOVEM5T4 ,! CITIZ5S ( ! CAPITAL NE$$ MORE ?AN WEAPONS = :AT !Y W]E CONV9C$ W\LD BE A SIEGE ( ! CITY BY A WELL-TRA9$ >MY1 :I* LEFT OP5 ONLY ONE C\RSE ( ACTION3 TO SEIZE ! MEANS ( LIFE :]EV] !Y C\LD BE F\ND4 ,ON ,JULY #a-#a#c !Y DE/ROY$ ! HAT$ CU/OMS B>RI]S >\ND ! CITY1 MA9LY TO REMOVE ANY IMP$IM5TS TO ! 5TRY ( >MS & FOOD SUPPLIES4 ,ON ,JULY #ac !Y CAPTUR$ ! ,SA9T-,LAZ>E MONA/]Y1 :]E MORE >MS & GRA9 HAD BE5 /OR$4 ,AS >MORIES W]E PLUND]$ = WEAPONS1 CITIZ5S MASS$ 9 SELF-DEF5SE1 TURN+ ! CAPITAL 9TO A LOAD$ GUN ?AT REQUIR$ ONLY ONE SP>K = IT TO GO (F4 

,ON ,JULY #aa ! GUN WAS FIR$ :5 ! POPUL> COMPTROLL]-G5]AL1 ,NECK]1 :O ! PEOPLE BELIEV$ TRI$ TO HOLD D[N ! RIS+ PRICE ( BREAD1 WAS FATU\SLY DISMISS$ BY ! K+4 ,NECK]'S DISMISSAL 9ITIAT$ A *A9 ( SPONTANE\S RIOTS ?R\<\T ! CAPITAL4 ,HUGE CR[DS GA!R$ 9 ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL1 :]E1 AS A NUMB] ( ACC\NTS HAVE IT1 ON ,JULY #ab AN 9C5DI>Y SPEE* BY ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S SUMMON$ ! PEOPLE TO >MS4 0,CITIZ5S1 Y\ KN[ ?AT ! ,NATION HAS ASK$ = ,NECK] TO BE RETA9$1 & HE HAS BE5 DRIV5 \T60 ! IMPROVID5T Y\NG LAWY] DECLAIM$ TO AN EAG] AUDI5CE FROM ATOP A TABLE4 0,C\LD Y\ BE MORE 9SOL5TLY FL\T$8 ,AFT] SU* AN ACT !Y WILL D>E ANY?+1 & !Y MAY P]HAPS BE PLANN+ & PREP>+ A ,SA9T,B>?OLOMEW MASSACRE ( PATRIOTS = ?IS V]Y NI<T6 444 ,TO >MS6 TO >MS60 ,DESM\L9S CRI$ \T1 DRAMATICALLY RAIS+ ONE OR TWO PI/OLS--AS ! /ORIES GO--OR NONE4 ,TO ! POLICE :O OBS]V$ HIM1 HE TAUNT$1 0,AT LEA/ !Y WILL NOT TAKE ME ALIVE1 & #a AM READY TO DIE A GLORI\S DEA?60.<#b#e#d.> ,:E!R ?IS SPEE* WAS ACCURATELY RECORD$ OR NOT1 IT WAS TYPICAL ( ! FI]Y ORATORY ?AT BY N[ FILL$ ! ,PALAIS ,ROYALE & ?AT WAS TO M>K POPUL> AGITATION ?R\<\T ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,ON ! SAME DAY1 9 ! G>D5S ( ! ,TUIL]IES ITSELF1 ,P>IS EXPLOD$ 9TO AN \TRI<T 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! ?RONE4 ,A CR[D ( SOME FIVE TO SIX ?\S& >M$ ,P>ISIANS DEFIANTLY 5GAG$ ! ,ROYAL-,ALLEM& REGIM5T ( ,G]MAN M]C5>IES1 :I* HAD BE5 S5T TO DISP]SE !M4 ,AL?\< ! CR[D1 RE9=C$ BY SYMPA!TIC ,FR5* ,GU>DS1 MANAG$ TO PUT ! ,ROYAL-,ALLEM& REGIM5T TO FLI<T1 RUMORS RAPIDLY SPREAD ?R\<\T ! CITY ?AT ! M]C5>IES HAD MASSACR$ PEACEFUL CITIZ5S 9 ! ,TUIL]IES4 ,OP5 FI<T+ N[ BROKE \T 9 ! CITY BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN TROOPS & ! ,FR5* ,GU>DS1 PLUNG+ ALL ( ,P>IS 9TO OP5 9SURRECTION4 ,9 FACT1 NE>LY ALL ! K+'S TROOPS 9 ! CAPITAL W]E UNRELIABLE1 & NONE ( ! CONT+5TS /ATION$ !RE C\LD BE SAFELY DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! 9SURRECTION ?AT RAPIDLY 5GULF$ ! CITY4 

,EV5 AS CONFLICTS SPREAD FROM ONE NEI<BORHOOD TO ANO!R1 NEW RUMORS AGA9 SWEPT ?R\< ! CITY ON ,JULY #ad ?AT ! K+'S TROOPS1 /ATION$ ON ITS \TSKIRTS1 W]E BEG9N+ TO 9VADE ! CAPITAL4 ,! CITIZ5RY W]E DESP]ATE = ADDITIONAL >MS4 ,! ,P]MAN5T ,COMMITTEE ( ! DI/RICTS N[ ISSU$ A CALL = B>RICADES TO BE ]ECT$ & = SYMPA!TIC ,FR5* ,GU>DS TO BE MOBILIZ$1 SIMULTANE\SLY DISPAT*+ ITS MILITIAM5--SOON TO BE CALL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D--TO PROTECT BANKS & PROP]TY AGA9/ LOOT]S4 ,ALL C>TS W]E PROHIBIT$ FROM 5T]+ OR LEAV+ ,P>IS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT FOOD & MILIT>Y /ORES 9 SIZABLE QUANTITIES W]E COLLECT$ AT ! ,PLACE DE ,GRFEVE1 FAC+ ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE4 ,%ORTLY AFT] DAWN1 A HUGE CR[D CONV]G$ >\ND ! ,HDTEL DES ,9VALIDES1 ,P>IS'S MILIT>Y HOSPITAL & COMP\ND1 DEM&+ ?AT ! GOV]NOR PROVIDE !M ) ! WEAPONS 9SIDE4 ,:5 ! DEM& WAS REFUS$1 ! CR[D /ORM$ ! BUILD+ & C>RI$ (F #b#h1 MUSKETS & T5 CANNON--:ILE ! ,9VALIDES GU>DS PASSIVELY /OOD BY !IR >TILL]Y )\T FIR+ A %OT4 ,NOR DID ! GOV]NOR ( ! ,9VALIDES D>E TO CALL UPON ! TROOPS 5CAMP$ NE>BY1 AT ! ,*AMPS DE ,M>S1 = ASSI/ANCE2 HE HAD BE5 ADVIS$ BY !IR UNEASY (FIC]S ?AT !Y W]E COMPLETELY UNRELIABLE4 

,BUT IF ! CR[D ACQUIR$ SIZABLE NUMB]S ( MUSKETS & CANNON FROM ! ,9VALIDES1 ! BUILD+ WAS LACK+ 9 P[D] & %OT--& P[D] & %OT W]E :AT !Y N[ DESP]ATELY NE$$4 ,RUMOR HAD IT !SE MILIT>Y /ORES C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,?IS F\RTE5?-C5TURY PRISON-=TRESS1 :OSE EI<T R\ND$ T[]S ROSE SOME SEV5TY FEET ABOVE ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E1 WAS EQUIPP$ ) EI<TE5 IMPOS+ CANNON ?AT1 EV5 N[1 W]E TRA9$ ON ! CITY'S 9SURRECTION>Y EA/]N QU>TI]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! ,9VALIDES WAS BE+ BESIEG$1 O!R ,P>ISIANS1 9T]M+L+ ) SYMPA!TIC SOLDI]S1 BEGAN TO CONV]GE ON ! =TRESS1 :I* HAD BE5 HEAVILY RE9=C$ ) >TILL]Y & G>RISON$ BY ,SWISS SOLDI]S4 ,AT T5 O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 F\R DEPUTATIONS FROM ! NEW ,COMMUNE AT ! ,H#fTEL DE ,VILLE TRI$ TO NEGOTIATE ! ,BA/ILLE'S PEACEFUL SURR5D] ) ITS COMM&]1 ! CONFUS$ ,M>QUIS DE ,LAUNEY1 ASK+ HIM TO )DRAW HIS OM9\S CANNON FROM ! P>APETS & !N ALL[ ! ,COMMUNE'S MILITIA TO TAKE CU/ODY ( ! =TRESS4 ,DE ,LAUNEY WAS TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) ! SITUATION ?AT FAC$ HIM4 ,ALT]NAT+ BETWE5 CRAV5 C[>DICE & M9DLESS BELLIG]5CE1 HE BEHAV$ ) 9CR$IBLE 9DECISION4 ,HIS CANNON W]E FIR/ PULL$ BACK1 !N REAPPE>$1 ONLY S]V+ TO 9FURIATE ! POORLY >M$ CR[D \TSIDE ! =TRESS4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 IT SEEMS EVID5T ?AT DE ,LAUNEY HAD NO 9T5TION ( SURR5D]+ ! ,BA/ILLE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! PEOPLE \TSIDE ! =TRESS REALIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD TO TAKE IT BY /ORM1 IF !Y W]E TO GA9 IT4 ,>\ND TWO O'CLOCK1 TWO M5 MANAG$ TO GET 9TO ! 9N] C\RTY>D ( ! =TRESS1 SMA%+ ! DRAWBRIDGE PULLEYS1 & ! HUGE DOORS FELL OP5 ) A CRA%4 ,IMM$IATELY1 %OOT+ BROKE \T BETWE5 ! CR[D & ! G>RISON1 EV5 :ILE ! ,COMMUNE DELEGATION WAS FUTILELY ASK+ DE ,LAUNEY TO SURR5D]4 ,9 ! LATE AFT]NOON1 >\ND ?REE-?IRTY1 A =M] S]GEANT 9 ! ,FR5* ,GU>DS1 ONE ,PI]RE-,AUGU/9 ,HUL91 HE>+ CANNON FIRE FROM ! ,BA/ILLE1 DECID$ TO LEAD A CONT+5T ( ,FR5* ,GU>DS & SEV]AL HUNDR$ CIVILIANS TO ! =TRESS4 ,WELLEQUIPP$ ) MUSKETS & SOME F\R CANNON1 !Y REA*$ ! ,BA/ILLE1 ONLY TO BE JO9$ BY ANO!R COLUMN ( >M$ CITIZ5S1 UND] ! COMM& ( A ,LIEUT5ANT ,JACOB ,ELIE4 ,FIR+ !IR CANNON DIRECTLY 9TO ! =TRESS GATE1 ! TWO COLUMNS SURG$ OV] ! L[]$ DRAWBRIDGE 9TO ! ,BA/ILLE1 FOLL[$ BY O!R >M$ BESIEG]S1 & =C$ ITS SURR5D] AT FIVE O'CLOCK4 ,DE ,LAUNAY1 :ILE ESCORT$ FROM ! ,BA/ILLE1 WAS SUMM>ILY KILL$ BY ! CR[D NE> ! ,HDTEL DE ,VILLE1 & HIS HEAD WAS IMPAL$ ON A PIKE1 TOGE!R ) ! HEAD ( ,JACQUES DE ,FLESSELLES1 A ROYAL MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY :OSE APP>5T ATTEMPTS ?AT MORN+ TO MISDIRECT ! CR[D AWAY FROM >MS /ORES HAD >\S$ POPUL> SUSPICION4 ,! 5TIRE CONFLICT CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( SOME N9ETY-EI<T ASSAILANTS ( ! ,BA/ILLE & P]HAPS TWO OR ?REE ( ITS DEF5D]S4 

,! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE M>K$ ! CLIMAX ( ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JULY #a#c-#a#d4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT ABRUPTLY M>K$ ! 5D ( ROYAL TYRANNY 9 ,FRANCE & VALIDAT$ ! %IFT ( P[] TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AT ,V]SAILLES & TO ! NEW ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS4 

,! J\RNIE1 OR 0DAY10 AS ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES W]E TO CALL !IR EV5TFUL 9SURRECTIONS1 C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 WON )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! TROOPS 9 ! CAPITAL1 OR AT LEA/ !IR B5IGN NEUTRALITY4 ,)9 ! ,FR5* ,GU>DS1 ! MUT9IES AT ! COMPANY LEVEL 9 E>LY ,JUNE W]E SOON FOLL[$ BY ! \TRI<T P>TICIPATION ( 5TIRE REGIM5TS 9 ! POPUL> UPRIS+4 ,! AU?ORITIES1 = !IR P>T1 HAD BE5 IRRESOLUTE & S5SELESSLY PROVOCATIVE EV5 :5 IT WAS APP>5T ?AT ! PEOPLE HAD WON ! BATTLE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,! 0B\RGEOISIE0 W]E *>ACT]I/ICALLY PRUD5T4 ,!Y MI/RU/$ ! PEOPLE EV5 MORE ?AN !Y MI/RU/$ ! MON>*Y1 AN ATTITUDE1 AS TIME WAS TO %[1 ?AT SURFAC$ ?R\<\T ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,P,>,I,S,I,A,N,S 

,:O W]E ! PEOPLE :O MADE ?IS 9SURRECTION8 ,A LI/ ( #i$ ( ?OSE :O W]E SUBSEQU5TLY AW>D$ ! TITLE 0CONQU]OR ( ! ,BA/ILLE0 RECORDS ! PR(ESSIONS ( #ffa ( !M4 ,TO JUDGE FROM ?IS LI/1 !Y CAME FROM A DI/9CTLY PRE9DU/RIAL WORLD4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY W]E >TISANS1 9CLUD+ JO9]S1 CAB9ETMAK]S1 LOCKSMI?S1 & 5GRAV]S1 AS WELL AS MORE OR LESS CASUALLY EMPLOY$ M54 ,!Y 9CLUD$ COBBL]S1 GAUZE WEAV]S1 W9E SELL]S1 JEWEL]S1 HATT]S1 NAILSMI?S1 MONUM5T MASONS1 TAILORS1 DY]S--9 ALL1 #ccb >TISANS & NONDESCRIPT WORK]S4 ,:AT MI<T PASS = 0B\RGEOIS0 9CLUD$ A FEW TRADESM51 SMALL-SCALE MANUFACTUR]S SU* AS ! BREW] ,SANT]RE :O HIR$ WORK]S = HIS 5T]PRISE1 TOGE!R ) A V>IETY ( M]*ANTS & R5TI]S4 ,TO ! 9SURRECTION>IES1 WE MI<T ALSO ADD A L>GE CONT+5T ( SOLDI]S & A NUMB] ( (FIC]S4 ,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ ! F9ANCIAL /ATUS ( !SE 0CONQU]ORS10 & AMONG ! >TISANS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 MA/]S & J\RNEYM54 ,S9CE ! MAJORITY 7#d#b#e \T ( #f#b7 CAME FROM ! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E1 ! MO/ RADICAL NEI<BORHOOD OR QU>TI] ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 ! K9D ( PEOPLE :O LAT] BECAME ! MORE RADICAL ELEM5TS ( ! FAM\S SANS-CULOTTES --! M5 9 LONG TR\S]S 9/EAD ( KNEE BREE*ES--& ! B>E->M$ LABOR]S1 OR 0BRAS NUS40 

,LIKE ! YEOM5 & >TISAN ,LEVEL]S 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION OR ! BACKC\NTRY F>M]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! >TISANS ( ,P>IS W]E (T5 FI]CELY 9DEP5D5T1 TOOK IMM5SE PRIDE 9 !IR SKILLS1 & W]E V]Y SELF-RELIANT & EXPRESSIVELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,! [N]%IP ( PROP]TY 9 !IR EYES SEEMS TO HAVE SIMPLY MEANT ?AT !Y 5JOY$ A MEASURE ( P]SONAL FRE$OM FROM ! VICISSITUDES ( ! M>KET & FROM ! S]VILITY 9CULCAT$ 9 UNSKILL$ WORK]S1 :O C\LD BE EASILY HIR$ & FIR$ BY AN UNFEEL+ EMPLOY]4 ,!Y HAD NO COMMITM5T TO :AT WE W\LD CALL SOCIALI/IC VIEWS2 PROP]TY1 TO !M1 WAS A MEANS ( ASSUR+ !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM EMPLOY]S & O!R FIGURES 9 AU?ORITY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 !Y VIEW$ UNW>RANT$ PRIVILEGE & EXCESSIVE WEAL? AS HE9\S4 ,!RE W]E ALSO MANY POOR1 EV5 ECONOMICALLY DE/ITUTE SANS-CULOTTES :O HAD NO?+ TO LOSE 9 P>TICIPAT+ 91 EV5 /IRR+ UP1 J\RNIES1 :I* (T5 APPROXIMAT$ TO FOOD RIOTS4 ,?IS NASC5T1 AS YET UN=M$1 PROLET>IAT ( BRAS NUS 9 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITS MO/ >TICULATE SPOKESP]SONS 9 ! 5RAGIS ( #agic 7A ,FR5* WORD ?AT CAN BE V>I\SLY TRANSLAT$ AS 05RAG$ M510 0MADM510 OR 0FANATICS10 DEP5D+ ON ONE'S POLITICAL P]SUASION7 & ! V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES ?AT MU%ROOM$ 9 ! SLUM >EAS ( ! CITIES4 

,AL?\< ,ALB]T ,MA?IEZ CONT5DS ?AT ! ATTACK UPON ! ,BA/ILLE WAS A TYPICALLY ,P>ISIAN J\RNIE1 ,JACQUES ,GODE*OT NOTES ?AT 0MO/ ( .<! P>TICIPANTS.> HAD ONLY REC5TLY BECOME ,P>ISIANS2 IF WE /UDY ! REF]5CES TO !IR BIR?PLACES1 WE F9D ?AT #cde ( !M CAME ORIG9ALLY FROM ! PROV9CES10.<#b#e#e.> ESPECIALLY FROM ! ,NOR? & ,NOR!A/4 ,HAV+ MOV$ TO ,P>IS FROM RURAL VILLAGES & T[NS1 !SE PEOPLE LIV$ 9 CULTURAL T5SION BETWE5 ! SL[] RHY?MS & NATURAL SURR\ND+S ( RURAL LIFE1 & ! FA/]1 SEEM+LY >TIFICIAL PACE ( CITY LIFE4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE BE5 9CL9$ TO FAVOR A FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY ( PROV9CIAL CRAFTSPEOPLE & F>M]S1 :O TRADITIONALLY 5JOY$ ! COMPET5CE & FRE$OM TO CREATE !IR [N *OS5 LIFEWAYS4 ,DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION !IR S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE1 :E!R REAL OR IMAG9>Y1 W\LD GUIDE !M T[>D A FAIRLY DEC5TRALI/IC SOCIAL /RUCTURE & AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON 9TIMATE TIES BETWE5 BUY]S & SELL]S--9 %ORT1 T[>D A DIRECT DEMOCRACY BAS$ ON A MORAL ECONOMY RA!R ?AN A REPRES5TATIVE REPUBLIC /RUCTUR$ >\ND PR(IT-MAK+ & ACQUISITION4 

,US+ ! SOBRIQUET ( SANS-CULOTTE1 A DOCUM5T ( ,APRIL #agic DESCRIBES ?IS K9D ( >TISAN AS 

A MAN :O GOES EV]Y:]E ON FOOT1 :O HAS NONE ( ! MILLIONS ?AT Y\ W\LD LIKE TO HAVE1 NO *ATEAUX1 NO VALETS TO S]VE HIM1 & :O LIVES QUITE SIMPLY ) HIS WIFE & *ILDR51 IF HE HAS ANY1 ON ! F\R? OR FIF? FLOOR .<9 CONTRA/ ) ! WELL-TO-DO1 :O LIV$ ON L[] FLOORS.>4 ,HE IS USEFUL BECAUSE HE KN[S H[ TO PL[ A FIELD1 H[ TO USE A =GE1 SAW1 & FILE & COV] A RO(1 H[ TO MAKE %OES & TO FI<T TO ! LA/ DROP ( HIS BLOOD = ! SAFETY ( ! ,REPUBLIC-,9 ! EV5+S1 HE GOES TO HIS SECTION .<?AT IS1 HIS NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY.> NOT P[D]$1 P]FUM$1 & MANICUR$ SO ?AT ! CITOY5NES 9 ! GALL]IES WILL NOTICE HIM1 BUT TO SUPPORT S\ND RESOLUTIONS ) ALL HIS MI<T & TO CRU% ! ABOM9ABLE FACTION ( ! GOV]N+ M5 ( /ATE .<HOMMES D'ETAT .>4 ,:5 HE IS AT RE/1 A SANS-CULOTTE ALWAYS KEEPS HIS SWORD %>P5$1 SO ?AT HE CAN CLIP ! E>S ( ?OSE :O WI% HIM ILL4.<#b#e#f.> 

,AS ,GWYN ,A4 ,WILLIAMS OBS]VES1 ! T]M SANS-CULOTTE BECAME 0A CONC]T9A WORD0.<#b#e#g.> ?AT C\LD EXP& TO 9CLUDE PEOPLE :O DID NOT FIT ?IS DESCRIPTION1 LIKE ! WEAL?Y BREW] ,SANT]RE & EV5 ! C>P5T] ,DUPLAY1 :O NEV] DEIGN$ TO SIT AT ! SAME D9N] TABLE AS HIS M5 & E>N$ #a1 TO #a#b1 LIVRES FROM HIS R5TS4 ,AT ! O!R EXTREME1 ! WORD C\LD 9CLUDE UTT]LY IMPOV]I%$ REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,PI]RE ,DUCROQUET1 A RADICAL :O C\LD B>ELY F9D CLO?+ = HIS NEWBORN BABY & WAS #g LIVRES 9 DEBT :5 HE WAS EXECUT$4 

,BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES1 ! SMALL-PROP]TI$ SANS-CULOTTE ( 9DEP5D5T MEANS *]I%$ ! ,SP>TAN VIRTUES & /RONG COLLECTIVE ID5TITY ( ! CRAFTSMAN4 ,SU* PEOPLE W\LD EV5TUALLY =M ! RADICAL WORK+ CLASS ( ,P>IS WELL 9TO ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS1 UNTIL !Y W]E SUPPLANT$ BY A MORE REGIM5T$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT :O HAD BECOME DISCIPL9$ BY A HI<LY RATIONALIZ$ FACTORY R\T9E4 ,! LAT] J\RNEES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION W]E FUEL$ NO LESS BY ?IS SMALL-PROP]TI$ OR HI<LY SKILL$ SANS-CULOTTE ?AN BY ! DESP]ATELY POOR :O1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( DEMORALIZ+ ECONOMIC NE$1 SELDOM ROSE BEYOND A FOOD RIOT OR ELSE FELL EASY PREY TO ORATORICAL DEMAGOG]Y4 

,LIKE SANS-CULOTTE1 ! WORD PEASANT TOO BECAME A 0CONC]T9A WORD10 5COMPASS+ WELL-TO-DO CAPITALI/ F>M]S AT ONE EXTREME & L&LESS LABOR]S AT ! O!R4 ,BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 ! ,FR5* PEASANT :O [N$ A SMALL PLOT ( L& WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SUBSI/5CE F>M] & /ILL HAD TO WORK AS A DAY LABOR] OR R5T A LEASEHOLD TO MAKE 5DS MEET4 ,LIKE ! URBAN >TISAN1 ! PEASANT ALSO VALU$ PROP]TY1 MORE AS A MEANS TO A MODE/LY GOOD LIFE ?AN AS A SPR+BO>D = WEAL? & P[]4 ,DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 HE TOO S\<T TO ATTA9 HIS 9DEP5D5CE BY GA9+ A SECURE IF MODE/ COMPET5CE TO MEET ! NE$S ( HIS FAMILY YE> R\ND4 ,HE TRI$ TO OBTA9 MAT]IAL SECURITY1 BUT1 UNLIKE HIS URBAN C\S91 HE HOP$ TO F9D IT BY PRES]V+ TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVE VILLAGE PRACTICES BY :I* HIS COMMUNITY %>$ DRAFT ANIMALS1 PL[S1 & COMMON L&S4 ,= HIM1 P>T ( ATTA9+ SECURITY MEANT ELIM9AT+ ! SEIGNEURIAL PRIVILEGES ?AT ALL[$ ! NOBILITY TO GR9D HIM 9TO ! DU/1 & FRE$OM FROM ! RAPACI\S ROYAL TAX-GA!R]S & 5GROSS+ CAPITALI/ F>M]S :O ?REAT5$ HIS TRADITIONAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,FROM ?IS IMM5SE POPULATION ( PEASANTS CAME ! GREAT JACQU]IES ?AT EFFECTIVELY %R$D$ ! REMNANT FEUDAL ORD] ( PRIVILEGE--& PLAC$ A P[]FUL BRAKE ON CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE4 

,NOR W]E ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! NOBILITY ! ONLY S\RCE ( ,FR5* POPUL> ANG]4 ,! >TISAN & ! PEASANT ALIKE DETE/$ ! FEUDAL PRIVILEGES RETA9$ BY ! MA/]S ( CLOS$ GUILDS1 & BY SELF-S]V+ & PAT5TLY HYPOCRITICAL BI%OPS4 ,!Y DEEPLY RES5T$ ! SLI<TS ?AT ! WEAL?Y ( ALL /RATA 9FLICT$ DAILY ON !IR 09F]IORS10 AS IF !Y W]E LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,NO LESS DID !Y DETE/ ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 ) ITS MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 & (FICIALS ( ALL K9DS :O BORE D[N HEAVILY ON ALL ! L[] /RATA ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,! C5TRALIZATION ( ! PREVI\S TWO C5TURIES1 !Y SAW OR IMPLICITLY UND]/OOD1 UND]M9$ !IR TIME-HONOR$ CU/OMS ( COMMUNAL AUTONOMY & SELF-RULE4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! TYPICAL SMALL >TISANS & PEASANTS BITT]LY HAT$ ! 5CROA*M5T ( CAPITALISM ON !IR TRADITIONAL LIFEWAYS4 ,! FREE M>KET1 SO WIDELY LAUD$ BY ! ,PHYSIOCRATS & ! K+'S COMPTROLL]-G5]AL1 SET !M ADRIFT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY ATOMIZ$ & FE>FULLY 9SECURE WORLD4 ,MANY CORPORATE FEATURES ( ,FRANCE'S QUASI-FEUDAL ANCI5 REGIME W]E /ILL POPUL> DESID]ATA3 A MA/] CRAFTSMAN WAS AT LEA/ EXPECT$ TO SEE TO ! WELF>E ( HIS WORKM5 & S]VANTS1 H[EV] MU* HE HONOR$ ?IS RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! BREA*4 ,! ,*UR*1 H[EV] OPPRESSIVE & P>ASITICAL1 WAS EXPECT$ TO C>E = ! SICK & HELPLESS & PROVIDE $UCATION = ! POOR4 ,GUILD MA/]S W]E OBLIG$ TO C>E = !IR APPR5TICES & J\RNEYM51 & VILLAGES AS A :OLE W]E EXPECT$ TO C>E = !IR 9FIRM OR IMPOV]I%$ RESID5TS4 ,CAPITALISM1 AT LEA/ 9 ! COMM]CIAL T[NS1 ?REAT5$ TO %R$ !SE TIME-HONOR$ RELATION%IPS1 (F]+ 9 !IR PLACE ! COLD 9DIFF]5CE ( A FREE M>KET ECONOMY )\T ANY PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY4 ,BO? >TISAN & PEASANT W]E PLAC$ AT ! M]CY ( HE>TLESS EMPLOY]S1 GRA9 HO>D]S1 SPECULATORS1 & L&-GRABB]S1 :O RU?LESSLY RAIS$ PRICES DUR+ FOOD %ORTAGES & PR(IT$ 5ORM\SLY FROM ! MIS=TUNES ( ! POOR4 ,& S9CE NE>LY HALF ( AN >TISAN'S 9COME MI<T GO ON BREAD = HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY1 ANY 9FLAT$ PRICES ?AT FOLL[$ GRA9 %ORTAGES C\LD BE COMPLETELY DEVA/AT+4 

,H5CE1 ECONOMICALLY & EV5 CULTURALLY1 ! SANS-CULOTTES & ! PEASANTRY T5D$ TO LEAN T[>D TRADITIONAL =MS ( ECONOMIC LIFE1 MORE R$OL5T ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AN ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,! URBAN MASSES DEM&$ PRICE CONTROLS1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GRA9 TO FE$ ! HUNGRY POPULATION1 & AN ACTIVE CONC]N = SOCIAL WELF>E1 :ILE ! POOR] PEASANTRY & ! L&LESS RURAL WORK]S FAVOR$ MEASURES DESIGN$ TO RE/ORE ! COMMON L&S ?AT ! NOBILITY & RURAL B\RGEOISIE HAD EXPROPRIAT$4 ,AL?\< NONE ( !SE DEM&S WAS OPPOS$ TO PRIVATE PROP]TY AS SU*1 !Y IMPLI$ A HO/ILITY TO EXTREMES ( WEAL? & POV]TY--IDEAS ?AT W]E EXPRESS$ 9 LIB]AL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,R\SSEAU & EV5 BY ,ROBESPI]RE & ,SA9T-,JU/ 9 ! F9AL WEEKS ( !IR RULE4 

,9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,FRANCE1 ! BASICALLY TRADITIONAL ECONOMY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY G5]AT$ AN 9T5SELY SOCIAL WAY ( LIFE1 ) A S5SE ( COMMUNITY 9 URBAN QU>TI]S & RURAL VILLAGES ?AT /ILL HAUNTS ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION ( \R [N COMMUNALLY DESICCAT$ SOCIETY4 ,! ,FAUB\RG ,SA9T-,ANTO9E1 :I* SURR\ND$ ! ,BA/ILLE1 ?ROBB$ ) HUMAN ACTIVITY1 DISCUSSIONS1 P$DL]S HAWK+ !IR W>ES1 *ILDR5 PLAY+ GAMES1 WOM5 %\T+ TO EA* O!R OR TO PASS]SBY FROM W9D[S OV]LOOK+ /REETS & ALLEYS1 BEGG>S & PRO/ITUTES 9T]M+L+ ) ORD9>Y WORKM5 & EV5 B\RGEOIS ) MODE/ 9COMES1 A MULTITUDE ( OP5 RETAIL /ORES1 WORK%OPS1 APO!C>IES1 NOT>IES1 BAK]S1 GRE5GROC]S1 & W9E%OPS ?AT W]E FILL$ ) PEOPLE AFT] WORK+ H\RS :O PLAY$ C>DS1 GOSSIP$1 DISCUSS$1 & 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL LAID PLANS = J\RNIES4 ,H]E NEWS WAS EX*ANG$1 PEPP]$ ) EXHORTATIONS TO ACTION4 ,H]E1 TOO1 NEWSPAP]S & PAMPHLETS W]E F]V5TLY READ AL\D TO ! ILLIT]ATE AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALLY 9 SIL5CE4 ,! /REETS & W9E%OPS ( ! QU>TI] BECAME ! LIV$ =UMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION :]E1 DUR+ A J\RNIE 1 ! TOCS9 W\LD BE S\ND$1 AL>M GUNS FIR$1 & DRUMS BEAT51 CALL+ ! PEOPLE TO 9SURRECTION4 ,) ONE \T ( ?REE 9HABITANTS UNEMPLOY$1 ! ,SA9T-,ANTO9E BECAME ! EASILY IGNIT$ S\RCE ( ! GREAT J\RNDES & ! PUBLIC >5A ( ITS MO/ RADICAL EGALIT>IAN DEM&S4 

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