,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T ,I,I,I4 ,! ,A,M,],I,C,A,N ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,*APT] #i4 0,A ,K9D ( ,REVOLUTION0 

,! M5 & WOM5 :O RALLI$ TO ! ,LEVEL] CAUSE 9 ! LATE #a#f#dS FAD$ AWAY ) ! RISE ( ,CROMWELL'S 9T]REGNUM4 ,BUT !IR POLITICAL IDEAL ( 0AN AGREEM5T ( ! PEOPLE ACCEPTABLE TO ! G5]AL WILL10 AS ,H4,N4 ,BRAILS=D OBS]VES1 DID NOT DISAPPE>4 0,IT CROSS$ ! ,ATLANTIC 444 & BORE RIPE FRUIT4 ,DEFEAT$ 9 ,EUROPE1 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITS TRIUMPH & ITS CULM9ATION 9 ,AM]ICA40.<#a#d.> 

,UNTIL REC5TLY1 !RE HAS BE5 A T5D5CY AMONG HI/ORIANS TO DEPRECATE ! MIGRATION ( RADICAL IDEALS TO COLONIAL ,AM]ICA & ! RADICALISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION G5]ALLY4 ,ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] HAS BE5 SLI<T$ BY HI/ORIANS :O TREAT IT AS A M]E W> = 9DEP5D5CE1 A CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5T TO PRES]VE EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 OR A PURELY ECONOMIC CONFLICT BETWE5 COMPET+ COLONIAL 9T]E/S & ! 0MO!R C\NTRY40 ,EV5 SO POPULI/ A HI/ORIAN AS ,H[>D ,Z9N HAS DISMISS$ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION AS A 0K9D ( REVOLUTION0 & DEMEAN$ IT = ITS PRESUM$ TAM5ESS & UPP]CLASS BIAS1.<#a#e.> :ILE O!R HI/ORIANS PORTRAY IT AS A G5TLEMANLY BALLET BETWE5 BEWIGG$ ,ANGLO-,AM]ICANS4 

,IT IS ONE ?+ TO LOOK AT ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! T]MS ( ! V>Y+ =TUNES ( ! LATE-TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,AM]ICAN ,LEFT1 & QUITE ANO!R TO EXAM9E IT )9 ! CONTEXT ( ITS [N TIME1 MORE ?AN TWO C5TURIES AGO4 ,AS AN EI<TE5?-C5TURY PH5OM5ON1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION CONT9U$ AN E>LI] POLITICAL TRADITION BAS$1 LIKE ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 ON 0! RI<TS ( ,5GLI%M510 BUT IT BUILT ?IS TRADITION 9TO A =CE ?AT W\LD GA9 MONUM5TAL IMPORTANCE1 NO LESS = ,EUROPE & EV5 COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES ?AN = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ITS [N TIME1 ?IS ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN TRADITION WAS TO BECOME DI/9CTLY REVOLUTION>Y1 9 A S5SE ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 CONG5IAL TO FIGURES SU* AS ,LILBURNE1 ,RA9BOR\<1 & ,OV]TON4 

,9 >GU+ ! CASE ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES UND]W5T A REVOLUTION 9 ! #a#g#gS & #a#g#hS & NOT M]ELY A W> = 9DEP5D5CE1 ,R4,R4 ,PALM] EXPLORES ! QUE/ION ACCORD+ TO TWO QUANTITATIVE & OBJECTIVE CRIT]IA3 0H[ MANY REFUGEES W]E !RE FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 & H[ MU* PROP]TY DID !Y LOSE1 9 COMP>ISON ) ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION80 ,BY ! FIR/ CRIT]ION1 HE OBS]VES ?AT :]EAS !RE W]E 0#b#d EMIGRES P] ?\S& ( POPULATION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION10 !RE W]E 0ONLY #e ,EMIGRES P] ?\S& ( POPULATION 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION40 ,AS = ! SECOND CRIT]ION1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T'S CONFISCATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ,FR5* IMIGRIS IS WELL KN[N1 BUT JUDG$ BY 9DEMNITIES ?AT ! ,BRITI% MADE ,AM]ICAN LOYALI/S = !IR PROP]TY LOSSES 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T DID NOT CONFISCATE ANY LESS ?AN ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 PROPORTION TO POPULATION4.<#a#f.> ,9 %ORT1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION PRODUC$ AN EV5 GREAT] EMIGRE POPULATION ?AN ! ,FR5*1 & COMP>ABLE EXPROPRIATIONS ( PROP]TY4 

,P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN !SE /ATI/ICS IS ,PALM]'S QUITE S\ND OBS]VATION ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS W]E GUID$ BY ID5TICAL PR9CIPLES3 0C]TA9 IDEAS ( ! AGE ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 F\ND ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC--IDEAS ( CON/ITUTIONALISM1 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 OR LEGAL EQUALITY--W]E MORE FULLY 9CORPORAT$ & LESS DISPUT$ 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN 9 ,EUROPE40.<#a#g.> ,!SE PR9CIPLES1 HE OBS]VES1 W]E 

MU* MORE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ,AM]ICA1 &444 CONTR>Y OR COMPET+ PR9CIPLES1 MON>*I/ OR >I/OCRATIC OR FEUDAL OR ECCLESIA/ICAL1 ?\< NOT ABS5T FROM ,AM]ICA1 W]E1 9 COMP>ISON TO ,EUROPE1 V]Y WEAK4 ,ASS]TION ( ! SAME PR9CIPLES !RE=E PROVOK$ LESS CONFLICT 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN 9 ,FRANCE4 .<,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION.> WAS1 9 TRU?1 LESS REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS1 9DE$1 A MOVEM5T TO CONS]VE :AT ALREADY EXI/$4 ,IT WAS H>DLY1 H[EV]1 A 0CONS]VATIVE0 MOVEM5T1 & IT CAN GIVE LIMIT$ COM=T TO ! !ORI/S ( CONS]VATISM1 = IT WAS ! WEAKNESS ( CONS]VATIVE =CES 9 EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA1 NOT !IR /R5G?1 ?AT MADE ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION AS MOD]ATE AS IT WAS4444 ,AM]ICA WAS DIFF]5T FROM ,EUROPE1 BUT IT WAS NOT UNIQUE4.<#a#h.> 

,! LESS 9FLAMMATORY *>ACT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S HAD ALREADY BE5 REVOLUTIONIZ+ !IR SOCIETY FROM ! 9CEPTION ( COLONIZATION SOME TWO C5TURIES E>LI]4 ,BY ! TIME HO/ILITIES BROKE \T1 !Y HAD COME TO REG>D !IR LIB]TIES AS P>T ( !IR PATRIMONY4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 MANY ,AM]ICANS HAD SIGNIFICANTLY LESS TO FI<T AB\T 9T]NALLY ?AN REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,FRANCE1 :OSE FEUDAL PA/ BURD5$ !M ) AN 5TR5*$ >I/OCRACY1 A FAIRLY C5TRALIZ$ MON>*Y1 & A P[]FUL CL]GY4 

,! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT ONE-FIF? ( ! POPULATION W]E *ATTEL SLAVES2 ?AT !Y WAG$ G5OCIDAL W>S AGA9/ ,9DIAN PEOPLES2 & ?AT COLONIAL FAMILIES W]E PATRI>*AL MAY SEEM TO BELIE ,PALM]'S !SIS & MY [N4 ,BUT IT IS EASY TO =GET ?AT ,AM]ICANS W]E NO DIFF]5T FROM ,EUROPEANS 9 !SE RESPECTS4 ,NONE ( ! IMP]IALI/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES W]E G5TLE GU>DIANS ( SUBJECT PEOPLES1 AS WITNESS ! TREATM5T ( ! ,IRI% BY ! ,5GLI%2 NOR DID ANY ( !M ACCORD WOM5 POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 & ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,AS = SLAV]Y1 ,NAPOLEON--G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS ! CR[N$ DEF5D] ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS FROM ! LATE #a#g#iS TO #a#h#a#d--RE/OR$ SLAV]Y TO ! ,FR5* COLONIES AFT] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAD ABOLI%$ IT4 ,9 ,EUROPE ITSELF1 SLAVE LABOR W\LD HAVE MADE NO ECONOMIC S5SE GIV5 ! CONT95T'S HI< POPULATION D5SITY--9 CONTRA/ TO ,AM]ICA1 :]E LABOR WAS *RONICALLY SC>CE = C5TURIES4 ,! ,AM]ICANS1 P>TICUL>LY ! PLANTATION [N]S :O DEP5D$ SO HEAVILY ON FIELD H&S TO CULTIVATE TOBACCO & LAT] COTTON AS !IR MO/ IMPORTANT CA% CROP1 W]E *RONICALLY %ORT ( LABOR & US$ :ITE 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS--PEOPLE :O GA9$ PASSAGE ACROSS ! OCEAN TO ,AM]ICA 9 EX*ANGE = FIVE TO SEV5 YE>S ( WORK ONCE !Y >RIV$--AS WELL AS BLACKS1 = S]VILE TASKS ?R\<\T ! COLONIAL P]IOD4 ,!SE FACTS DO NOT 9 ANY WAY JU/IFY SLAV]Y1 BUT !Y EXPLA9 ! REASONS :Y IT EM]G$ 9 ! SPECIFIC CONTEXT ( COLONIAL SOCIETY4 

,! ,5GLI% PEOPLE 9 G5]AL ACUTELY REMEMB]$ ?AT !Y HAD HAD TO =CE !IR MON>*S TO RESPECT !IR RI<TS--RI<TS ?AT ,FR$]ICK ,I,I ( ,PRUSSIA1 ,L\IS ,X,V,I ( ,FRANCE1 OR ,CA!R9E ,I,I ( ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE ABROGAT$ )\T A SECOND ?\<T4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 AS ,PALM] SUGGE/S1 ALL ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! DEMOCRATIC ]A W]E 9 SOME S5SE CONS]VATIVE1 = ! REVOLUTION>IES ASS]T$ POPUL> RI<TS ?AT !Y REG>D$ AS HALL[$ BY TRADITION1 AGA9/ 9VASIVE OR DOM9E]+ 9NOVATIONS ?AT W\LD LIMIT !M4 ,AN APPRECIABLE RADICAL LIT]ATURE ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ASS]T$ ?AT POPUL> RI<TS W]E ,SAXON RI<TS1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 :I* ! ,NORMAN CONQU]ORS HAD PRESUMABLY ABRIDG$ FOLL[+ ,WILLIAM'S 9VASION ( ! ISL& 9 #a#f#f4 ,H[EV] SPECI\S SU* CLAIMS W]E & H[EV] DI/ORT$ ! HI/ORY !Y 9VOK$1 REVOLUTIONS HAVE (T5 BE5 9ITIAT$ AS DEF5SIVE ACTIONS4 ,:AT ,AM]ICANS W]E TRY+ TO 0CONS]VE0 9 REACTION TO ,BRITI% 9T]F]5CE WAS A SPECTRUM ( ,5GLI% LIB]TIES1 MANY ( :I*1 9 FACT1 W]E BY NO MEANS CONS]VATIVE 9 ! USUAL MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 

,AFT] ! 0,GLORI\S ,REVOLUTION0 ( #a#f#h#h-#h#i1 9 :I* ! LA/ ,/U>T MON>* WAS REPLAC$ ) ! MORE DOME/ICAT$4 ,P>LIAM5T-CONTROLL$ MON>*S1 ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S1 EV5 MORE ?AN !IR ,5GLI% C\S9S1 ELABORAT$ ! 0RI<TS ( ,5GLI%M50 9TO FAIRLY AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS1 RANG+ FROM OLIG>*ICAL COLONIAL LEGISLATURES TYPIFI$ BY ! ,H\SE ( ,BURGESSES 9 ,VIRG9IA TO DIRECTDEMOCRATIC T[N MEET+S 9 ,NEW ,5GL&--ASSEMBLIES ?AT W]E QUITE CAPABLE1 :5 NECESS>Y1 ( DEFY+ ROYAL COLONIAL GOV]NORS & RAIS+ B>RI]S TO ! EX]CISE ( >BITR>Y P[]S NOT ONLY BY ! ,CR[N BUT ALSO BY ! ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T4 ,9DE$1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 MANY COLONI/S1 E*O+ ! ,5GLI% ,R\NDHEADS ( ! #a#f#dS1 CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,CR[N & ITS M9I/]S W]E USURP+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( !IR 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BUT AS ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION UNFOLD$1 ,AM]ICANS DID NOT M]ELY 0CONS]VE0 LOCAL 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( 0,5GLI%M5'S RI<TS02 RA!R1 ! V]Y MOM5TUM ( POPUL> BOYCOTTS1 RIOTS1 ACTS ( DEFIANCE ( ! ROYAL AU?ORITIES 9 !IR L&2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( GRASSROOTS 9/ITUTIONS TO MOBILIZE PEOPLE AGA9/ ! ROYAL & P>LIAM5T>Y 9VASION ( !IR 0LIB]TIES02 & F9ALLY ! ACTUAL FACTS ( >M$ 9SURRECTION ?AT SPREAD ?R\< ! COLONICS--ALL PRODUC$ A V]Y RADICAL 9/ITUTIONAL UPHEAVAL4 ,\T ( ?IS UPHEAVAL EM]G$ NEW POLITICAL IDEALS & VALUES & POPUL> 9SURRECTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAD AN 9E/IMABLE IMPACT ON ,EURO-,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 & :I* W]E TO REAPPE>1 (T5 ) NO *ANGE ( NAME1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,AL?\< ! IDEAS ( ! AGE ( ,5LI<T5M5T 0W]E MORE FULLY 9CORPORAT$ & LESS DISPUT$ 9 ,AM]ICA ?AN 9 ,EUROPE10 AS ,PALM] OBS]VES1 

.<TJH]E WAS 5\< ( A COMMON CIVILIZATION TO MAKE ,AM]ICA V]Y PO9T$LY SIGNIFICANT TO ,EUROPEANS4 ,= A C5TURY AFT] ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 P>TISANS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y OR LIB]AL MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE LOOK$ UPON ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES G5]ALLY ) APPROVAL1 & ,EUROPEAN CONS]VATIVES VIEW$ IT ) HO/ILITY OR D[NRI<T CONTEMPT4.<#a#i.> 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 9 EFFECT1 M>K$ ! CULM9ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ?AT HAD BE5 A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D'S COLONIZATION AS F> BACK AS ! #a#f#cS--& IT IS TO !SE T5D5CIES ?AT WE MU/ FIR/ TURN \R ATT5TION4 

,! ,O,R,I,G,9,S ,( ,R,E,B,E,L,L,I,O,N 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE FACTOR ?AT %AP$ ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! AVAILABILITY ( VA/ EXPANSES ( L& = SETTLEM5T & ! EXI/5CE ( A /RONG & HI<LY 9DEP5D5T YEOMANRY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! SITUATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>IES4 ,5GL&'S YEOMAN POPULATION WAS LOS+ \T TO L& 5CLOSURES1 A PROCESS ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY CREATE AN URBAN PROLET>IAT1 :ILE LAT]1 9 ,FRANCE1 IT WAS NOT UNTIL AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION BEGAN ?AT R$I/RIBUTION ( =M] *UR* L&S W\LD CREATE A L>GE PEASANT /RATUM4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES NE/L$ AT ! FOO?ILLS ( ! ,ALLE<5Y ,M\NTA9S1 BEYOND :I* LAY A VA/ EXPANSE ( >ABLE L&4 ,?IS IMM5SE >EA R5D]$ UNNECESS>Y ! DEM& = RADICAL L& R$I/RIBUTION1 SU* AS OCCURR$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AL?\< ! GR[? ( ! YEOMAN POPULATION WAS A*IEV$ AT ! EXP5SE ( RI* ,9DIAN CULTURES1 IT PRODUC$ QUITE UNIQUE POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ! ABUNDANCE ( >ABLE L& MADE POSSIBLE A SELF-CONSCI\S YEOMANRY ?AT SAW NO REASON :Y ITS SELF-SUFFICI5T LIFEWAYS %\LD BE 9HIBIT$ BY ANY EXOG5\S ELEM5TS1 SU* AS M]*ANTS1 SPECULATORS1 OR1 LAT]1 9DU/RIAL 5TREPR5EURS4 ,DESPITE ! IMM5SE L&HOLD+S ?AT EA/]N SPECULATORS & S\!RN PLANTATION [N]S ACQUIR$1 ! WE/]N FRONTI] PROVID$ A MAJOR RES]VOIR ?AT ABSORB$ MILLIONS ( L&LESS IMMIGRANTS = MORE ?AN A C5TURY AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION CAME TO AN 5D4 

,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! FRONTI] ALSO S]V$ AS A =CE TO DAMP5 SOCIAL UNRE/ BY ABSORB+ MANY DISCONT5T$ ELEM5TS4 ,:5 MORE AGGRESSIVE1 MILITANT1 & SOCIALLY UNRULY 9DIVIDUALS F\ND !IR AIMS /YMI$ BY L>GE L&[N]S & WEAL?Y M]*ANTS1 !Y DRIFT$ WE/W>D RA!R ?AN REMA9 BEH9D & PROVIDE LEAD]%IP TO POPUL> MOVEM5TS AGA9/ PRIVILEG$ ELITES4 ,ON ! FRONTI]1 MOREOV]1 !SE MILITANT ELEM5TS C\LD CREATE !IR [N R\<-&-READY EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES1 & :5 FUR!R IMMIGRANTS ROLL$ 91 !Y C\LD MOVE /ILL FUR!R ON TO RECREATE DEMOCRATIC LIFEWAYS 9 ! ,WE/--OR AT TIMES REMA9 :]E !Y W]E & BECOME ELITES 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,! VA/NESS ( ! CONT95T1 ! RI*NESS ( ITS SOIL1 ITS UN*>T$ WILD]NESS1 & ! ABS5CE ( A HI<LY /RATIFI$ SOCIETY MADE POSSIBLE ! =MULATION ( AN EGALIT>IAN 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 ?AT KEPT ! DEMOCRATIC IDEALS ( ! ,5GLI% ,LEVEL]S V]Y MU* ALIVE4 

,5GLI% COLONIZATION ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD DID NOT BEG9 9 E>NE/ UNTIL ! OP5+ DECADES ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 :5 ! ,VIRG9IA ,COMPANY1 *>T]$ 9 #a#f#f1 E/ABLI%$ A P]MAN5T COMMUNITY AT ,JAME/[N4 ,?IS SETTLEM5T WAS MORE ( A BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE ?AN AN IDEALI/IC UND]TAK+4 ,BY #a#f#c1 TOBACCO %IPM5TS FROM ! NEW COLONY HAD SO>$ FROM A M]E TOK5 ,G,B,P#b1 ( CUR$ LEAVES TO AB\T ,G,B,P#a4#e MILLION1 AN*OR+ ! S\!RN COLONIES 9 A PLANTATION WAY ( LIFE4 ,9 ! COA/AL >EAS ( ,VIRG9IA & ! ,C>OL9AS1 ! :ITE L&$ G5TRY1 :O T5D$ TO BE ,ANGLICAN1 EV5 DEVELOP$ >I/OCRATIC PRET5SIONS1 & !IR AFF9ITY = HI]>*Y WAS SECOND NATURE4 ,?IS OLIG>*Y LIV$ 9 HO/ILE COEXI/5CE ) ITS [N :ITE 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS & A GR[+ NUMB] ( ,AFRICAN SLAVES4 

,PU%$ 9L& 9TO ! DEM&+ FOO?ILLS ( ! ,APPALA*IANS--! ,PI$MONT--AN IMPOV]I%$ :ITE POPULATION ( ,SCOT*-,IRI% SETTL]S =M$ 9SULAT$ COMMUNITIES ( !IR [N ?AT W]E MORE LIKELY TO BE ,PRESBYT]IAN ?AN ,ANGLICAN & ?AT %>$ ! H>D%IPS ( FRONTI] LIFE3 ITS POV]TY1 9SECURITY1 & CONT9U$ ,9DIAN RAIDS4 ,!SE YEOMAN F>M]S HAD LITTLE PATI5CE ) ! SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS ?AT COA/AL ELITES SO F]V5TLY CULTIVAT$4 ,! COMMON PEOPLE1 COMPLA9$ ,WILLIAM ,BYRD1 0>E R>ELY GUILTY ( FLATT]+ OR MAK+ ANY C\RT TO !IR GOV]NORS1 BUT TREAT !M ) ALL ! EXCESS ( FRE$OM & FAMILI>ITY40.<#a#a.> 

,!SE BACKC\NTRY SETTL]S TYPIFY ANO!R FEATURE ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 MANY P>TS ( ! COLONIES1 A MILITIA SY/EM HAD DEVELOP$ ?AT MADE = A M5TALITY & *>ACT] /RUCTURE AMONG ,AM]ICAN F>M]S ?AT HAD LONG S9CE EBB$ AMONG ! L[] CLASSES 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ! ONCE VOLATILE 0TRA9 B&S0 ( ! #a#f#bS & #a#f#cS HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY A /ABLE PR(ESSIONAL /&+ >MY4 ,AT A TIME :5 ,5GL& WAS 9/RUCT+ ITS L[] & MIDDLE CLASSES 9 ! >TS ( S]VILITY1 ! DEM&+ LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ,AM]ICA W]E 9/RUCT+ ITS POPULATION 9 ! >TS ( SELF-ASSURANCE4 ,SURVIVAL 9 A H>% L& REQUIR$ NOT ONLY /RONG COMMUNITY TIES BUT KE5 M>KSMAN%IP4 ,?REE W>S 9 :I* ,AM]ICAN MILITIA1 ALONG ) ,BRITI% REGUL>S1 F\<T ! ,FR5* AT \TPO/S ON ! FRONTI]1 & NUM]\S W>S AGA9/ ,9DIANS :O RESI/$ :ITE 5CROA*M5TS ON !IR L&S PRODUC$ 9 ! COLONIES A WELL-TRA9$ POPUL> MILIT>Y =CE & A SKILL$ (FIC] CADRE ?AT1 BY ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 KNEW ! >T ( W>F>E AS WELL AS1 IF NOT BETT] ?AN1 !IR ,BRITI% C\NT]P>TS4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E NO CLASS CONFLICTS 9 COLONIAL ,AM]ICA2 9DE$1 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 OPPOS+ CLASS 9T]E/S )9 ! COLONIES GAVE RISE TO CONSID]ABLE DOME/IC SKIRMI%+ BETWE5 DIFF]5T /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 ,LOCAL >M$ UPRIS+S W]E COMMON 5\<1 P>TLY BECAUSE ORD9>Y COLONI/S W]E IRASCIBLE 9 TEMP]AM5T1 & P>TLY BECAUSE !IR FAMILI>ITY ) >MS GAVE !M ! ABILITY =CEFULLY TO ASS]T !IR DEM&S4 ,!SE H>DY PEOPLE W]E AS ACCU/OM$ TO TAK+ DIRECT ACTION 9 DEF5SE ( !IR RI<TS AS !Y W]E =W>D 9 !IR DEMEANOR4 ,:5 A SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ROYAL GOV]NOR ( ,VIRG9IA1 ,WILLIAM ,B]KELEY1 VOIC$ HIS UPP]-CLASS CONC]NS--0,H[ MIS]ABLE ?AT MAN IS ?AT ,GOVEMES A PEOPLE :] SIX P>TS ( SEAVAN AT LEA/ >E ,POORE ,5DEBT$ ,DISCONT5T$ & ,>M$0.<#a#a#a.>--HIS COMPLA9T REFLECT$ NOT ONLY S]I\S ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES BUT FE>S ?AT AN >M$ PEOPLE W\LD TRY TO RESOLVE ?OSE 9EQUITIES 9 !IR [N COMBATIVE WAY4 

,! %>PE/ COLONIAL HATR$S W]E 9ITIALLY DOME/IC3 ! R\< ,PI$MONT LIV$ 9 5DUR+ HATR$ ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ & >I/OCRATIC COA/AL PLA94 ,9 ,VIRG9IA1 ,NAT ,BACON L$ A REVOLT ( #afgf ?AT WAS CONDUCT$ L>GELY BY FRONTI]SM5 :O DEM&$ NOT ONLY PROTECTION AGA9/ ,9DIAN RAIDS BUT ! EAS+ ( 9EQUITABLE TAXATION ( ! POOR & ! LIFT+ ( CONTROLS OV] ! BEAV] TRADE ?AT FAVOR$ ! WELL-TO-DO4 ,! REVOLT REA*$ EV5 MORE M5AC+ PROPORTIONS :5 IT WAS JO9$ BY >M$ 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS & BLACK SLAVES4 ,O!R CIVIL CONFLICTS BROKE \T BETWE5 ! HI<LY PRIVILEG$ PLANT] CLIQUE ?AT CONTROLL$ ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES & ! BACKC\NTRY SETTL]S1 :O FELT OV]TAX$ BY !IR SOCIAL BETT]S & D5I$ !IR DEMOCRATIC RI<TS4 

,! FAILURE ( ,BACON'S REBELLION 9FLAM$ ! +RA9$ HATR$ T[>D ! QUASI->I/OCRATIC ,ANGLICAN TOBACCO PLANT]S ?AT FE/]$ AMONG ! RUDE ,PRESBYT]IAN FRONTI]SM54 ,ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ASSOCIATIONS ( FRONTI] SETTL]S KN[N AS ,REGULATORS--A T]M ?AT W\LD BE US$ = >M$ BACKC\NTRY REBELS ?R\<\T ! C5TURY--CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! SEMI>I/OCRATIC LEGISLATORS FROM ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D4 ,SU* REVOLTS W\LD LIKELY HAVE BECOME *RONIC ?R\<\T ! COLONIAL P]IOD HAD PLANT]S NOT IMPORT$ EV] MORE BLACK SLAVES TO PROVIDE ! LABOR UPON :I* ! S\!RN ECONOMY WAS BUILT4 ,9DE$1 ONE REASON PLANT]S ACCEL]AT$ ! IMPORTATION ( BLACK SLAVES WAS TO AVOID /ILL ANO!R REVOLT LIKE ,BACON'S1 :I*1 HAD CREAT$ A PANIC AMONG ELITE /RATA 9 S\!RN SOCIETY4 

,9 ,NEW ,5GL& & ! MIDDLE ,ATLANTIC COLONIES1 SETTL]S ON ! $GE ( ! WILD]NESS DEVELOP$ /RONG ANTAGONISMS T[>D CITY M]*ANTS & WELL-TO-DO >TISANS4 ,BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 9 ! COA/AL CITIES ! POOR & BITT]LY OPPRESS$ W]E A VISIBLE P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,HOMELESS *ILDR51 9DE$ 5TIRE FAMILIES1 LIV$ PREC>I\S LIVES 9 ! /REETS2 Y\NG PEOPLE W]E IMPRESS$ 9TO S]VICE 9 TRAD+ %IPS1 :AL]S1 & FI%+ VESSELS2 MO/ 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN SLAVES = ! P]IOD ( !IR S]VITUDE1 & MANY ( !M DID NOT SURVIVE !IR (T5 H>% TREATM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 M]*ANTS 9 ! NOR!RN PROV9CES1 PLANT]S 9 ! S\!RN1 & LAWY]S ALMO/ EV]Y:]E /OOD AT ! SUMMIT ( COLONIAL SOCIETY & FILL$ ! V>I\S PROV9CIAL LEGISLATURES4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 /REET BEGG>S MIS%AP5 BY POOR NUTRITION & NEGLECT1 ON ! ONE H&1 & M]*ANTS & L&$ PROPRIETORS :O RODE 9 ORNATE C>RIAGES ) BLACK DRIV]S & LIV]YM51 ON ! O!R1 WAS EVID5T TO ANY HONE/ VISITOR TO ! COLONIES4 

,)9 ! WORK+ POPULATION1 %>P ANTAGONISMS DIVID$ UNSKILL$ LABOR]S--MANY ( :OM E>N$ A MIS]ABLE DAY-TO-DAY LIVELIHOOD ON ! :>VES ( ,BO/ON1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 & ,*>LE/ON--FROM MA/]>TISANS1 :O 5JOY$ A SUB/ANTIALLY HI<] /&>D ( LIV+4 ,!SE MA/]>TISANS1 9 TURN1 RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$ APPR5TICES & ESPECIALLY J\RNEYM51 :O W]E 9CREAS+LY D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE !IR GUILD /ATUS4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !SE ECONOMIC /RATA--AS WELL AS 9D5TUR$ S]VANTS & SLAVES--T5D$ TO %>E A COMMON HATR$ ( ! M]*ANTS1 :O =M$ ! WEAL?IE/ CLASS 9 ! COLONIES AS A :OLE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! COLONIES !MSELVES W]E V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,NEW ,YORK & ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE CONFLICT$ OV] CLAIMS TO ! SO-CALL$ ,HAMP%IRE ,GRANTS1 :I* W]E LAT] TO BECOME ! SEP>ATE & EXTREMELY RADICAL /ATE ( ,V]MONT2 ,VIRG9IA & ,P5NSYLVANIA CLA%$ OV] CLAIMS TO ! UNSETTL$ L&S ( ! ,OHIO ,VALLEY2 & ! S\!RN COLONIES COMPET$ = L&S 9 ! ,ALLE<5IES & WE/W>D--L&S VITAL TO ! TOBACCO PLANTATION ECONOMY BECAUSE ( ! 5ORM\S TOLL ?AT ! CROP TAKES ON SOIL F]TILITY4 ,AL?\< DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! COLONIES OV] RELIGI\S ISSUES DIM9I%$ ) ! PASS+ ( TIME1 V>Y+ RELIGI\S & CULTURAL TRADITIONS ALSO PITT$ SETTLEM5TS AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,F9ALLY1 FRICTIONS BETWE5 COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES & !IR ROYAL GOV]NORS1 & BETWE5 MUNICIPAL ORGANS ( GOV]NM5T & COLONY-WIDE 9/ITUTIONS1 BECAME NE>LY CONT9U\S4 

,N,E,W ,5,G,L,& ,T,[,N ,M,E,E,T,+,S 

,! SLAVE PLANTATION ECONOMY ( ! S\? & ! SEMIFEUDAL PATROON SY/EM ( ! ,DUT* 9 ! ,HUDSON ,VALLEY /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! LIFEWAYS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,NEW ,5GL&--! REGION ?AT BECAME ! POPUL> C5T] = ! ,REVOLUTION P> EXCELL5CE4 ,9 #a#f#b#i1 ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY ,COMPANY1 A BRAN* ( ! ,VIRG9IA ,COMPANY1 9ITIAT$ ! MAJOR SETTLEM5T ( ,NEW ,5GL&1 LIT]ALLY RESCU+ ! DEV\T ,PURITAN COLONY AT ,PLYM\? FROM RU9 AFT] ITS F\ND+ 9 #a#f#b4 ,! ,COMPANY /EADILY POPULAT$ ! REGION ) YEOMAN F>M]S1 M]*ANTS1 FI%]M51 & >TISANS1 & NEW COLONIES W]E SOON F\ND$ 9 ,RHODE ,ISL&1 ,CONNECTICUT1 & ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES ) ,PURITAN ,MASSA*USETTS & P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! NE$ = L&4 ,BUT SOCIALLY ! ,NEW ,5GL& COLONIES W]E SURPRIS+LY ALIKE3 !Y W]E BAS$ ON 9DEP5D5T F>M/EADS ORGANIZ$ 9TO A VILLAGE SOCIETY1 ON ! ONE H&1 & A COA/AL M]*ANT CLASS ORI5T$ T[>D 9T]NAL & =EIGN TRADE1 ON ! O!R4 

,:E!R CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 ! ,CONGREGATIONALI/ WORLD ( ! ,PURITANS WAS M>K$ BY DEMOCRATIC VALUES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT HAD SURFAC$ DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,DEMOCRACY WAS EXPLICITLY LOA?SOME TO ,CONGREGATIONAL DIV9ES3 !Y BELIEV$ RA!R 9 RULE BY ! ELECT1 :OSE AU?ORITY WAS ,GOD-GIV5 & AU?ORIZ$ BY ,SCRIPTURE4 ,9DE$1 DEMOCRACY WAS 0! MEANE/ & WOR/ ( ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T10 WROTE ,JOHN ,W9?ROP4.<#a#a#b.> ,YET EV5 AS ! ,CONGREGATIONALI/S D5I$ ?AT !Y PURSU$ DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 ,PURITAN RELIGI\S PRECEPTS /OOD 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ECCLESIA/ICAL HI]>*Y--:I*1 !Y BELIEV$1 WAS CONTRADICT$ BY ! ,BIBLE--& ?US1 IF ONLY 9ADV]T5TLY1 !IR RELIGI\S ORD] GAVE RISE TO REM>KABLY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,RA!R ?AN =M+ A UNIT>Y *UR* PRESID$ OV] BY BI%OPS & PRESBYT]S1 EA* ,PURITAN CONGREGATION CREAT$ ITS [N *UR*1 BY MEANS ( A COMPACT OR COV5ANT AMONG 9DIVIDUAL M5 & WOM5 :O AGRE$ TO ABIDE BY ,SCRIPTURE1 LOOK AFT] EA* O!R'S S\LS1 & ELECT !IR [N M9I/]1 !REBY FULFILL+ AN OLD DEM& ?AT HAD BE5 RAIS$ 9 ! ,G]MAN ,PEASANT ,W> ( #a#e#b#d-#b#e4 

,NOT ONLY W]E ! ,NEW ,5GL& CONGREGATIONS SELF-CON/ITUT$ &1 AS SU*1 VIRTUALLY ALL-P[]FUL 9 RELIGI\S MATT]S1 BUT !Y !MSELVES & NO ONE ELSE WROTE ! 9DIVIDUAL COV5ANTS ?AT B\ND !M TOGE!R4 ,ALMO/ UNAVOIDABLY1 ! T[NS !Y =M$ BECAME EXT5SIONS ( !IR RELIGI\S CONGREGATIONS &1 OV] TIME1 ANSW]ABLE ONLY TO !MSELVES1 NOT TO ANY HI<] GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY4 ,=M$ ON ?IRTY-SIX-SQU>E-MILE P>CELS ( L& PAT5T$ BY ! ,MASSA*USETTS ASSEMBLY1 !Y GOV]N$ !MSELVES 9 T[N MEET+S1 :I* W]E ! SECUL> C\NT]P>T ( ! COV5ANT$ RELIGI\S COMMUNITY4 ,?US1 :]E ! CONGREGATION ELECT$ ITS M9I/]1 ! T[N 9 TURN ELECT$ ITS MOD]ATOR & SELECTM52 BO? MET 9 ! MEET+H\SE 9 ! C5T] ( T[N4 ,BY #a#f#d#a1 ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BODY ( ,LIB]TIES RECOGNIZ$ !IR LEGAL EXI/5CE & ACKN[L$G$ !IR CONSID]ABLE AUTONOMY 9 MANAG+' !IR [N LOCAL AFFAIRS4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( SETTLEM5T1 TO BE SURE1 ,MASSA*USETTS T[NSPEOPLE P]MITT$ !SE LOCAL P[]S TO DEVOLVE ON ! SELECTM51 :O =M$ AN ONGO+ OLIG>*Y1 REELECT$ = ONE-YE> T]MS YE> AFT] YE>4 ,BY #a#g#b1 H[EV]1 ! T[N MEET+S HAD CEAS$ TO ACT AS RUBB] /AMPS = ! DECISIONS ( !IR SELECTM5 ON DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS1 EV5 ON MATT]S AS FUNDAM5TAL AS ALT]+ BYLAWS4 ,! T[NS N[ MET MORE FREQU5TLY--9DE$1 :5EV] !Y DEEM$ IT NECESS>Y--& EASILY TURN$ UNSUITABLE SELECTM5 \T ( (FICE1 ELECT+ !IR MOD]ATORS & 5GAG+ 9 EV] MORE CONT5TI\S DEBATES4 ,BY #a#g#e1 :5 ,COTTON ,MA!R WAS ATTEMPT+ TO UNIFY & C5TRALIZE AU?ORITY 9 ! CONGREGATIONAL *UR*ES1 ,JOHN ,WISE1 ! HEAD ( ! *UR* AT ,IPSWI*1 C\LD REBUT HIM &1 REM>KABLY = ! TIME1 EXTOLL DEMOCRACY AS 0A =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* ! LI<T ( NATURE .<NOT ,GOD--,M4,B4.> DOES HI<LY VALUE1 & (T5 DIRECTS US TO AS MO/ AGREEABLE TO ! JU/ & NATURAL PR]OGATIVES ( HUMAN BE+S40.<#a#a#c.> 

,P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN IDEOLOGY WAS ! REALITY ( DEMOCRATIC LIFEWAYS 9 ,NEW ,5GL& & 9 ! BACKC\NTRY ( ! O!R COLONIES4 ,! DEM&S ( COLONIZATION FO/]$ A HI<LY EGALIT>IAN \TLOOK ON ! EV]-*ANG+ FRONTI]4 ,:5 ,NEW ,5GL& WAS ! FRONTI] 9 ! #a#f#cS1 T[N MEET+S W]E CREAT$1 AS WE NOT$1 L>GELY AS AN EXT5SION ( A T[N'S ,CONGREGATIONAL *UR* TO CIVIL AFFAIRS1 & ! FRAN*ISE EXP&$ /EADILY ) NEW SETTL]S4 ,9 TIME1 COMP>$ ) ! S\!RN COLONIES1 :]E P]HAPS ONE \T ( T5 :ITE MALES WAS AN ELIGIBLE VOT] & ONLY ! MO/ SELECT MEMB]S ( SOCIETY GA9$ 5TRY TO ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 F\R \T ( FIVE ,NEW ,5GL&]S HAD ! RI<T TO VOTE1 & COMMON]S (T5 SAT ALONGSIDE WEAL?Y M]*ANTS & LAWY]S 9 COLONIAL LEGISLATURES4 ,AL?\<1 BE=E #a#f#i#a1 *UR* MEMB]%IP 9 ,MASSA*USETTS WAS A PR]EQUISITE = VOT+1 OV] TIME VOT+ QUALIFICATIONS W]E /EADILY R$UC$ & ! FRAN*ISE EXT5D$ FROM *UR* MEMB]S TO H\SEHOLD]S ( EV5 FAIRLY LIMIT$ MEANS4 ,ONCE ! RELIGI\S QUALIFICATION WAS ELIM9AT$1 ! ONLY REMA9+ QUALIFICATION = P>TICIPATION 9 A T[N MEET+ WAS ?AT A MAN WAS REQUIR$ TO HAVE AN 9COME ( #e %ILL+S4 ,BUT AFT] A :ILE IT WAS NOT DIFFICULT = MALE 9HABITANTS ) V]Y LITTLE PROP]TY OR L[ 9COMES TO MEET ?IS REQUIREM5T1 ) ! RESULT ?AT MO/ MALE 9HABITANTS ( A T[N W]E 5FRAN*IS$4.<#a#a#d.> 

,! T[N MEET+H\SE F9ALLY BECAME A COMMUNITY'S G5U9E POPUL> C5T]1 & AS AN 9/ITUTION IT ACQUIR$ FAIRLY CONSID]ABLE P[]S4 ,T[N MEET+S C\LD LEVY TAXES1 DI/RIBUTE L&1 SETTLE PROP]TY DISPUTES1 ADMIT NEW RESID5TS1 ORGANIZE & CONTROL ! MILITIA1 CON/RUCT ROADS1 & VOICE & DEBATE POLITICAL OP9IONS ON ALL ISSUES 9 TIMES ( SOCIAL UNRE/4 ,MOREOV]1 ! T[NS 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE AUTONOMY 9 MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS4 0,! ONLY L9KS CONNECT+ ! T[N ) ! L>G] WORLD 9 ! COLONIAL CAPITAL10 OBS]VES ,RI*>D ,L+EMAN1 0W]E ! DEPUTY IT S5T TO ! LEGISLATURE & ! C\NTY (FICIALS--! %]IFF & ! CIRCUIT JUDGES--:O W]E APPO9T$ BY ! GOV]NOR40.<#a#a#e.> ,AU?ORITY WAS BAS$ UPON ! DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ( ! COMMUNITY1 & DELEGATION OR REPRES5TATION WAS /RICTLY M&AT$ BY ! T[N MEET+ ITSELF4 ,:5 ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS DISPAT*$ LEGISLATORS TO ! COLONIAL ASSEMBLY OR ,G5]AL ,C\RT 9 ,BO/ON1 !IR M&ATE LIMIT$ !M TO BE+ M]E AG5TS ( ! T[N1 & !Y C\LD VOTE ON ANY GIV5 ISSUE ONLY AS !Y HAD BE5 9/RUCT$ BY !IR T[N MEET+S4 ,SO ASSIDU\S W]E ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS 9 ASSUR+ ?AT !IR DELEGATES BEHAV$ ACCORD+ TO !IR M&ATES ?AT !Y (T5 S5T ALONG A SECOND MEMB] :OSE SOLE ROLE WAS TO SEE H[ EA* DEPUTY VOT$ 9 ! ASSEMBLY4 ,F9ALLY !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ASSEMBLY PROCE$+S BE PUBLI%$ SO ?AT ALL CITIZ5S C\LD SCRUT9IZE ! BEHAVIOR ( !IR DEPUTIES4 

,N,E,W,] ,C,O,L,O,N,I,A,L ,S,E,T,T,L,E,M,5,T,S 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! MID-,ATLANTIC SEABO>D & NEW] COLONIES MAY BE SUMM>IZ$ RA!R QUICKLY4 ,NEW ,YORK1 9ITIALLY SETTL$ BY ! ,DUT* = COMM]CIAL REASONS1 WAS BAS$ ON A PATROON SY/EM :]EBY L>GE L&[N]S ALONG ! ,HUDSON & ,DELAW>E ,RIV]S W]E ALL[$ TO EX]CISE NE>LY FEUDAL RI<TS OV] !IR L>GE E/ATES1 SU* AS ! RI<T TO APPO9T LOCAL (FICIALS & ! AU?ORITY TO SET UP LOCAL C\RTS4 ,9 #affd ,NEW ,NE!RL&S WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,5GLI%1 :O DID NOT DISMANTLE ! ,DUT* SY/EM2 ?US1 A QUASI-FEUDAL SOCIETY EXT5D$ UP ! ,HUDSON ,VALLEY & REMA9$ 9 PLACE WELL 9TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 AL?\<1 9CONGRU\SLY1 ! COLONY'S FAM\S PORT CITY ( ,NEW ,YORK--=M]LY ,NEW ,AM/]DAM--SOON RIVAL$ ,BO/ON AS A C5T] ( BUS9ESS ACTIVITY4 

,M>YL& WAS SETTL$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY = ECONOMIC PURPOSES1 & ITS WELLTO-DO F\ND]S1 LIKE ! ,DUT* PATROONS 9 ! ,HUDSON ,VALLEY1 E/ABLI%$ A SEMIFEUDAI DOM9ION /RUCTUR$ >\ND A CLASS ( MANORIAL L&LORDS ) BOND S]VANTS1 T5ANTS1 & SLAVES 9T]SP]S$ ) SMALL BUT FAIRLY 9DEP5D5T F>M]S4 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 9ITIALLY *>T]$ BY ,WILLIAM ,P5N AS A HAV5 = ,5GLI% ,QUAK]S1 BECAME ! C5T] = AN EXTRAORD9>Y V>IETY ( RELIGI\S IMMIGRANTS1 SU* AS ,G]MAN ,LU!RANS1 ,WEL% ,BAPTI/S1 ,SCOT*-,IRI% ,PRESBYT]IANS1 & LAT] ,CA?OLICS & ,JEWS4 ,PHILADELPHIA1 9 TURN1 BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ CULTURALLY VIBRANT ( ,AM]ICAN CITIES1 EV5 ?\< AN OLIG>*Y ( ,QUAK] M]*ANTS PRESID$ OV] ITS POLITICAL LIFE4 ,NEW ,J]SEY & ! ,C>OL9AS W]E PEOPL$ BY SMALL F>M]S & MANORIAL L&LORDS RESPECTIVELY1 & ONLY SL[LY E/ABLI%$ A DI/9CTIVE CULTURAL ID5TITY--9 ! CASE ( ,NEW ,J]SEY1 A HI<LY V>I$ & AMBIGU\S ONE4 

,GEORGIA WAS 9ITIALLY SETTL$ AS A HAV5 = ! 9DIG5T & DEBTORS BY ! ,5GLI% PHILAN?ROPI/ ,JAMES ,OGLE?ORPE1 :O ACTUALLY PROHIBIT$ SLAV]Y & OP5$ ! DOORS ( ! COLONY TO RELIGI\S SECT>IANS ( EV]Y V>IETY AS WELL AS ,JEWS4 7,CA?OLIC SETTL]S1 TO BE SURE1 W]E PROHIBIT$47 ,BUT ! COLONY'S EXTRAORD9>Y DIV]SITY1 HI<-M9D$ GOALS1 & RELIGI\S TOL]ANCE C\LD NOT )/& ! PRESSURE ( ECONOMIC =CES4 ,BY ! LATE SEV5TE5? & E>LY EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 COA/AL ,GEORGIA HAD BE5 P>CEL$ 9TO PLANTATIONS WORK$ BY ,AFRICAN SLAVES1 & ITS PHILAN?ROPIC GOALS W]E SACRIFIC$ TO ! 9T5SIVE CULTIVATION ( TOBACCO = MAT]IAL GA94 ,LIKE ! ,C>OL9A ,PI$MONT1 ITS HI<L&S BECAME A TURBUL5T BACKWAT] ( L>GELY 9DIG5T--& 9DIGNANT-- :ITE F>M]S1 FROM :I* ANGRY ,REGULATORS SURFAC$ :O 5GAG$ 9 ONGO+ SOCIAL CONFLICTS ) ! WEAL?Y L&LORDS4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! ?IRTE5 COLONIES W]E ( ?REE POLITICAL TYPES3 CORPORATE4 ,CR[N & PROPRIET>Y4 ,! ,NEW ,5GL& COLONIES W]E CORPORATE1 :I* MEANT ?AT !Y 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE LOCAL AUTONOMY1 POSSESS+ !IR [N *>T]S & L>GELY SELF-GOV]N+ ASSEMBLIES4 ,AL?\< ,MASSA*USETTS GOV]NORS W]E APPO9T$ BY ! ,CR[N AFT] #a#f#i#b1 ,RHODE ,ISL& & ,CONNECTICUT ELECT$ !IR [N GOV]NORS & EXECUTIVE C\NCILS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,CR[N COLONIES SU* AS ! ,C>OL9AS1 ,GEORGIA1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 & ,NEW ,YORK W]E OBLIG$ TO ACCEPT GOV]NORS & C\NCILS *OS5 BY ! ,CR[N4 ,! PROPRIET>Y COLONIES--MO/ NOTABLY1 ,M>YL&1 ,DELAW>E1 & ,P5NSYLVANIA--W]E F\ND$ BY PROPRIET>Y LORDS1 SU* AS ! ,P5N FAMILY1 :O 5JOY$ FEUDALI/IC P[]S GRANT$ BY ! K+4 ,O/5SIBLY MANAG$ BY *>T]$ COMPANIES1 !SE COMPANIES' AU?ORITY DECL9$ RAPIDLY1 & 9 TIME ! PROPRIET>Y COLONIES SIMPLY BECAME ,CR[N POSSESSIONS4 ,H5CE1 AP>T FROM ?OSE ( ,RHODE ,ISL& & ,CONNECTICUT1 ALL COLONIAL GOV]NORS W]E EV5TUALLY EI!R APPO9T$ OR APPROV$ BY ! K+1 :OSE P[]S OV] ! COLONIES W]E NOM9ALLY SWEEP+4 ,! ,CR[N C\LD APPO9T OR REJECT ALL CIVIL AU?ORITIES1 VETO LEGISLATION 5ACT$ BY ! COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES1 & PROROGUE !M AT WILL4 

,! COLONIAL LEGISLATURES1 = !IR P>T1 NORMALLY CONSI/$ ( FAIRLY WELL-TO-DO 9DIVIDUALS3 PLANT]S1 M]*ANTS1 & FREEHOLD]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E ALSO LAWY]S OR HAD LEGAL TRA9+1 ,9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL /ABILITY1 T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! COLONIES W]E L[2 AS ,PALM] NOTES1 ONLY #e P]C5T ( ! LAWS PASS$ BY COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES W]E ACTUALLY VETO$ BY ,LONDON4.<#a#a#f.> ,BUT POT5TIALLY1 AT LEA/1 !SE LEGISLATURES =M$ A RIVAL P[] TO ! EXECUTIVE3 !Y C\LD1 IF !Y *OSE1 MAKE A GOV]NOR'S LIFE UTT]LY MIS]ABLE &1 IF NECESS>Y1 ALL BUT ANNUL HIS AU?ORITY4 0,!SE LITTLE P>LIAM5TS 5JOY$ P[]S :I* W]E NO:]E /RICTLY DEF9$ 9 LAWS1 *>T]S1 & DECREES10 OBS]VE ,*>LES & ,M>Y ,BE>D 9 !IR MAGI/]IAL HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,FROM SMALL & OBSCURE BEG9N+S !Y GREW 9 DIGNITY UNTIL !Y TOOK ON SOME ( ! POMP & CIRCUM/ANCE LONG ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME !Y CLAIM$ AS !IR [N & EX]CIS$ 9 FACT ! RI<T ( LAY+ TAXES1 RAIS+ TROOPS1 9CURR+ DEBTS1 ISSU+ CURR5CY1 FIX+ ! SAL>IES ( ROYAL (FIC]S1 & APPO9T+ AG5TS TO REPRES5T !M 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! GOV]NM5T AT ,LONDON2 &1 GO+ BEYOND SU* FUNCTIONS1 !Y COV]$ BY LEGISLATION ( !IR [N WIDE DOMA9S ( CIVIL & CRIM9AL LAW--SUBJECT ALWAYS TO T]MS ( *>T]S1 ACTS ( ,P>LIAM5T1 & ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! ,CR[N4.<#a#a#g.> 

,! COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES1 TO BE SURE1 (T5 DEF5D$ ! 9T]E/S ( DOME/IC ELITES AGA9/ ?OSE ( ! L[] CLASSES4 ,YET3 0,5D[$ ) SU* IMPRESSIVE AU?ORITY10 ! ,BE>DS CONT9UE1 

!SE ASSEMBLIES NATURALLY DREW TO !MSELVES ALL ! LOCAL 9T]E/S :I* W]E /RUGGL+ TO REALIZE !IR DEM&S 9 LAW & ORD9ANCE4 ,!Y W]E ! LABORATORIES 9 :I* W]E =MULAT$ ALL ! GRIEVANCES ( ! COLONI/S AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL&4 ,!Y W]E TRA9+ S*OOLS :]E LAWY]S C\LD EMPLOY !IR TAL5TS 9 POLITICAL DECLAMATION1 \TWITT+ ROYAL (FIC]S BY CLEV] LEGAL DEVICES4 ,9 %ORT1 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLIES W]E BR\<T TO A FOCUS ! DESIGNS & PASSIONS ( ?OSE RIS+ ECONOMIC GR\PS :I* GAVE /R5G? TO ,AM]ICA & ?REW H] 9TO OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]N+ CLASSES ( ! MO!R C\NTRY4 ,S]V+ AS ! PO9TS ( CONTACT ) ROYAL (FIC]S & ! ,5GLI% ,CR[N1 !Y RECEIV$ ! FIR/ IMPACT ( BATTLE :5 LAWS W]E VETO$ & 9/RUCTIONS W]E H&$ \T BY ! K+'S GOV]NORS OR AG5TS ( ! PROPRIETORS4.<#a#a#h.> 

,PALM]1 9 FACT1 REG>DS !SE ASSEMBLIES AS 0! MO/ DEMOCRATICALLY RECRUIT$ ( ALL SU* CON/ITUT$ BODIES 9 ! ,WE/]N ,WORLD40 ,9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE W]E 5FRAN*IS$1 :ILE HALF OR MORE 5JOY$ ! RI<T TO VOTE 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY & AB\T HALF OR LESS 9 ,VIRG9IA4.<#a#a#i.> ,9DE$3 

,! ELECT$ ASSEMBLIES 5JOY$ :AT 9 ,EUROPE W\LD BE ?\<T A DANG]\SLY POPUL> M&ATE4 ,BY #a#g#f1 DECADES ( RIVALRY = P[] BETWE5 ! ASSEMBLIES & ! GOV]NORS HAD BE5 RESOLV$1 9 MO/ ( ! COLONIES1 9 FAVOR ( ! ASSEMBLIES4 ,! IDEA ( GOV]NM5T BY CONS5T WAS = ,AM]ICANS A M]E /ATEM5T ( FACT1 NOT A BOLD DOCTR9E TO BE FLUNG 9 ! TEE? ( GOV]NM5T1 AS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,CONTR>IWISE1 ! GR[+ ASS]TIV5ESS ( ! ASSEMBLIES MADE MANY 9 ,5GL&1 & SOME 9 ,AM]ICA1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 BELIEVE ?AT ! TIME HAD COME TO /OP ?IS DRIFT T[>D DEMOCRACY--OR1 AS !Y W\LD SAY1 RE/ORE ! BALANCE ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,9 SUM1 AN OLD S5SE ( LIB]TY 9 ,AM]ICA WAS ! OB/ACLE ON :I* ! FIR/ ,BRITI% EMPIRE MET ITS DOOM4.<#a#b.> 

,YET ! RADICALISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION IS H>DLY EXHAU/$ BY AN ACC\NT ( ! COLONIAL LEGISLATURES4 ,TOO (T5 OV]LOOK$ BY ,PALM]1 ! ,BE>DS1 & A GREAT MANY HI/ORIANS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION W]E ! LOCAL POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SPRANG UP AT ! GRASSROOTS TO CONDUCT ! REVOLUTION-- 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ULTIMATELY =M$ A RADICAL-DEMOCRATIC DUAL P[] AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL TO OPPOSE NOT ONLY ,BRITI% RULE 9 ,AM]ICA & ,TORY SYMPA?IZ]S BUT WEAL?Y ELITES AT HOME4 

,A ,R,E,B,E,L,L,I,\,S ,P,E,O,P,L,E 

,! ,CR[N'S SUBJECTS1 IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$1 W]E NOT A VANQUI%$ PEOPLE4 ,!Y W]E FEI/Y ,5GLI% ,ANGLICANS & ,CONGREGATIONALI/S = ! MO/ P>T1 AS WELL AS ,SCOT*-,IRI% ,PRESBYT]IANS1 MANY ( :OM /ILL M>*$ 9TO BATTLE ) KILTS & BAGPIPES4 ,!Y 9CLUD$ ,DUT* BUR<]S1 :OSE ANCE/ORS HAD F\<T ,SPANI% OPPRESSION2 ,LU!RAN & ,ANABAPTI/ ,G]MANS1 :OSE RADICAL TRADITIONS DAT$ BACK TO ! ,PEASANT ,W>2 & AN >RAY ( FI]CELY 9DEP5D5T BACKWOODSM51 :O HAD BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ,9DIAN W>S & SKIRMI%ES ) ,FR5* ADV5TUR]S4 ,COLLECTIVELY1 COLONIAL ,AM]ICANS W]E A HI<LY ADV5TUR\S1 L>GELY PLEBEIAN PEOPLE1 H[EV] MU* !IR ELITES ASPIR$ TO ! /AID >I/OCRATIC WAYS ( ,LONDON & ,P>IS4 

,IT TE/IFIES TO ! FAIRLY EGALIT>IAN ATMOSPH]E 9 MO/ COLONIAL SETTLEM5TS ?AT NEI!R ,PATRICK ,H5RY 9 ,VIRG9IA NOR ,SAM ,ADAMS 9 ,MASSA*USETTS WAS A MAN ( MEANS OR AFFECT$ >I/OCRATIC AIRS4 ,ADAMS SP5T MU* ( HIS TIME AMONG ! BOI/]\S >TISANS & :>FSM5 ( ,BO/ON :O PROVID$ ! MUSCLE = ! *RONIC RIOTS 9 ! CITY1 :ILE ,H5RY DELIB]ATELY AFFECT$ CRUDE RU/IC MANN]S1 (T5 SPEAK+ 9 ! ACC5T ( A BACKC\NTRYMAN RA!R ?AN US+ ! POLI%$ EXPRESSIONS ( AN URBAN DWELL]4 ,HE DRESS$ C>ELESSLY1 WE>+ *EAP CLO?+ ?AT AFFRONT$ HIS WELL-TO-DO PE]S2 9 FACT1 MO/ UPP]-CLASS ,BRITI% VISITORS F\ND ?AT A 0MO/ DISGU/+ EQUALITY0 PREVAIL$ 9 ! COLONIES1 & :AT DIFF]5CES 9 MAT]IAL MEANS !RE W]E DID NOT ALWAYS PRODUCE DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIAL /ATUS4.<#a#b#a.> 

,NOR W]E ?OSE :O AFFECT$ >I/OCRATIC AIRS NECESS>ILY ( A DEF]5TIAL CA/ ( M9D4 ,&REW ,BURNABY1 AN ,5GLI% CL]GYMAN :O TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,VIRG9IA 9 #a#g#e#i1 ?\<T ! Y\NG BLOODS ( ! PROV9CE 0HAU<TY & JEAL\S ( !IR LIB]TIES1 IMPATI5T ( RE/RA9T & .<!Y.> CAN SC>CELY BE> ! ?\<T ( BE+ CONTR\L$ BY ANY SUP]IOR P[]40.<#a#b#b.> ,SU* QUALITIES W]E NOT CONDUCIVE TO ! S]VILITY ?AT MO/ ,BRITI% >I/OCRATS W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ 9 !IR ,AM]ICAN C\S9S4 ,! COLONIAL ELITES W]E MADE UP ( HI<LY $UCAT$ M53 ,VIRG9IA >I/OCRATS GA9$ A 0S\ND $UCATION 9 ! ANCI5T CLASSICS & POLITICAL !ORY0 AT ! ,COLLEGE ( ,WILLIAM & ,M>Y1 AS DID MANY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S ( ,NEW ,5GL& AT ,H>V>D ,COLLEGE4 0,RUNN+ A PLANTATION1 S]V+ ON ! .<,GOV]NOR'S.> C\NCIL OR 9 ! H\SE ( BURGESSES10 ACCORD+ TO ,SAMUEL ,ELIOT ,MORISON1 0& READ+ ,CIC]O1 ,POLYBIUS1 & ,LOCKE GAVE ,VIRG9IANS EXCELL5T TRA9+ 9 /ATESMAN%IP40.<#a#b#c.> ,NOR W]E WELL-TO-DO COLONIALS ! ONLY B5EFICI>IES ( AN $UCATION4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#f#i#b1 EV]Y ,MASSA*USETTS T[N WAS REQUIR$ TO PROVIDE A FREE GRAMM> S*OOL = EA* *ILD 9 ! COMMUNITY4 

,! CITIES1 COTTAGES1 & ASSEMBLIES ( ! COLONIES HAD1 9 EFFECT1 PRODUC$ A REM>KABLY LIT]ATE PUBLIC1 NURTUR$ ON REGUL> READ+S ( ,SCRIPTURES & LAW BOOKS1 AS WELL AS ! CLASSICS4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ! FIR/ $ITION ( ,?OMAS ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE REA*$ AS MANY AS #a1 ADULT READ]S1 A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL LIT]ATE PUBLIC4 ,TO A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 ! DUTIES ?AT W]E ORDA9$ BY ,DEUT]ONOMY1 EV5 ! T5ETS ADVANC$ 9 ,LOCKE'S ,SECOND ,TREATISE ON ,GOV]NM5T1 W]E PROBABLY AS FAMILI> AS ROYAL FIATS4 ,! ASSEMBLIES ( ?IS PEOPLE--BE !Y T[N MEET+S OR PROV9CIAL LEGISLATURES--HAD TRA9$ !M 9 ! >TS ( POLEMIC1 LEGAL DISC\RSE1 & RATIONAL EXPLANATIONS = SELFGOV]NM5T4 ,! T[N MEET+S 9 ,NEW ,5GL& & COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES G5]ALLY TAU<T MANY ,AM]ICAN COLONIALS H[ TO GOV]N !MSELVES1 ESPECIALLY LOCALLY1 TO AN EXT5T ?AT W\LD HAVE A/ONI%$ MO/ CONT95TAL ,EUROPEANS ( !IR DAY4 

,F9ALLY1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA EM]G$ AT A TIME :5 ! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS CRE/+ 9 ,EUROPE & 5COMPASS+ ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,! UTOPIAN ,PURITAN VISION ( 0A CITY ON ! HILL10 A 0,NEW ,J]USALEM0 9 ! ,AM]ICAN WILD]NESS1 TO BE SURE1 WAS NEV] LO/ BY ! COLONIALS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR RELIGI\S & REGIONAL DIFF]5CES1 BUT ! ,5LI<T5M5T HAD SECUL>IZ$ ?IS VISION1 P>TICUL>LY = HOMEGR[N 9TELLECTUALS LIKE ! UNASSUM+ ,B5JAM9 ,FRANKL94 ,FRANKL91 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 HAD A ,EUROPEAN REPUTATION AS A SAVANT3 HIS SCI5TIFIC WORKS1 WRIT+S1 & TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS WON HIM 9T]NATIONAL ACCLAIM = HIS REM>KABLE COMB9ATION ( 9TELLECTUAL & >TISANAL VIRTUES4 ,:5 HE MET ) ,VOLTAIRE 9 ,P>IS & ! TWO M5 EMBRAC$ EA* O!R PUBLICLY1 !Y PRODUC$ A GREAT OVATION FROM ! ,P>ISIANS ?AT %\LD HAVE SIGNAL$ TO ,5GL&'S >ROGANT RUL]S ?AT !Y W]E NOT DEAL+ ) ! ,AM]ICAN C\NTRY DOLTS DEPICT$ 9 !IR SNIDE C>TOONS4 ,LEA/ ( ALL W]E !Y DEAL+ ) M5 & WOM5 :O W]E WILL+ TO LIVE 9 ABJECT S]VILITY TO ! DULL-WITT$ K+ :O HAD BE5 9/ALL$ ON ! ,BRITI% ?RONE4 ,A SOCIETY1 REM>KABLY EGALIT>IAN = ITS TIME 9 \TLOOK1 IF NOT 9 ALL ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 HAD >IS5 ?AT NO LONG] DEF]R$ TO PETTY HI]>*ICAL DI/9CTIONS4 ,UNKN[N TO ,P>LIAM5T1 ! ,CR[N1 & EV5 ! ROYAL GOV]NORS ( ! COLONIES1 ,BRITI% ,AM]ICA HAD SPAWN$ A NEW K9D ( 9DIVIDUAL :O WAS NEI!R A RURAL NAIF NOR A CRAV5 SUBJECT BUT AN ACTIVE CITIZ54 ,:AT SOME TWO C5TURIES ( COLONIZATION HAD BEGUN1 ,BRITI% M]CANTILISM & ROYAL >ROGANCE L>GELY COMPLET$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( A REVOLUTION4 

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