,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #ab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#b4 ,! ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY & ! ,MILITIAS 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS TO 9NOVATE V]Y REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 MANY ( :I* W]E TO RESURFACE 9 POPUL> UPRIS+S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE ( !SE 9NOVATIONS WAS ! NETWORK ( REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ?AT EM]G$ AT EV]Y LEVEL ( SOCIETY1 :I* W]E TO CON/ITUTE ! AU!NTIC 5G9E ( ! ,REVOLUTION--LAT] TO BE EMULAT$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & 9 O!R COMP>ABLE UPHEAVALS WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,:5 ! ,FIR/ ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS MET 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aggd TO CREATE A ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION DESIGN$ TO 5D ALL 9T]C\RSE ) ,BRITA91 IT ALSO SET UP A SPECIFIC ME*ANISM TO IMPLEM5T ITS GOALS4 ,>TICLE #aa ( ! RESOLUTION PASS$ BY ! ,CONGRESS ON ,OCTOB] #b RECOMM5D$ 0?AT A COMMITTEE BE *OS5 9 EV]Y C\NTY1 CITY1 & T[N1 BY ?OSE :O >E QUALIFI$ TO VOTE = REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! LEGISLATURE1 :OSE BUS9ESS %ALL BE TO OBS]VE ! CONDUCT ( ALL P]SONS T\*+ ?IS ASSOCIATION0--?AT IS1 TO 5=CE ! BOYCOTT ( ,BRITI% GOODS4.<#a#e#i.> ,!SE COMMITTEES W]E TO EXAM9E EV]Y %IPM5T ( IMPORTS ?AT >RIV$ FROM ,BRITA9 AFT] ,DECEMB] #a1#a#g#g#d1 & TO SUP]VISE ! DISPOSITION ( CONFISCAT$ GOODS4 

,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS RESOLUTION--& V]Y MU* ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE AS WELL--ORD9>Y CITIZ5S BEGAN TO CON/ITUTE GRASSROOTS1 C\NTY1 & PROV9CIAL COMMITTEES ?R\<\T ! COLONIES4 ,AL?\< ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS EXPECT$ ?AT ! V>I\S COLONIES W\LD 9/RUCT ! ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE TO 5=CE ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION1 !SE COMMITTEES W]E ALREADY SO OV]BURD5$ ) RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT SMALL] AUXILI>Y BODIES W]E =M$ TO P]=M SPECIAL DUTIES1 :I* G5]ALLY W5T UND] ! NAME ( ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY4 ,BY ,JULY #agge ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS CALL$ UPON EV]Y COLONY TO E/ABLI% A ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY1 PRESUMABLY TO TAKE ON ! OV]FL[ ( WORK ?AT NONIMPORTATION COMMITTEES W]E UNABLE TO H&LE1 !REBY LEGITIMAT+ !IR EXI/5CE AS SPECIAL REVOLUTION>Y BODIES4 

,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNPREC$5T$ HI/ORICALLY1 BUT NO:]E ELSE DID !Y EM]GE ON A SCALE EV5 REMOTELY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT CREAT$ 9 ,AM]ICA 9 ! LATE #a#g#gS4 ,DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS & #a#f#eS1 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS HAD E/ABLI%$ BODIES ) ?AT NAME TO DEAL ) CRUCIAL SITUATIONS ?AT REQUIR$ SWIFT ACTION BY A SMALL NUMB] ( ELECT$ P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES4 ,BUT ! ,BRITI% COMMITTEES ( SAFETY W]E PRIM>ILY P>LIAM5T>Y BODIES2 !Y R>ELY HAD LOCAL ROOTS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES W]E G5]ALLY F>-FLUNG POPUL> BODIES :OSE 9SURRECTION>Y P$IGREE REA*$ BACK TO ! ,GLORI\S ,REVOLUTION ( #a#f#h#h1 :5 ,WILLIAM & ,M>Y REPLAC$ LAMES ,I,I1 A REVOLUTION ?AT >\S$ WIDESPREAD HOPES = GREAT] LIB]TIES NOT ONLY 9 ,5GL& BUT ! COLONIES AS WELL4 ,9 BO? ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ! CITIZ5RY HAD RIS5 9 9SURRECTIONS TO UNSEAT ,C\RT-APPROV$ EXECUTIVES ( ,JAMES BY M5 ( !IR [N *OOS+4 ,9 ,NEW ,YORK1 MANY CITIZ5S H>BOR$ LONG-T]M RES5TM5TS AGA9/ !IR HEAVY TAX BURD5S1 ! HI<H&$ BEHAVIOR ( ,LIEUT5ANT ,GOV]NOR ,FRANCIS ,NI*OLSON1 & ! >ROGANCE ( A SMALL1 PRIVILEG$ OLIG>*Y COMPOS$ ( E/ABLI%$ FAMILIES SU* AS ! ,VAN ,CORTL&TS & ,PHILIPSES ?AT EX]CIS$ FIRM CONTROL OV] ! COLONY4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#f#h#i1 ,NI*OLSON1 :O WAS SL[ TO 9=M ! PEOPLE ( ! *ANGE ( ROYAL P[] ?AT HAD OCCURR$ 9 ,5GL&1 >\S$ WIDESPREAD POPUL> SUSPICION1 :I*1 TOGE!R ) FE>S ( A POSSIBLE ,FR5* 9VASION ( ! CITY1 L$ TO A BROAD UPRIS+4 ,NI*OLSON WAS OBLIG$ TO FLEE FROM HIS [N PROV9CE1 & 9 ,JUNE ! CITY'S AFFAIRS HAD BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( AN ELECT$ ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY COMPOS$ ( SIXTE5 MEMB]S1 L$ BY ! COMM&] ( ! REBEL MILITIA1 ,JACOB ,LEISL]1 A ,G]MAN M]*ANT IMMIGRANT4 ,DRIV+ ! RUL+ M]*ANT- L&[N] ELITE FROM (FICE1 ,LEISL] HAD REPLAC$ !M ) A WID] SOCIAL SPECTRUM ( (FICEHOLD]S & REMA9$ AT ! ,COMMITTEE'S HEAD = SOME EI<T MON?S UNTIL HE ASSUM$ ! TITLE ( LIEUT5ANT GOV]NOR ( ! 5TIRE PROV9CE1 REPLAC+ ! ,COMMITTEE ) A CONV5TIONAL EXECUTIVE C\NCIL4 ,9 ,M>* ( ! NEXT YE>1 ,LEISL] WAS >RE/$1 TRI$1 & HANG$1 & ! 5TR5*$ OLIG>*Y :OSE RULE HE HAD TEMPOR>ILY DISRUPT$ WAS RE/OR$ TO P[] 9 ! PROV9CE4 

,BUT ,LEISL]'S ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY HAD E/ABLI%$ A PREC$5T ?AT WAS NOT EASILY =GOTT54 ,EV5 BE=E ! RECOMM5DATION ( ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS 9 ,OCTOB] #a#g#g#d1 ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY HAD SPONTANE\SLY SPRUNG UP 9 ALMO/ EV]Y PATRIOT PROV9CE1 C\NTY1 CITY1 & T[N1 EA* ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ! >EA TO 5=CE ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION4 ,9 SOME >EAS1 ! ,COMMITTEES APPE>$ UND] A V>IETY ( NAMES1 SU* AS ,COMMITTEES ( ,SUPPLY & ,COMMITTEES ( ,OBS]VATION & ,9SPECTION1 :I* ZEAL\SLY SAW TO IT ?AT ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION BOYCOTT WAS HONOR$4 ,AS ,GOV]NOR ,DUNMORE ( ,VIRG9IA COMPLA9$3 

,A ,COMMITTEE HAS BE5 *OS5 9 EV]Y ,C\NTY :OSE BUS9ESS IT IS TO C>RY ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ! ,CONGRESS 9TO EXECUTION1 :I* ,COMMITTEE ASSUMES AN AU?ORITY TO 9SPECT ! BOOKS1 9VOICES1 & ALL O!R SECRETS ( ! TRADE & CORRESPOND5CE ( ,M]*ANTS2 TO WAT* ! CONDUCT ( EV]Y 9HABITANT )\T DI/9CTION1 & TO S5D = ALL SU* AS COME UND] !IR SUSPICION 9TO !IR PRES5CE2 TO 9T]ROGATE !M RESPECT+ ALL MATT]S :I*1 TO !IR PLEASURE1 !Y ?9K FIT OBJECTS ( !IR 9QUIRY2 & TO /IGMATIZE1 AS !Y T]M IT1 SU* AS !Y F9D TRANSGRESS+ :AT !Y >E N[ H>DY 5\< TO CALL ! ,LAWS ( ,CONGRESS1 :I* /IGMATIZ+ IS NO O!R ?AN 9VIT+ ! V5GEANCE ( AN \TRAGE\S & LAWLESS MOB TO BE EX]CIS$ UPON ! UNHAPPY VICTIMS4.<#a#f.> 

,AL?\< ,DUNMORE'S DESCRIPTION SPECIFICALLY CITES COMMITTEES ?AT W]E E/ABLI%$ TO IMPLEM5T NONIMPORTATION ( ,BRITI% GOODS1 ! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 M]E BOYCOTT & OP5 REVOLUTION BECAME 9CREAS+LY MURKY4 

,! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS PROVID$ LITTLE GUIDANCE ON H[ ! COMMITTEES W]E TO GA9 ! P]SONAL ADH]5CE ( !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S TO BOYCOTT ,BRITI% GOODS OR GA9 PL$GES TO CONSUME ONLY :AT ,AM]ICA C\LD PRODUCE ITSELF4 0,! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS LAID D[N ! PROGRAM ON G5]AL L9ES10 OBS]VES ,A4,C4 ,FLICK1 0BUT LET EA* COLONY DEVISE ITS [N WAYS & MEANS40.<#a#f#a.> ,! FIR/ ME?OD ( ! COMMITTEES WAS RELATIVELY G5TEEL2 !Y SIMPLY PUBLI%$ ! NAME ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL :O VIOLAT$ ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION 9 ! LOCAL PRESS4 ,TO F]RET \T MORE SURREPTITI\S VIOLATORS ( ! BOYCOTT1 9 SOME PLACES COPIES ( ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION DOCUM5T W]E CIRCULAT$ = SIGNATURE BY ! PEOPLE1 & ?OSE :O REFUS$ F\ND !IR NAMES LI/$ 9 ! PRESS AS WELL4 

,9 TIME1 DUR+ RECESS P]IODS BETWE5 MEET+S ( A LEGISLATIVE BODY--BE IT A T[N MEET+1 A C\NTY CONV5TION1 OR A PROV9CIAL CONGRESS--! LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY (T5 BECAME A TEMPOR>Y EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY TO MEET ! GR[+ & V>I$ NE$S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,AS ,M>G>ET ,BURNHAM ,MACMILLAN OBS]VES1 ! LOYALI/ ROYAL GOV]NORS 9 #aggd & #agge W]E 0COMPELL$ TO ADMIT ?AT 5TIRE NEW REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TS1 P>ALLEL & COEXI/5T ) ! OLD AU?ORITY1 HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 !IR RESPECTIVE PROV9CES40.<#a#f#b.> ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#g#g#d1 ,VIRG9IA GOV]NOR ,DUNMORE W>N$ 9 AL>M3 0,EV]Y ,C\NTY 444 IS N[ >M+ A ,COMPANY 444 = ! ,AV[$ PURPOSE ( PROTECT+ !IR COMMITTEES1 & TO BE EMPLOY$ AGA9/ GOV]NM5T1 IF OCCASION REQUIRE40.<#a#f#c.> ,BETWE5 ,JUNE & ,OCTOB] #a#g#g#e1 MO/ ( ! ROYAL GOV]NORS TOOK REFUGE ON (F%ORE ,BRITI% W>%IPS OR 9 ,BRITI% MILIT>Y =TIFICATIONS4 ,!RE W]E1 TO BE SURE1 EXCEPTIONS4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,NEW ,J]SEY1 = EXAMPLE1 REMA9$ 9 (FICE1 AL?\< ! REVOLUTION>IES PLAC$ HIS H\SE UND] GU>D1 9T]CEPT$ HIS MAIL1 & F9ALLY >RE/$ HIM 9 ,JUNE #a#g#g#f4 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,CONNECTICUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 REMA9$ 9 (FICE ?R\<\T ! W>1 PRUD5TLY WORK+ TOGE!R ) ! COMMITTEES1 & EV5 BECAME GOV]NOR ( ! NEW /ATE ( ,CONNECTICUT AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NOR ( ,M>YL&1 :O WAS V]Y POPUL> ) ! ELITE /RATA ( ! COLONY1 WAS =C$ \T ( (FICE :5 MORE VIGILANT REVOLUTION>IES DISCOV]$ ?AT HE HAD BE5 9 CORRESPOND5CE ) ,BRITA9 & ) ! LOYALI/ GOV]NOR ( ,VIRG9IA4 

,9 TIME1 ! ,COMMITTEES BEGAN TO MEET CONT9UALLY1 EV5 DUR+ ! SESSIONS ( ! V>I\S BODIES :OSE DUTIES !Y HAD ONLY TEMPOR>ILY TAK5 OV]1 (T5 ASSUM+ EXECUTIVE P[]S :5 !Y W]E NOT GRANT$ !M \TRI<T4 ,AS SU*1 !Y BECAME A REVOLUTION>Y EXECUTIVE DUR+ ! P]IOD FROM ! 5D ( ! RULE ( ROYAL GOV]NORS TO ! ADOPTION ( NEW /ATE CON/ITUTIONS = PATRIOT GOV]NM5TS4 ,9DE$1 ONCE ACTUAL MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS BEGAN1 !IR TASKS EXP&$ 5ORM\SLY1 WELL BEYOND ! 5=CEM5T ( ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION4 ,!Y BECAME ! ACTIVE =CES P> EXCELL5CE 9 OV]SEE+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 COORD9AT+ MILIT>Y EF=TS :]E NECESS>Y1 ISSU+ 5LI/M5T ORD]S1 SETT+ QUOTAS = ! NUMB] ( MILITIA EA* T[N WAS EXPECT$ TO PROVIDE1 & MOBILIZ+ TROOPS = EXI/+ MILITIAS & ! NEW ,CONT95TAL ,>MY4 ,IT WAS ! COMMITTEES ?AT (T5 PROCUR$ >MS = ! MILITIAS1 EQUIPP$ !M ) SUPPLIES1 & C>$ = ! DEP5D5TS ( ABS5T TROOPS4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ! COMMITTEES FUNCTION$ AS ! COLLECTIVE COMM&]9-*IEF ( ! MILITIAS1 & COMMONLY MA9TA9$ CLOSE SURVEILLANCE ( KN[N OR SUSPECT$ LOYALI/S1 EV5 R\ND+ !M UP = QUE/ION+ & IMPRISONM5T4 ,!Y FIX$ PRICES1 CONFISCAT$ LOYALI/ PROP]TY1 & :5 NECESS>Y CONDUCT$ MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS1 APPO9T+ (FIC]S :5 !Y W]E NOT ELECT$ BY !IR M54 ,:]E NO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ PATRIOT JUDICI>Y EXI/$1 ! COMMITTEES G5]ALLY FUNCTION$ AS REVOLUTION>Y C\RTS4 

,IT WAS !SE BODIES1 AS ,RI*>D ,ALAN ,RY]SON PO9TS \T1 ?AT GAVE GRASSROOTS 9/ITUTIONAL EMBODIM5T TO ! DEMOCRATIC IDEALS ESP\S$ BY REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS4 ,IF 0! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A SEM9AL EV5T 9 WORLD HI/ORY10 ,RY]SON WRITES1 IT WAS 0NOT BECAUSE IT PROCLAIM$ ! RI<T ( REVOLUTION1 BUT BECAUSE IT DEVELOP$ ! IDEOLOGICAL1 GOV]NM5TAL1 & POPUL> MEANS TO BR+ AB\T A REVOLUTION40 ,9DE$1 IT TOOK ?AT DEMOCRATIC IDEOLOGY 0\T ( ! REALM ( !ORY & RHETORIC & 9TO ! DOMA9 ( REALITY & ACTION40.<#a#f#d.> 

,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,RHODE ,ISL&1 EV]Y COLONY HAD A ,PROV9CIAL ,COMMITTEE 7OR ,PROV9CIAL ,C\NCIL7 ( ,SAFETY AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 WORK+ ) COEXI/+ C\NTY & LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY ?AT (T5 \TLA/$ A PROV9CIAL COMMITTEE'S DISSOLUTION BY NEW /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE1 AMONG ! LONGE/-LIV$ 9 ! COLONIES1 WAS NOT DISB&$ UNTIL ,JUNE #a#g#h#d1 ?REE YE>S AFT] ,BRITI% TROOPS BEGAN TO DEB>K FROM ! =M] COLONIES1 :ILE ! ,CONNECTICUT COMMITTEE LA/$ UNTIL #a#g#h#c4 ,SOME COMMITTEES HAD V]Y LIMIT$ AU?ORITY1 AS 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 :ILE O!RS HAD VIRTUALLY DICTATORIAL P[]S4 

,! /RUCTURE E/ABLI%$ 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ALMO/ IDEALLY EXEMPLIFIES ! /RUCTURE ?AT EXI/$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R 9 NE>LY ALL ( ! COLONIES4 

,E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#g#e1 ! PROV9CE'S C>EFULLY GRAD$ /RUCTURE ( COMMITTEES CONSI/$ ( A RELIABLE & PATRIOTIC ,PROV9CIAL ,C\NCIL ( ,SAFETY1 :OSE ?IRTE5 MEMB]S W]E ELECT$ BY ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS TOGE!R ) TWO MEMB]S FROM EA* ( ! PROV9CE'S ELECTORAL DI/RICTS4 ,C\NTY COMMITTEES =M$ ! NEXT TI] ( ! /RUCTURE1 FOLL[$ BY ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY ?AT MET QU>T]LY 9 MAJOR T[NS ( EA* ELECT$ DI/RICT4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! COMMITTEES DIRECT ! LOCAL MILITIA1 BUT !Y FUNCTION$ AS APPEALS C\RTS = ,TORY DEF5DANTS :OM ! ALL-IMPORTANT LOCAL COMMITTEES HAD CONVICT$ ( (F5SES AGA9/ ! PATRIOT CAUSE4 ,! T[N ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY W]E ELECT$ ANNUALLY BY ! LOCAL FREEHOLD]S4 ,RANG+ 9 NUMB] FROM SEV5 TO FIFTE5 MEMB]S1 !Y E/ABLI%$ !IR [N OP]AT+ REGULATIONS & W]E FREE TO >RE/ & CONF9E ALL SUSPECT$ ,TORIES4 ,! LOCAL MILITIAS1 :I* !Y ORGANIZ$ & COMM&$1 (T5 S]V$ AS ! REAL =CE 9 ! COMMUNITIES & C\NTIES4 ,! MILITIAS1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 ELECT$ MO/ OR ALL ( !IR (FIC]S1 & !Y PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 W9N+ A GIV5 T[N OR REGION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 

,BY NO MEANS W]E ALL ! ,PROV9CIAL-LEVEL ,CONGRESSES & ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY EAG] TO C>RY \T ! RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT HAD BE5 ?RU/ UPON !M4 ,A NUMB] ( !M CONSPICU\SLY LAGG$ BEH9D ! LOCAL1 DI/RICT1 & C\NTY COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E USUALLY NOTABLE = !IR REVOLUTION>Y ZEAL & 9ITIATIVE4 ,AL?\< ! LOCAL COMMITTEES W]E GIV5 A BROAD LATITUDE 9 C>RY+ \T !IR RESPONSIBILITIES1 !Y EAG]LY TOOK MANY MATT]S 9TO !IR [N H&S4 ,?US 9 ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE IT WAS ! LOCAL COMMITTEES ?AT TYPICALLY UND]TOOK ! JOB ( ROOT+ \T ,TORIES1 CONFISCAT+ !IR L&1 MOBILIZ+ & EQUIPP+ MILITIA =CES1 & C>+ = ! DEP5D5TS ( MILITIAM5 ON ACTIVE DUTY4 ,9 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ! MA9 FUNCTION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY & ,9SPECTION SEEM$ TO CONSI/ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( DEAL+ ) ,TORIES4 ,! PROV9CE HAD BECOME A BATTLEGR\ND = BITT] CONFLICTS BETWE5 ,TORIES & PATRIOTS1 EXPLOD+ 9 WIDESPREAD BITT] GU]RILLA W>F>E1 ESPECIALLY 9 >EAS :]E ! FRONTS BETWE5 ,BRITI% & ,CONT95TAL >MIES W]E /ILL ILL-DEF9$4 

,AT ! PROV9CIAL LEVEL ( SOME PROV9CES1 H[EV]1 UNC]TA9TY AB\T ! \TCOME ( ! CONFLICT & FE> ( REPRISALS AFT] A POSSIBLE ,BRITI% VICTORY UND\BT$LY CAUS$ MANY MOD]ATE PATRIOTS TO BE W>Y ( UND]TAK+ OV]T ANTI-,BRITI% ACTIVITY4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y GLAD TO LEAVE ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( SUPPORT+ ! ,REVOLUTION TO ! LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY1 BUT 9 ,M>YL&1 TO CITE AN EXTREME EXAMPLE1 ! PROV9CIAL COMMITTEE WAS COMPOS$ ALMO/ COMPLETELY ( ! MORE 0RESPECTABLE10 PRUD5T & HESITANT SUPPORT]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,SO CONS]VATIVE WAS ?IS COMMITTEE1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT T5D$ TO DEAL ) PAT5TLY ,TORY (FICIALS ) REM>KABLE DEF]5CE4 ,!RE1 ,CONT95TAL ,>MY (FIC]S SU* AS ! MILITANT ,G5]AL ,*>LES ,LEE HAD TO TURN TO ! RADICAL ,BALTIMORE COMMITTEE1 COMPOS$ L>GELY ( WORKM51 TO *ALL5GE ! PROV9CIAL COMMITTEE & CIRCUMV5T ! GOV]NOR'S B>ELY DISGUIS$ SUPPORT = ! ,BRITI%4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 PATRIOTS 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY >EA W]E (T5 9 ! M9ORITY & W]E OBLIG$ TO DEP5D MA9LY ON COMMITTEES AT ! PROV9CIAL LEVEL TO C\NT]VAIL ! /RONG LOYALI/ S5TIM5T 9 ,WE/*E/]1 ,QUE5S1 & ,K+S ,C\NTIES & ON ,/AT5 ,ISL&4 ,9 !SE C\NTIES1 PATRIOTS ACTUALLY LO/ CONTROL ( ! LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY TO VIRTUAL LOYALI/S1 :O C>RI$ \T NONE ( !IR OBLIGATORY FUNCTIONS4 ,SO MOD]ATE WAS ! PROV9CIAL REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( ,NEW ,YORK ?AT ,G5]AL ,WA%+TON1 ,JOHN ,HANCOCK1 & ,G5]AL ,LEE HAD TO URGE IT TO TAKE /RONG] MEASURES AGA9/ ,TORIES TO KEEP ! CITY FROM FALL+ TO ! ,BRITI%4 ,:5 ! CITY F9ALLY DID FALL 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#g#g#f1 ! LOCAL COMMITTEES W]E DISB&$ & ! CITY BECAME ! MAJOR GA!R+ PLACE = ,TORIES FROM ?R\<\T ! PROV9CES4 

,?US1 ?R\<\T ! PROV9CES ! LOCAL COMMITTEES (T5 ACT$ ON !IR [N1 BEYOND ! /RICT CONTROL ( ! PROV9CIAL COMMITTEES4 ,9 G5]AL1 0! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T .<( A PROV9CE.> HAD NO MEANS ( 5=C+ AU?ORITY OV] .<! C\NTY COMMITTEES.>10 OBS]VES ,AGNES ,HUNT1 A HI/ORIAN ( MOD]ATE POLITICAL VIEWS4 0,!SE C\NTY COMMITTEES 444 W]E T5ACI\S ( !IR LOCAL SUPREMACY & /OOD AS A COMPLETE B>RI] AGA9/ ANY ATTEMPT AT C5TRALIZATION :I* MU/ PREC$E ANY PRACTICAL EX]CISE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 A C5TRAL EXECUTIVE40.<#a#f#e.> ,! ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY1 9 EFFECT1 EM]G$ AS A DUAL P[] ON EV]Y LEVEL ( SOV]EIGNTY1 C\NTY & LOCAL AS WELL AS PROV9CIAL1 EV5 P>ALLEL+ V>I\S PROV9CIAL CONGRESSES AS WELL AS ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS ITSELF4 

,LIKE ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES A DECADE LAT]1 ! PATRIOTS' CIVILIAN AU?ORITIES 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION W]E CONT9UALLY SUSPICI\S ( POSSIBLE C\PS BY ! MILIT>Y--&1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 !IR SUSPICIONS W]E (T5 QUITE W>RANT$4 ,?US1 SOME ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY OP5LY RESI/$ ANY ATTEMPT BY ! ,CONT95TAL ,>MY TO DICTATE ORD]S TO !M4 0,COMMITTEE ( SAFETY MEMB]S USUALLY W]E CIVILIANS WELL IMBU$ ) ! PREVAL5T DI/RU/ ( UN*ECK$ MILIT>Y AU?ORITY10 ,MACMILLAN NOTES4.<#a#f#f.> ,9 ,MASSA*USETTS ! ,PROV9CIAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ACC\NTABLE ONLY TO ! ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS & ASSIDU\SLY UPHELD ! SUPREMACY ( ! CIVIL AU?ORITY OV] ?AT ( ! MILIT>Y4 ,:5 ,G5]AL ,W>D ( ! ,CONT95TAL ,>MY ORD]$ A ,MASSA*USETTS COMMITTEE TO PLACE ITS MILIT>Y /ORES AT ! DISCRETION ( ! >MY'S (FIC]S1 ! COMMITTEEM5 COMPLI$ BUT SOLEMNLY TOOK ! PA9S TO ASS]T ! AU?ORITY ( CIVILIAN 9/ITUTIONS OV] ?AT ( ! MILIT>Y1 W>N+1 0,IT IS ( VA/ IMPORTANCE ?AT NO ORD]S >E ISSU$ BY ! MILIT>Y OR OBEY$ BY ! CIVIL P[]S1 BUT ONLY SU* AS >E DIRECT$ BY ! HONORABLE REPRES5TATIVE BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 FROM :OM ALL MILIT>Y & CIVIL P[] ORIG9ATES40.<#a#f#g.> 

,ESS5TIALLY1 ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS = A REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY W]E V]Y MU* 9 PLACE 9 >EAS CONTROLL$ BY ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ WAS EXT5D$ TO MANY COMMUNITIES ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D & EV5 TO 9L& FRONTI] SETTLEM5TS4 ,\TSIDE ,NEW ,5GL&1 AS ONE PATRIOT LAT] REC\NT$1 RESI/ANCE LEAD]S 5VI$ ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S & !IR ABILITY TO UNITE 0! :OLE BODY ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! MEASURES TAK5 TO OPPOSE ! ,/AMP ,ACT 9DUC$ O!R ,PROV9CES TO IMITATE !IR EXAMPLE40 ,EV5 SIZABLE CITIES DEVELOP$ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R ?AT W]E M>K$LY DEMOCRATIC4 ,?US1 ,*>LE/ON'S PATRIOTIC LOCAL >TISANS CONSCI\SLY IMPORT$ ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+ TO !IR CITY1 AN ACT ?AT WAS ALL ! EASI] BECAUSE ! CITY WAS UN9CORPORAT$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION & LACK$ MUNICIPAL BODIES ?AT PATRIOTS MI<T USE TO PRESS !IR RESI/ANCE TO ,BRITI% RULE4 ,9 TIME1 ! T[N MEET+ GRADUALLY BECAME ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T ( ! S\!RN CITY4 ,9ITIALLY1 9 #a#g#f#h1 0ME*ANICS & MANY O!R 9HABITANTS ( ?IS T[N0 GA!R$ TO URGE ?AT ,S\? ,C>OL9A JO9 ! O!R PROV9CES 9 ! NONIMPORTATION AGREEM5T2 BY ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#f#i1 M]*ANTS & PLANT]S BEGAN TO ATT5D ! BOYCOTT COMMITTEE1 SO ?AT ! MEET+ SOON BECAME A 0G5]AL MEET+ ( 9HABITANTS 444 TO CONSID] ( O!R MATT]S = ! G5]AL GOOD0 BESIDES NONIMPORTATION4 ,! SAME 0G5]AL MEET+ ( ! 9HABITANTS ( & NE> ,*>LE/[N0 !N CONV5$ 9 LATE #aggc 9 ORD] ?AT ! 0S5SE ( ! COMMUNITY MI<T BE COLLECT$0 ON ITS RESPONSE TO ! PASSAGE ( ! ,TEA ,ACT1 FOLL[$ AGA9 9 ,M>* #aggd BY ANO!R MEET+ ON ! CLOS+ ( ! PORT ( ,BO/ON4 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS 0G5]AL MEET+0 CALL$ UPON ! V>I\S P>I%ES ( ,S\? ,C>OL9A TO *OOSE DELEGATES TO A ,G5]AL ,CONV5TION1 :I* !REUPON =M$ A COMMITTEE 9 :I* AS MANY AS HALF ( ITS MEMB]S W]E ME*ANICS4 ,TYPICALLY1 ,*RI/OPH] ,GADSD51 ! LEAD+ ,S\? ,C>OL9A ,:IG1 DI/RU/$ ! ,*>LE/ON T[N MEET+ AS A DISORD]LY MOB & EV5 DEFAM$ IT 9 #a#g#g#h1 :5 HE SPECULAT$ ?AT ! PEOPLE'S 0RUNN+ UPON EV]Y FANCY TO ! MEET+S ( LIB]TY TREE0 WAS A 0DISEASE AMONG US F> MORE DANG]\S ?AN 444 ! :OLE PRES5T H]D ( CONTEMPTIBLE TORIES40 ,! ,*>LE/ON T[N MEET+ CONT9U$ TO BE ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T ( ! CITY = A TOTAL ( FIFTE5 YE>S1 UNTIL ! CITY WAS 9CORPORAT$ BY ! /ATE LEGISLATURE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#g#h#c4.<#a#f#h.> 

,NOR W]E ! NEWLY =M$ REVOLUTION>Y MILITIAS IMMUNE TO ! DEMOCRATIC F]VOR ?AT SWEPT OV] ! COLONIES4 ,9 ,BALTIMORE1 TO CITE A REM>KABLE EXAMPLE1 DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES HAD SO COMPLETELY IMBU$ ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA ?AT ITS TROOPS ACTUALLY ASSUM$ ! LEAD 9 DEMOCRATIZ+ ! CITY'S LAGG+ 9/ITUTIONS4 0,AT A TIME :5 ,BALTIMORE HAD NO ELECTIVE (FICES10 OBS]VES ,*>LES ,G4 ,/EFF51 0PRIVATES W]E SUDD5LY *OOS+ !IR [N (FIC]S40 ,) ! /RONG DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT ?AT EXI/$ AMONG ! CITIZ5-SOLDI]S1 ,M>YL&'S PROV9CIAL CONV5TION ( #agge ABROGAT$ ITS PREVI\S POLICY ( APPO9T+ LOCAL MILITIA (FIC]S & 0P]MITT$ COMPANIES TO ELECT (FIC]S BEL[ ! BATTALION LEVEL10 ,/EFF5 NOTES4 ,! TEMP] ( ! MILITIAS SUGGE/S ?AT ! ASSEMBLY GAVE ?IS 0P]MISSION0 ONLY RELUCTANTLY2 9 ANY CASE1 POPUL> IMPULSES TO DEMOCRATIZE ! MILITIA SWEPT OV] ! 5TIRE PROV9CE4 0,ACROSS ,M>YL& ! NEW MILITIA LAW SP>K$ A REVOLUTION )9 ! UNITS1 AS SOLDI]S DEBAT$ OP5LY ! M]ITS ( !IR PROSPECTIVE COMM&]S40 ,! 0ME*ANICS0 OR >TISANS & O!R URBAN WORK]S :O MADE UP MU* ( ! MILITIA *OSE (FIC]S TO LEAD !M :O W]E 0FELL[ ME*ANICS1 NOT444 M]*ANTS1 LAWY]S1 OR PHYSICIANS2 ONLY A DECADE ( EXP]I5CE 9 ! ,ME*ANICAL ,COMPANY1 ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY1 & ,ME*ANICAL ,FIRE ,COMPANY C\LD HAVE PROMPT$ SU* 9DEP5D5T ACTION40.<#a#f#i.> ,AS A RESULT ( ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVE UNLEA%$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION & ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM ?AT ]UPT$ FOLL[+ ! BEG9N+ ( HO/ILITIES1 MANY LOCAL MILITIAS SOON CAME TO BE AS DEMOCRATIC AS ?AT ( ,BALTIMORE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 CAPTUR$ ,AM]ICAN SEAM5 :O W]E TAK5 PRISON] =M$ !IR [N PRISON]S'ORGANIZATIONS3 0,SEP>AT$ FROM !IR CAPTA9S & GOV]N+ !MSELVES = ! FIR/ TIME1 ON !IR [N !Y ORGANIZ$ 9TO DISCIPL9$ GR\PS ) BYLAWS3 9 MICROCOSM ! PRISON]S W5T ?R\< ! :OLE PROCESS ( SETT+ UP A CON/ITUTION40.<#a#g.> 

,M,I,L,I,T,I,A,S ,& ,L,O,Y,A,L,I,/,S 

,EV]Y /RATUM 9 ! ,AM]ICAN PROV9CES WAS AFFECT$ BY ?IS /ORM3 ! M]*ANTS & >TISANS :O C\LD OR W\LD NOT SELL !IR GOODS TO ! ,BRITI%2 ! F>M+ FAMILIES B]EFT ( MANP[] OR SUBJECT TO REQUISITIONS BY BO? SIDES ( ! CONFLICT2 ! BLACK SLAVES :O OV]HE>D TALK ( EQUALITY & 9ALI5ABLE HUMAN RI<TS2 & ! WEAL?Y L&[N]S1 M]*ANTS1 SPECULATORS1 F9ANCI]S1 AS WELL AS PRIVILEG$ >TISANS--NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ?\S&S ( BUREAUCRATS & (FICIALS 9 ! K+'S S]VICE :O LIV$ 9 DEADLY FE> ( ! 0LEVEL+0 LANGUAGE ( ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,9DE$1 AS ,RI*>D ,ALAN ,RY]SON PO9TS \T1 ! COLONIES W]E POLITICALLY DIVID$1 9DU/RIALLY FEEBLE1 & MILIT>ILY UNPREP>$4 ,! ONLY /RONG ELEM5T ( !IR CAPACITY TO RESI/ ,GREAT ,BRITA9 WAS !IR WILL4 ,EXTRAORD9>Y SELF-SACRIFICE W\LD MAKE !M P[]FUL1 VISIBLE SACRIFICE W\LD UNIFY !M4 ,:5 ?\S&S ( PATRIOTS PUBLICLY CA/ !IR TIMID SELF-9T]E/ ASIDE1 !Y RE9=C$ ! C\RAGE ( ALL4.<#a#g#a.> ,9DE$1 IT WAS MA9LY ?R\< ! ZEAL ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5RY ?AT ! W> C\LD POSSIBLY BE WON4 

,& IT WAS A W> ?AT WAS F\<T )9 EV]Y CITY & 9 MANY T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,IF WE ACCEPT ,JOHN ,ADAMS'S E/IMATE1 ONE-?IRD ( ALL ,AM]ICANS W]E PATRIOTS1 & ANO!R ?IRD W]E LOYALI/S1 :ILE ! REMA9+ ?IRD W]E 0NEUTRAL40 ,9 FACT1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y DIFFICULT TO BE NEUTRAL DUR+ !SE DEM&+ TIMES3 ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE SY/EM ?AT REA*$ 9TO ! V]Y M>R[ ( COLONIAL SOCIETY--! %E] DEP? ( ! REVOLUTION1 P5ETRAT+ 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( EV]YDAY LIFE FROM ,NEW ,5GL& TO ! ,C>OL9AS--LEFT LITTLE ROOM = 9DIFF]5CE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 PATRIOTS VIEW$ LOYALI/ SYMPA?IZ]S ) 9T5SE SUSPICION1 EV5 IF !Y DID NOT COMMIT OV]T ACTS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,BRITI%4 ,C4,H4 ,VAN ,TYNE1 A HI/ORIAN SYMPA!TIC TO OPPON5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 REC\NTS 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL ! PATRIOTS' GR[+1 ACTIVE SUSPICION T[>D LOYALI/S4 0,EXCLUSION FROM PUBLIC FAVOR WAS ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! POLITICAL PURIFICATION10 HE NOTES4 0,?IS SOCIAL O/RACISM WAS AT FIR/ 9=MAL4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ VIOL5T AGITATION & DISCUSSION !RE WAS A BREAK+ ( OLD BONDS4 ,LOYALI/S W]E S5T TO ,COV5TRY BY !IR T[NSM54 ,OLD FRI5DS DID NOT SPEAK AS !Y MET2 NEI<BORS IGNOR$ NEI<BORS2 ,:IG & ,TORY DRIFT$ FUR!R AP>T1 BECAUSE NEI!R MODIFI$ ! VIEWS ( ! O!R BY FRI5DLY >GUM5T0.<#a#g#b.> ,LI/S ( LOYALI/ SYMPA?IZ]S W]E PUBLI%$1 !IR BUS9ESSES BOYCOTT$1 & !IR HOMES (T5 BURN$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,!IR PRESSES W]E SMA%$ BY IRATE PATRIOT CR[DS1 :ILE O!R LOYALI/S W]E REFUS$ ANY S]VICES BY TRADESM5 & ME*ANICS4 ,9 ,MASSA*USETTS 9 #agge ALONE1 TWO HUNDR$ CONS]VATIVES1 9CLUD+ ! ,HUT*9SONS1 LEFT ,AM]ICA ALTOGE!R4 

,NOR WAS IT EASY TO HIDE ONE'S VIEWS--NEUTRAL OR O!RWISE--FROM PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE4 ,LOYALI/S HAD 9ITIALLY BE5 ID5TIFI$ BY !IR REFUSAL TO SIGN ON TO ! ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION1 BUT PATRIOT COMMITTEEM5 SOON F\ND ?AT IT WAS F> TOO EASY = SOMEONE TO CONCEAL HIS OR H] LOYALTY TO ! ,CR[N BY SIMPLY SIGN+ !IR NAME4 ,TO MAKE ID5TIFICATION MORE C]TA91 LOYALI/S OR NEUTRALS W]E ID5TIFI$ BY !IR FAILURE TO VOLUNTE] = MILITIA ASSOCIATIONS OR MU/] ) ! PATRIOT MILITIA4 ,O!R ACTIVITIES ?AT SOON CAME TO CON/ITUTE PUNI%ABLE ACTS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,CR[N 9CLUD$ WRIT+ OR SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN CAUSE2 H>BOR+ OR ASSOCIAT+ ) KN[N ,TORIES2 BE+ 09 >MS AGA9/ ! LIB]TIES ( ,AM]ICA0--MEAN+1 >M+ ONESELF OR O!RS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,BRITI%2 RECRUIT+ SOLDI]S TO FI<T = ! ,BRITI%2 DR9K+ TO ! HEAL? ( ! K+2 EV5 REJECT+ ,CONT95TAL CURR5CY4 

,BETRAY+ ! ,AM]ICAN CAUSE SOON BECAME A PUNI%ABLE CRIME4 ,ACCORD+ TO RESOLVES ?AT ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS PASS$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#g#g#e1 SUSPECTS >RE/$ = ANTIPATRIOTIC CRIMES C\LD BE TRI$ BY A LOCAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY1 & !IR PROP]TY TEMPOR>ILY PLAC$ 9 ! CU/ODY ( 0SOME DISCREET P]SON0 :OM ! ,COMMITTEE C\LD APPO9T4 ,BY ,JANU>Y #a#g#g#f1 EV5 SO MOD]ATE A PATRIOT AS ,G5]AL ,WA%+TON DESCRIB$ ! LOYALI/S AS 0ABOM9ABLE PE/S ( SOCIETY10 DEM&+ ?AT 0VIGOR\S MEASURES1 & SU* AS AT O!R TIMES W\LD APPE> EXTRAORD9>Y1 >E N[ BECOME ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y40.<#a#g#c.> ,9 ,M>* ! ,CONGRESS RECOMM5D$ ?AT ALL >MS F\ND 9 ! POSSESSION ( NONASSOCIATORS1 P]SONS 0DISAFFECT$ TO ! CAUSE ( ,AM]ICA10 & ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO TAKE AN OA? ( LOYALTY TO ! PATRIOT CAUSE BE CONFISCAT$ & PLAC$ 9 ! TEMPOR>Y CU/ODY ( A C\NTY COMMITTEE4 ,:5 ,G5]AL ,WA%+TON COMPLA9$ TO ! ,CONGRESS 9 ,JUNE #aggf AB\T ! ACTIVITIES ( LOYALI/S 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! PROV9CE WAS ORD]$ TO CREATE BETT] MEANS 0= DETECT+1 RE/RA9+1 & PUNI%+ DISAFFECT$ & DANG]\S P]SONS 9 ?AT COLONY40.<#a#g#d.> 

,AS ! CONFLICT 9T5SIFI$ 9 SCOPE & BITT]NESS1 PUNI%M5T ( LOYALI/S 9CREAS$ 9 SEV]ITY1 RANG+ FROM D5UNCIATION TO F9ES1 & WORSE4 ,A LOYALI/ 9 ,BALTIMORE WAS REQUIR$ TO PAY FIVE HUNDR$ P\NDS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 AS WELL AS N9E %ILL+S DAILY TO EA* ( ! SOLDI]S ASSIGN$ TO 0GU>D0 HIM UND] H\SE >RE/4 ,9 TIME1 ,TORIES W]E T>R$ & FEA!R$1 OR TRI$ & IMPRISON$4 ,WEAPONS ?AT HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$ ONLY TEMPOR>ILY W]E KEPT = P]MAN5T USE ON BEHALF ( ! PATRIOT CAUSE4 ,9DE$1 REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES BECAME 9CREAS+LY RU?LESS 9 !IR TREATM5T ( !IR LOYALI/ OPPON5TS1 TURN+ !MSELVES 9TO REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNALS1 S5T5C+ LOYALI/ SPIES TO DEA? & FILL+ PRISONS ) SUPPORT]S ( ! ,CR[N4 ,SOME LOYALI/S W]E EXIL$ TO O!R /ATES2 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A'S ,COMMITTEE ( ,SECRECY1 ,W> & ,9TELLIG5CE RECOMM5D$ ?AT LOYALI/S CAPTUR$ 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ,MOORE'S ,CREEK BE S5T TO ,M>YL&1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,P5NSYLVANIA1 S9CE 0!IR P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE444 MI<T & PROBABLY W\LD PROVE FATAL40.<#a#g#e.> ,SOME REVOLUTION>IES HELD CONVICT$ ,TORIES AS PRISON]S ( W> 9 :AT ,VAN ,TYNE CALLS 0RECONC5TRATION CAMPS40.<#a#g#f.> ,F9ALLY1 TEMPOR>Y CONFISCATIONS ( REAL & P]SONAL PROP]TY BECAME P]MAN5T POSSESSIONS ( ! PATRIOT CAUSE & W]E SOLD (F TO SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY4 ,9DE$1 SWEEP+ CONFISCATIONS ( P]SONAL WEAL?1 LIVE/OCK1 CROPS1 & L& ?AT FOLL[$ GAVE ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT 0LEVEL+0 QUALITY ?AT CONV5TIONAL HI/ORIANS T5D TO IGNORE4 

,AFT] ! MID-#a#g#gS1 PATRIOTS SEE!D ) SO MU* HATR$ T[>D ! LOYALI/S ?AT EV5 SEEM+LY AU!NTIC NEUTRALS1 :OM BO? SIDES1 9 FACT1 T5D$ TO VIEW AS CLOSET OPPON5TS1 BEGAN TO SUFF] RETRIBUTION4 ,V]Y LIKELY1 MANY 0NEUTRALS0 DRIFT$ FROM ONE SIDE TO ! O!R1 *ANG+ !IR ALLEGIANCES ) ! =TUNES ( ! CONT5D+ =CES4 ,BEYOND ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & ,LONG ,ISL&1 ! VIRTUAL CAPITAL ( ! ,BRITI% ,>MY 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! >EAS CONTROLL$ BY ! PATRIOT & ,BRITI% =CES %IFT$ BACK & =? 9CESSANTLY & W]E M>K$ BY EV]%>P5+ CONFLICTS & DE/RUCTION4 

,BUT EV5 IF ,BRITI% REGUL>S HAD TAK5 & HELD ALL ! URBAN C5T]S & L>G] T[NS ( ! COLONIES1 IT IS HI<LY UNLIKELY ?AT !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONQU] ! RURAL >EAS 9 :I* ! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS LIV$ & WORK$4 ,= ! R$COATS TO GO TOO F> 9L& WAS TO RISK DECIMATION & DEFEAT AT ! H&S ( >M$ YEOM51 :O EASILY *ANG$ FROM F>M]S 9TO GU]RILLAS4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#g#g#g1 ,WA%+TON'S R\T ( A SUB/ANTIAL ,BRITI% =CE AT ,PR9CETON DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! ,BRITI% W]E 9CAPABLE ( HOLD+ ! NOR!RN RURAL >EAS = ANY EXT5D$ P]IOD ( TIME1 & W]E LIMIT$ PRIM>ILY TO CAPTUR+ & OCCUPY+ COLONIAL CITIES4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT AFT] ,G5]AL ,H[E CAPTUR$ ,PHILADELPHIA ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 #a#g#g#g1 HE MADE NO ATTEMPT TO PURSUE ,WA%+TON 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :]E ! BATT]$ ,CONT95TAL ,>MY TOOK REFUGE AT ,VALLEY ,=GE1 SOME TW5TY MILES TO ! NOR?WE/4 ,AL?\< ,H[E MI<T HAVE ALL BUT WIP$ \T ! PATRIOT =CES 9 A CONV5TIONAL BATTLE1 HE PRUD5TLY *OSE TO SETTLE BACK ) HIS >MY 9 ! SAFETY ( URBAN SURR\ND+S4 0,! ,BRITI% C\LD NOT W910 OBS]VES ,JESSE ,LEMIS*1 0PRECISELY BECAUSE ! ,AM]ICANS W]E FI<T+ A POPUL> W>0--& ONE ?AT ! R$COATS C\LD NOT HOPE TO W9 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AS ! ,BATTLE ( ,S>ATOGA WAS TO PROVE4.<#a#g#g.> 

,! VICTORY ( ! ,AM]ICANS OV] ,MAJOR ,G5]AL ,JOHN ,BURGOYNE AT ,S>ATOGA 9 ,OCTOB] #aggg WAS NOT ONLY ! TURN+ PO9T ( ! W>1 BUT GRAPHICALLY TE/IFIES TO ! POPULI/ NATURE ( ! CONFLICT4 ,BURGOYNE'S ILL-/>R$ ,S>ATOGA CAMPAIGN 9 ! SUMM] ( #aggg WAS UND]TAK5 TO CUT ,NEW ,YORK (F FROM ,NEW ,5GL&1 AN 5T]PRISE ?AT W\LD HAVE DIVID$ ! NOR!RN COLONIES ALONG ! ,HUDSON ,RIV]4 ,BUT 0,G5TLEMAN ,JOHNNY0 WAS H>DLY ! MAN TO LEAD AN >MY ( #d1 ,BRITI% REGUL>S1 #c1 ,HESSIANS1 #a1 ,CANADIAN MILITIA1 & HI<LY UNRELIABLE ,9DIAN ALLIES ?R\< ! D5SE WILD]NESS ?AT SEP>AT$ ,=T ,TICOND]OGA AT ! S\!RN TIP ( ,LAKE ,*AMPLA9 FROM ,=T ,$W>D ON ! ,HUDSON4 ,OV]LOAD$ ) BAGGAGE1 ) ! FAMILIES ( HIS (FIC]S1 & ) SUPPLIES ?AT W]E MORE SUITABLE = CONV5TIONAL W>F>E 9 OP5 C\NTRY ?AN A CONFLICT 9 A HEAVILY =E/$ REGION1 ! >MY WAS SL[$ TO A SNAIL'S PACE1 EV5TUALLY TO NO MORE ?AN ONE MILE A DAY4 ,?IS HI<LY 5CUMB]$ =CE CONTRA/$ M>K$LY ) ! LI<TLY EQUIPP$ YEOMAN MILITIA IT OPPOS$1 :I* 5JOY$ 5ORM\S MANEUV]ABILITY & CLOSE PROXIMITY TO A HOME BASE1 & WAS ?OR\<LY FAMILI> ) ! T]RA94 

,P>T (FIC]1 P>T LI<T-M9D$ C\RTI]1 0,G5TLEMAN ,JOHNNY0 TOOK NE>LY A MON? TO REA* ,=T ,$W>D1 :I* ! ,AM]ICANS BY !N HAD ALREADY AB&ON$4 ,LACK+ SUFFICI5T FOOD = HIS M51 ,BURGOYNE MADE TWO EXP$ITIONS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :I* >\S$ ALL ! PATRIOT =CES 9 ! >EA4 ,! FIR/ EXP$ITION W5T UP ! ,/4 ,LAWR5CE ,RIV] TO ,OSWEGO & !N 9TO ,MOHAWK C\NTRY1 :]E IT 5C\NT]$ SU* /RONG PATRIOT RESI/ANCE ?AT IT RETREAT$ BACK 9TO ,CANADA1 COMPLETELY AB&ON+ ! MA9 =CE UND] ,BURGOYNE'S COMM&4 ,! SECOND EXP$ITION MOV$ 9TO ! ,HAMP%IRE ,GRANTS 7LAT] ,V]MONT7 & WAS WIP$ \T BY ! ,GRE5 ,M\NTA9 ,BOYS UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,JOHN ,/>K4 ,SO COMPLETELY HAD ,BURGOYNE'S M>* /IRR$ UP ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AT ZEAL\S F>M]S & MILITIA--ALMO/ TWICE AS NUM]\S AS ,BURGOYNE'S [N =CES1 :I* W]E N[ R$UC$ TO A M]E ?\S& AS A RESULT ( ! TWO FAIL$ EXP$ITIONS--SURR\ND$ HIM AT ,S>ATOGA & =C$ HIM TO SURR5D] ON ,OCTOB] #a#g4 ,MO/ ( ! M5 :O BR\<T ?IS WELL->M$1 L>GELY ,EUROPEAN MILIT>Y =CE TO A /&/ILL & !N TO DEFEAT W]E NOT PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S BUT >M$ F>M]S ORGANIZ$ 9TO MILITIA UNITS UND] ELECT$ (FIC]S1 :O F\<T MORE AS AN >M$ PEOPLE ?AN A PR(ESSIONAL >MY4 ,! DEFEAT S]V$ TO RE9=CE ,BRITI% FE>S ?AT RURAL ,AM]ICA WAS NOT SECURE BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* TO DEPLOY A L>GELY UN9SPIR$ CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y =CE1 H[EV] EASILY IT C\LD CAPTURE CITIES & T[NS ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC COA/4 

,) ?IS VICTORY ! ,REVOLUTION %>P5$ 9 9T5SITY1 & PATRIOT & LOYALI/ F\<T EA* O!R ) 9CREAS+LY VICI\S MEASURES4 ,! CONFLICT WAS F\<T BY FAIR MEANS OR F\L1 9 NE>LY ALL ! COLONIES & AT ALL LEVELS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ASIDE FROM MORE TRADITIONAL =MS ( MILIT>Y 5GAGEM5T1 GU]RILLA W>F>E SPRANG UP EV]Y:]E1 A 0P>TISAN W>F>E10 AS ,*>LES ,ROY/] CALLS IT1.<#a#g#h.> ) ALL ITS ATT5DANT BITT]NESS & CRUELTIES4 ,ONCE ! ,BRITI% TROOPS 5T]$ ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !Y CAME UND] ATTACK FROM REVOLUTION>Y F>M]S1 US+ TACTICS ( 0MOBILITY1 )DRAWAL1 & UNEXPECT$ C\NT]ATTACK2 !Y FL$ ONLY :5 !Y C\LD NOT W9 & TURN$ & F\<T ONLY :5 !Y HAD A GOOD *ANCE ( VICTORY40.<#a#g#i.> ,SNIP]S (T5 DECIMAT$ SMALL DETA*M5TS ( ,BRITI% REGUL>S & WIP$ \T !IR PATROLS4 ,PATRIOT GU]RILLAS US$ ROADBLOCKS TO IMP$E ! MOVEM5T ( ,BRITI% SUPPLIES1 DE/ROY$ BRIDGES ?AT ! R$COATS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO MOVE 9 ! WILD C\NTRYSIDE1 CONDUCT$ SUDD5 RAIDS FROM BEH9D /ONE F5CES1 & WAG$ DEMORALIZ+ SMALL-SCALE 5GAGEM5TS1 UNTIL IT WAS DIFFICULT1 (T5 IMPOSSIBLE1 = ! ,BRITI% REGUL>S & ,HESSIAN M]C5>IES TO OP]ATE 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 

,LOYALI/S1 TOO1 TOOK UP >MS 9 SUPPORT ( !IR [N CAUSE4 ,S\!RN BACKWOODSM5 :O SMOLD]$ ) RES5TM5T T[>D ! PATRIOT TOBACCO PLANT]S1 TOGE!R ) ADV5TUR]S ( ALL SORTS :O F\ND ! CONFLICT AN 9VITATION TO PILLAGE & PR(ITE]1 9CONGRU\SLY JO9$ ROYALI/ ELITES TO =M A 0LOYALI/ P>TY0 &1 ONCE ! CONFLICT HAD CROSS$ A RIV] ( BLOOD1 E/ABLI%$ A MILIT>Y & GU]RILLA =CE 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! LOYALI/ BASE = MO/ ( ! W>1 SOME #d#b1 ,AM]ICAN LOYALI/S CREAT$ A ,TORY MILITIA ?AT (T5 F\<T ) ,BRITI% REGUL>S4 ,TOGE!R ) SMALL OR L>GE =CES ELSE:]E 9 ! COLONIES1 !Y C>RI$ ON A FURI\S1 CONT9UAL ASSAULT AGA9/ ! PATRIOT =CES4 ,! REGION BETWE5 ,NEWBUR<1 ,NEW ,YORK1 & ,MANHATTAN BECAME A BLOOD-SOAK$ GU]RILLA BATTLEGR\ND 9 :I* ! ,TORIES MASSACR$ :OLE FAMILIES & BURN$ !IR HOMES TO ! GR\ND4 ,9 ,NEW ,YORK G5]ALLY1 YEOMAN F>M]S PLAY$ LESS ( A ROLE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ?AN ELSE:]E BECAUSE MU* ( ! PROV9CE'S AGRICULTURE WAS DOM9AT$ BY L&$ FAMILIES1 UNLIKE 9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ) ITS FI]CELY 9DEP5D5T T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,9ASMU* AS ! ,BRITI% NEV] ALT]$ ! OLD ,DUT* PATROON SY/EM AFT] !IR CAPTURE ( ,NEW ,AM/]DAM1 MANY ( ! BIG L&HOLD]S BECAME ,TORIES4 

,BY CONTRA/1 A FURI\S /RUGGLE RAVAG$ ! ,MOHAWK ,RIV] VALLEY ( ! PROV9CE1 :]E NEWLY SETTL$ YEOM5 F>M]S--MANY ( :OM1 9 FACT1 W]E UNCOMMITT$ TO EI!R SIDE--W]E H>ASS$ BY ,TORY GU]RILLAS1 SU* AS ,SIR ,JOHN ,JOHNSON'S ,LOYAL ,GRE5S & ,JOHN ,BUTL]'S ,TORY ,RANG]S1 :O BEHAV$ ) EXCEPTIONAL BRUTALITY T[>D ALL SETTL]S 9 ! >EA4.<#a#h.> ,9 E>LY #a#g#g#f1 ,G5]AL ,S*UYL]1 LEAD+ A =CE ( ,TRYON ,C\NTY MILITIA1 CAPTUR$ ! >MS ( ! ?\S&-MAN LOYALI/ =CE 9 ! REGION1 NAIVELY RELEAS+ ,JOHNSON ON P>OLE--:O !N CONT9U$ ) HIS GU]RILLA ACTIVITIES1 FLEE+ TO ,CANADA ONLY AFT] HE LE>N$ ?AT ,S*UYL] WAS AGA9 9 PURSUIT ( HIS =CES4 

,EV5 MORE BRUTAL ?AN ! ,TORY RAIDS 9 ! ,NOR? W]E ?OSE :I* W]E L$ BY ,B5$ICT ,>NOLD 9 ! ,S\?4 ,>NOLD HAD DEFECT$ TO ! ,BRITI% & CAME TO BE HAT$ AS MU* BY HIS C\NTRYM5 = HIS CRUELTY AS = HIS BETRAYAL ( ! PATRIOT CAUSE4 ,DUR+ ! S\!RN CAMPAIGN COMM&$ BY ,G5]AL ,*>LES ,CORNWALLIS1 LOYALI/S TOOK FULL V5GEANCE NOT ONLY ON ! PATRIOT =CES BUT ON CIVILIANS :OM !Y SUSPECT$ ( BE+ PATRIOT SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,!SE RAIDS W]E (T5 C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( NE> EXT]M9ATION ( PATRIOT FRONTI] SETTLEM5TS4 

,SO MU* HAD ! ,REVOLUTION CUT ACROSS E?NIC AS WELL AS SOCIAL L9ES ?AT ,LOYALI/S READILY ALLI$ !MSELVES ) AGGRIEV$ ,9DIANS & :ITE RUFFIANS1 :O SP>$ NEI!R WOM5 NOR *ILDR5 9 !IR ATTACKS ON \TLY+ SETTLEM5TS4 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 9 EFFECT1 WAS A H>% CIVIL & SOCIAL W>4 ,L&LORD1 M]*ANT1 YEOMAN1 T5ANT1 >TISAN1 ROPEMAK]1 OR FREI<T C>RI]--ALL :O SIGN$ ITS DOCUM5TS & F\<T AS GU]RILLAS OR SPIES--W]E FAIR GAME = ONE SIDE OR ! O!R4 ,= EV]Y ,BURGOYNE OR ,CORNWALLIS :O L$ WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,BRITI% TROOPS ) FLAGS FLY+ & DRUMS BEAT+1 !RE W]E O!RS :O S]V$ ! K+ AS GU]RILLAS ) EXTREME BRUTALITY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! PATRIOTS (T5 T]RORIZ$ ! LOYALI/S 9 !IR MID/ 9TO SIL5CE1 =C$ !M TO FLEE ABROAD1 DIVE/$ !M ( !IR WEAL?1 & OCCASIONALLY EXECUT$ !M AS SPIES4 ,BUT IF ! REVOLUTION WAS A BITT] FI<T = 0HOME RULE10 AS ,C>L ,BECK] PUT IT 9 #a#i#i1 IT WAS ALSO A FI<T = 0:O %ALL RULE AT HOME40.<#a#h#a.> 

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