,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #h 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #h4 ,MILL5>IAN ,SECTS & ,CROMWELLIAN ,GOV]NM5TS 

,! WAN+ 9FLU5CE & DEFEAT ( ! ,LEVEL]S DID NOT BR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION TO A COMPLETE 5D--BUT !Y DID LEAD TO A P]IOD ?AT COMB9$ P>ODY ) PA?OS1 ABSURDITY ) TRAG$Y4 ,ONCE ! 0,GR&EES0 HAD FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 P[]1 !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 A POLITICAL CUL-DE-SAC1 MU* AS ! ,JACOB9S W\LD A C5TURY & A HALF LAT]4 ,MANY GOALS ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES HAD LONG S\<T W]E FULFILL$3 ! K+ WAS EXECUT$1 & ! MON>*Y & ,H\SE ( ,LORDS W]E NO MORE4 ,HAV+ ACCOMPLI%$ !SE 5DS & CREAT$ A ,COMMONWEAL?1 ! 0,GR&EES10 :O W]E UNWILL+ TO FULFILL MORE RADICAL ONES1 C\LD ADVANCE NO FUR!R SOCIALLY4 ,9 ! LACK ( NEW CAUSES TO FI<T = & IDEALS TO UPHOLD1 ! S5SE ( RECTITUDE ?AT HAD IMPELL$ ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ( ,PURITANISM & GIV5 IT A SOCIAL MOTIVATION WAS DRA/ICALLY DIM9I%$1 & ! (FIC]S1 :O W]E 5TR5*$ 9 POSITIONS ( P[]1 SEEM$ TO HOLD !IR (FICES = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN !IR PRIVATE AGGR&IZEM5T4 ,TO COMP5SATE = ?IS SPIRITUAL EMPT9ESS1 ! 0,GR&EES0 TURN$ 9W>D1 T[>D MY/ICISM4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ON ! EVE ( ,PRIDE'S ,PURGE1 AT A TIME :5 ! ,LEVEL]S W]E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY SECUL>1 ,CROMWELL'S AIDES BEGAN TO 9VOKE V>I\SLY IMAGES ( A 0,NEW ,J]USALEM10 ( ! 0,FIF? ,MON>*Y0 PR$ICT$ 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,DANIEL1 & ( ! COM+ RULE ( A RETURN+ ,*RI/4 

,MY/ICISM1 9 FACT1 HAD BE5 A FEATURE ( ! ,5GLI% RADICAL MILIEU S9CE ! E>LY #a#f#dS4 ,M+L+ ) ! ,9DEP5D5TS & (T5 /RAY+ WELL BEYOND !IR ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES1 A WIDE ASSORTM5T ( MILL5>IAN REVOLUTION>IES =M$ CONV5TICLES DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT 9 SOME CASES W]E EXPRESSLY PAN!I/IC1 IF NOT \TRI<T A!I/IC4 ,!SE SECTS1 L>GELY ROOT$ 9 ! WILD] F5L&S OR 0D>K CORN]S0 ( ! ,NOR? & ,WE/1 SEEM$ TO E*O ! MY/ICAL AN>*ISM ( M$IEVAL SECTS SU* AS ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT4 ,QUAK]S1 :O W\LD H>DLY BE RECOGNIZABLE TO ! PI\S ,BRAHM9S :O SPEAK 9 !IR NAME TODAY1 M+L$ ) REVOLUTION>Y ,ANABAPTI/S LIKE ,FAMILI/S1 :O /RONGLY BELIEV$ ?AT A HEAV5 ON E>? WAS IMM95T & ROAM$ ?R\< ! C\NTRYSIDE SPREAD+ ! GOOD NEWS4 ,9 ! #a#f#dS 0!RE WAS A P]IOD ( GLORI\S FLUX & 9TELLECTUAL EXCITEM5T10 OBS]VES ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL 9 HIS RADICAL1 P]HAPS MO/ LIB]T>IAN BOOK ON ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION2 9DE$1 = A TIME IT SEEM$ ?AT1 

AS ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY 7! ,DIGG] LEAD].> PUT IT1 0! OLD WORLD IS RUNN+ UP LIKE P>*M5T 9 ! FIRE40 ,LIT]ALLY ANY?+ SEEM$ POSSIBLE2 NOT ONLY W]E ! VALUES ( ! OLD HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION BUT ALSO ! NEW VALUES1 ! PROTE/ANT E?IC ITSELF4 ,ONLY GRADUALLY WAS CONTROL REE/ABLI%$ DUR+ ! ,PROTECTORATE ( ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL1 LEAD+ TO A RE/ORATION ( ! RULE ( ! G5TRY1 & !N ( ,K+ & BI%OPS 9 #a#f#f4.<#h#g.> 

,NEV]!LESS1 MO/ ( !SE MOVEM5TS--IF SU* !Y CAN ACTUALLY BE CALL$-- W5T UNNOTIC$ OR EX]CIS$ 9FLU5CE ONLY 9 ! MO/ REMOTE >EAS ( ! L&4 

,! ,F,I,F,? ,M,O,N,>,*,Y ,M,5 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ PROM95T ( !SE SECTS WAS AN OV]HEAT$ MILL5>IAN T5D5CY1 ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M51 :O LIV$ 9 MOM5T>Y EXPECTATION ( A ,SECOND ,COM+ ( ,*RI/ & A COMMUNI/IC DISP5SATION ( ! WORLD'S GOODS4 ,!IR NAME WAS TAK5 FROM ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y 5VISION$ 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,DANIEL1 9 :I* 0! K+DOM & DOM9ION1 & ! GREATNESS ( ! K+DOM UND] ! :OLE HEAV51 %ALL BE GIV5 TO ! K+DOM ( ! ,SA9TS ( ! MO/ ,HI<0 7VII3#b#g74 ,ACCORD+ TO ! DISP5SATION ADVANC$ BY ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M51 ! 0SA9TS10 9 EFFECT1 W\LD GA9 ! DIV9E MANTLE ?AT K+S HAD PREVI\SLY WORN & LIVE 9 BLISSFUL HAPP9ESS 9 A WORLD FREE ( S9 & WANT4 

,! /R5G? ( ! MOVEM5T LAY MORE 9 ITS DEM&S = RELIGI\S RE=M & ITS SIMPLE S5SE ( HUMANITY = ! POOR ?AN 9 ITS F]V5T EXPECTATION ( MIRACUL\S 9T]V5TION 9TO HUMAN AFFAIRS1 :I* ?US MADE ITS IDEAS ACCEPTABLE TO A WIDE RANGE ( PEOPLE ACROSS SOCIAL CLASS4 ,9DE$1 A BELIEF 9 A ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ?AT W\LD BE 9/ALL$ ) ! COM+ ( ,*RI/1 = ALL ITS APOCALYPTIC OV]TONES1 DID NOT NECESS>ILY CON/ITUTE AN OV]T *ALL5GE TO PROP]TY1 & ! MOVEM5T FAIL$ TO SPELL \T A CONCRETE PROGRAM = ECONOMIC *ANGE4 ,H5CE1 IT REMA9$ A PI\S T5D5CY ?AT S\<T G5]ALLY BUT H>MLESSLY TO SEE OPPRESSIONS REMOV$ & GRIEVANCES RESOLV$4 

,EV5 FAIRLY EXTREME ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M51 SU* AS !Y W]E1 GAVE NO SUPPORT TO ! ,LEVEL]S' ,AGREEM5TS ( ! ,PEOPLE1 S9CE :AT ?IS ]A NE$$1 !Y BELIEV$1 WAS NOT A REPUBLIC BUT1 RA!R VAGUELY1 A DICTATOR%IP ( 0SA9TS40 ,! V]Y NOTION ( 0SA9TS0 :I* ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 PROMOT$ WAS PAT5TLY ELITI/1 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! ,LEVEL]S' EGALIT>IAN IDEAS & DEM&S = A POPUL> FRAN*ISE2 ?US ,FIF? ,MON>*ISM WAS NOT )\T ITS APPEAL TO ! SA9TLY 0,GR&EES0 !MSELVES1 :O W]E BITT]LY HO/ILE TO ! V]Y REAL & DANG]\S--SECUL> DEM&S ( ! ,LEVEL]S4 0,! ,SA9TS ( ! ,MO/ ,HI< 444 >E A PEOPLE DI/9CT FROM ! WORLD10 A ,FIF? ,MON>*Y TRACT OBS]V$1 

444 & >E BY !MSELVES A ,COMMON-,WEAL? & ,FREE ,/ATE2 & !RE 'TIS TO BE DESIR$ FROM GOOD & S\ND GR\NDS1 ?AT !Y W\LD EX]CISE ?AT ,ROYAL ,AU?ORITY :I* ,GOD HAS GIV5 UNTO !M1 & 9VE/$ !M )1 AS !Y >E SA9TS BY CALL+4.<#h#h.> 

,EV5 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M51 ,MAJOR-,G5]AL ,?OMAS ,H>RISON1 A ,NEW ,MODEL SOLDI] :O HAD BE5 CONV]T$ TO MILL5>IANISM DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 HAD A RA!R WAYW>D C>E]4 ,DUR+ ! ,PUTNEY ,DEBATES1 ,H>RISON HAD SID$ ) ,RA9BOR\< & RESOLUTELY S\<T TO BR+ ! K+ TO JU/ICE2 AFT]W>DS HE =M$ A CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ,CROMWELL AGA9/ HIS =M] ASSOCIATES & WAS ONE ( ! >*ITECTS ( A LAT] P>LIAM5T ( 0SA9TS0 KN[N TO HI/ORY AS ,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T4 

,!IR ELITISM1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 LOCK$ MANY ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 9TO NAIVE CONSPIRACIES1 FAIL$ UPRIS+S1 & 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( DEFIANCE ?AT MORE CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! HAPLESS T]RORI/S ( ,RUSSIA OR ! ,BLANQUI/S ( ,FRANCE ?AN ! MASS MOVEM5T ?AT ! ,LEVEL]S TRI$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,LEVEL] SECUL>ISM1 ! MY/ICAL MESSAGE ( AN ELECT GR\P DE/9$ TO R$EEM ! WORLD 9 SPITE ( ITSELF (F]$ NO S]I\S ?REAT TO ! RULE ( ! 0,GR&EES10 & :5 ! TIME CAME TO DO )\T IT1 IT WAS EASILY SUPPRESS$4 

,! ,R,A,N,T,],S 

,! TURN T[>D MY/ICISM ?AT FOLL[$ ! WAN+ ( ! ,LEVEL] MOVEM5T F\ND ITS MO/ ABSURD & NOISIE/1 IF NOT ITS /RONGE/1 EXPRESSION 9 ! ,RANT] MOVEM5T3 A COLLECTION ( SMALL GR\PS ?AT W]E NEI!R COORD9AT$ NOR KNIT TOGE!R 9 ANY PALPABLE WAY BUT ODDLY GA9$ A SIZABLE & 9EFFECTUAL URBAN FOLL[+1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! ,LONDON POOR1 :O C\LD ONLY DREAM ( A =?COM+ MIRACLE ?AT W\LD 0LEVELL0 ! WEAL?Y 0TO LAY ! ,M\NTA9 L[40 ,?AT !IR NUMB] GREW RAPIDLY AFT] ! ,LEVEL] TROOPS AT ,BUR=D W]E SUBDU$ SUGGE/S ?AT !Y W]E L>GELY A PRODUCT ( ! DESPAIR ?AT FOLL[$ ?AT DEFEAT RA!R ?AN AN ADVANCE 9 ! =TUNES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,!IR NAME CAME FROM !IR ALLEG$ T5D5CY TO TALK1 %\T & GE/ICULATE--9 %ORT1 TO RANT--UN9TELLIGIBLY 9 PUBLIC4 ,:E!R SU* BEHAVIOR REALLY *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,RANT]S IS >GUABLE1 S9CE ,PRESBYT]IANS1 ROYALI/S1 & ,9DEP5D5TS ALIKE T5D$ TO C>ICATURE SECT>IES ( ALL K9DS"9 IF ONLY TO ]ODE !IR 9FLU5CE ) RIDICULE :5 !Y C\LD NOT DE/ROY !M \TRI<T4 

,:AT ,RANT] GR\PS SEEM TO HAVE %>$ WAS A REJECTION ( ALL LIT]AL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,SCRIPTURE AS WELL AS A REJECTION1 BAS$ ON MORAL LAW1 ( DEF]5CE TO ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY1 BE IT SECUL> OR DIV9E4 ,GOD1 !SE BASICALLY PAN!I/IC RADICALS DECL>$1 EXI/$ EV]Y:]E & WAS EMBODI$ 9 ALL ?+S4 ,ONE ,RANT] PAMPHLET READS3 

,I SEE ?AT ,GOD IS 9 ALL ,CREATURES1 ,MAN & ,BEA/1 ,FI% & ,F[LE1 & EV]Y GRE5 ?+1 FROM ! HI<E/ ,C$> TO ! ,IVEY ON ! WALL2 & ?AT ,GOD IS ! LIFE & BE+ ( !M ALL1 & ?AT ,GOD DO? REALLY DWELL1 & IF Y\ WILL P]SONALLY2 IF HE MAY ADMIT SO L[ AN EXPRESSION 9 !M ALL1 & HA? HIS ,BE+ NO :]E ELSE \T ( ! ,CREATURES4.<#h#i.> 

,?IS \TLOOK L$ ! ,RANT]S TO V]Y RADICAL SOCIAL CONCLUSIONS3 0A DEEP CONC]N = ! POOR1 A D5UNCIATION ( ! RI* & A PRIMITIVE BIBLICAL COMMUNISM10 OBS]VES ,A4,L4 ,MORTON 9 HIS COMPREH5SIVE ACC\NT ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 0?AT IS MORE M5AC+ & URBAN ?AN ?AT ( ,W9/ANLEY & ! ,DIGG]S40 ,9DE$1 !IR ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN REJECTION ( ,SCRIPTURE & DEF]5T BEHAVIOR1 AS WELL AS !IR FLAGRANT DISRESPECT = RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS & ! /ATE1 HAS L$ SOME HI/ORIANS TO *>ACT]IZE !M AS 0AN>*I/S40 

,POSSIBLY--BUT IF ! ,RANT]S W]E AN>*I/S1 !Y W]E MY/ICAL AN>*I/S1 & !IR MY/ICISM T5D$ TO COMPLETELY P>ALYZE !IR CAPACITY TO *ANGE ! REAL WORLD4 ,AS ,MORTON PO9TS \T1 = ! ,RANT]S IT WAS 0,GOD HIMSELF .<:O.> WAS ! GREAT ,LEVEL]1 :O WAS TO COME %ORTLY 'TO ,LEVELL ) A WITNESSE1 TO ,LEVELL ! ,HILLS ) ! ,VALLEYES1 TO LAY ! ,M\NTA9ES L[4'0.<#i.> ,ALAS1 DIV9E 9T]V5TION WAS NOT AN AUSPICI\S PROGRAM = ACTION4 ,! ,LEVEL]S HAD TRI$ TO SET ?+S RI<T BY ! SWORD1 & ! ,DIGG]S1 MORE FEEBLY1 BY ! SPADE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 BUT ! ,RANT]S C\LD (F] NO?+ MORE ?AN ANO!R MILL5NIUM4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS MU* TO %[ ?AT !IR \TLOOK DRIFT$ T[>D AN 9EFFECTUAL QUIETISM4 ,A ,RANT] PAMPHLETE] ( ! LATE #a#f#dS >TICULAT$ A DI/9CTLY QUIETI/IC APPROA* 9 A WORK ?AT ADDRESS$ 0,K+1 ,MON>*Y & ,P>LIAM5T0 ) ! FOLL[+ D5UNCIATION3 

,Y\ >E AFRAID TO LAY D[N Y\R ,SWORDS1 LE/ Y\ %\LD LOSE Y\R ,LIB]TIES2 BUT ! ,LORD WILL RECOMP5SE ?IS SEV5-FOLD 9TO Y\R BOSME1 HE IS COM+ TO MAKE Y\ SUFF] A BLESS$ ,FRE$OM1 A GLORI\S ,LIB]TY1 A SUFFICI5T RECOMP5SE = ! LOSS ( ALL \TW>D GLORIES4444 ,:5 Y\ >E BECOME *ILDR5 ( ! NEW BIR?1 Y\ %ALL BE ABLE TO PLAY UPON ! HOLE ( ! ,ASPE1 & TO DWELL ) ! ,COCKATRICE 9 HIS D51 OPPRESSION & TYRANNY %ALL BE DE/ROY$ BE=E Y\4.<#i#a.> 

,! V]Y RELIGIOSITY ( ?IS 9JUNCTION ALMO/ SEEMS SANCTIMONI\S AT A TIME :5 ,5GL& WAS /ILL 9 TURMOIL & ,LEVEL]S W]E HOP+ = AN 9SURRECTION ?AT W\LD OV]?R[ ,CROMWELLIAN RULE4 

,H[ MANY SMALL GR\PS & 9DIVIDUAL CONV]TS !RE W]E AMONG ! ,RANT]S IS V]Y UNCLE>4 ,ICONOCLA/IC & DEV\T AS !Y NO D\BT W]E1 ! MORE \T/&+ ,RANT] 0LEAD]S10 :ATEV] ?AT T]M MEANT1 W]E BASICALLY COMM&]S )\T AN >MY1 & ANY NOTION ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ A S]I\S ?REAT TO E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITY WAS MORE USEFUL TO ROYALI/S1 :O WANT$ TO PANIC ! PUBLIC 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS MORE S]I\S COMPETITORS 9 ! CONFLICT ) ! ,COMMONWEAL?1 ?AN TO MORE KN[+ AU?ORITIES :O HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 SIL5C+ !M ) H>ASSM5T1 >RE/S1 & RIDICULE4 

,! ,D,I,G,G,],S 

,! ,DIGG]S ADVANC$ EXPLICITLY COMMUNI/IC IDEAS ?AT !Y HOP$ TO APPLY TO ! COMMON L&S /ILL AVAILABLE 9 ,5GL&1 & S\<T A RADICAL DISP5SATION ( PROP]TY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! L&LESS4 ,D5OT+ !MSELVES AS ! 0,TRUE ,LEVEL]S10 ! ,DIGG]S W5T ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNNOTIC$ DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ITSELF2 !IR FAME 9 \R [N TIME IS ! PRODUCT MORE ( RADICAL RESE>* 9TO ! ]A ?AN ( !IR ACTUAL IMPACT ON IT4 ,WE KN[ FROM LEGAL DOCUM5TS ?AT ON ,SUNDAY1 ,APRIL #a1 #a#f#d#i1 A SMALL GR\P ( L&LESS M5-- P]HAPS NO MORE ?AN A DOZ5--& !IR FAMILIES GA!R$ ) SPADES AT ,/4 ,GEORGE'S ,HILL1 A COMMON JU/ \TSIDE ,LONDON1 & BEGAN TO DIG UP ! V]Y UNPROMIS+ SOIL !RE 9 ORD] TO CULTIVATE FOOD4 ,?IS ACTION WAS P]HAPS MORE SYMBOLIC ?AN MAT]IALLY REW>D+4 ,!IR 5CAMPM5T GREW TO AB\T =TY OR FIFTY1 & ) IT GREW !IR BOLDNESS1 :I* SOON BEGAN TO DI/RESS ! LOCAL P>SON & ! G5TRY 9 ! >EA4 ,!SE RADICALS ) SPADES W]E L$ BY ,WILLIAM ,EV]>D1 A =M] ,NEW ,MODEL SOLDI] :O HAD BE5 CA%I]$ \T ( ! S]VICE BECAUSE ( HIS RADICALISM1 & BY ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY1 A L95 TRADESMAN 9 ,LONDON :OSE SMALL BUS9ESS HAD BE5 RU9$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,! APPE>ANCE ( ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY M>KS A G5U9E HI< PO9T 9 ! ,DIGG] MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< HE HAD NEV] BE5 $UCAT$ BEYOND ORD9>Y GRAMM> S*OOL1 ,W9/ANLEY WAS A SUP]B PAMPHLETE]1 & )9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A YE>1 HE WAS FLOOD+ ,LONDON & O!R RECEPTIVE >EAS ( ,5GL& ) HIS WORKS1 DETAIL+ HIS COMMUNI/IC AIMS & HIS PAN!I/IC BELIEFS4 ,! E>?1 9 ,W9/ANLEY S VIEW1 WAS A 0COMMON TREASURY0 ?AT %\LD BE %>$ BY ALL & WORK$ COMMUNALLY4 ,HIS SOCIAL PROGRAM WAS SIMPLE & BASICALLY RURAL3 0,! E>? ) ALL H] FRUITS ( ,COM1 ,CATTLE1 & SU* LIKE1 WAS MADE TO BE A COMMON ,/ORE-,H\SE ( ,LIVELIHOOD TO ALL MANK9D FRI5D & FOE1 )\T EXCEPTION40.<#i#b.> 

,?IS ECONOMIC PROGRAM1 AS ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL OBS]VES1 REPRES5T$ A POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T = ,5GL&3 

,COLLECTIVE COLONIZATION ( ! WA/E BY ! POOR 7:I* AM\NT$ TO AB\T A ?IRD ( ! L& 9 ,5GL&.> C\LD HAVE HAD ! ADVANTAGES ( L>GE-SCALE CULTIVATION1 PLANN$ DEVELOPM5T1 USE ( F]TILIZ]S1 ETC4 ,IT C\LD HAVE F$ ! EXP&+ ,5GLI% POPULATION )\T DISRUPT+ ! TRADITIONAL WAY ( LIFE TO ANY?+ LIKE ! EXT5T ?AT 9 FACT HAPP5$4 ,! ,DIGG]S S[$ !IR L& ) C>ROTS1 P>SNIPS & BEANS--CROPS ( ! SORT ?AT W]E TO TRANS=M ,5GLI% AGRICULTURE 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY BY MAK+ IT POSSIBLE TO KEEP CATTLE ALIVE ?R\<\T ! W9T] 9 ORD] TO F]TILIZE ! L&4444 ,W9/ANLEY HAD GOT A SOLUTION TO HIS [N P>ADOX3 0! BONDAGE ! POOR COMPLA9 (1 ?AT !Y >E KEPT POOR BY !IR BRE?R5 9 A L& :]E !RE IS SO MU* PL5TY = EV]YONE1 IF COVET\SNESS & PRIDE DID NOT RULE AS K+ 9 ONE BRO!R OV] ANO!R40.<#i#c.> 

,BY CONVICTION1 ,W9/ANLEY WAS MORE ( A PAN!I/ ?AN A ,PURITAN OR ,9DEP5D5T1 = 0TO KN[ ! SECRETS ( NATURE IS TO KN[ ! WORKS ( ,GOD10 HE WROTE1 D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( A HEAV5 OR HELL AS A 0/RANGE CONCEIT40.<#i#d.> 0,REASON10 9 HIS EYES1 IS ! 0GREAT CREATOR10 & AN>*Y--AT LEA/1 ! ABS5CE ( RULE--WAS ! E>LIE/ & MO/ B5IGN =M ( SOCIAL LIFE1 = 0NOT ONE WORD WAS SPOK5 9 ! BEG9N+ ?AT ONE BRAN* ( MANK9D %\LD RULE OV] ANO!R40.<#i#e.> ,NOT ONLY DID ! ,DIGG]S SQUAT ON COMMON L& ?AT MANORIAL LORDS COVET$ :5 !Y TRI$ TO BREAK UP ,DIGG] SETTLEM5TS 7BO? ! ONE AT ,/4 ,GEORGE'S ,HILL & A LAT] ONE AT ,COBHAM71 BUT :5 ,DIGG]S TOOK TO CUTT+ TIMB]1 !Y COMMITT$ AN AFFRONT TO ! G5TRY & YEOMANRY ?AT WAS ALMO/ COMP>ABLE TO /EAL+ HORSES4 ,?IS ACTION WAS DONE V]Y PUBLICLY1 9 ORD] TO ASS]T ! RI<T ( ORD9>Y FOLK TO COMMON L&S &1 P]HAPS MORE DISQUIET+LY1 TO A WAY ( LIFE 9 :I* L& WAS %>$ BY ALL 9 COMMON4 

,MOREOV]1 ! ,DIGG]S S5T \T !IR [N MISSION>IES TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ,DIGG] COLONIES APPE>$ 9 ,BUCK+HAM%IRE1 ,H]T=D%IRE1 ,MIDDLESEX1 ,B$=D%IRE1 & ON A COMMON 9 ,K5T1 AMONG O!R PLACES4 ,AT !IR COLONY 9 ,WELL+BOR\< 79 ,NOR?AMPTON%IRE7 !Y MET ) A GOOD DEAL ( SYMPA?Y FROM LOCAL F>M]S :O PROVID$ !M ) SE$ & SOME ASSI/ANCE4 ,AGRICULTURALLY1 #afe WAS A V]Y DIFFICULT YE> 9 ,5GL&2 ! %>P RISE ( FOOD PRICES OV] ! PREVI\S ?REE YE>S1 TOGE!R ) BURD5SOME TAXES1 HAD R$UC$ MANY RURAL DWELL]S TO VIRTUAL BEGG>Y4 ,W>EH\SES CONTA9+ CORN W]E LOOT$1 & HUNG] SPREAD 9TO ! T[NS & CITIES ( ! REALM4 

,LOCAL ATTEMPTS TO SUPPRESS ! ,DIGG]S1 H[EV]1 SOON BR\<T 9 ! ,>MY4 ,! ,DIGG] LEAD]S MET ) ,FAIRFAX1 :O TREAT$ !M C\RTE\SLY & APP>5TLY REG>D$ !M AS H>MLESS4 ,AL?\< ! EV]-PRUD5T ,CROMWELL SEEMS TO HAVE %[N SOME CONC]N OV] !IR ACTIVITIES1 9 ! 5D ! ,>MY DID NO?+ TO /OP !M1 & !Y W]E LEFT TO ! LESS K9DLY M]CIES ( ! SURR\ND+ 9HABITANTS4 ,IRONICALLY1 IT WAS NOT ! MANORIAL LORDS :O F9ALLY DE/ROY$ ! ,DIGG] EXP]IM5TS BUT ! YEOMANRY1 :O KEPT A %>P EYE ON ! COMMON L&S = !IR [N 5DS & G5]ALLY DESPIS$ ! ,DIGG] COLONIES AS AN AFFRONT TO !IR P>O*IAL 9T]E/S4 ,:AT ! ,>MY DID NOT TRY TO DO ) TROOPS1 ! LOCALS SUCCESSFULLY DID ) RAIDS ON ,DIGG] 5CAMPM5TS & H>ASSM5T--& )9 A YE> AFT] ! ,DIGG]S FIR/ SPAD$ ,/4 ,GEORGE'S ,HILL1 MO/ ( ! COLONIES W]E DISP]S$4 

,AS A PACIFI/ :O ES*EW$ VIOL5CE AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 ,GCRR>D ,W9/ANLEY W\LD HAVE HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! LEAD]S ( ! GREAT PEASANT REVOLTS ( E>LI] C5TURIES 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,G]MAN /ATES4 ,HE S\<T TO W9 ! HE>TS ( HIS OPPON5TS BY HIS EXAMPLE & P[]S ( P]SUASION1 PLAY+ NO ROLE 9 ! ,LEVEL] REVOLTS4 ,NOR WAS HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! SOME:AT MILITANT POLITICS ( ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M54 ,9DE$1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT HE FELT DI/ANT FROM ! MASS MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD BR\<T D[N ! MON>*Y1 AL?\< HE OPPOS$ ! ,CROMWELLIAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,! 0,TRUE ,MAGI/RACY0--! VISION HE ADVANC$ = ! FUTURE--WAS NOT A DIRECT DEMOCRACY BUT AT LEA/ A REPRES5TATIVE ONE1 & HIS SURPRIS+LY C5TRALI/IC POLITICS CALL$ = A SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ MORE ON PUNITIVE MEASURES ?AN ON LOVE4 

,B,>,E,B,O,N,E',S ,P,>,L,I,A,M,5,T ,& ,! ,P,R,O,T,E,C,T,O,R,A,T,E 

,! UPRIS+ ( ! ,IRI% & ! ,SCOTS HAD PROVID$ ,CROMWELL ) SUFFICI5T EXCUSE TO 9VOKE ! DANG] ( A P]PETUAL EXT]NAL ?REAT TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 AS DID ,ROBESPI]RE & ,/AL9 9 LAT] TIMES4 ,?US1 AFT] ! ,>MY SUBDU$ !SE UPRIS+S1 ! 0,GR&EES0 DISSOLV$ ! ,RUMP ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,APRIL #afec & CREAT$ /ILL ANO!R1 EV5 LESS REPRES5TATIVE1 BODY TO RULE ! C\NTRY4 ,CROMWELL & HIS ,C\NCIL N[ DECID$ TO GA!R A PICK$ ASSEMBLY1 OR ,NOM9AT$ ,P>LIAM5T1 ( ! MORE COLORFUL RELIGI\S RADICALS FROM AMONG ! 9DEP5D5T CONGREGATIONS TO U%] 9 ! REIGN ( ! 0SA9TS40 

,) ! HELP ( ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,MAN ,?OMAS ,H>RISON1 DEV\T ,CONGREGATIONAL M9I/]S PREP>$ A LI/ ( POT5TIAL NOM9EES1 LEAV+ IT TO ,CROMWELL'S [N COMM&]S TO *OOSE #ad 0GODLY M50 TO BE MEMB]S ( ! NEW ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* PRESUMABLY W\LD ISSUE LAWS & DEVISE A CON/ITUTION = ! C\NTRY BAS$ ON ,PURITAN PR9CIPLES4 ,! ROYALI/ & ANTI-,CROMWELLIAN WAGS 9 ,LONDON TOOK TO MOCK+ ! ASSEMBLY AS 0,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T10 NAM$ AFT] ,PRAISE-,GOD ,B>BON1 A LEA!R M]*ANT & ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,MAN :O1 9 FACT1 PLAY$ A RA!R 9SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T'S PROCE$+S4 

,! CONVOCATION ( ! ,P>LIAM5T M>K$ ! Z5I? ( ,FIF? ,MON>*Y 9FLU5CE4 ,AB\T HALF OR MORE ( ! NEW P>LIAM5T>IANS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 EI!R ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 OR 9FLU5C$ BY ,FIF? ,MON>*Y IDEAS4 ,CROMWELL OP5$ ! SESSIONS ( ! ,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T ) AN EC/ATIC SPEE*1 DECL>+1 0,I CONFESS #a NEV] LOOK$ TO SEE SU* A DAY AS ?IS--IT MAY BE NOR Y\ NEI!R--:5 ,JESUS ,*RI/ %\LD BE SO [N$ AS HE IS AT ?IS DAY444 BY Y\R CALL40 ,! SPEE* RES\ND$ ) ! CRY3 0,TRULY Y\ >E CALL$ BY ,GOD TO RULE ) HIM & = HIM40.<#i#f.> ,! SA9TLY BODY REMA9$ 9 EXI/5CE = FIVE MON?S1 :ILE ,CROMWELL1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 CONDUCT$ /ATE AFFAIRS 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 

,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T HAS 5T]$ 9TO HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS AS MORE ( A WRANGL+1 SEMIHY/]ICAL CONGREGATION ?AN A LEGISLATIVE BODY1 BUT IT ALSO HAD A PRAGMATIC SIDE ?AT HAS L>GELY BE5 IGNOR$ BY SOME HI/ORIANS4 ,DESPITE %>P DIVISIONS >\ND RELIGI\S POLICY1 IT TRI$ TO RE=M & REMOVE SOME ( ! FEUDAL >*AISMS FROM ! LEGAL SY/EM1 PROVIDE RELIEF = CR$ITORS & POOR PRISON]S1 HUMANIZE ! P5AL SY/EM 79CLUD+ LIMIT+ ! USE ( ! DEA? P5ALTY TO MAJOR CRIMES71 & PROVIDE ASSI/ANCE = VICTIMS ( L& 5CLOSURES & OPPRESSIVE L&LORDS4 ,IT EV5 TURN$ M>RIAGE 9TO A CIVIL C]EMONY & MADE E>NE/ ATTEMPTS TO FO/] LIT]ACY AMONG ! ORD9>Y POPULACE4 

,TO :AT EXT5T ,CROMWELL'S PR(ESS$ PIETY S9C]ELY GUID$ HIS ACTIONS IS H>D TO JUDGE4 ,MU* TO ! DISGU/ ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 HE R\T9ELY 9VOK$ ,GOD1 ESPECIALLY 9 DIFFICULT MOM5TS1 :5 ! COLD PRAGMATICS ( P[] REQUIR$ HIM TO ABJURE HIS O/5SIBLE EGALIT>IANISM4 0,Y\ %ALL SC>CE SPEAK TO ,CROMWELL AB\T ANY?+10 ,OV]TON'S PAMPHLET S>CA/ICALLY NOT$1 0BUT HE WILL LAY HIS H& ON HIS BREA/1 ELEVATE HIS EYES & CALL ,GOD TO RECORD2 HE WILL WEEP1 H[L & REP5T1 EV5 :ILE HE DO? SMITE Y\ UND] ! FIR/ RIB40 0,OH ,CROMWELL60 CRI$ ! PAMPHLETE]1 0,:I!R >T ?\ ASPIR+80.<#i#g.> 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ,CROMWELL WAS ASPIR+ LESS = SA9?OOD ?AN = P[]4 ,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T SUFFICI5TLY FRI<T5$ ! WELL-TO-DO /RATA ) :OM ,CROMWELL HAD CURRI$ FAVOR ?R\<\T ! /ORMY #a#f#dS TO OP5 ! WAY TO DIRECT MILIT>Y RULE1 & HE ABRUPTLY DISB&$ ! ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,DECEMB] #a#f#e#c4 ,! RADICALS W]E =C$ \T ( ! ,H\SE & ! REMA9+ CONS]VATIVES OBLIG+LY CALL$ UPON HIM TO TAKE OV] ! /ATE COMPLETELY4 ,A NEW ,9/RUM5T ( ,GOV]NM5T PROCLAIM$ ,CROMWELL 0,LORD ,PROTECTOR0 ( A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 ! ,PROTECTORATE--A EUPHEMISM = COMPLETE MILIT>Y RULE OV] ! C\NTRY & ! 5=CEM5T ( A ,PURITAN MORAL CODE ?AT WAS NONE ! LESS WEAK5+4 

,A ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE 7MORE PRECISELY1 ! MAJOR-G5]ALS ( ! ,>MY & ! ,LORD ,PROTECTOR7 TOOK OV] ! REAL GOV]N+ ( ! C\NTRY &1 AS IF TO REMOVE ANY PRET5SE ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 ! ,LORD ,PROTECTOR & ! ,C\NCIL ALL BUT PLAC$ ! C\NTRY UND] M>TIAL LAW 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#f#e#e4 ,5GL& WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWELVE MILIT>Y DI/RICTS1 EA* RUL$ BY A MAJOR-G5]AL & A CORPS ( L>GELY PR(ESSIONAL TROOPS4 ,MANY ( ! MORE HUMANE A*IEVEM5TS ( ,B>EBONE'S ,P>LIAM5T W]E SIMPLY ELIM9AT$1 & C5SOR%IP WAS NOT ONLY RE9/AT$ BUT GRADUALLY TI<T5$ TO A PO9T :]E VIRTUALLY ALL FREE POLITICAL EXPRESSION 9 ! L& CAME TO AN 5D4 

,! ,LORD ,PROTECTOR N[ BEGAN TO TURN ON HIS [N ]/:ILE COMRADES4 ,OLD REVOLUTION>IES :O HAD AID$ ,CROMWELL DUR+ HIS HALCYON YE>S1 SU* AS ,?OMAS ,H>RISON1 A DY$-9-!-WOOL MILL5>IAN1 & ! S*OL>LY ,9DEP5D5T ,SIR ,H5RY ,VANE1 W]E IMPRISON$1 & ! RADICALS W]E UNREL5T+LY DRIV5 FROM ANY POSITIONS ( P[] OR FL$ 9TO EXILE4 0,! ,PROTECTORATE MEANT ! VICTORY ( CONS]VATISM 9 *UR* & /ATE10 ,HILL OBS]VES 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,CROMWELL4 

,A MEMB] ( ! OLD FAMILY ( ! ,H[>DS1 :O HAD BE5 REACTION>IES EV5 9 ! DAYS ( ! MON>*Y1 WAS MADE COLONEL ( ! REGIM5T ( ,NA?ANIEL ,RI*1 DISMISS$ = HIS RADICAL VIEWS4 ,! :OLE >MY WAS UND] CON/ANT PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION FROM ! IDEOLOGICALLY COMMITT$ =CE ( ! #a#f#dS TO ! =MIDABLE PR(ESSIONAL >MY ( ! LAT] #a#f#eS4444 ,GONE W]E ! EXUB]ANT DAYS ( FREE DISCUSSION3 OPPOSITION PAMPHLETS C\LD APPE> ONLY ILLEGALLY4.<#i#h.> 

,! TRIUMPH ( REACTION IS P]HAPS BE/ SE5 9 ,CROMWELL'S ADDRESS TO ! FIR/ ( ! SPECI\S ,P>LIAM5TS ?AT HE SUMMON$ TO GIVE HIS RULE A V5E] ( LEGITIMACY4 ,ADDRESS+ ?IS ASSEMBLAGE ( WEAL?Y MEMB]S1 G5TRY1 & MAGI/RATES1 ! ,LORD ,PROTECTOR %>PLY ATTACK$ ! ,LEVEL]S--HIS ]/:ILE RANK & FILE 9 ! ,>MY--& ASSUR$ ! 0NATURAL RUL]S0 ( ! REALM3 

A NOBLEMAN1 A G5TLEMAN1 A YEOMAN3 ?AT IS A GOOD 9T]E/ ( ! NATION & A GREAT ONE4 ,! MAGI/RACY ( ! NATION1 WAS IT NOT ALMO/ TRAMPL$ UND]FOOT1 UND] DESPITE & CONTEMPT BY M5 ( ,LEVEL+ PR9CIPLES8 444 ,DID NOT ! ,LEVEL+ PR9CIPLE T5D TO R$UC+ ALL TO AN EQUALITY8444 ,:AT WAS ! DESIGN BUT TO MAKE ! T5ANT AS LIB]AL A =TUNE AS ! L&LORD8.<#i#i.> 

,:ATEV] DEFIANCE EXI/$ CAME FROM ,FIF? ,MON>*Y PREA*]S :O BECAME ! NUCLEI 9 ,LONDON >\ND :I* CONGREGATIONS HO/ILE TO ! ,PROTECTORATE W]E =M$4 ,A PLOT BY ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 & DISCONT5T$ ,>MY (FIC]S TO ASSASS9ATE ,CROMWELL 9 ,JANU>Y #afeg SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 9T5D$ AS A PRELUDE TO A MORE CONC]T$ ATTEMPT TO RISE 9 9SURRECTION4 ,BUT !IR EF=TS W]E QUICKLY HEAD$ (F4 ,BE=E !Y C\LD EV5 TAKE ANY VIOL5T ACTION1 ,?OMAS ,V5N]1 ! LEAD] ( ! PLOT1 & HIS SUPPORT]S W]E R\ND$ UP & BR\<T BE=E ,CROMWELL & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE4 ,?AT !Y & !IR FOLL[]S W]E TREAT$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y L5I5CY BY ,CROMWELL & EV5TUALLY RELEAS$ IS P]HAPS EVID5CE ( !IR 9EFFECTUALITY2 9 ANY CASE ! ,LORD ,PROTECTOR1 :O WAS BE+ GROOM$ AS AN UNCR[N$ K+1 APP>5TLY VIEW$ ! SECT AS H>MLESS4 ,! MOVEM5T CONT9U$ TO FOM5T PLOTS1 CONSPIRACIES1 & ABORT$ PLANS = UPRIS+S1 DIRECTLY UP TO ! ,RE/ORATION1 BUT TO NO AVAIL4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ,RANT]S4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#f#eS1 A P>LIAM5T>Y COMMITTEE WAS E/ABLI%$ TO 9VE/IGATE ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,RANT]S & !IR SPOKESM5 W]E IMPRISON$1 BUT ! *>GES AGA9/ !M HAD LESS TO DO ) S$ITION ?AN ) RELIGI\S H]ESY1 & !Y W]E SL[LY DRIV5 UND]GR\ND UNTIL !Y TOO ALL BUT FAD$ AWAY4 

,AS E>LY AS #a#f#e#b1 ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY WAS ?OR\<LY DIS5*ANT$ ) ! RESULTS ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ) ! POPUL> DISREG>D ( ! ,DIGG] EXP]IM5TS4 ,AMONG ! MEMORABLE L9ES 9 HIS FAM\S ,LAW ( ,FRE$OM >E ! V]Y MOV+ POETIC PASSAGES ?AT EXPRESS HIS BITT] DISILLUSIONM5T3 

,TRU? APPE>S 9 ,LI<T1 ,FALSEHOOD RULES 9 ,P[]2 

,TO SEE !SE ?+S TO BE1 IS CAUSE ( GRIEF EA* H\R4 

,KN[L$GE1 :Y DID/ ?\ COME1 TO W\ND1 & NOT TO CURE8 

,I S5T NOT = !E1 ?\ DID/ ME 9LURE4 

,:]E KN[L$GE DOES 9CREASE1 !RE SORR[S MULTIPLY4 

,TO SEE ! GREAT DECEIT 9 :I* ! ,WORLD DO? LIE444 

,O DEA? :]E >E ?\8 WILT ?\ NOT TID+S S5D8 

,I FE> !E NOT1 ?\ >E MY LOV+ FRI5D4 

,COME TAKE ?IS BODY1 & SCATT] IT 9 ! ,F\R1 

,?AT ,I MI<T DWELL 9 ,ONE1 & RE/ 9 PEACE ONCE MORE4 .<#a.> 

,!REAFT] ,W9/ANLEY FAD$ 9TO OBLIVION4 ,LIKE ! ONCE COMBATIVE ,JOHN ,LILBURNE1 HE 5D$ HIS LIFE QUIETLY AS A ,QUAK]4 

,D,5,\,E,M,5,T 

,TO ?OSE :O W\LD VIEW ! ,PROTECTORATE AS A REGIME GUID$ BY CAPITALI/IC 9T]E/S1 ! EVID5CE IS ESS5TIALLY DISAPPO9T+4 ,?R\<\T ITS EXI/5CE DUR+ ! #a#f#eS1 ! REGIME FOLL[$ COMM]CIAL POLICIES ?AT (T5 9DICATE A SURPRIS+ SUBORD9ATION ( /RICTLY B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S TO IDEOLOGICAL PRECEPTS4 ,! ,PROTECTORATE DID NOT 5C\RAGE LAISSEZ-FAIRE IDEAS ANY MORE ?AN ! ,/U>TS HAD2 9DE$1 IT WAS A M]CANTILI/ !ORY ( CONTROLL$ TRADE ?AT PREVAIL$ OV] ANY LAISSEZ-FAIRE NOTIONS4 ,GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE 9 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS WAS V]Y COMMON4 ,AS ,LAWR5CE ,/ONE OBS]VES1 

OLD VIEWS AB\T ! JU/ PRICE1 ! WICK$NESS ( USURY1 & SOCIETY'S OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE = ! POOR P]SI/$ ?R\<\T ! C5TURY4 ,AT EV]Y P]IOD ( H>VE/ FAILURE1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,*>LES ,I1 ! ,RUMP ,P>LIAM5T1 OR ! ,RE/ORATION MON>*Y1 RESORT$ TO ! USUAL MEASURES ( CONTROL ( PRICES1 PROHIBITION ( HO>D+1 BAN ON EXPORTS1 ATTEMPTS TO BULLY EMPLOY]S TO PUT MORE PEOPLE TO WORK1 & PRESSURE ON ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES TO 9CREASE POOR RELIEF FROM LOCAL TAXATION4 ,MAXIMUM 9T]E/ RATES REMA9$ LIMIT$ BY LAW & ! LIMIT WAS 9 FACT R$UC$4 ,POOR RELIEF = ! OLD1 ! SICK1 ! ORPHAN$1 & 9VOLUNT>ILY UNEMPLOY$ CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! C5TURY1 REG>DLESS ( ! REGIME1 & T5D$ TO 9CREASE RA!R ?AN DECREASE 9 QUANTITY AS TIME W5T ON4.<#a#a.> 

,ADMITT$LY1 ,CROMWELL'S CONFLICTS ) ! ,DUT*1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 AN ,5GLI% VICTORY 9 #a#f#e#b1 W]E PRIM>ILY COMM]CIAL 9 NATURE1 CONFLICTS ?AT ,LAWR5CE ,/ONE HAS CALL$ A 0WAT]%$ 9 ,5GLI% HI/ORY40 ,BUT DUR+ ! ,PROTECTORATE1 ,/ONE CONT9UES1 IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ,CROMWELL'S =EIGN POLICY 

WAS F> MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,HE HAT$ FI<T+ FELL[ ,PROTE/ANTS & SOON PUT AN 5D TO ! W> ) ,HOLL&4 ,HIS SUPPORT = ,5GL&'S HUGE NAVY & HIS USE ( IT TO OBTA9 BRIDGEHEADS >\ND ! COA/ ( ,EUROPE & TO LAUN* AN ONSLAU<T ON ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL EMPIRE 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN W]E MOTIVAT$ ONLY M>G9ALLY BY COMM]CIAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,HE WAS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ TO MAKE ,5GL& FE>$ 9 ,EUROPE1 TO DET] =EIGN P[]S FROM SUPPORT+ ! ,/U>TS1 TO /RIKE A BL[ AGA9/ ! P[] ( ,SPA91 & TO TRANSF] ! M9]AL WEAL? ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA FROM ?AT POPEI% C\NTRY TO ,PROTE/ANT ,5GL&4 

,CROMWELL'S POLICY DID NOT 0MEET ) MU* APPROVAL FROM ,5GL&'S M]*ANT COMMUNITY10 ,/ONE ADDS1 0:O SAW !IR LUCRATIVE ,M$IT]RANEAN & ,SPANI% TRADE CUT (F ) NO COMP5SAT+ GA91 S9CE ! ATTEMPT WAS A DISMAL FAILURE40.<#a#b.> 

,A PORTRAIT ( ,CROMWELL ?AT DATES FROM %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? DEPICTS HIM CLO!D 9 MON>*ICAL ]M9E1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT HE MAY HAVE BE5 9T5T ON CREAT+ A NEW ROYAL DYNA/Y4 ,EVID5TLY ONLY ! MEMORY ( HIS RADICAL PA/ RE/RA9$ HIM FROM PROCLAIM+ HIMSELF K+4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 HIS ?IRD SON1 ,RI*>D1 TOOK OV] ! ,PROTECTORATE AFT] HIS DEA? 9 #a#f#e#h1 ONLY TO F\ND] 9 CONFLICTS ?AT ]UPT$ BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y & ,P>LIAM5T1 & ! SCION SEEMS GLADLY TO HAVE RESIGN$ HIS (FICE 9 ,MAY #a#f#e#i4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#f#f1 ROYALI/ TROOPS L$ BY ,G5]AL ,GEORGE ,MONCK 5T]$ ,LONDON1 DISSOLV$ ! REMA9+ ,P>LIAM5T1 & REE/ABLI%$ ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* ,PRIDE HAD PURG$ A DECADE E>LI]4 ,! ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T (FICIALLY DISSOLV$ ITSELF AFT] REE/ABLI%+ ,PRESBYT]IANISM AS ! VIRTUAL /ATE RELIGION1 & ! NEW ,COMMONS ?AT FOLL[$ UPON ! ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T'S DISSOLUTION WAS OV]:ELM+LY ROYALI/--A POLITICAL ORI5TATION ?AT PROBABLY REFLECT$ WIDESPREAD SUPPORT = ,5GL&'S 0NATURAL RUL]S0 AFT] ! MILIT>Y 9T]REGNUM & ! ,PROTECTORATE4 ,*>LES ,I,I1 ! SON ( ! LATE MON>*1 WAS PROCLAIM$ K+ & DUR+ HIS REIGN TRI$ TO /E] A C\RSE BETWE5 ,PURITANS1 ,ANGLICANS1 & ,PRESBYT]IANS1 :ILE HIS ,P>LIAM5TS W]E FIRMLY 9T5T ON RETA9+ ! P[]S !Y HAD ACCRU$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,UND] ! RE/OR$ MON>*Y1 ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 ,?OMAS ,H>RISON & ,JOHN ,C>EW W]E HANG$ AS REGICIDES4 ,?OMAS ,V5N] & SOME FIFTY O!R ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 MANAG$ VIRTUALLY TO CONVULSE ,LONDON 9 A S]IES ( GU]RILLA ATTACKS & BATTLES UNTIL ALL ( !M W]E ELIM9AT$4 ,:5 ,V5N] WAS CAPTUR$1 HE BEHAV$ ) UNUSUAL H]OISM AT HIS TRIAL & EXECUTION 9 ,JANU>Y #a#f#f#a1 & EXECUTIONS ( ACCUS$ ,FIF? ,MON>*Y ,M5 CONT9U$ = YE>S !REAFT]1 AL?\< ! GOV]NM5T'S FE>S ( S]I\S UPRIS+S BY ?IS RA!R =MLESS SECT W]E PAT5TLY UNF\ND$4 

,! G5]ALLY LAX RULE ( ,*>LES ,I,I WAS FOLL[$ BY ! HI<H&$ REIGN ( HIS BRO!R1 ,JAMES ,I,I1 :O /ILL LAID CLAIM TO DIV9E RI<T & OP5LY ADH]$ TO ,CA?OLICISM1 CREAT+ WIDESPREAD DISAFFECTION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,9 TIME1 PE]S1 LAWMAK]S1 & ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES ( ! REALM 9VIT$ ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE TO 09VADE0 ,5GL&1 & HE & HIS WIFE1 ,M>Y1 :O WAS NEXT 9 L9E 9 ! SUCCESSION TO ! ,5GLI% ?RONE AFT] ,JAMES'S NEWBORN SON1 L&$ ) A ,PROTE/ANT 0>MADA0 ( SOME FIFTY W>%IPS & FIVE HUNDR$ TRANSPORTS AT ,TORBAY1 AN 9LET ON ! ,DEVON%IRE COA/4 ,) VIRTUALLY NO SUPPORT FROM HIS [N >MY1 ,JAMES ,I,I WAS P]MITT$ TO 0ESCAPE0 TO ,FRANCE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#f#h#h4 ,:AT ,5GLI% HI/ORIANS W]E TO HAIL AS ! 0,GLORI\S ,REVOLUTION0 ( #a#f#h#h-#h#i1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 0,GREAT ,REBELLION0 ( ! #a#f#dS1 E/ABLI%$ A DOME/ICAT$ ,PROTE/ANT MON>*Y ?AT WAS N[ ANSW]ABLE TO ,P>LIAM5T & ! LAWS ( ! L&4 

,C,O,N,S,E,Q,U,5,C,E,S ,( ,! ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N 

,C]TA9LY ! IMM$IATE RESULT ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION WAS LESS ?AN A CAPITALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,5GLI% SOCIETY & ITS BASIC POLITICS REMA9$ PRIM>ILY AGR>IAN 9 *>ACT]2 & AL?\< TRADE BECAME V]Y IMPORTANT 9 ! C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$1 ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ,5GL& WAS RUL$ BY A L&$ HI]>*Y--NOT BY M5 :OSE MA9 9T]E/S W]E 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL4 ,NOR DID ! /R5G!N+ ( ,P>LIAM5T 9 ITSELF CONF] POLITICAL P[] ON ! COMM]CIAL CLASSES AS A RESULT ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>2 RA!R1 IT WAS RETURN$ LEGALLY TO ! 0,C\NTRY0 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! 0,C\RT0--?AT IS TO SAY1 TO L&$ CLASSES4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY MO/ ( ,P>LIAM5T'S MEMB]S W]E /ILL RURAL-BAS$ G5TRY :O1 :ILE ADMITT$LY 5GAG+ 9 A GREAT DEAL ( COMM]CE & ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS = ! M>KET1 W]E BY NO MEANS NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ 9 ! WOOL TRADE & 9DE$ W]E MORE AGR>IAN 9 !IR \TLOOK & LIFEWAYS ?AN URBAN & B\RGEOIS4 ,!SE ESS5TIALLY AGR>IAN /RATA RECOV]$ ! 9/ITUTIONAL P[] !Y HAD 5JOY$ E>LI]1 BUT 9 A SETT+ ?AT ALL[$ = GREAT] POLITICAL & P]SONAL FRE$OM4 ,!Y MAY HAVE ULTIMATELY CREAT$ A MORE FAVORABLE CLIMATE = CAPITALISM1 BUT !Y W]E NOT ! 9ITIATORS ( A CAPITALI/IC DISP5SATION4 ,9DE$1 A MAJOR A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION MAY WELL HAVE BE5 A RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! ,5GLI% NATION-/ATE FROM AN EM]G5T ABSOLUTI/ REGIME TO A L>GELY OLIG>*ICAL ONE4 

,:AT MADE ! 0C5TURY ( REVOLUTION10 AS ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL HAS CALL$ IT1 SO IMPORTANT = ,5GL& & LAT] = ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 IS L>GELY POLITICAL3 IT VA/LY DIM9I%$ >BITR>Y P[] AS SU*4.<#a#c.> ,= HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 MON>*S RUL$ ) LITTLE RE/RA9T1 DRA9+ ! WEAL? ( !IR REALMS = DYNA/IC OR IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES1 DESPOIL+ !IR SUBJECTS1 & CONFISCAT+ !IR PROP]TY4 ,BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ,SPA9 HAD BE5 RU9$ BY ! >BITR>Y EXACTIONS ( ITS ,HABSBURG RUL]S1 :ILE ,FRANCE WAS BR\<T TO NE> RU9 BY ! DEM&S ( ITS LA/ ,B\RBON RUL]S 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,) ! DIM9UTION ( ROYAL P[]1 NEW SOCIAL =CES & T5D5CIES BEYOND 9DIVIDUAL CONTROL BEGAN TO PLAY A MORE ASC5DANT ROLE ?AN !Y C\LD :5 MON>*IES--/RONG OR WEAK--C\LD 9HIBIT NEW HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 

,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION 5ORM\SLY /R5G!N$ ! P[] ( A POLITICALLY 9NOVATIVE ,P>LIAM5T AT ! EXP5SE ( A SMO!R+1 REACTION>Y MON>*Y4 ,:]E ,JAMES ,I HAD SUCCE$$ TO ! ,5GLI% ?RONE BY H]$IT>Y RI<T1 AN ,ACT ( ,P>LIAM5T WAS REQUIR$ TO GIVE ,GEORGE ,I ! ?RONE 9 #a#g#a#d4 ,:]E ! ,TUDORS HAD SUMMON$ ,P>LIAM5T AT !IR [N DISCRETION1 BY #agad ,P>LIAM5T WAS MORE OR LESS 9 P]MAN5T SESSION & NOT ONLY CONTROLL$ F9ANCE & =MULAT$ ECONOMIC POLICY BUT HAD A MAJOR VOICE 9 =MULAT+ =EIGN POLICY4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ,5GL&1 ! 0C5TURY ( REVOLUTION0 CREAT$ AN ORD]LY1 COLLECTIVELY RUL$1 RELATIVELY MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ & TOL]ANT POLITICAL /ATE ?AT GAVE RISE TO A CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME4 ,UNLIKE UND] FEUDALISM1 9DIVIDUALITY BECAME MORE IMPORTANT ?AN CORPORATE RELATION%IPS1 & P]SONAL LIB]TY1 :I* WAS CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! SANCTITY ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BEGAN TO C\NT = MORE ?AN >BITR>Y BEHAVIOR 9 DEAL+ ) P]SONS & !IR WEAL?4 ,IT WAS N[ WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?AT ,5GL& WAS TO BE RUL$ BY LAW RA!R ?AN CU/OM1 & IT WAS ,P>LIAM5T1 ! COLLECTIVE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 ?AT MADE ?OSE LAWS1 NOT ! 0,C\RT40 ,ALL ( !SE *ANGES CREAT$ A VITAL SETT+ = :AT EXI/$ ( A CAPITALI/IC ECONOMY1 BUT !Y DID NOT NECESS>ILY BR+ IT TO ! ISL&4 

,5GL& HAD BE5 AWA% ) C\NTLESS SECTS1 0GA!R$ *UR*ES10 & MOVEM5TS TOO NUM]\S TO M5TION1 BUT ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,LEVEL]S & ! RISE ( A MILIT>Y REGIME1 ! FOCUS ( REVOLUTION %IFT$ ELSE:]E4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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