,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #g 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #g4 ,REGICIDE & ,DEFEAT 

,AL?\< ,*>LES WAS /ILL ! NOM9AL HEAD ( ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 HE OPPORTUNI/ICALLY AGRE$ TO ACCEPT ! ,PRESBYT]IAN FAI? 9 EX*ANGE = ,SCOTTI% SUPPORT & WAS ONCE AGA9 ABLE TO LEAD A MILIT>Y =CE 9TO BATTLE AGA9/ ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY4 ,! P]SI/5T TREA*]Y ( ?IS 0MAN ( BLOOD10 AS HE WAS CALL$ BY ! ,PURITANS1 HAD PUT AN 5D TO ALL PATI5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY--& E>LY 9 #a#f#d#h1 ! ,SECOND ,CIVIL ,W> ]UPT$ 9 ,5GL&4 

,UNLIKE ! FIR/1 IT LA/$ = ONLY A FEW MON?S4 ,YET DESPITE ITS BREVITY1 ! ,SECOND ,CIVIL ,W> (T5 DEM&$ MORE MILIT>Y PR[ESS & EV5 GREAT] RU?LESSNESS FROM ,CROMWELL'S =CES ?AN ! FIR/4 ,! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY WAS N[ OBLIG$ TO DEFEAT AN 9VAD+ ,SCOTTI% >MY ?AT WAS SUB/ANTIALLY L>G] ?AN ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ,5GL& EXPECT$ ?AT ?IS TIME ! ROYALI/S W\LD PREVAIL4 ,YET )9 A MATT] ( MON?S1 ! ZEAL ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL TROOPS & ! EXCEPTIONAL ABILITIES ( ,CROMWELL & HIS COMM&]S GAVE !IR ,>MY ITS ULTIMATE VICTORY OV] ! R5EW$ ROYALI/ ONSLAU<T4 ,AT ,PRE/ON 9 ,AUGU/ #a#f#d#h1 ,CROMWELL DECISIVELY DEFEAT$ A =CE ( ,SCOTS & ,CAVALI]S TWICE ! SIZE ( HIS [N1 & AFT] MOP-UP OP]ATIONS AGA9/ ROYALI/ HOLD\TS DUR+ ! RE/ ( ! SUMM]1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL F9ALLY PUT AN 5D TO ! R5EW$ HOPES ( ! MON>*ICAL CAUSE4 

,! DEF9ITIVE VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,>MY DID NOT HAVE ! FULL SUPPORT ( ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 NOR DID IT GA9 ! SYMPA?Y ( ! SQUIRE>*Y & ! M]*ANT CLASS1 :I* HAD RALLI$ TO ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS 9 ! OP5+ YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,BY #a#f#d#h1 ! RADICALS HAD FRI<T5$ (F MO/ ( ! WELLTO-DO CLASSES & !IR DEP5D5TS1 %>PLY POL>IZ+ MU* ( ! C\NTRY4 ,AS A :OLE1 ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE--NOBLES1 G5TRY1 & PLEBEIANS--W]E NOT ANTIROYALI/2 !Y W]E M]ELY \TRAG$ BY ! P>TICUL>LY NOXI\S BEHAVIOR ( ,*>LES4 ,BUT ! RADICALISM ( ! ,>MY 5G5D]$ FE>S ( SOCIAL 9/ABILITY ?AT UNSETTL$ ALL ! GREAT] & LESS] PRIVILEG$ /RATA ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:5 ,>MY ,AGITATORS & ! CIVILIAN ,LEVEL]S :O WORK$ CLOSELY ) !M PREP>$ ,AGREEM5TS ( ! ,PEOPLE & DEM&$ A DEMOCRATIC ,>MY1 !  MIDDLE CLASSES & L&$ G5TRY UNIT$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ! RADICALS1 BR++ !IR T5ANTS & MANY DEP5D5TS ALONG ) !M4 

,9 SOME >EAS ( ,5GL& ! RURAL T5ANT POPULATION1 9 FACT1 TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,R\NDHEADS1 (T5 ON BEHALF ( !IR [N L&LORD4 ,S\? ,WALES1 ,K5T1 & ,ESSEX 9 P>TICUL> BECAME SITES ( WIDESPREAD ROYALI/ 9SURRECTIONS ?AT ,CROMWELL WAS OBLIG$ TO SUBDUE BY MILIT>Y =CE4 ,9 !SE RE/IVE REGIONS1 ! PEASANTRY PASSIVELY ADOPT$ ! LOYALTIES ( !IR LOCAL LORDS1 MO/ ( :OM SUPPORT$ ! K+4 

,! ,L,E,V,E,L,],S ,& ,! ,S,E,C,O,N,D ,C,I,V,I,L ,W,> 

,! SETBACKS ?AT ! ,LEVEL]S 5C\NT]$ 9 ! ,>MY--! DEFEAT ( !IR ,AGREEM5T1 ! MURD] AT ,W>E1 & ! RE/OR$ UNITY BETWE5 ! SOLDI]S & !IR G5]AL (FIC]S 9 ! ,SECOND ,CIVIL ,W> AGA9/ ! K+--%IFT$ ! FOCUS ( !IR POLITICAL EF=TS TO CIVILIANS1 ESPECIALLY TO ,LONDON1 :]E !Y PROBABLY BECAME ! E>LIE/ DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL P>TY 9 ! MOD]N ]A4.<#g#i.> ,!Y RECRUIT$ MEMB]S FROM SIGNATORIES TO V>I\S MANIFE/OS & PETITIONS & DREW !IR F9ANCES FROM REGUL> DUES1 :I* W]E COLLECT$ 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO A MEMB]'S 9COME4 ,!SE FUNDS W]E US$ TO PR9T PAMPHLETS & NEWSLETT]S1 & PROBABLY EV5 TO S5D ORGANIZ]S TO V>I\S P>TS ( ! C\NTRY TO SPREAD ,LEVEL] VIEWS & =M NEW GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ?OSE 9 ! CAPITAL4 ,NO SU* ORGANIZATION HAD EXI/$ BE=E1 & GIV5 ! TIMES IT HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON A ,REVOLUTION ?AT MI<T HAVE EASILY RUN ADRIFT 9 MANY DIFF]5T & DIFFUSE DIRECTIONS 9 ITS ABS5CE4 

,! ,LONDON ,LEVEL] ORGANIZATION1 ! ONE ON :I* WE HAVE ! MO/ DETAIL$ 9=MATION1 WAS CLE>LY /RUCTUR$ ON A CIVIC BASIS >\ND W>D GR\PS 9 ! CITY1 :I* MET REGUL>LY 9 LOCAL TAV]NS SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,LEVEL] CAUSE4 ,EA* W>D GR\P1 9 TURN1 S5T REPRES5TATIVES TO A P>I% COMMITTEE ?AT EMBRAC$ SEV]AL W>DS1 &1 ON A /ILL HI<] LEVEL1 ELECT$ 0COMMISSION]S0 OR 0AG5TS0 7! WORD WAS BORR[$ FROM ! NAME ?AT RADICALS US$ 9 ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY7 :O CON/ITUT$ ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,GREAT] ,LONDON >EA4 ,?IS CITYWIDE EXECUTIVE MADE DECISIONS ( A TACTICAL NATURE = ! CAPITAL AS A :OLE4 ,SOME ?REE ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE MEET+S W]E HELD EV]Y WEEK1 ROTAT+ FROM ONE TAV]N & W>D TO ANO!R4 ,DEP5D+ UPON ! SIZE ( A GIV5 COMMUNITY1 A SIMIL> =M ( ORGANIZATION EXI/$ \TSIDE ,LONDON & ITS SUBURBS4 ,9DE$1 ! /RUCTURE1 :I* D\BTLESS V>I$ FROM PLACE TO PLACE1 5COMPASS$ ! 0MANY ?\S&S0 ?AT ,LEVEL] ACC\NTS LOOSELY CLAIM = ! MOVEM5T \TSIDE ( ,LONDON4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT :]EV] P>LIAM5T>Y TROOPS W]E /ATION$ 9 ANY SIZABLE NUMB]S1 !Y HELP$ TO CREATE SOME K9D ( ,LEVEL] ORGANIZATION 9 !IR LOCALITY1 A PH5OM5ON ( A K9D WE %ALL 5C\NT] 9 SOME ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( A LAT] TIME4 

,LEVEL] =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 F> FROM 9HIBIT+ DEMOCRACY )9 ! MOVEM5T1 ACTUALLY GAVE IT A NE>LY LIB]T>IAN =M1 P>TLY BY ROTAT+ (FICE & MEET+ PLACES4 ,9 ! TAV]NS :]E ! ,LEVEL] MOVEM5T F\ND ITS LOCAL HOME1 POLITICAL LIFE WAS V]Y MU* P>T ( ! NEI<BORHOOD 9 :I* A GR\P WAS LOCAT$1 KNIT TOGE!R BY P]SONAL FRI5D%IPS & LOCAL AGITATION4 ,! ,LEVEL] WEEKLY4 ,! ,MONITOR 1 WAS WIDELY READ 9 ,LONDON1 BO? BY CIVILIANS & SOLDI]S1 & ,LEVEL]S G5]ALLY 0DEBAT$ !IR GRIEVANCE OV] A TANK>D ( ALE OR A GLASS ( SACK & 5JOY$ ALL ?REE10 OBS]VES ,BRAILS=D1 :I* HELP$ LOOS5 MANY TONGUES & MAKE = LIVELY >GUM5TS4 ,9DE$1 F> FROM BE+ LIMIT$ TO ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY1 ! ,LEVEL]S W]E 9 EV]Y S5SE A COMMUNITY MOVEM5T ) DEEP-SEAT$1 LOCAL ROOTS AMONG ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 

,NOR DID ,LEVEL] ACTIVITY )9 ! ,>MY COME TO AN 5D AFT] ,W>E4 ,:ILE ! ,SECOND ,CIVIL ,W> WAS /ILL 9 PROGRESS1 ! ,LEVEL]S W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 NURTUR+ RADICAL S5TIM5TS 9 ! ,>MY1 TO :I* EV5 ! 0,GR&EES0 W]E OBLIG$ TO YIELD4 ,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ! DECISIVE ,BATTLE ( ,PRE/ON 7,AUGU/ #a#g1 #a#f#d#h71 A PAMPHLET APP>5TLY WRITT5 BY ,H5RY ,M>T51 ONE ( ! MO/ RADICAL ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 FURI\SLY ATTACK$ ! 0RI* & MI<TY0 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PLA9 M5 ( ,5GL&40 ,ALL ! TR\BLES ?AT BESET ! C\NTRY1 ,M>T5'S PAMPHLET >GU$1 HAD BE5 CAUS$ BY 0A CONF$]ACY AMONG ! RI* & MI<TY TO IMPOV]I% & SO 5?RALL$ ALL ! PLA9 & MEAN PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! L&40 ,ADDRESS+ ?IS PRIVILEG$ & WEAL?Y /RATUM ( SOCIETY1 HE MADE ! ACCUSATION ?AT 

BY CORRUPTION 9 GOV]NM5T1 BY UNJU/ & UNEQUAL LAWS1 BY FRAUD1 COS5AGE1 TYRANNY & OPPRESSION 7M5 ( PROP]TY HAVE GOTT5.> MO/ ( ! L& ( ?IS DI/RESS$ & 5SLAV$ NATION 9TO Y\R RAV5\S CLAWS4 ,YE HAVE BY MONOPOLIES1 USUR]S & COMB9ATIONS 5GROSS$ ALL ! WEAL?1 MONIES & H\SES 9TO Y\R POSSESSIONS2 YEA & 5CLOS$ \R COMMONS 9 MO/ C\NTIES4.<#h.> 

,SU* ATTACKS ON ! WEAL?Y--& ON WEAL? AS SU*--OCCURR$ ?R\<\T ! ,SECOND ,CIVIL ,W>1 REA*+ DEEPLY 9TO ! ,>MY1 :I* /ILL HAD ! =CE TO BACK UP SU* DEM&S4 

,! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #afdh W]E TO M>K A HI< PO9T 9 ,LEVEL] 9FLU5CE--)9 ! ,>MY1 AMONG ! L[] CLASSES ( ,LONDON1 & 9 F>FLUNG DI/RICTS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,IRONICALLY1 EV5 ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,COMMONS & ! SO-CALL$ 0SILK5 ,9DEP5D5TS10 AS ! MORE WELL-TO-DO & CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS ( ! ,9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T W]E CALL$1 TRI$ TO C\RT ! ,LEVEL]S 9 ! HOPE ( US+ !M AGA9/ ,CROMWELL4 ,9 LATE ,AUGU/ #a#f#d#h1 ! ,COMMONS W5T SO F> AS TO RELEASE 0,HONE/ ,JOHN0 ,LILBURNE FROM ANO!R ( HIS PRISON T]MS 9 ! ,T[] & EV5 VOTE HIM ,G,B,P#c1 9 RECOMP5SE = HIS SUFF]+ AT ! H&S ( ! ,/> ,*AMB] 9 ! #a#f#cS4 

,BUT F> FROM =M+ A FACTION AGA9/ ,CROMWELL1 ,LILBURNE1 UPON HIS RELEASE1 IMM$IATELY E/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ! ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL 9 ORD] TO =GE A COMMON FRONT AGA9/ ! K+ & ! DANG] ( A RE/ORATION ( ROYAL RULE4 ,! ,LEVEL] LEAD] PROPOS$ ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,9DEP5D5TS1 ! ,>MY1 & ! ,LEVEL]S ALL S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO A MEET+ TO DRAW UP A F9AL ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,LILBURNE1 :OSE P]SONAL LOYALTY TO ,CROMWELL REA*$ GUILELESS1 EV5 OBSESSIVE1 LEVELS1 NAIVELY CLOS$ HIS MESSAGE ) ! PL$GE1 0,Y\RS TO ! LA/ DROP ( MY HE>T'S BLOOD40 ,& 9 FACT ?IS PL$GE LAID ! F\NDATION = AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,LEVEL]S & ! ,CROMWELLIAN ,9DEP5D5TS1 ONE ?AT BO? P>TIES NE$$ AT ! TIME1 DESPITE ! BASIC ANTAGONISMS ?AT /ILL EXI/$ BETWE5 !M4 ,! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T ONCE AGA9 BEGAN TO MOVE PROVOCATIVELY T[>D DISB&+ ! ,>MY1 OR AT LEA/ REMOV+ ITS COMM&]1 :ILE1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ,CROMWELL'S [N TROOPS1 MANY ( :OM W]E UND] ,LEVEL] 9FLU5CE1 W]E =C+ HIM TO ACT DECISIVELY AGA9/ ! ,PRESBYT]IANS & ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ! K+4 

,AL?\< ,CROMWELL WAS CONSI/5TLY CONTEMPTU\S ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 HE WAS NECESS>ILY OBLIG$ TO COME TO A TEMPOR>Y COMPROMISE ) !M4 ,9 A S]IES ( CONF]5CES 0,GR&EE0 & ,LEVEL] REPRES5TATIVES WRANGL$ AS ALWAYS OV] DRAFTS ( !IR RESPECTIVE VISIONS ( ,5GL&'S FUTURE1 (T5 COM+ TO V]BAL BL[S UNTIL IT SEEM$ ?AT ANY RECONCILIATION WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 ,FAIRFAX CALL$ A MEET+ ( ! ,>MY ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ?AT ACTUALLY CONSI/$ ONLY ( ! (FIC]S2 ! ,AGITATORS OR ,AG5TS W]E NOT SUMMON$4 ,IT ISSU$ ! DRAFT ( A ,REMON/RANCE DRAWN UP BY ,IRETON ?AT TRI$ TO (F] ! ,LEVEL]S CONCILIATORY POSITIONS ON QUE/IONS ( RELIGI\S TOL]ATION & ! FUTURE ( ! K+4 ,BUT ! ,LEVEL]S1 7,AGITATORS OR ,AG5TS71 & RANK & FILE TROOPS W]E NOT TAK5 94 ,!Y FIRMLY DEM&$ ?AT ! C\NCIL ISSUE A MORE /RID5T ,REMON/RANCE1 ONE ?AT CLE>LY ADVOCAT$ ?AT ! 0MAN ( BLOOD0 7,*>LES7 BE BR\<T TO JU/ICE & ?AT ! PE]AGE BE COMPLETELY ABOLI%$4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 ,CROMWELL DESP]ATELY NE$$ ! ,LEVEL]S AT ?IS PO9T1 & ,IRETON REWROTE ! TEPID PASSAGES ON ! K+1 OP5LY CALL+ = HIS EXECUTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! DOCUM5T URG$1 ANY FUTURE K+ W\LD HAVE TO BE AN ELECT$ ONE & W\LD HAVE TO ACCEPT AN ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE --A T]M ?AT BY N[ WAS BECOM+ SYNONYM\S ) A CON/ITUTION OR A FUNDAM5TAL LAW--ACCORD+ TO :I* AN ELECT$ ,P>LIAM5T W\LD EX]CISE P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE'S WI%ES4 

,! ,LEVEL]S1 9 FACT1 DEM&$ SUB/ANTIALLY MORE4 ,UNLIKE ,IRETON'S ,REMON/RANCE1 !Y WANT$ NEI!R OLIG>*ICAL P>LIAM5T>IANS NOR ,>MY (FIC]S TO FRAME ?IS FUNDAM5TAL LAW4 ,RA!R1 !Y DEM&$ ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,5GLI%M5 %\LD ELECT :AT WE W\LD N[ CALL A CON/ITUTIONAL CONV5TION TO DRAW UP AN ,AGREEM5T --?AT IS1 TO /ATE EXPLICITLY ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES & TO DRAFT & RATIFY A CON/ITUTION4 

,! ,R,U,M,P ,P,>,L,I,A,M,5,T 

,AS USUAL1 ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T REMA9$ AMBIVAL5T AB\T ! K+4 ,IT WANT$ HIS RETURN TO P[] TO 5SURE ?AT ,PRESBYT]IANISM W\LD BE ,5GL&'S /ATE RELIGION1 & IT REG>D$ ! MON>* AS ! ONLY BULW>K AGA9/ A REPUBLIC--OR POSSIBLY1 TO ITS HORROR1 EV5 A DEMOCRACY4 ,ITS COMMITM5T TO ! SECOND W> AGA9/ ! K+ HAD BE5 AS EQUIVOCAL AS ITS BEHAVIOR DUR+ ! FIR/ CONFLICT4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T WAS (T5 OV]TLY HO/ILE TO ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY4 0,! ,PRESBYT]IANS1 ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 HAD NEV] WI%$ = TOO DECISIVE A VICTORY = EI!R SIDE10 OBS]VES ,*RI/OPH] ,HILL 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,CROMWELL4 

,!Y /ILL HOP$ ! ,K+ W\LD SAVE !M FROM ! 0H]ETICAL DEMOCRACY0-- FRE$OM ( DISCUSSION & ORGANIZATION = ! L[] CLASSES--:I* ! ,>MY ADVOCAT$4 ,9 ,MAY1 #a#f#d#h1 !Y HAD PASS$ A SAVAGE ACT AGA9/ H]ESY & BLASPHEMY4 ,!Y RESUM$ ! WE>Y NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,K+ :ILE ,CROMWELL PURSU$ ! DEFEAT$ ROYALI/S 9TO ,SCOTL& AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,OCTOB]4.<#h#a.> 

,9DE$1 SU* BEHAVIOR BY ! MIDDLE CLASS & LIB]AL POLITICAL C5T] WAS NOT UNIQUE TO ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 AS WE %ALL SEE2 IT WAS TO RECUR 9 EV]Y MAJOR REVOLUTION 9 ! C5TURIES ?AT FOLL[$4 

,= ITS P>T1 ! ,>MY HAD EXHAU/$ EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( COM+ TO T]MS ) ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T & ! ,CR[N1 & AFT] ITS VICTORY OV] ,*>LES'S =CES1 ,BRAILS=D OBS]VES1 0! ,>MY FELT 5TITL$ TO IMPOSE ITS WILL--,GOD'S WILL--ON ! DEFEAT$ MAJORITY40.<#h#b.> ,! ,REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO 5T] AN 5TIRELY NEW1 MORE RADICAL PHASE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #f1 #a#f#d#h1 TRUDG+ BACK TO ,LONDON AFT] ITS VICTORIES 9 ! NOR?1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY AGA9 OCCUPI$ ! CAPITAL1 & ,COLONEL ,?OMAS ,PRIDE1 BACK$ BY TROOPS & ACT+ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! :OLE RANGE ( OP9ION )9 ! ,>MY FROM ,CROMWELL TO ! RADICALS1 SURR\ND$ & 9VAD$ ! ,COMMONS4 ,BUT ,PRIDE WAS A 0,GR&EE40 ,HE DID NOT DISSOLVE ! EXI/+ ,P>LIAM5T & REPLACE IT1 AS ! ,LEVEL]S DEM&$1 BY A POPUL> CONV5TION ?AT W\LD *OOSE A NEW ,H\SE2 RA!R1 HE CREAT$ A ONE-P>TY ,P>LIAM5T FROM ! REMA9+ #b#e-MEMB] ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T1 DRIV+ \T ITS ROYALI/ & ,PRESBYT]IAN MEMB]S4 ,! FEW :O /ILL OCCUPI$ !IR SEATS--ONLY SIXTY-EI<T1 PR9CIPALLY ,9DEP5D5TS1 :OM ,PRIDE CONSID]$ ! 0HONE/0 OR GODLY MEMB]S--BECAME ! %ORT-LIV$ ,RUMP ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* SUBS]VI5TLY FOLL[$ ! DEM&S ( ! ,>MY (FIC]S4 ,A DAY AFT] ,PRIDE'S ,PURGE1 AS IT WAS CALL$1 ,CROMWELL HIMSELF 5T]$ ,LONDON1 PI\SLY DISCLAIM+ ANY ADVANCE KN[L$GE ( ! C\P1 :I* IS H>DLY CR$IBLE1 BUT DUTIFULLY DECL>+ HIS SUPPORT = IT4 

,! ,RUMP ,P>LIAM5T1 GUID$ BY ITS ,CROMWELLIAN ,9DEP5D5TS1 PROCE$$ TO CON/RUCT A REPUBLICAN /ATE1 ! 0,COMMONWEAL?01 & HALF-HE>T$LY COOPT$ MANY ( ! DEM&S ?AT HAD LONG BE5 RAIS$ BY ! ,LEVEL]S4 ,BY ,JANU>Y #a#f#d#i1 ! ,H\SE PASS$ ?REE MAJOR RESOLUTIONS TO ! EFFECT ?AT ALL /ATE P[] O/5SIBLY HAD ITS S\RCE 9 ! PEOPLE1 SPECIFICALLY DESIGNAT+ ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS ALONE AS !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,5ACTM5TS ( ! ,COMMONS ALONE HAD ! =CE ( LAW1 REQUIR+ CONS5T NEI!R FROM ! K+ NOR FROM ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS4 ,!ORETICALLY AT LEA/1 ,5GL& WAS N[ A REPUBLIC1 & AFT] ! MON>*Y WAS =MALLY ABOLI%$ ON ,JANU>Y #c & ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS ON ,FEBRU>Y #g1 IT SEEM$ TO BECOME ONE 9 REALITY4 

,BUT 9 FACT1 NO NEW ELECTIONS W]E HELD4 ,! ,RUMP REMA9$ ! SOLE LEGISLATIVE BODY ( ! NATION 9 LIEU ( A MORE REPRES5TATIVE ONE PRESCRIB$ BY ITS [N RESOLUTIONS4 ,VOT+1 :5 IT OCCURR$1 WAS /ILL BAS$ ON A LIMIT$ FRAN*ISE1 & /ATE P[] WAS %>$ BY ! ,RUMP1 BY A V]Y P[]FUL ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE *AIR$ BY ! ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL1 & BY A ,HI< ,C\RT ( ,JU/ICE1 OR REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL4 ,MOREOV]1 ! S\RCE ( ! ,RUMP'S P[] CLE>LY WAS NOT ! PEOPLE BUT ! ,>MY2 MORE PRECISELY1 ITS G5]AL (FIC]S4 ,AL?\< ?IS ,P>LIAM5T WAS TO =M ! C\NTRY'S SUPREME LEGISLATURE = FIVE YE>S1 ! 0,GR&EES0 =M$ ! DE FACTO 9/ITUTIONAL BASIS = /ATE P[]4 ,9DE$1 BY ITS >BITR>Y PROCLAMATIONS ! ,RUMP APPROXIMAT$ A COLLECTIVE TYRANNY1 :I* TR\BL$ EV5 ,CROMWELL1 A LAT5T ROYALI/ SYMPA?IZ]1 :O HAD NEV] QUITE AB&ON$ ! IDEA ( A SETTLEM5T 0) SOME:AT ( MON>*ICAL P[]S 9 IT40 ,AS TIME WAS TO %[1 HE MAY V]Y WELL HAVE ASPIR$ TO PRECISELY ?AT /ATUS = HIMSELF4.<#h#c.> 

,TO ,LILBUME'S LA/+ CR$IT1 ! ,LEVEL] D5\NC$ ,PRIDE'S ,PURGE AS ! >BITR>Y FOI/+ ( A ONE-P>TY RUBB]-/AMP LEGISLATURE ON ! C\NTRY2 9DE$1 ! ,RUMP ESS5TIALLY DILUT$ & NEUTRALIZ$ ! ,LEVEL] VISION ( A POPUL> CONV5TION4 ,9/EAD ( CALL+ A CON/ITUTIONAL CONV5TION TO CREATE AN ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE1 AS ! ,LEVEL]S DEM&$1 ! ,RUMP CREAT$ A SIXTE5MAN COMMITTEE TO DRAW UP AN ,AGREEM5T1 A T]M ?AT HAD BE5 COOPT$ & ITS MEAN+ *EAP5$ BY ! 0,GR&EES40 ,AFT] ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S--:O 9CLUD$ BO? 0,GR&EES0 SU* AS ,IRETON & EV5 ,LEVEL]S SU* AS ,LILBURNE-- HAMM]$ \T SOME G5]ALITIES CONC]N+ !IR >EAS ( POLITICAL AGREEM5T1 ! COMMITTEE FELL AP>T OV] ! ISSUE ( RELIGI\S TOL]ATION3 ! ,LEVEL]S 9SI/$ ON COMPLETE RELIGI\S FRE$OM1 9CLUD+ FRE$OM = ,CA?OLICS1 ,JEWS1 & A!I/S1 :ILE ! (FIC]S ADAMANTLY OPPOS$ IT1 MA9TA9+ ?AT ONLY SELECT$ 0SA9TS0 %\LD GOV]N & H5CE ?AT DISS5T %\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$4 

,IT IS 5TIRELY POSSIBLE ?AT ?IS QU>REL WAS /AG$ TO DRIVE ! ,LEVEL]S \T ( ! COMMITTEE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 AFT] A VEHEM5T QU>REL1 ,LILBURNE )DREW 9 \TRAGE AT ! COMMITTEE (FIC]S &1 ) ALL ! RHETORICAL P[]S AT HIS COMM&1 W>N$ ( ! DANG]S ( \TRI<T MILIT>Y RULE4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b1 ! REMA9+ COMMITTEE MEMB]S SUBMITT$ !IR [N V]SION ( ! ,AGREEM5T1 DRAFT$ L>GELY BY ! 0,GR&EES10 TO ! ,RUMP--:I* SIMPLY LET IT DRIFT 9TO OBLIVION1 PRODUC+ A CON/ITUTIONAL /ASIS ?AT ! COMMITTEE'S (FIC]S DID NOT F9D 9 ! LEA/ OBJECTIONABLE4 ,ANY ,LEVEL] AGITATION = A FUNDAM5TAL LAW ?US WAS DISSIPAT$ BY ! %E] 9]TIA ( ! ,RUMP & ! 0,GR&EES02 NOR WAS IT TO BE PICK$ UP = MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 NOTABLY 9 ,5GL&'S ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN COLONIES4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,JANU>Y #b#g1 ! ,RUMP CONDEMN$ ! K+ TO DEA?1 FULFILL+ ANO!R AIM = :I* ! ,LEVEL]S HAD LONG PRESS$4 ,BUT ! ,LEVEL]S1 AGA9 TRUE TO !IR PR9CIPLES1 HAD ALWAYS 9T5D$ ?AT ?IS TASK %\LD BE UND]TAK5 BY A TRULY REPRES5TATIVE ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 NOT ! ILLEGITIMATE ,RUMP1 & ,LILBUME D5\NC$ ! TRIAL ( ,*>LES--:OM HE DETE/$ NO LESS ?AN ! MO/ RADICAL ( ,9DEP5D5TS--AS AN ILLEGAL & >BITR>Y ACT4 

,*>LES'S EXECUTION ?REE DAYS AFT] HIS TRIAL M>K$ ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! MOD]N ]A--P]HAPS EV]--?AT A POPUL> MOVEM5T HAD COMMITT$ REGICIDE1 A PRIVILEGE ?AT WAS =M]LY RES]V$ ONLY = MEMB]S ( ! UPP] CLASSES4 ,BY ?IS BEHAVIOR1 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ?US ATTA9$ A DEGREE ( RADICALITY UNPREC$5T$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! PA/4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANT ,REVOLT ( ! LATE F\RTE5? C5TURY HAD ?REAT5$ ! LIFE ( ! MON>* OR *ALL5G$ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ?RONE4 ,9 FACT1 = A BRIEF P]IOD AFT] ! REGICIDE1 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION VE]$ %>PLY TO ! LEFT1 RELY+ P>TLY ON A MEASURE ( 9CREAS+LY CRITICAL ,LEVEL] SUPPORT1 BUT ABOVE ALL ON ! GR[+ RADICALISM ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL4 

,YET NE$LESS TO SAY1 ALL DID NOT SIT WELL ) ! 9CREAS+LY DI/RU/FUL RADICALS4 ,SPORADIC \TBREAKS1 EV5 VIRTUAL MUT9IES1 AGA9/ ! RULE ( ! 0,GR&EES0 BROKE \T 9 A NUMB] ( RADICAL ,>MY CONT+5TS1 :I* ! REGIME QUICKLY PUT D[N4 ,SOLDI]S & (FIC]S :O OP5LY *ALL5G$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! 0,GR&EES0 W]E >RE/$1 & ! ,RUMP EV5 TRI$ TO SUPPRESS DISS5T+ OP9IONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT DISS5T WAS UBIQUIT\S4 ,BY ,APRIL #a#f#d#i1 H>% ,LEVEL] ATTACKS ON ! NEW REGIME & ON ,CROMWELL 9 P>TICUL> APPE>$ 9 PR9T1 NOTABLY ,JOHN ,LILBURNE'S ,! ,SECOND ,P>T ( ,5GL&'S ,NEW ,*A9S ,DISCOV]$1 9 :I* ! ,LEVEL] LEAD] CALL$ = A RE/ORATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,>MY ) ! 9CLUSION ( ,AGITATORS & ! =MATION ( A NEW ,P>LIAM5T ELECT$ ON ! BASIS ( ! ,LEVEL] ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,RI*>D ,OV]TON'S SCA?+ ,HUNT+ ( ! ,FOXES BLAM$ ! (FIC]S' OB/RUCTION1 OPPORTUNISM1 & HYPOCRISY = ! ,>MY'S FAILURE TO IMPOSE A CON/ITUTIONAL SETTLEM5T ALONG ,LEVEL] L9ES AT A TIME :5 IT C\LD EASILY HAVE DONE SO4.<#h#d.> 

,! NEW REGIME NO LONG] REG>D$ !SE PAMPHLETS AS DISS5T BUT AS \TRI<T S$ITION1 & F\R PROM95T ,LEVEL]S--,LILBURNE1 ,WALWYN1 ,OV]TON1 & ,?OMAS ,PR9CE--W]E P]EMPTORILY >RE/$ ON *>GES ( TREASON & ?R[N 9TO ! ,T[]4 ,:ILE HE WAS AWAIT+ TRIAL1 ,LILBURNE1 FROM BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS \TSIDE ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 OV]HE>D ,CROMWELL TELL ! ,C\NCIL'S PRESID5T3 0,I TELL Y\1 SIR1 Y\ HAVE NO O!R WAY TO DEAL ) !SE M5 BUT TO BREAK !M 9 PIECES0 OR 

!Y WILL BREAK Y\2 YEA1 & BR+ ALL ! GUILT ( ! BLOOD & TREASURE %$ & SP5T 9 ?IS K+DOM UPON Y\R HEADS & %\LD]S2 & FRU/RATE & MAKE VOID ALL ?AT WORK1 ?AT ) SO MANY YE>S 9DU/RY1 TOIL & PA9S1 Y\ HAVE DONE4.<#h#e.> 

,POPUL> CLAMOR = ! ,LEVEL]S' RELEASE BR\<T ?\S&S ( ,LONDON]S 9 DEMON/RATIONS BE=E ! C\RT :]E !Y W]E BE+ TRI$1 JU/ AS1 A LITTLE OV] A YE> E>LI]1 HUGE ,LEVEL] /REET DEMON/RATIONS HAD FOLL[$ ! C(F9 ( ,COLONEL ,RA9BOR\< TO ITS 9T]M5T4 ,C[$ BY !SE MASS ACTIONS1 ! 0,GR&EES10 9 ! 5D1 HAD NO *OICE BUT TO ACQUIT 0,HONE/ ,JOHN0 & ! O!R ,LEVEL]S1 BUT ! SITUATION 9 ! CAPITAL & ELSE:]E REMA9$ AS HEAT$ AS EV]4 

,! ,D,E,F,E,A,T ,( ,! ,L,E,V,E,L,],S 

,! EXECUTION ( ,*>LES SP>K$ ROYALI/S 9 P>TS ( ,IREL& & ,SCOTL& TO PROCLAIM ! LATE K+'S SON1 ALSO NAM$ ,*>LES1 AS HIS SUCCESSOR1 &1 9CONGRU\SLY1 ! Y\NG ,*>LES WAS OBLIG$ TO RAISE HIS ROYALI/ >MIES 9 ,CA?OLIC ,IREL& AS WELL AS ,PRESBYT]IAN ,SCOTL&1 AGA9/ ,ANGLICAN & ,PURITAN ,5GL&1 :]E ,5GLI% SUPPORT]S ( ! K+ HAD NE>LY ALL BE5 SUBDU$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( CRU%+ ?IS UPRIS+1 ! ,COMMONWEAL? TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY TO RID ITSELF ( TR\BLESOME RADICAL MILIT>Y REGIM5TS AS WELL BY DISPAT*+ !M TO ,IREL&1 !REBY DIM9I%+ ! IMPACT !Y MI<T HAVE HAD ON ! DOME/IC POLITICAL SITUATION--AN OBVI\S PLOY ?AT ONLY HEI<T5$ RANK-&FILE UNRE/ 9 ! ,>MY4 

,9 ,MAY #a#f#d#i1 ?IS UNRE/ F9ALLY CAME TO A HEAD4 ,9 ,SALISBURY1 ,COLONEL ,SCROOP'S CAVALRY REGIM5T1 :I* WAS S*$UL$ TO GO TO ,IREL&1 CALL$ A NEW ,C\NCIL ( ! ,>MY = ! O/5SIBLE PURPOSE ( DISCUSS+ >RE>S 9 PAY4 ,9 FACT1 ! C\NCIL WAS ACTUALLY CONV5$ TO COORD9ATE ! RESI/ANCE ( REGIM5TS :O W]E BE+ S5T TO ,IREL& )\T !IR CONS5T4 ,! SAME CRISIS ?AT HAD L$ TO ! CONFRONTATION AT ,W>E WAS N[ BE+ REPLAY$1 ?IS TIME POSSIBLY ) GREAT] SUCCESS4 ,OV] A TWELVE-DAY P]IOD ,SCROOP'S & FIVE O!R DISGRUNTL$ REGIM5TS ELECT$ ,AGITATORS TO REPRES5T !M1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 TROOP]S & CIVILIAN ,LEVEL]S AT ,OX=D%IRE GA!R$ 9TO SUPPORTIVE =MATIONS ( !IR [N4 ,HAD !SE SCATT]$ DISS5T]S ACT$ 5TIRELY ON !IR [N1 NONE ( !M W\LD HAVE POS$ A S]I\S ?REAT TO ! AU?ORITY ( ,CROMWELL & ! 0,GR&EES40 ,BUT IF ! V>I\S MUT9\S REGIM5TS C\LD ASSEMBLE TOGE!R FROM !IR SEP>ATE LOCATIONS 9TO A S+LE MILIT>Y =CE1 ! REGIME HAD EV]Y REASON TO REG>D !M AS A MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y *ALL5GE4 ,& ?IS WAS PRECISELY ! PLAN ?AT ! ,LEVEL]S HAD 9 M9D4 ,ON ! EV5+ ( ,MAY #a#d1 SOME TWELVE CAVALRY TROOPS1 L>GELY UND] ,LEVEL] 9FLU5CE1 GA!R$ AT ! VILLAGE ( ,BUR=D1 NE> ,OX=D1 WAIT+ = SYMPA!TIC =CES FROM O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY TO JO9 !M4 ,BUT !Y DID NOT COME 9 TIME4 ,CROMWELL1 APPRIZ$ ( ! ,LEVEL] TROOP MOVEM5TS1 FURI\SLY RAC$ SOME =TY MILES TO ! ,BUR=D 5CAMPM5T1 REA*+ IT AT MIDNI<T & TAK+ ! MUT9E]S COMPLETELY BY SURPRISE4 ,HE EASILY CRU%$ ! FRAGM5T$ REVOLT 9 A NE>LY BLOODLESS VICTORY4 ,AL?\< ?REE M5 W]E %OT = !IR ROLE 9 ! MUT9Y1 ! REMA9D] W]E EI!R CA%I]$ FROM ! ,>MY OR P>DON$4 

,! DEFEAT ( ! TROOPS AT ,BUR=D ESS5TIALLY M>K$ ! 5D ( ! RADICALS' 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 AL?\< !Y W]E TO P>TICIPATE 9 OR 9ITIATE ABORT$ 9SURRECTIONS = YE>S TO COME4 ,9 ANO!R MANIFE/O1 ISSU$ BY ! ,LEVEL]S 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#f#d#i1 ,! ,REMON/RANCE ( ,MANY ,?\S&S ( ! ,FREE ,PEOPLE ( ,5GL& 1 :I* ,BRAILS=D 0RANKS AMONG ALL !IR UTT]ANCES AS ! MO/ RECKLESS & ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y10 !Y HURL$ 

A DECL>ATION ( W> 444 AT 0ALL ?OSE TYRANTS & USURP]S N[ SITT+ AT ,WE/M9/]40 0,\R BURD5S10 IT DECL>ES1 0BECOME SO 9SUPPORTABLE1 ?AT WE >E 444 COMPELL$ TO MAKE USE ( ?AT MEANS NATURE TEA*E? US = \R [N PRES]VATION40 ,IT CALLS = DISOB$I5CE TO ALL ACTS & ORD]S ( !SE USURP]S1 ESPECIALLY = A REFUSAL TO PAY ALL TAXES1 ASSESSM5TS & TI!S4 

,! MANIFE/O OP5LY ?REAT5$ TO AV5GE ! ,LEVEL]S :O HAD BE5 %OT AT ,W>E1 ,BUR=D1 & ELSE:]E2 TO GA9 DEB5TURES = ! SOLDI]S2 TO CONFISCATE ! WEAL? & E/ATES ?AT ,MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T HAD OBTA9$ AS A RESULT ( ! REVOLUTION2 TO 5ACT ! #afdh ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE2 & MO/ /RIK+LY1 TO GU>ANTEE 0EV]Y FREE COMMON]0 ! MEANS ( LIFE4 ,?IS LA/ GU>ANTEE WAS AN EXPLICIT ?REAT TO ALL ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ( ,5GL&4 0,= ! ATTA9M5T ( ALL !SE 5DS10 ! MANIFE/O CONCLUD$1 0WE HAVE DRAWN \R SWORDS & >E RESOLV$ NOT TO PUT !M UP AGA9 TILL WE HAVE OBTA9$ ! ?+S BE=E SPECIFI$1 NOT D\BT+ ( ! AID & ASSI/ANCE ( ALL HONE/ & WELL-MEAN+ M540.<#h#f.> ,APPROXIMATELY #a1 PEOPLE SIGN$ ?IS *ALL5G+ MANIFE/O1 NE>LY T5 TIMES ! NUMB] :O NORMALLY SIGN$ E>LI] ,LEVEL] PETITIONS1 & PANIC SWEPT ! EV]-UNEASY PROP]TI$ CLASSES4 ,BUT NO SWORDS W]E DRAWN4 ,! 0,GR&EES0 ?OR\<LY PURG$ ! REGIM5TS ON :I* ! ,LEVEL]S RELI$ MO/1 :ILE O!R TROOPS W]E BY N[ ?OR\<LY EXHAU/$ & L>GELY DEMORALIZ$4 ,NOR IS IT LIKELY ?AT MANY CIVILIANS HAD ! MEANS OR ! /OMA* TO DO BATTLE AGA9/ AN ,>MY ?AT HAD E>N$1 & /ILL RETA9$1 !IR DEEPE/ RESPECT4 

,!REAFT]1 ! ,LEVEL] MOVEM5T FELL AP>T1 OR DISSOLV$ 9TO (T5 PITIFUL CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ,CROMWELL4 ,! ,BUR=D DEFEAT HAD PRODUC$ A SOCIAL VACUUM1 FOLL[$ BY DEFEATS ?AT LEFT ! RADICALS 9 DESPAIR4 ,9DIVIDUAL ,LEVEL]S EA* FOLL[$ SEP>ATE & SURPRIS+LY ODD DE/9IES4 ,SEXBY1 ! =M] SOLDI]1 CAME TO DETE/ ,CROMWELL SO MU* ?AT HE EV5 JO9$ ) ROYALI/S 9 CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ HIM & HIS REGIME4 ,MANY ,LEVEL] (FIC]S :O HAD NOT BE5 CA%I]$ BY ! 0,GR&EES0 ROSE 9 ! RANKS TO BECOME PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S1 :ILE /ILL O!RS RETIR$ TO PRIVATE LIFE4 ,A FEW1 LIKE ,LILBUME1 BECAME ,QUAK]S1 TURN+ TO NONVIOL5CE AS A CR$O4 ,! ?IRD REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD SEEM$ SO CLOSE TO SUCCESS AT ,W>E & AT ,BUR=D1 CAME TO ITS TRAGIC 5D 9 ,5GL&4 ,! NEW HI/ORICAL C\RSE ON :I* ! C\NTRY EMB>K$ FAVOR$ MORE 5CLOSURES ( COMMON FIELDS1 ! DISPOSSESSION ( ! PEASANTRY & EV5 ! YEOMANRY FROM !IR L&1 & EV5TUALLY ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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