,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a4 ,COLONIAL ,RESI/ANCE 

,!RE IS LITTLE TO %[ ?AT ! MO!R C\NTRY WAS V]Y MO!RLY T[>D H] ,AM]ICAN COLONIES4 ,FROM ! #a#f#eS ONW>D1 ,BRITI% ECONOMIC POLICY WAS OV]:ELM+LY M]CANTILI/ 9 *>ACT]1 AIM$ AT ! ACCRUAL ( A FAVORABLE BALANCE ( TRADE1 9 :I* RAW MAT]IALS FL[$ 9TO ,5GL& AT ! EXP5SE NOT ONLY ( COMM]CIAL RIVALS BUT ( ! COLONIES !MSELVES4 ,9 ! M]CANTILI/ WORLD1 WEAL? & A S\ND COMM]CIAL POLICY REQUIR$ ! ACCUMULATION ( BULLION4 ,H5CE1 ! ,CR[N S\<T NOT SO MU* TO EXP& AS TO CONTROL ! M>KET 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE GOLD & SILV]1 A POLICY ?AT IT (T5 IMPLEM5T$ BY \TRI<T P>ASITISM & COMM]CIAL PIRACY4 

,BRITA9'S POLICY T[>D ITS ,AM]ICAN COLONIES1 BASICALLY GUID$ BY ! M]CANTILI/ IDEAS ( ! DAY1 AIM$ NOT TO FO/] !IR 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T BUT TO PILLAGE !M ( !IR RES\RCES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SUCC9CT /ATEM5TS ( ?IS POLICY WAS MADE BY ,SIR ,FRANCIS ,B]N>D1 AN EI<TE5?-C5TURY GOV]NOR ( ,MASSA*USETTS3 0,! TWO GREAT OBJECTS ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 9 REG>D TO ! ,AM]ICAN TRADE10 ,B]N>D OBS]V$1 

MU/ BE 7FIR/7 TO OBLIGE H] ,AM]ICAN SUBJECTS TO TAKE FROM ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ONLY1 ALL ! MANUFACTURES & ,EUROPEAN GOODS :I* %E CAN SUPPLY !M )3 .<& SECOND1.> ,TO REGULATE ! =EIGN TRADE ( ! ,AM]ICANS SO ?AT ! PR(ITS !RE( MAY F9ALLY C5T] 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 OR BE APPLI$ TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( H] EMPIRE4 ,:5EV] !SE TWO PURPOSES MILITATE AGA9/ EA* O!R1 ?AT :I* IS MO/ ADVANTAGE\S TO ,GREAT ,BRITA9 \<T TO BE PREF]R$4.<#a#b#d.> 

,9DE$1 FROM ! E>LY DAYS ( SETTLEM5T1 AL?\< S\!RN AGRICULTURE FL\RI%$1 ,BRITI% M]CANTILE POLICIES DIRECT$ ?IS SLAVE-WORK$ WEAL? 9TO TOBACCO1 RICE1 & 9DIGO1 EXCLUSIVELY = ,5GLI% M>KETS & C(F]S4 ,CR$IT SUPPLI$ BY ,5GLI% M]*ANTS TO ! PLANTATION [N]S CAME ) SU* CRIPPL+ 9T]E/ RATES ?AT MANY PLANT]S & !IR FAMILIES W]E HELD 9 ?RALL TO ,LONDON M]*ANTS = G5]ATIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO HI< 9T]E/ RATES1 PLANT]S HAD TO PAY IMPORT DUTIES AT ,5GLI% PORTS1 CO/S ( TRANSPORTATION1 COMMISSION RATES TO ,5GLI% SALESM51 W>EH\SE1 9SPECTION1 9SURANCE FEES1 & ! LIKE4 ,TO C\NT] ! SOIL EXHAU/ION PRODUC$ BY ! CULTIVATION ( TOBACCO1 PLANT]S CONT9UALLY NE$$ NEW L&--A NE$ ?AT ! ,CR[N FRU/RAT$ :5 IT SPITEFULLY B>R$ SETTLEM5T WE/ ( ! ,ALLE<5IES 9 #a#g#f#c4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! M]CANTILE SY/EM1 ! COLONI/S :O REAP$ & EXPORT$ !SE RAW MAT]IALS W]E NOT TO MANUFACTURE ANY?+ ?AT W\LD COMPETE ) ,BRITI% 9DU/RY4 ,RA!R1 ,AM]ICANS W]E TO BE CONSUM]S EXCLUSIVELY ( ,5GLI% MANUFACTURES4 ,YET COLONIAL MANUFACTURES DEVELOP$ NONE!LESS1 POS+ NO TRIVIAL PROBLEM = ,BRITI% 5TREPR5EURS4 ,AN E/IMAT$ SEV5TY %IPS A YE> W]E CON/RUCT$ 9 ,NEW ,5GL& %IPY>DS1 FOLL[$ BY =TY-FIVE 9 ,NEW ,YORK & ,P5NSYLVANIA & =TY 9 ! S\!RN COLONIES1 MAK+ AN ANNUAL TOTAL ( MORE ?AN #a#e4 ,9L& FROM ! PORT CITIES1 ! COLONIES SUPPORT$ A GR[+ NUMB] ( SMALL LUMB] MILLS1 FAMILY-MADE & LAT] COMMUNITY-MADE TEXTILES1 E>!NW>ES1 LEA!R GOODS1 & IRON =GES ?AT YIELD$ MU*-NE$$ H>DW>E1 NAILS1 KETTLES1 HOES1 SPADES1 & GUNS4 ,!SE >TISANAL MANUFACTURES DIRECTLY COMPET$ ) ,BRITI% IMPORTS4 ,BY ! #a#g#eS1 FURI\S PROTE/S FROM ,5GLI% IRONMONG]S1 LEA!R-WORK]S1 WOODCUTT]S1 & A V>IETY ( O!R TRADESM5 W]E FLOOD+ ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! COLONIALS1 9 TURN1 W]E FAC$ ) M\NT+ DEBTS1 P>TLY = WANT ( CO9AGE TO PAY = ! MANUFACTURES !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO PUR*ASE FROM ,BRITA94 

,M]CANTILI/ POLICY1 TO BE SURE1 HAD P>TLY MOTIVAT$ ! L& GRANTS ?AT ! ,/U>T K+S GAVE TO CORPORATE 5T]PRISES SU* AS ! ,VIRG9IA ,COMPANY & ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY ,COMPANY1 BUT ACTIVE LEGISLATION TO 5SURE ,BRITA9'S COMM]CIAL MONOPOLY OV] ALL ITS COLONIES DID NOT REALLY GET UND] WAY UNTIL ! MID-SEV5TE5? C5TURY--?AT IS1 DUR+ ,CROMWELL'S ,PROTECTORATE4 ,9 #a#f#e#a1 ! ,EA/ ,9DIA & ,LEVANT ,TRAD+ COMPANIES MANAG$ TO P]SUADE ! GOV]NM5T TO COMPEL ! COLONIES TO TRANSPORT !IR PRODUCE TO ,5GL& EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,5GLI% %IPS MANN$ BY ,5GLI% CREWS1 TO USE ONLY ,5GLI% %IPS 9 !IR COA/AL TRAFFIC--! PRIM>Y MEANS ( 9T]COLONIAL TRANSPORT--& TO EXPORT RAW MAT]IALS SU* AS SALT$ FI%1 TIMB]1 & :ALE PRODUCTS TO ,BRITA9 ALONE4 ,TO ?IS LEGISLATION--! FIR/ ( ! NOTORI\S ,NAVIGATION ,ACTS--MORE & MORE >TICLES W]E ADD$ BETWE5 #aff & #a#f#i#f1 9CLUD+ SUG>1 TOBACCO1 WOOL1 RICE1 FURS1 LUMB]1 IRON1 COPP]--9DE$1 VIRTUALLY ALL EXPORTABLE PRODUCTS FROM ! ,NEW ,WORLD4 ,B>R$ FROM %IPP+ GOODS TO NON-,BRITI% PORTS1 ,AM]ICAN %IPS W]E OBLIG$ TO GO FIR/ TO ,BRITI% PORTS = !IR PRODUCE TO BE RE%IPP$ TO M>KETS ELSE:]E4 

,O!R LEGISLATION REQUIR$ COLONIALS TO PUR*ASE MANUFACTUR$ GOODS EXCLUSIVELY FROM ,5GL&4 ,P]SI/5T ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO LIMIT OR >RE/ COLONIAL MANUFACTUR+1 METALLURGY1 & EV5 H\SEHOLD WEAV+1 LE/ !Y COMPETE ) SIMIL> ,5GLI% COMMODITIES4 ,A ,P5NSYLVANIA LAW TO FO/] COMM]CIAL %OEMAK+1 A ,NEW ,YORK ACT TO DEVELOP SAILCLO? PRODUCTION1 & A ,MASSA*USETTS ORD9ANCE = PROMOT+ L95 PRODUCTION--ALL W]E DISALL[$ BY ! MO!R C\NTRY4 ,O!R REGULATIONS HAD ! EFFECT ( LIMIT+ 9T]COLONIAL TRADE ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D4 ,! ,CR[N W5T SO F> AS TO 9HIBIT ,VIRG9IA'S ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% NEW T[NS1 LE/ !Y BECOME 9DU/RIAL RIVALS ( ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR]S4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY H[ ! SP>SELY POPULAT$ ,AM]ICAN COLONIES W\LD HAVE REACT$ IF ! ,NAVIGATION ,ACTS HAD BE5 /RICTLY 5=C$--BUT !Y W]E NOT4 ,= A C5TURY A SUCCESSION ( W>S ) ,BRITA9'S COMM]CIAL RIVALS--! ,DUT*1 ,SPANI%1 & ,FR5*1 9 DIFF]5T COALITIONS ) EA* O!R--KEPT ! ,CR[N TOO OCCUPI$ TO 5=CE ITS COMM]CIAL RE/RICTIONS ON ! COLONIES4 ,AM]ICAN M]*ANTS1 = !IR P>T1 REALIZ$ ?AT IF !Y W]E TO PROSP]1 !Y HAD TO BYPASS !SE REGULATIONS BY ALL MEANS POSSIBLE1 O!RWISE !Y W\LD BE R5D]$ COMPLETELY SUBS]VI5T TO ,BRITI% COMM]CE4 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ,AM]ICAN 9FRACTIONS ( ! ,NAVIGATION ,ACTS W]E *RONIC4 ,AM]ICAN %IPS TRAD$ FREELY ) ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICA1 ! ,9DIES1 & O!R >EAS1 BLATANTLY IGNOR+ ! ,ACTS2 9 FACT1 BY ! #a#g#fS1 SMUGGL+ HAD BECOME A WAY ( LIFE = MANY COA/AL COLONIALS4 ,! POPULATION EV]Y:]E AVIDLY PROTECT$ ITS SMUGGL]S & EV5 SMUGGL$ GOODS = POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC REASONS4 ,9DE$1 SMUGGL]S W]E AMONG ! MO/ RESPECTABLE BUS9ESSM5 9 ! COLONIES3 AFT] #a#g#c#f1 ,?OMAS ,HANCOCK1 ! FA!R ( ! REBELLI\S ,JOHN ,HANCOCK1 MADE A =TUNE AS A SMUGGL]--& E>N$ CONSID]ABLE RESPECT = HIS ACTIVITIES4 ,! ILLEGAL COMM]CIAL PR[ESS ( ! NOR!RN COLONIES WAS ESPECIALLY NOTORI\S4 ,A M]*ANT W\LD PUR*ASE SUG> & MOLASSES FROM ! ,WE/ ,9DIES--& MOLASSES FROM ! ,FR5* POSSESSIONS 9 ! ,9DIES WAS CONSID]ABLY *EAP] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,BRITI% POSSESSIONS1 :I* M]CANTILISM CON/RA9$ ! ,YANKEE TRAD]S TO BUY4 

,LITTLE WOND]1 !N1 ?AT 9 #a#g#f#c1 #ig P]C5T ( ! MOLASSES IMPORT$ 9TO ,MASSA*USETTS WAS SMUGGL$4 ,ONCE 9 ,NEW ,5GL&1 ?IS MOLASSES WAS PROCESS$ 9TO RUM1 :I* WAS !N %IPP$ TO ,AFRICA1 :]E IT WAS US$ TO BUY SLAVES4 ,!SE SLAVES W]E BR\<T ACROSS ! ,ATLANTIC TO ! ,9DIES & ! ,S\?1 :]E !Y W]E =C$ TO PRODUCE ! SUG> ?AT WAS S5T NOR? TO ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,?IS ?REE-WAY PATT]N ( TRADE G5]AT$ L>GE =TUNES = ,BO/ON M]*ANT FAMILIES2 9DE$1 SO GREAT WAS ! APPETITE ( ,YANKEE TRAD]S = COMM]CIAL 9T]C\RSE ?AT !Y EV5 SUPPLI$ NAVAL /ORES TO ,5GL&'S 5EMY1 ,FRANCE4 

,! ,FR5*1 9 TURN1 HAD REPLAC$ ! ,SPANI% AS ! H]$IT>Y 5EMIES ( ! ,BRITI%1 & !IR COLONY1 ,QUEBEC1 WAS AN OB/ACLE TO ,5GLI% HEGEMONY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* & ,9DIAN ,W>1 :I* BROKE \T 9 #a#g#e#f1 & 9 :I* ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE F\<T = DOM9ATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,AM]ICAN MILITIAM5 JO9$ ,BRITI% TROOPS1 SOME ) GREAT] ZEAL ?AN O!RS1 TO DEFEAT ! ,FR5*1 :O HAD 9DUC$ ,9DIANS TO H>ASS ! FRONTI] COLONI/S4 ,BRITA9 F9ALLY C[$ ,FRANCE ON ! ,PLA9S ( ,ABRAHAM \TSIDE ( ,QUEBEC ,CITY 9 #a#g#e#i1 NEUTRALIZ+ ,FRANCE AS A COLONIAL P[] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & ! #agfc ,PEACE ( ,P>IS N[ LEFT ! ,BRITI% ALONE1 FACE-TO-FACE ) !IR COLONIAL SUBJECTS ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D4 ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S N[ HAD NO O!R MAJOR ,EUROPEAN ADV]S>Y TO CONFRONT BUT ,5GL&1 :I* SOON BECAME ! GREATE/ IMP$IM5T TO ! EX]CISE ( !IR LIB]TIES & TO !IR TRADE4 

,9 FACT1 ! SEV5-YE>-LONG W> HAD PROVID$ ,AM]ICANS ) CONSID]ABLE PR(ITS2 TO ! ,BRITI%1 H[EV]1 IT HAD BE5 V]Y CO/LY4 ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* REG>D$ ! CONFLICT AS A B5IGN & SELF-SACRIFIC+ /RUGGLE WAG$ TO PROTECT ,AM]ICAN SETTLEM5TS FROM ,FR5* & ,9DIAN ATTACKS1 FELT ?AT IT WAS TIME = ! ,AM]ICANS TO PROVIDE AT LEA/ SOME RECOMP5SE TO ! ,CR[N4 ,! ,NAVIGATION ,ACTS1 :I* HAD BE5 ALL BUT DORMANT S9CE !IR PASSAGE DUR+ ! PREC$+ C5TURY1 W]E N[ 5=C$1 & ) 9CREAS+ VIGOR4 ,! ,AM]ICANS1 9 TURN1 W]E LITTLE DISPOS$ TO COMPLY ) !M4 ,!Y REMEMB]$ ALL TOO WELL ! NUM]\S W>S !Y HAD F\<T AGA9/ ! ,9DIANS 9 :I* ,BRITA9 HAD PROVID$ !M ) NO ASSI/ANCE1 & !Y *AF$ AT ! DISP>AG+ ATTITUDES ?AT ! ,BRITI% REGUL>S HAD HELD T[>D ! R\< ,AM]ICAN MILITIAM5 :O F\<T ) !M AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 

,?IS DISS5SION WAS COMPLICAT$ BY ! ASC5T ( A /UBBORN1 /RONG-WILL$1 &1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 M5TALLY UNS\ND MON>*1 ,GEORGE ,I,I,I1 :O BECAME ! MO/ POLITICALLY 9TRUSIVE ( ! ,HANOV]IAN K+S ( ,BRITA94 ,AL?\< ! ,GLORI\S ,REVOLUTION ( #afhh HAD ASSUR$ SUPREMACY TO ,P>LIAM5T 9 ! ALLIMPORTANT MATT]S ( POLICY & F9ANCE1 IT HAD NOT CLE>LY DEF9$ ! FULL RANGE ( ! MON>*'S AU?ORITY4 ,5GLI% K+S C\LD /ILL APPO9T & DISMISS M9I/]S1 USE PATRONAGE TO CORRUPT ,P>LIAM5T1 & PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 COLONIAL POLICY4 ,! DIFFICULTIES 9 ADJU/+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! MON>* TO ! P[] ( ,P>LIAM5T W]E FUR!R COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,E>L ( ,BUTE1 ! NEW K+'S TUTOR1 M5TOR1 & A PRIVY C\NCILOR1 BELIEV$ 9 ! SUPREMACY ( ! MON>*Y OV] ,P>LIAM5T--A VIEW HIS Y\NG ROYAL /UD5T ?OR\<LY IMBIB$4 ,BRITA9'S ECONOMIC NE$ TO COV] ITS W> DEBTS BY TAX+ ! COLONIES WAS ?US RE9=C$ BY ! MON>*Y'S POLITICAL NE$ TO CREATE A MORE AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME AT HOME & ABROAD4 ,:]E ONCE ,BRITA9 HAD ADM9I/]$ ITS EMPIRE ) LAXITY--9DE$1 ) B5IGN NEGLECT--! ,CR[N N[ TOOK DET]M9$ MEASURES TO EXP& & C5TRALIZE ALL COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION UND] MON>*ICAL RULE4 

,! NEW /RID5CY 9 ,BRITA9'S POLICY T[>D ITS EMPIRE OCCURR$ PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 ! ,FR5* W]E DRIV5 FROM ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 AS HAS BE5 NOT$1 & ! NE$ = ! MO!R C\NTRY TO AID ! COLONIES HAD ALL BUT DISAPPE>$4 ,! COLONIES1 9 FACT1 HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO ?IRTE5 DE FACTO 9DEP5D5T NATIONS1 EA* ) A POT5TIAL = ECONOMIC & DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? ?AT SEEM$ 5ORM\S4 ,MORE =W>D-?9K+ ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S KNEW ?AT !Y HAD TO A*IEVE HOME RULE JURIDICALLY1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAD ALREADY A*IEV$ IT 9 ALMO/ ALL O!R RESPECTS DE FACTO1 &1 )\T SAY+ AS MU*1 !Y SEEM$ TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT ! LOGIC ( COLONIAL DEVELOPM5T ULTIMATELY L$ TO \TRI<T 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,BRITA94 ,YET ! POLICIES FOLL[$ BY ,BRITI% ,TORIES1 CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS1 & C]TA9LY BY ,GEORGE ,I,I,I & HIS ,C\RT CABAL TRI$ TO EXP& NOT ONLY ! ECONOMIC BUT ALSO POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY ( ,5GL& OV] ! COLONIES4 ,! GR[+ >ROGANCE ( ! ,C\RT & ! ,TORY P>LIAM5T>IANS WAS HEAD+ 9TO DIRECT COLLISION ) GREAT] COLONIAL SELF-ASS]TIV5ESS & SELF-CONFID5CE--TWO RADICALLY OPPOS+ TR5DS ?AT1 IF IT CONT9U$1 C\LD LEAD ONLY TO A W> = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,R,E,S,I,/,A,N,C,E ,T,O ,T,A,X,A,T,I,O,N 

,:5 ! ,BRITI% UND]TOOK TO RIGOR\SLY 5=CE ! ,NAVIGATION ,ACTS1 ! TASK ( 5=CEM5T FELL TO ! NEW ,TORY PRIME M9I/]1 ,GEORGE ,GR5VILLE1 :O1 ANTICIPAT+ POPUL> RESI/ANCE TO HIS POLICIES1 /ATION$ AN 9TIMIDAT+ =CE ( T5 ?\S& ,BRITI% REGUL>S 9 COLONIAL PORTS4 ,ADD+ TO ?IS EXTREMELY PROVOCATIVE /EP1 ,GR5VILLE 9 #agee ALL[$ DUTY COLLECTORS & SOLDI]S TO USE W>RANTS CALL$ 0WRITS ( ASSI/ANCE0 ?AT 5ABL$ !M FREELY TO SE>* %IPS1 :>VES1 W>EH\SES1 RETAIL \TLETS1 & EV5 HOMES = SMUGGL$ GOODS4 ,! HI<LY >BITR>Y WAY 9 :I* ! SE>*ES W]E CONDUCT$1 (T5 ON ! M]E/ SUSPICION ( SMUGGL+ & SOMETIMES EV5 MALICI\SLY TO H>ASS UNFRI5DLY COLONIALS1 PRODUC$ A F>-REA*+ IMPACT ON ! ALREADY RE/IVE ,AM]ICANS4 ,NO?+ SEEM$ MORE \TRAGE\S ?AN ! FRE$OM ?AT ! TROOPS ACQUIR$ TO BREAK 9TO & SE>* ANY K9D ( DOMICILE4 ,RIOTS BROKE \T2 SOLDI]S W]E PELT$ ) ROCKS2 KN[N ,BRITI% SYMPA?IZ]S W]E 9SULT$2 & ?OSE :O FAVOR$ ! ,CR[N'S POLICIES W]E T>GETS ( UNREMITT+ ANG]4 ,TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS1 ! WRITS W]E SE5 AS \TRAGE\S AFFRONTS TO TRADITIONAL POPUL> CLAIMS ( ! 0RI<TS ( ,5GLI%M540 

,9 RESPONSE1 ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY ADOPT$ ONLY FA9T CONCILIATORY HALFMEASURES1 :I* S]V$ ONLY TO REVEAL ITS WEAKNESS )\T ALLAY+ PUBLIC ANG]4 ,IT L[]$ DUTIES ON C(FEE1 V>I\S W9ES1 & O!R ITEMS1 :ILE 5=C+ ! COLLECTION ( EXI/+ DUTIES ALL ! MORE RIGOR\SLY & CLUMSILY4 ,:5 SOME COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES TRI$ TO ISSUE PAP] MONEY = LOCAL TRADE1 [+ L>GELY TO ! LACK ( METALLIC CURR5CY = DOME/IC USE--A PROBLEM ?AT1 AS HAS BE5 NOT$1 /EMM$ FROM ! NE$ ( ,AM]ICANS TO PAY !IR DEBTS 9 CO9 TO !IR ,5GLI% C\NT]P>TS--! M9I/RY FLATLY PROHIBIT$ SU* MEASURES1 A PROHIBITION ?AT C\LD S]VE NO PURPOSE O!R ?AN TO ASS]T ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,BRITI% P\ND1 & ) IT ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N TO REGULATE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LIFE4 

,MATT]S W]E WORS5$ FUR!R :51 9 #a#g#f#c1 ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY DREW A B\ND>Y L9E ALONG ! WAT]%$ ( ! ,ALLE<5Y ,M\NTA9S1 PROCLAIM+ ALL L&S TO ! WE/ CLOS$ TO COLONIAL SETTLEM5T4 ,O/5SIBLY1 ?IS PROCLAMATION WAS 9T5D$ TO REMOVE ANY CAUSES = ,9DIAN UPRIS+S1 :I* ! M9I/RY1 LACK+ FUNDS1 COMPLA9$ IT C\LD NOT SUPPRESS--&1 MORE PROVOCATIVELY1 TO RETA9 ! WILD]NESS AS A S\RCE ( FUR PELTS4 ,FEW ( ! COLONI/S1 H[EV]1 D\BT$ ?AT ! M9I/RY WAS TRY+ TO EMPHASIZE ! S]I\S CONSEQU5CES ?AT W\LD BEFALL ! ,AM]ICANS IF !Y FAIL$ TO PAY DUTIES TO ! ,CR[N4 ,! ,PROCLAMATION ,L9E1 AS IT WAS CALL$1 WAS MADE TO BE IGNOR$2 TO OBS]VE IT W\LD HAVE PROV$ FATAL TO ! TOBACCO PLANT]S1 :O NE$$ F]TILE SOIL TO KEEP ! S\!RN ECONOMY ALIVE1 & L&LESS OR L&-POOR SETTL]S SAW IT AS AN 9TOL]ABLE OB/ACLE TO ! C>V+ \T ( F>MS BEYOND ! M\NTA9S4 ,! MA9 EFFECT ( !SE POLICIES WAS TO TURN ILLEGAL BEHAVIOR 9TO A G5]AL WAY ( LIFE 9 ! COLONIES & TO 9CREASE ! DISRESPECT = ! ,CR[N & ITS REPRES5TATIVES ?AT PEOPLE FELT ?R\<\T ,AM]ICA4 

,! MON>*Y & ITS SUPPORT]S1 TO BE SURE1 C\LD /ILL C\NT ON ! TRADITIONAL LOYALTIES ?AT COLONI/S FELT = ! MO!R C\NTRY & ON DISUNITIES ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! COLONIES !MSELVES4 ,BUT NO?+ C\LD HAVE RAIS$ COLONIAL ANG] OR FO/]$ A CONSCI\S DRIVE = HOME RULE MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY'S MEASURES1 ITS 5DLESS NUISANCE DUTIES1 ITS ATTEMPTS TO *ALL5GE ! FRE$OM ( COLONIAL LEGISLATURES TO PROMOTE LOCAL 9T]E/S1 & ITS PROHIBITION ( WE/]N SETTLEM5T4 

,AT L5G?1 ON ,M>* #b#b1 #a#g#f#e1 ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY F9ALLY IMPOS$ A FISCAL MEASURE ?AT DEF9ITIVELY BR\<T MORE COLONI/S 9 COMMON OPPOSITION TO ITS POLICIES1 NAMELY1 ! NOTORI\S ,/AMP ,ACT4 ,COLONI/S W]E N[ OBLIG$ TO AFFIX /AMPS ON A :OLE >RAY ( DOCUM5TS NECESS>Y = DAILY LIFE--NOT ONLY ON WILLS1 DE$S1 CONTRACTS1 LIC5SES1 & ! LIKE1 BUT ALSO ON PAMPHLETS1 CAL5D>S1 NEWSPAP]S1 & EV5 DICE & PLAY+ C>DS4 ,)\T SU* /AMPS1 :I* W]E SOLD BY GOV]NM5T-APPO9T$ 9DIVIDUALS1 LEGAL DOCUM5TS W]E NO LONG] VALID1 9DE$ ILLEGAL4 ,AL?\< SU* /AMP TAXES W]E COMMON 5\< 9 ,EUROPE1 ,AM]ICANS1 LIKE !IR ,PURITAN ANCE/ORS 9 ,5GL& A C5TURY E>LI]1 W]E UNACCU/OM$ TO ! LEVY & VIEW$ IT AS AN \TRAGE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! /AMP TAX A CO/LY NUISANCE1 IT WAS ! FIR/ DIRECT TAX--AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A T>IFF--?AT ! COLONI/S HAD BE5 OBLIG$ TO PAY TO A GOV]NM5T 9 :I* !Y HAD ABSOLUTELY NO P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION4 

,! AM\NT ( REV5UE ?AT ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY EXPECT$ TO RECEIVE FROM ! TAX WAS1 9 FACT1 QUITE SMALL--R\<LY ,G,B,P#f1 P] ANNUM--H5CE1 MORE ?AN MONEY WAS AT /AKE ON BO? SIDES ( ! ISSUE4 ,TO ,BRITA91 ! TAX SYMBOLIZ$ ITS RI<T TO EX]CISE COMPLETE M9I/]IAL & P>LIAM5T>Y CONTROL OV] ! COLONIES4 ,! ,AM]ICANS REG>D$ ! TAX AS A DIRECT *ALL5GE TO ! RI<T ( !IR [N COLONIAL LEGISLATURES TO CONTROL ! PURSE4 ,! CRY 0,NO TAXATION )\T REPRES5TATION0 WAS SIMIL>1 9 PR9CIPLE1 TO ! OPPOSITION ?AT ,JOHN ,PYM & O!R ,P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD]S HAD VOIC$ G5]ATIONS E>LI] TO ,*>LES ,I'S >BITR>Y IMPOSITION ( %IP MONEY & O!R LEVIES )\T ! CONS5T ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,AM]ICANS SAW ! TAX1 9 EFFECT1 MORE AS A POLITICAL *ALL5GE TO ! RI<TS ( A FREE PEOPLE ?AN AS A MAJOR ECONOMIC BURD54 ,!IR HO/ILITY FOCUS$ MORE ON ! POLITICAL LOGIC ( ! /AMP TAX ?AN ON ! ECONOMIC CO/S IT 5TAIL$4 

,OPPOSITION TO ! ,/AMP ,ACT UNIT$ COLONI/S ACROSS ALL SOCIAL L9ES3 S\!RN PLANT]S :O W]E HEAVILY 9DEBT$ TO ,BRITI% CR$ITORS2 NOR!RN COLONI/S :O W]E H>ASS$ BY TRADE RE/RICTIONS2 >TISANS :O *AF$ UND] ! LIMITATIONS ON MANUFACTURES2 & BACKWOODSM5 :O RES5T$ ANY SETTLEM5T RE/RICTIONS4 ,MANY COLONI/S =M$ LOCAL CLUBS 7MO/ FAM\SLY1 ! ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY--AS WELL AS ,DAU<T]S ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY7 TO =CE A REVOCATION ( ! ,/AMP ,ACT1 & AL?\< ! ,SONS' MEMB]%IP CAME L>GELY FROM ! MIDDLE & UPP] CLASSES1 IT BROAD5$ CONSID]ABLY AS ! MOVEM5T SPREAD4 ,FROM ,CONNECTICUT1 :]E ! ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY HAD ORIG9AT$1 ! CLUBS SPREAD TO ,BO/ON1 :]E ! VOLATILE ,SAM ,ADAMS WAS A KEY SPOKESMAN AGA9/ ,BRITI% AU?ORITY1 & FUR!R1 AS F> S\? AS ,*>LE/ON1 :]E ! CLUB MET 9 ! BUILD+ ( ! ,FIREMAN'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ,BALTIMORE ! ,SONS W]E DI/9CTLY PLEBEIAN1 EM]G+ \T ( ! ,ANCI5T & ,HONORABLE ,ME*ANICAL ,COMPANY1 & 9 ,PHILADELPHIA !Y W]E RECRUIT$ FROM ! ,HE>T-&-,H& ,FIRE ,COMPANY4 ,MORE & MORE1 ! ,SONS BECAME A MOVEM5T ( >TISANS & LABOR]S1 OR 0ME*ANICS10 AS WELL AS TRADESM51 PR(ESSIONALS1 PLANT]S1 & YEOM54 

,:5EV] AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO IMPLEM5T ! ,ACT1 ! ,SONS ORGANIZ$ L>GE & REPEAT$ DEMON/RATIONS 9 ! /REETS ( T[NS & CITIES1 MANY ( :I* 5D$ 9 SEEM+ RIOTS4 ,YET AS ,JESSE ,LEMIS* PO9TS \T1 ! RIOTS %[$ ?AT3 

! MOB HAD BEGUN TO ?9K & REASON.-,!IR 0RIOTS0 W]E REALLY EXTREMELY ORD]LY & EXPRESS$ A DE> PURPOSE4 ,AGA9 & AGA91 :5 ! MOB'S LEAD]S LO/ CONTROL1 ! MOB W5T ON TO ATTACK ! LOGICAL POLITICAL 5EMY1 NOT TO PLUND]4 ,!Y W]E L$ BUT NOT MANIPULAT$4.<#a#b#e.> 

,! 5ORMITY ( ! POPUL> ,AM]ICAN REACTION AGA9/ ! ,/AMP ,ACT--9 CR[D ACTIONS1 POPUL> MEET+S1 & FI]Y D5UNCIATIONS--MAY WELL HAVE A/ONI%$ ! M9I/RY & ITS SUPPORT]S4 ,/AMP TAX COLLECTORS W]E T>R$ & FEA!R$1 & PLACES ?AT SOLD ! /AMPS W]E BURN$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,9 ,BO/ON1 ,GOV]NOR ,?OMAS ,HUT*9SON'S MANSION WAS COMPLETELY SACK$4 ,:5 ! COLONIAL MILITIA W]E CALL$ \T TO SUPPRESS ! RIOTS1 !Y FLAGRANTLY REFUS$ TO OBEY ! ORD]S ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,CR[DS RIOT$ AGA9/ ATTEMPTS NOT ONLY TO IMPOSE ! MEASURE BUT EV5 TO ACKN[L$GE ITS LEGITIMACY1 & !Y DID SO ) A FURY ?AT F9ALLY CAUS$ ! ,GR5VILLE M9I/RY TO REPEAL ! ,ACT4 

,ONCE AGA91 ! M9I/RY HAD OV]/EPP$ ITS CAPACITY TO CURB ! COLONIES2 BUT ! REPEAL ( ! ,/AMP ,ACT1 F> FROM ALLAY+ COLONIAL RESI/ANCE1 S]V$ ONLY TO *UM UP POPUL> S5TIM5T AGA9/ ,BRITI% AU?ORITY ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE4 

,) 9CR$IBLE FATUITY1 ,P>LIAM5T F$ ?IS RESI/ANCE TO ITS AU?ORITY EV5 MORE BY PASS+ ! ,DECL>ATORY ,ACT1 :I* AFFIRM$ ! ,H\SE'S ABSOLUTE RI<T TO 9FLICT ANY LEGISLATION IT PLEAS$ UPON ! COLONIES 09 ALL CASES :ATSOEV]40 ,) ?IS OM9\S CLAUSE1 ,P>LIAM5T TRANS=M$ A =M]LY LOOSELY HELD EMPIRE 9TO A TI<T UNIT>Y /ATE1 TRANS=M+ ITSELF 9TO A TYRANNICAL C5TRAL GOV]NM5T OV] ! COLONI/S4 ,P>LIAM5T N[ FELT FREE TO BILLET TROOPS 9 ! HOMES ( ORD9>Y COLONIAL CITIZ5S1 DEM& RECOMP5SE = DAMAGES ?AT RESULT$ FROM RIOTS AGA9/ ! /AMP TAX1 & C5TRALIZE ITS AU?ORITY TO COLLECT DUTIES 9 A P[]FUL ,BO>D ( ,COMMISSION]S4 ,:5 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,ASSEMBLY ATTEMPT$ TO RESI/ ! BILLET+ ORD]1 IT WAS SUMM>ILY DISMISS$ BY ! HOME GOV]NM5T4 

,! NOTORI\S ,T[N%5D ,ACT ( #agfg ?AT FOLL[$ PLAC$ A NEW S]IES ( T>IFFS ON A WIDE V>IETY ( GOODS ?AT ! COLONI/S W]E OBLIG$ TO PUR*ASE FROM ,BRITA91 9CLUD+ LEAD1 GLASS1 PAP]1 PA9T1 & TEA4 ,! ,ACT CREAT$ A FUROR4 ,ITS PASSAGE L$ NOT ONLY TO ! USUAL RIOTS & ACTS ( DEFIANCE ON ! P>T ( COLONIAL LEGISLATURES BUT SIGNIFICANTLY TO ! =MATION ( A WIDE-RANG+ NETWORK ( COMMITTEES TO 5=CE A G5]AL COLONIAL BOYCOTT AGA9/ ,5GLI% GOODS4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g#f#h1 ,SAM ,ADAMS1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,ASSEMBLY1 DRAFT$ A ,CIRCUL> ,LETT] TO O!R COLONIAL LEGISLATURES ?AT CALL$ = ! MOBILIZATION ( 9T]COLONIAL UNIT$ RESI/ANCE TO ! DUTIES1 BLUNTLY ASS]T+ ?AT COLONIES RUL$ BY ,CR[N-APPO9T$ GOV]NORS W]E NOT FREE4 ,:5 ,GOV]NOR ,HUT*9SON ORD]$ ?AT ! ,CIRCUL> ,LETT] BE )DRAWN1 ! ,ASSEMBLY FLATLY REFUS$ & WAS IMM$IATELY SUSP5D$4 ,MOREOV]1 AS ,HUT*9SON ANGRILY WROTE TO ,LONDON1 0EV]Y T[N .<9 ,MASSA*USETTS.> IS A BODY CORPORATE BUT )\T ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T AN ABSOLUTE DEMOCRACY :I* EXI/S H>DLY ANY:]E ELSE ALL BE+ UPON A LEVEL4444 ,! T[N ( ,BO/ON IS AN ABSOLUTE DEMOCRACY40.<#a#b#f.> 

,9 FACT1 ,HUT*9SON'S REM>KS W]E NOT F> FROM ! TRU?4 ,P>LIAM5T & ! ,C\RT HAD OP5$ ! SLUICE GATES ( DEMOCRATIC S5TIM5T 9 ! COLONIES TO AN EXT5T ?AT HAD NOT BE5 SE5 S9CE ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION MORE ?AN A C5TURY E>LI]4 ,AS /ILL FUR!R EVID5CE ( ! HOME C\NTRY'S WEAKNESS1 ! M9I/RY1 FAC$ ) SWEEP+ COLONIAL RESI/ANCE & AN EXTRAORD9>ILY WELL-ORGANIZ$ BOYCOTT1 REPEAL$ ! ,T[N%5D T>IFFS ON ALL ! LI/$ ITEMS EXCEPT TEA4 ,:51 9 ! FACE ( CONT9U$ DISORD]1 ! GOV]NM5T ?REAT5$ TO S5D TROOPS TO ,BO/ON1 ! ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+ FLATLY DECL>$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#c1#a#g#f#h1 ?AT TO MA9TA9 A /&+ >MY AMONG !M 0)\T !IR CONS5T 9 P]SON OR BY REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR [N FREE ELECTION W\LD BE AN 9FR+EM5T ( !IR NATURAL1 CON/ITUTIONAL1 & *>T] RI<TS2 & ! EMPLOY+ ( SU* AN >MY = ! 5=C+ ( LAWS MADE )\T ! CONS5T ( ! PEOPLE1 9 P]SON OR BY !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 W\LD BE A GRIEVANCE40.<#a#b#g.> 

,9ASMU* AS ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS /ILL SUSP5D$1 ! MORE RADICAL ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+1 GUID$ BY ,SAM ,ADAMS & HIS COLLEAGUES1 CALL$ ON ! O!R ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS TO S5D DELEGATES TO A NEW CONV5TION = ! FOLL[+ WEEK1 A CALL :I* MO/ ( ! T[NS EAG]LY ANSW]$4 ,ALMO/ UND] ! V]Y EYES ( ! ,BRITI% >MY1 ! DELEGATES ASSEMBL$ AT ! USUAL MEET+ PLACE ( ! SUSP5D$ ,ASSEMBLY = :AT NECESS>ILY TURN$ \T TO BE A %ORT MEET+1 BUT NOT )\T DECL>+ !IR FIRM OPPOSITION TO A /&+ >MY1 AFT] :I* IT QUICKLY ADJ\RN$4 ,NOR %\LD ! BREVITY ( ! CONV5TION BE ALL[$ TO BELIE ITS SIGNIFICANCE3 IT %[$ ?AT ! T[NS ALONE C\LD MEET 9 AN EXTRACON/ITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY1 EV5 :5 ! REGUL> ,ASSEMBLY WAS DISSOLV$1 !REBY CLAIM+ ! RI<T TO EX]CISE SOV]EIGN P[] OV] !MSELVES & = ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 

,TO RE9=CE TROOPS ALREADY BILLET$ 9 ,AM]ICAN HOMES1 TWO ,BRITI% REGIM5TS W]E NONE!LESS S5T TO ,BO/ON4 ,ADAMS %REW$LY ADVIS$ ,BO/ONIANS NOT TO PROVOKE ! SOLDI]S2 ! TIME WAS NOT RI<T1 HE W>N$1 = A DIRECT CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ORD9>Y CITIZ5S & REGUL>S4 ,?IS REQUE/ WAS HONOR$ 9 SULL5 QUIETUDE4 ,BUT IT WAS A SITUATION ?AT C\LD NOT LA/4 ,9 ,M>* #a#g#g1 AFT] A YE> & A HALF ( T5SION1 ! LAT5T CONFLICT CAME TO A SUDD5 HEAD :5 ,BRITI% TROOPS OP5$ FIRE ON A CR[D AFT] SOME *ILDR5 ?REW SN[BALLS AT !M4 ,FIVE CITIZ5S W]E KILL$ & SIX W\ND$4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,BO/ON ,MASSACRE1 AS ! %OOT+ WAS CALL$1 ,ADAMS ADDRESS$ A HUGE T[N MEET+ &1 SPEAK+ = ! CITY1 DEM&$ ?AT ! TROOPS BE IMM$IATELY )DRAWN4 ,! ,BRITI% RESPOND$ AGA9 HALF-HE>T$LY BY R$EPLOY+ ONE ( ! TWO REGIM5TS TO AN ISL& 9 ! H>BOR4 ,:5 ,ADAMS DEM&$1 0,BO? REGIM5TS1 OR NONE60 ! ADM9I/RATION GAVE 9 UND] ! OV]:ELM+ PRESSURE ( ! T[NSPEOPLE4 

,!REAFT]1 EA* YE> ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,BO/ON ,MASSACRE1 ! T[N MEET+ WAS GIV5 A LECTURE1 = ! PURPOSE ( PUBLIC $UCATION1 ON BASIC LIB]TIES4 ,! ORATION WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME EA* YE>4 ,REASON+ FROM FIR/ PR9CIPLES1 ! SPEAK] W\LD EXPLA9 ?AT SOCIETY WAS =M$ = ! DEF5SE ( BASIC RI<TS1 GUID+ HIS LI/5]S FROM AN UNRULY 0/ATE ( NATURE0 9TO ! VOLUNT>Y COMPACT ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,PUBLIC $UCATION ( ?IS K9D BECAME A CRUCIAL FEATURE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 REFLECT+ ! EXTRAORD9>ILY HI< GOALS & REG>D = FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL PR9CIPLES ?AT GUID$ ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]ATION ( ?AT REM>KABLE ]A4 

,! ,BO/ON ,MASSACRE WAS FOLL[$ BY A MISLEAD+ LULL4 ,= ! NEXT TWO YE>S1 ACTS ( RESI/ANCE FL>$ UP ONLY 9T]MITT5TLY4 ,BUT 9 #a#g#g#b1 TRUE TO HIS REPUTATION = FATUITY1 ! K+ /IRR$ UP ! COLONI/S AGA9 BY DECID+ ?AT ! SAL>IES ( ALL COLONIAL JUDGES W\LD BE PAID BY ! ,CR[N RA!R ?AN ! ASSEMBLY1 DEPRIV+ ! COLONIAL JUDICI>Y ANY 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! K+1 9 VIOLATION ( A TRADITION ?AT DAT$ BACK TO #aga 9 ,5GL&4 ,ONCE AGA91 9 ,NOVEMB]1 ,SAM ,ADAMS REVIV$ ! DORMANT ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE TO 9=M O!R ,MASSA*USETTS T[N MEET+S AB\T ?IS LATE/ \TRAGE1 :I* DEFI$ ANO!R CON/ITUTIONAL PR9CIPLE ?AT ! COLONI/S HAD TAK5 = GRANT$3 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( !IR JUDGES & C\RTS FROM ! K+4 ,! ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE1 :I* WAS ACC\NTABLE TO ! ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+1 9VIT$ ! O!R T[NS TO PREP>E /ATEM5TS ?AT LI/$ !IR POLITICAL RI<TS AS !Y SAW !M1 AS WELL AS VIOLATIONS ( ?OSE RI<TS1 & TO =M !IR [N ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE1 MADE UP ( ALL ADULT 9HABITANTS1 TO $UCATE EA* O!R & TO MA9TA9 A /ATE ( G5]AL AL]TNESS4 

,)9 TWO MON?S1 SOME EI<TY ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS =M$ SU* COMMITTEES1 EA* ( :I*1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 BEGAN TO DISCUSS1 >TICULATE1 & =MULATE !IR POLITICAL PR9CIPLES 9 WRITT5 /ATEM5TS4 ,?IS ACTIVITY PROV$ TO BE AN IMM5SE POLITICAL $UCATION = ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE ( ! COLONY4 ,ALL OV] ! PROV9CE1 HEAT$ DISCUSSIONS BROKE \T1 9 :I* T[NSPEOPLE 9 !IR MEET+S 9VEI<$ AGA9/ ! K+'S (FIC]S & !IR ABUSES ( P[]1 AGA9/ /&+ >MIES1 & AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZ$ & ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( ,P>LIAM5T4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ! GRIEVANCES 7CAHI]S7 ?AT PREC$$ ! CONVOCATIONS ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL 9 ,FRANCE NE>LY TWO DECADES LAT]1 ! /ATEM5TS ?AT T[NS S5T TO ,BO/ON ASS]T$ ?AT SOV]EIGNTY LAY ) ! PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ 9 T[NS1 NOT 9 ,P>LIAM5T OR EV5 9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\RT ( ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,9 E>LY #aggc ! REPLIES--FILL$ ) G5]\S PR9CIPLES & EXPRESSIONS ( C\RAGE\S DET]M9ATION--W]E READ AL\D TO ! ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE 9 ,FANEUIL ,HALL4 

,MORE & MORE1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE ( ! CITY BEGAN 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+4 0,! MEET+S ( ?AT T[N10 ,GOV]NOR ,HUT*9SON COMPLA9$ 9 ,MAY #a#g#g#b1 >E 

CON/ITUT$ ( ! L[E/ CLASS ( ! PEOPLE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A FEW ( A HI<] CLASS BUT ( 9TEMP]ATE & FURI\S DISPOSITIONS & DESP]ATE =TUNES4 ,M5 ( PROP]TY & ( ! BE/ *>ACT] HAVE DES]T$ !SE MEET+S :]E !Y >E SURE ( BE+ AFFRONT$4 ,BY ! CON/ITUTION =TY P\NDS /]L4--:I* !Y SAY MAY BE 9 DOA?S H\SEHOLD FURNITURE OR ANY SORT ( PROP]TY IS A QUALIFICATION & EV5 9TO ?AT !RE IS SC>CE EV] ANY 9QUIRY & ANY?+ ) ! APPE>ANCE ( A MAN IS ADMITT$ )\T SCRUT9Y4.<#a#b#h.> 

,! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,HUT*9SON REPLI$ TO ! DECL>ATIONS ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY ?AT ! T[NS HAD S5T TO ,BO/ON BY DECL>+3 

,NO L9E444 CAN BE DRAWN BETWE5 ! SUPREME AU?ORITY ( ,P>LIAM5T & ! TOTAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COLONIES3 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE !RE %\LD BE TWO 9DEP5D5T ,LEGISLATURES 9 ONE & ! SAME /ATE2 =444 TWO ,LEGISLATIVE BODIES WILL MAKE TWO GOV]NM5TS AS DI/9CT AS ! K+DOMS ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL& BE=E ! ,UNION4.<#a#b#i.> 

,AS HAD BE5 ! CASE 9 ,5GL& MORE ?AN A C5TURY E>LI]1 ! GOV]NOR WAS DESCRIB+ ! EXI/5CE ( A DUAL P[]1 :I* HE CORRECTLY OBS]V$ WAS AN IMPOSSIBLE SITUATION ?AT HAD TO BE ULTIMATELY RESOLV$--ONE WAY OR ! O!R4 

,!REAFT]1 ! NETWORK ( /&+ ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE ?AT ,ADAMS HAD CREAT$ 9 ,BO/ON & 9 ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[NS BECAME A MODEL = REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?R\<\T ! COLONIES4 ,9 MID-,M>* #aggc RADICALS 9 ! ,VIRG9IA ,H\SE ( ,BURGESSES1 L$ BY ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON1 ,PATRICK ,H5RY1 & ,RI*>D ,H5RY ,LEE1 E/ABLI%$ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE TO MA9TA9 CONTACT ) ,MASSA*USETTS1 !REBY 9CREAS+ 9T]COLONIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,9ITIALLY1 !SE COMMITTEES W]E CREAT$ TO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES ?R\<\T ! COLONIES & TO $UCATE ! CITIZ5RY1 BUT OV] TIME !Y BEGAN TO CORRESPOND ) EA* O!R 9 ORD] TO DEF9E !IR COMMON PROBLEMS & =MULATE COMMON /RATEGIES1 ESPECIALLY ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS & POLITICAL GOALS4 ,!SE LOCAL COMMITTEES BECAME ! E>LIE/ MEANS BY :I* RADICAL LEAD]S >\S$ !IR COMMUNITIES TO RESI/ANCE1 & !IR GR[+ ROLE 9 BUILD+ LOCAL & 9T]COLONIAL SOLID>ITY AS WELL AS TRANSLAT+ AB/RACT NEW POLITICAL CONCEPTS 9TO DAILY PRACTICE WAS CRUCIAL1 = SU* EXTRACON/ITUTIONAL LOCAL BODIES W]E TO BECOME ! EMBRYOS ( A LAT]1 MORE GRASSROOTS NETWORK = REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION & ACTION4 

,AL?\< ALL ( ! ,T[N%5D DUTIES HAD LONG BE5 REVOK$ EXCEPT = ! TAX ON TEA1 9 #aggc ,P>LIAM5T1 AS P>T ( A BAIL\T ( ! L>GE/ TEA COMPANY 9 ,BRITA91 AGRE$ TO ALL[ ! ,BRITI% ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY TO SELL TEA 9 ! COLONIES AT GREATLY R$UC$ PRICES1 WELL BEL[ ! PRICE ?AT ! ,DUT* DEM&$4 ,F> FROM CELEBRAT+ ! OPPORTUNITY = ,AM]ICANS TO PUR*ASE 9EXP5SIVE TEA1 ! ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE RESPOND$ ) \TRAGE TO ,P>LIAM5T'S NEW ,TEA ,ACT1 VIEW+ IT AS A BLATANT ATTEMPT TO BREAK ! COLONIAL BOYCOTT4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 ! ,COMMITTEE CALL$ A 0,MEET+ ( ! ,PEOPLE0 AT ! ,OLD ,S\? ,MEET+ ,H\SE1 TO :I* AB\T EI<T ?\S& F]V5T ,BO/ONIANS RESPOND$4 ,!RE ! ASSEMBLY UNANIM\SLY VOT$ ?AT ! TEA %\LD BE RETURN$ TO ,5GL&1 & IT *>G$ ! ,COMMITTEE ) ! TASK ( ASSUR+ ?AT NO TEA W\LD BE UNLOAD$ 9 ,BO/ON'S H>BOR4 

,?IS 0,MEET+ ( ! ,PEOPLE0 WAS NOT A T[N MEET+4 ,! ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+ WAS A LEGALLY CON/ITUT$ BODY ?AT WAS REQUIR$ TO EX]CISE A RE/RA9+ AU?ORITY OV] ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O BROKE ! LAW4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! 0,MEET+ ( ! ,PEOPLE0 WAS A PALPABLY EXTRALEGAL BODY1 B\ND SOLELY BY ITS [N SOV]EIGN DECISIONS1 :I* GAVE IT GREAT] FRE$OM ?AN ! T[N MEET+ TO RESI/ ,BRITI% LAWS & ACTIONS4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ONW>D1 ! ,BO/ON ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE CEAS$ TO BE ACC\NTABLE EV5 TO ! ,BO/ON ,T[N ,MEET+2 IT WAS N[ AN EXTRALEGAL COMMITTEE ( A K9D ?AT1 UND] V>I\S NAMES1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 WAS TO SPR+ UP ALL OV] ! COLONIES4 ,& 9DE$1 IT WAS CITIZ5S FROM ?IS BODY--AS WELL AS ! ,T[N ,MEET+--:O1 DISGUIS$ AS ,9DIANS1 BO>D$ %IPS 9 ,BO/ON H>BOR1 DUMP+ ,G,B,P#g#e1 WOR? ( TEA 9TO ! OCEAN 9 ! ,BO/ON ,TEA ,P>TY4 

,LONDON RESPOND$ IMM$IATELY & FURI\SLY TO ! ,BO/ON ,TEA ,P>TY BY PASS+ ! SO-CALL$ ,9TOL]ABLE ,ACTS ( #a#g#g#d1 :I* BLOCKAD$ ! PORT ( ,BO/ON BY >M$ ,BRITI% GUNBOATS & RADICALLY ALT]$ ! ,MASSA*USETTS *>T] SO ?AT ! UPP] C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\RT WAS N[ TO BE APPO9T$ BY ! K+ RA!R ?AN ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,MO/ NOTABLY1 T[N MEET+S ?R\<\T ! PROV9CE ( ,MASSA*USETTS W]E DRA/ICALLY LIMIT$ TO ONLY ONE MEET+ 9 EA* T[N P] YE>1 TO ELECT T[N (FICIALS4 ,9 ?IS UNPREC$5T$ D5IAL ( LOCAL AUTONOMY1 NO FUR!R T[N MEET+S C\LD BE CALL$ )\T ! EXPLICIT APPROVAL ( ! GOV]NOR4 ,LONG AFT]W>DS1 ,AM]ICANS REMEMB]$ ! PROHIBITION ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[N MEET+S AS ! MO/ DAMAG+ ACT1 %ORT ( >M$ CO]CION1 ?AT ! ,CR[N C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE 9FLICT$ ON A FREE PEOPLE4 

,G5]AL ,GAGE1 COMM&] ( ! K+'S =CES 9 ,AM]ICA1 9 TURN1 WAS APPO9T$ ,GOV]NOR ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 ESS5TIALLY PLAC+ ! PROV9CE UND] MILIT>Y RULE4 ,P>LIAM5T !REUPON PASS$ ! PROVOCATIVE ,QUEBEC ,ACT1 :I* E/ABLI%$ A GOV]NM5T = ,QUEBEC ?AT WAS HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN1 LACK+ BO? JURIES & ASSEMBLIES4 ,?IS ,ACT WAS ALL ! MORE TR\BL+ COM+ :5 IT DID1 BECAUSE1 TO MANY ,AM]ICANS1 IT SEEM$ TO PRESAGE ! =M ( ADM9I/RATION ?AT ! COLONI/S FE>$ ,BRITA9 W\LD ULTIMATELY IMPOSE UPON ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES AS A :OLE4 

,C,O,L,O,N,I,A,L ,R,E,B,E,L,L,I,O,N 

,! ,9TOL]ABLE ,ACTS PRECIPITAT$ ! SIMM]+ REBELLION 9TO AN \TRI<T REVOLUTION4 ,DAILY RIOTS EXPLOD$ ?R\<\T ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,BRITI% ,AM]ICA1 AS M5 BEGAN OP5LY TO COLLECT >MS & TRA9 = DEF5SIVE ACTION AGA9/ ! ,BRITI%4 ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE W]E ACTIVAT$ ?R\<\T ! COLONIES1 & ! ,MASSA*USETTS T[N MEET+S1 HOTB$S ( REVOLUTION1 DEFIANTLY CONT9U$ TO MEET1 TOTALLY IGNOR+ ! NEW RE/RICTION ON !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,T[NS SOON HAD NOT ONLY ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE BUT ,COMMITTEES ( ,9SPECTION & ,COMMITTEES ( ,SAFETY1 ( :I* WE %ALL HAVE A GOOD DEAL TO SAY LAT]4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION1 OBS]VES ,H>RY ,CU%+1 

! GOV]NOR'S AU?ORITY N[ EMBRAC$ LITTLE MORE ?AN ,BO/ON2 ! ROYAL TREASUR] SOON FAIL$ TO RECEIVE PAYM5TS ( RECOGNITION FROM ! T[NS2 BY ! T[NS HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T ! 5D ( ! ROYAL LEGISLATURE2 AT !IR 9/ANCE ! ROYAL C\RTS HAD BE5 ABOLI%$2 & IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ?IS G5]AL COLLAPSE ! T[N SY/EM1 & ?AT ALONE1 HAD MA9TA9$ AN EXI/5CE & AN ACTIVITY ?AT W]E PRACTICALLY CONT9U\S4 ,BY ?IS ELEM5T ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,K+ HAD BE5 DE/ROY$2 BY IT ! RECON/RUCTION WAS TO BE EFFECT$4.<#a#c.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,SAMUEL ,ELIOT ,MORISON1 ! T[NS HAD BECOME 

9 FACT ! SEV]AL SOV]EIGNS ( ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY4 ,!IR RELATION TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\RT CLOSELY APPROXIMAT$ ?AT ( ! /ATES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION1 ) ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE ?AT !RE W]E NOT ?IRTE5 BUT ALMO/ ?REE HUNDR$ ( !M4.<#a#c#a.> 

,BY ! SUMM] ( #a#g#g#d1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY ! T[NS 9 EA* C\NTY ( ,MASSA*USETTS JO9$ TOGE!R TO =M AN EXTRALEGAL C\NTY CONV5TION TO COORD9ATE & DIRECT PROV9CIAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,9ITIAT$ BY ! T[NS ( ,B]K%IRE ,C\NTY 9 ,JULY1 ! WE/]N T[NS W]E P>TICUL>LY 5?USIA/IC4 ,FUNCTION+ ESS5TIALLY AS CONF$]ATIONS ( MUNICIPALITIES1 ! CONV5TIONS W]E !MSELVES MANAG$ LIKE T[N MEET+S1 ) ELECT$ MOD]ATORS1 REPORT+ COMMITTEES1 & OP5 VOTES1 !REBY CON/ITUT+ A F>FLUNG DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 

,BY AUTUMN1 T[N MEET+S ALL OV] ,MASSA*USETTS BEGAN TO DRILL !IR MILITIAS & =M !M 9TO A MILIT>Y =CE ( SOME CONSEQU5CE & CREATE MILITIAS :]E NONE HAD EXI/$4 0,:]EAS A GREAT P>T ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ?IS T[N MAY SOON BE CALL$ =?1 TO ASSI/ 9 DEF5D+ ! ,*>T] & ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,PROV9CE1 AS WELL AS ! RI<TS & LIB]TIES ( ALL ,AM]ICA10 ! ,M>BLEHEAD ,T[N ,MEET+ RESOLV$1 0 444 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT !Y %\LD BE PROP]LY DISCIPL9$ & 9/RUCT$ 9 ! >T ( W>40 ,!SE MILITIAS1 :OSE (FIC]S & RANK & FILE (T5 OV]LAPP$ ) ! OLD ,SONS ( ,LIB]TY1 ELECT$ !IR (FIC]S & OP]AT$ ACCORD+ TO ! SAME DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES = :I* !Y W]E PREP>$ TO FI<T4 ,9DE$1 !Y BECAME ! BACKBONE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y W>4 ,A SPECIAL MILITIA ( F>M]S CALL$ ,M9UTEM5 WAS SPECIFICALLY ORGANIZ$ TO RESPOND IMM$IATELY TO ANY ,BRITI% MILIT>Y ACTION AGA9/ !IR COMMUNITIES--& ! NAME !Y ADOPT$ RESURFAC$ ?R\<\T ! COLONIES LONG AFT] HO/ILITIES ) ! ,BRITI% HAD BEGUN4 

,!SE ACTS ( VIRTUAL 9SURRECTION1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 W]E PROVOK$ BY ! ,BRITI% :5 !Y HAD ORIG9ALLY DECID$ TO SET AN EXAMPLE = ALL ! COLONIES BY CRACK+ D[N ON ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,BY ?IS DIVIDE-&-CONQU] /RATEGY1 ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES NAIVELY EXPECT$ ?AT ! O!R COLONIES W\LD TURN AGA9/ ! ,NEW ,5GL& PROV9CE 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE GOOD RELATIONS ) ! ,CR[N4 ,IT WAS A GROSS YET TYPICAL MISCALCULATION4 ,ONE COLONIAL ASSEMBLY AFT] ANO!R1 TOTALLY IGNOR+ ,BRITI% BANS ON CONV5+ & PROTE/+ ! ,9TOL]ABLE ,ACTS1 PUBLICLY VOIC$ !IR \TRAGE AGA9/ ! ,CR[N'S MEASURES1 :ILE L>GE QUANTITIES ( FOOD & SUPPLIES FLOOD$ BLOCKAD$ ,BO/ON OV]L& FROM O!R COLONIES TO EXPRESS !IR SOLID>ITY ) ! BELEAGU]$ ,NEW ,5GL& PORT4 

,BY E>LY #a#g#g#d1 ! ASSEMBLIES ( ALL BUT ONE ( ! COLONIES HAD E/ABLI%$ A ,COMMITTEE ( ,CORRESPOND5CE1 0! E>LIE/ & MO/ COMMON REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION10 OV] ! OPPOSITION ( ! ROYAL GOV]NORS4 0,! MEMB]S ( ! L[] H\SES ( ! LEGISLATURES10 NOTES ,M>G>ET ,BURNHAM ,MACMILLAN1 0SEEM TO HAVE BE5 MOTIVAT$ BY A DESIRE TO CREATE AN (FICIAL M\?PIECE = ! OP9IONS ( ! COLONY SU* AS !Y FELT ! GOV]NOR WAS = ! VIEWS ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T40.<#a#c#b.> ,9 ! SUMM] & FALL1 MANY PROV9CIAL GOV]NORS TRI$ TO %UT D[N !IR PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 FE>FUL ?AT !IR MEMB]S W]E 9FLAM+ PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ ,BRITA9'S SUPPRESSION ( COLONIAL RI<TS4 ,:5 ! GOV]NORS REFUS$ TO CALL ! ASSEMBLIES BACK 9TO SESSION1 MANY ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE PROVOCATIVELY TOOK IT UPON !MSELVES TO CONVOKE !M4 ,?US1 :5 ! GOV]NORS ( ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE & ,NOR? ,C>OL9A DISSOLV$ !IR PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 ! ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE 9 ?OSE PROV9CES SIMPLY SUMMON$ !M BACK 9TO SESSION1 ESS5TIALLY DISPLAC+ ! GOV]NORS AS ! EXECUTIVES ( ! COLONIES4 ,9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 ! LIEUT5ANT GOV]NOR HAD PLANN$ TO PROROGUE ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLY AT T5 O'CLOCK ON ,AUGU/ #c1 #a#g#g#d1 BUT ! ASSEMBLY CONV5$ AT EI<T O'CLOCK--0BECAUSE ( ! HEAT0--& C>RI$ \T ITS BUS9ESS QUICKLY S9CE ITS MEMB]S W]E ALL 9 AGREEM5T ) EA* O!R4 ,BY ! TIME ! GOV]NOR PROROGU$ IT AT T51 IT WAS TOO LATE2 ITS LEGALLY B9D+ DECISIONS HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE4.<#a#c#c.> 

,AS ! GRASSROOTS P[]1 LEGAL & EXTRALEGAL1 BEGAN TO GR[1 ATTEMPTS BY ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES & COLONIAL GOV]NORS TO DISSOLVE ! ASSEMBLIES HAD LESS & LESS EFFECT4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE 9SI/+ ?AT ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES RECONV5E1 BUT !Y BEGAN TO SUPPLANT !IR LEGISLATIVE ROLE & TOOK OV] MANY ( ! EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL ACTIVITIES ( ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,GAGE REFUS$ = MON?S TO CALL ! ,G5]AL ,C\RT 9TO SESSION4 ,AT L5G?1 9 ,OCTOB]1 ! FIR/ PROV9CIAL CONGRESS--AN EXTRALEGAL1 REVOLUTION>Y LEGISLATURE--WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,MASSA*USETTS1 TO :I* ! C\NTY CONV5TIONS C$$ !IR LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ( SU* \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y PROV9CIAL CONGRESSES OR CONV5TIONS TO BE =M$ ?R\<\T ! COLONIES4 ,! REGUL> PROV9CIAL CONGRESSES N[ BEGAN TO ASSUME LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE DUTIES ?AT HI!RTO HAD BELONG$ 5TIRELY TO ! DOMA9 ( ! ROYAL GOV]NORS4 ,LIKE ! C\NTY CONV5TIONS ?AT HAD PREC$$ !M1 ! PROV9CIAL CONGRESSES FREELY 5ACT$ REVOLUTION>Y LEGISLATION1 ORGANIZ$ NEW MILITIAS OR RECON/ITUT$ OLD] ONES 9TO REVOLUTION>Y =CES :I* ELECT$ !IR [N (FIC]S1 & BEGAN TO TAKE ACTION AGA9/ ! LOYALI/ ,TORIES4 ,AS ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,PROV9CIAL ,CONGRESS WAS TO RECOGNIZE1 ! ULTIMATE S\RCE ( P[] LAY 9 ! T[NS & T[N MEET+S4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ! DYNAMICS ( ! MUNICIPALITIES' REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T3 ! 5ORM\S IMPETUS !Y GAVE TO ! UPRIS+1 !IR ROLE 9 RE/RUCTUR+ ! OLD COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES 9TO ! NEW1 MORE DEMOCRATIC ONES1 & ! COORD9AT+ ROLE ( POPUL> LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! COLONIES EXHIBIT$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITY TO NETWORK1 CONF$]ATE1 & EMP[] V>I\S 9/ITUTIONS ON ALL SOCIAL LEVELS1 MANY ( :I* HAD BE5 9 EXI/5CE = G5]ATIONS4 ,(T51 ! REVOLUTION>IES *ANG$ V]Y FEW ( ! LOCAL BODIES ?AT HAD BE5 CREAT$ DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( ! COLONIES2 !Y %REWDLY RE/RUCTUR$ !M1 EXP&+ LOCAL P[]S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PROV9CIAL 9/ITUTIONS & ?OSE ( ! PROV9CIAL 9/ITUTIONS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,CR[N & ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T4 

,! ,C,O,N,T,9,5,T,A,L ,C,O,N,G,R,E,S,S 

,BY N[1 ! TIME HAD COME TO ASSEMBLE A ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS TO COORD9ATE ! EF=TS ( SPECIFIC PROV9CIAL & LOCAL /RUGGLES1 AL?\< ! S\RCE ( ! ORIG9AL CALL IS NOT KN[N PRECISELY4 ,ACCORD+ TO MANY ACC\NTS1 AFT] ! ,VIRG9IA ,H\SE ( ,BURGESSES WAS DISSOLV$ = SUPPORT+ ,BO/ON1 ! MEMB]S REASSEMBL$ AT ! ,RALEI< ,TAV]N 9 ,WILLIAMSBURG TO ISSUE A CALL = A G5]AL OR CONT95TAL ASSEMBLY ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM ALL ( ! COLONIES4 ,C>L ,BECK] CITES ! ,NEW ,YORK ,:IGS--MA9LY CONS]VATIVE M]*ANTS--AS ANO!R S\RCE4 ,! ,:IGS1 :O VALU$ !IR TRADE ) ,BRITA91 APPE> TO HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD EVADE ! NE$ TO RESPOND TO ,BO/ON'S APPEAL = A CONGRESS TO BOYCOTT ALL ,BRITI% GOODS2 9DE$1 !Y PRESUMABLY 9T5D$ TO PREEMPT ! APPEAL BY CONV5+ A ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS ?AT !Y C\LD DOM9ATE1 R$UC+ ITS ACTION TO A HUMBLE PETITION = R$RESS BY ! ,CR[N4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ! ,FIR/ ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS ?AT MET 9 ,PHILADELPHIA ON ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#g#g#d1 WAS NO M]E CONS]VATIVE OLIG>*Y2 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES &1 9 ! SIX COLONIES :]E ASSEMBLIES NO LONG] EXI/$1 FROM LOCAL ,COMMITTEES ( ,CORRESPOND5CE & O!R EXTRALEGAL BODIES ?AT HAD BE5 DEFIANTLY ELECT$ BY ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4 0,:]EV] SU* A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P SELECT$ ! DELEGATES10 ,MACMILLAN OBS]VES1 0!Y *OSE !M FROM AMONG ! MORE RADICAL ,:IGS10 OR PATRIOTS4.<#a#c#d.> ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS SELECTION PROCESS1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MANY COLONIES ! BACKC\NTRY YEOMAN RECEIV$ !IR RI<TFUL PROPORTION ( DELEGATES4 

,TO ! RADICALS ( ,MASSA*USETTS & ,VIRG9IA1 ! PROSPECT ( BE+ ASSEMBL$ 9 ONE PLACE WAS A S\RCE ( UNRE/RA9$ REJOIC+3 ,RI*>D ,H5RY ,LEE ( ,VIRG9IA EXULT$ ?AT ! COLONIES' POLITICAL SALVATION LAY ) ,MASSA*USETTS1 & ,PAUL ,REV]E1 :O RECEIV$ A H]O'S WELCOME1 >RIV$ BE>+ ! RESOLVES PASS$ BY ! ,SUFFOLK ,C\NTY ,CONV5TION1 :I* CALL$ = AN 5D TO ALL 9T]C\RSE ) ,BRITA94 ,! RADICALS IMM$IATELY B&$ TOGE!R TO PRESS = ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS TO ADOPT A SIMIL>1 B9D+ RESOLUTION4 ,NO D\BT BECAUSE ( ! EQUAL REPRES5TATION ?AT BR\<T MANY BACKC\NTRY F>M]S TO ! ,CONGRESS1 ! RADICALS PREVAIL$--TO ! UTT] CON/]NATION ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,:IGS4 

,TO 5=CE NON9T]C\RSE1 ! ,CONGRESS B\ND ! SEP>ATE COLONIES TOGE!R 9TO A ,CONT95TAL ,ASSOCIATION TO BOYCOTT ,BRITI% GOODS1 5D+ ALL IMPORTATIONS FROM ! MO!R C\NTRY ALMO/ IMM$IATELY &1 IF ,BRITA9 FAIL$ TO COMPLY ) COLONIAL DEM&S1 COMPLETELY PROHIBIT+ ! EXPORT+ ( ,AM]ICAN GOODS TO ,BRITA94 ,AL?\< ! RADICALS C>EFULLY AVOID$ PRON\NC+ ! WORD 9DEP5D5CE --EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 TO D5Y ?AT !Y S\<T IT--?IS ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS & ! ONE ?AT MET ! FOLL[+ YE> PASS$ A V>IETY ( RESOLUTIONS ?AT ESS5TIALLY AM\NT$ TO A DE FACTO BREAK ) ,BRITA94 ,!Y CREAT$ A NEW GOV]NM5T = EA* COLONY1 MOBILIZ$ A CONT95TAL >MY1 =M$ AN 9T]COLONIAL CONF$]ATION1 & OP5$ ,AM]ICAN PORTS TO TRADE ) ! 5TIRE WORLD4 

,= ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[NSM51 ! ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS HAD /ILL ANO!R1 9DE$ BROAD] MEAN+4 ,CLE>LY1 SELF-GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 BR$ 9TO !IR BONES & S9EWS1 & :5 IT WAS USURP$1 !Y KNEW !Y W\LD REBEL4 ,= MU* ( ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 ! T[NS !MSELVES HAD BE5 FAIRLY 9SUL>1 PREOCCUPI$ MA9LY ) !IR [N PURELY LOCAL AFFAIRS2 N[ EV5TS ON A L>G]1 9DE$ 9T]NATIONAL1 SCALE SWEPT !M UP & ?RU/ F>-REA*+ RESPONSIBILITIES UPON !M4 ,NOR WAS ! ,CR[N UNM9DFUL ( :AT ! ,CONGRESS MEANT = ,BRITI% AU?ORITY 9 ! COLONIES4 ,TO ! NEWS ?AT A ,CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS WAS CONVOK$1 ! K+ RESPOND$3 0,! DIE IS N[ CA/4 ,! COLONIES MU/ EI!R SUBMIT OR TRIUMPH40 ,P>LIAM5T1 KEEP+ APACE ) ! /ATEM5T1 DECL>$ ,MASSA*USETTS TO BE 9 A /ATE ( REBELLION & PROCE$$ TO >RANGE = ! TRANSPORTATION ( MORE TROOPS TO ,AM]ICA4 

,! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$ >E P>T ( ! ,AM]ICAN NATIONAL TRADITION4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,APRIL #a#h1 #a#g#g#e1 ,G5]AL ,GAGE1 N[ ,GOV]NOR ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 CONV9C$ ?AT HE C\LD QUELL ! REBELLION 9 ONE BOLD ACTION1 DISPAT*$ EI<T HUNDR$ TROOPS TO ,CONCORD1 EI<TE5 MILES NOR? ( ,BO/ON1 ) ORD]S TO SEIZE ! MILIT>Y /ORES ?AT ! COLONIALS HAD COLLECT$ 9 ! T[N1 & !N PROCE$ TO ,LEX+TON TO >RE/ TWO IMPORTANT ,MASSA*USETTS LEAD]S1 ,SAM ,ADAMS & ,JOHN ,HANCOCK4 ,W>N$ BY ADVANCE RID]S ?AT ! ,BRITI% TROOPS W]E ON ! MOVE1 ,M9UTEM5 BEGAN SPORADICALLY TO 5GAGE !M ALONG !IR 5TIRE R\TE4 ,F9ALLY1 AFT] SUFF]+ LOSSES ( MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( !IR COMPLEM5T 9 PIT*$ BATTLES AT ,LEX+TON & ,CONCORD1 ! ,BRITI% W]E =C$ TO RETREAT T[>D ,BO/ON4 ,AM]ICAN LOSSES NUMB]$ ONLY AB\T N9ETY4 ,IT WAS A HUMILIAT+ DEFEAT = A HI<LY DISCIPL9$ CONT+5T ( PR(ESSIONAL TROOPS AGA9/ PRESUMABLY RAW1 UNTRA9$ F>M]S4 ,:E!R !Y W]E CONSCI\S ( !IR ACTIONS OR NOT1 ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES HAD 9ITIAT$ A REVOLUTION :OSE VALUES1 ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 IDEALS1 & EV5 VOCABUL>Y W\LD BE E*O$ 9 DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS >\ND ! WORLD4 

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