,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #e 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #e4 ,! ,LEVEL]S & ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY 

,DESPITE ITS PREMOD]N1 (T5 RELIGI\S V]NACUL>1 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION HAD A REM>KABLY MOD]N & SECUL> *>ACT]4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ! RELIGI\S FACTIONS ?AT PROSECUT$ ITS 9T]NAL CONFLICTS ACTUALLY HAD V]Y PRACTICAL & WORLDLY SOCIAL GOALS4 ,!IR !OLOGICAL RHETORIC T5DS1 IF ANY?+1 TO CONCEAL ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION OP5$ ! ]A ( ! GREAT1 BASICALLY SECUL> DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ?AT W]E TO FOLL[ 9 ITS WAKE4 

,= ONE ?+1 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION HAD A NOTABLY PLEBEIAN DIM5SION4 ,IT WAS F\<T \T NOT ONLY 9 ! HALLS ( ,P>LIAM5T & ON V>I\S BATTLEFIELDS BUT ALSO 9 ! /REETS ( ,LONDON AS WELL AS O!R CITIES & VILLAGES4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( 0! PEOPLE10 NOT ( ,GOD1 TO LEGITIMATE ITS CLAIMS1 DECL>+ ?AT 0! PEOPLE0 OR AT LEA/ !IR 0REPRES5TATIVES0 HAD SOV]EIGNTY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! K+4 ,9 ! FREE DISCUSSION ( ! #a#f#dS1 QUE/IONS W]E RAIS$ AB\T H[ REPRES5TATIVE ,P>LIAM5T ACTUALLY WAS ( 0! PEOPLE0 AS A :OLE4 ,SIR ,ROB]T ,FILM]1 A DEF5D] ( ! K+1 RELI%$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO PO9T \T ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTORATE1 F> FROM COMPRIS+ ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL&1 CONSI/$ ( P]HAPS ONE \T ( EV]Y T5 ,5GLI%M5--& !SE W]E ! UPP] T5 9 SOCIAL RANK4 ,LIKE ,FILM]1 RADICAL DEMOCRATS CRITICIZ$ ! N>R[NESS ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTORATE & TRI$ TO EXT5D ! FRAN*ISE TO 9CLUDE MO/ ( ! MALE POPULATION4 ,ONE SU* PAMPHLETE] CLAIM$ ?AT 9 ! SCRIPTURAL 9JUNCTION 0,T\*E NOT M9E ANO9T$0 IT WAS ! COMMON PEOPLE :O W]E ANO9T$4 ,/ILL ANO!R PAMPHLETE] W>N$ AS E>LY AS #afdb ?AT ?IS 0DANG]\S T5ET HA? BE5 BUZZ$ 9TO ! E>S ( ! PEOPLE AS IF !Y ONLY W]E ANO9T$1 NONE BUT !Y40.<#b#h.> 

,ANO!R MOD]N ASPECT ( ! 0,GREAT ,REBELLION10 AS MANY ,BRITI% HI/ORIANS CALL ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 WAS ! EXT5T TO :I* IT WAS AN IDEOLOGICALLY SELFCONSCI\S UPHEAVAL1 BR++ ! 5TIRE E/ABLI%M5T--SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL--9TO QUE/ION4 ,TO JUDGE FROM ! DOCUM5TS WE HAVE1 IT WAS AN IMM5SELY LIT]ATE & POLEMICAL REVOLUTION3 PRESSES WORK$ OV]TIME TO PRODUCE A HO/ ( PAMPHLETS & NEWSPAP]S4 ,EASY AS IT MAY BE TODAY TO TAKE A POPUL> LIT]ATURE = GRANT$1 IT %\LD BE REALIZ$ ?AT NEWSPAP]S DID NOT EV5 EXI/ UNTIL ,5GL& MOV$ T[>D REVOLUTION4 ,:]EAS 9 E>LI] TIMES DISS5T]S HAD RELI$ PRIM>ILY ON S]MONS FROM PULPITS TO RADICAL CONGREGATIONS TO DISSEM9ATE !IR MESSAGE1 N[ 9C5DI>Y P>LIAM5T>Y SPEE*ES1 PROCLAMATIONS1 & REMON/RANCES W]E COMMITT$ TO PR9T & DI/RIBUT$ WIDELY ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,! WRITT5 WORD WAS BR\<T 9TO CLOSE UNISON ) ! SPOK5 WORD4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y PROCE$+S BECAME HI<LY VISIBLE PUBLIC >5AS1 NOT UNLIKE ! ,ELIZABE?AN /AGE1 :]E ORATORY WAS DIRECT$ NOT ONLY TO LEGISLATORS & ! C\RT BUT TO ! NATION AS A :OLE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS AN EM95TLY POPUL> EV5T1 AT LEA/ TO ANYONE :O *OSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 IT4 ,F9ALLY1 :AT RAIS$ ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( ! #a#f#dS FROM A 0,GREAT ,REBELLION0 TO A MOD]N SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIALLY *ALL5G+ RADICAL GR\PS ?AT DIRECT$ !MSELVES NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! MO/ SACROSANCT 9/ITUTIONS ( TRADITIONAL ,5GL& BUT AGA9/ SEEM+LY POPUL> LEAD]S :O REPLAC$ ! E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5T1 NE>LY CULM9AT+ 9 A ?IRD REVOLUTION BY ! MO/ RADICAL SECTORS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,! ,F,I,R,/ ,C,I,V,I,L ,W,> 

,! ,5GLI% ,CIVIL ,W> CAN R\<LY BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO DI/9CT P]IODS1 ! FIR/ LA/+ FROM #afdb TO #a#f#d#f1 & ! SECOND FROM #afdh TO #a#f#d#i4 ,! FIR/ WAS 9ITIALLY M>K$ BY CONSID]ABLE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & RELIGI\S UNANIMITY AMONG ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES4 ,DUR+ ?IS TIME4 ,P>LIAM5T DID NOT ?R[ D[N ITS GANTLET AGA9/ ,*>LES1 :OSE P]SON REMA9$ 9VIOLABLE1 /ILL LESS AGA9/ ! MON>*Y AS SU*2 RA!R1 IT PR(ESS$ TO BE FI<T+ = 0,C\NTRY0 MID 0,C\RT10 NOT 0,C\NTRY0 AGA9/ 0,C\RT40 ,! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS SAW ITSELF AS DEF5D+ ! TRADITIONAL CON/ITUTION AGA9/ ROYAL 09NOVATIONS0 & F\<T TO CON/RA9 ! K+ RA!R ?AN ELIM9ATE HIS (FICE4 ,*>LES WAS SE51 AT LEA/ = PUBLIC PURPOSES1 AS A B5IGN BUT ILL-ADVIS$ RUL] :O WAS TRANSGRESS+ ANCI5T LIB]TIES AT ! BEHE/ ( AN UNSCRUPUL\S C\RTLY & CL]ICAL CAM>ILLA4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP DUR+ ?IS E>LY P]IOD CAME FROM WEAL?Y L&[N]S1 AS 9DE$ IT HAD TO1 =1 FOLL[+ /ILL-EXI/+ M$IEVAL CU/OM1 IT WAS ! PE]S ( ! REALM :O W]E ACCORD$ ! HI<E/ COMM&S 9 ! >MY & SAT ON ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,W>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES WAS CONF]R$ ON ,ROB]T ,DEV]CAUX1 ! #cRD ,E>L ( ,ESSEX1 & ,$W>D ,MONTAGU1 ! #bND ,E>L ( ,MAN*E/]4 ,!SE >I/OCRATIC COMM&]S1 F> FROM SEEK+ TO REMOVE ,*>LES FROM HIS ?RONE1 S\<T M]ELY TO RECTIFY ! K+'S RELATIONS ) ,P>LIAM5T4 ,ESSEX 9 P>TICUL> HAD AN ABID+ AV]SION TO FAC+ ! K+ ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,NO?+ SEEMS TO HAVE EMB>RASS$ HIM MORE ?AN :5 ON ,OCTOB] #b#c1#a#f#d#b1 DUR+ ! ,BATTLE ( ,$GEHILL--! FIR/ MAJOR 5GAGEM5T 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>--! E>L F\ND HIMSELF COMM&+ A P>LIAM5T>Y =CE AGA9/ ROYALI/ TROOPS DIRECTLY UND] ,*>LES'S LEAD]%IP4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?R\< ! K+'S [N DUPLICITY & WIL9ESS ?AT HE EV5TUALLY ALI5AT$ EV5 !SE MOD]ATE P>LIAM5T>IANS & LO/ !IR LOYALTY4 

,! OP5+ CONFLICTS BETWE5 0,C\RT0 & 0,C\NTRY0 W]E M>K$ BY DEBILITAT+ >*AISMS ?AT /ALEMAT$ ! CIVIL W> 9ORD9ATELY & P]HAPS 9EVITABLY4 ,?US1 ! >I/OCRATIC COMM&]S RELI$ PRIM>ILY ON ! FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS--MILITIAS & C\NTY ADM9I/RATION--?AT TRADITION BE/[$ UPON !M TO CONDUCT A W>4 ,BUT TRADITIONAL MEANS PROV$ WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE = A*IEV+ VICTORY4 ,H]$ITY RA!R ?AN M]IT DID NOT PROVIDE A P>TICUL>LY S\ND CRIT]ION = *OOS+ COMM&]S1 & ! /RUGGLE SEEM$ TO LUMB] ALONG UNTIL NEW1 9NOVATIVE COMM&]S & MORE COMMITT$ TROOPS W]E RECRUIT$ FROM L[] /RATA ( ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y TO MAKE UP ! P>LIAM5T>Y >MY4 ,AFT] #a#f#d#d1 ! G5TRY1 ! YEOMANRY1 & ! SO-CALL$ 0MA/]LESS M510 OR COMMON LABOR]S1 POOR T5ANT F>M]S1 & >TISANS BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONFLICT1 PROVID+ ,P>LIAM5T ) MORE ZEAL\S--& SOCIALLY TR\BL+-- =CES4 ,DESPITE ! PROCLIVITIES ( !SE M5 = RADICAL DEMOCRATIC VIEWS1 ,P>LIAM5T WAS COMPELL$ TO TURN TO !M = AID NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y OPPOS$ ! K+ BUT1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 BECAUSE ( !IR \T/&+ C\RAGE 9 BATTLE & ! HI< LEVEL ( !IR MORALE4 

,9 RELIGI\S AFFAIRS1 TOO1 ! SOLID>ITY AMONG ,P>LIAM5T'S SUPPORT]S WAS 9ITIALLY EXT5SIVE BUT V]Y SUP]FICIAL4 ,CONS]VATIVE P>LIAM5T>IANS HAD LITTLE QU>REL ) ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR*1 NOT)/&+ ! OBJECTIONS ( MOD]ATES TO ,>*BI%OP ,LAUD'S 9TRODUCTION ( 0POPI%0 FEATURES4 ,9 #a#f#d#c1 BY D5Y+ ,ANGLICAN BI%OPS ! RI<T TO GOV]N ECCLESIA/ICAL AFFAIRS1 ! MOD]ATE MAJORITY 9 ,P>LIAM5T /RUCK A DIRECT BL[ AT ! DIV9E RI<T ( K+S1 :I* ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* HAD TRI$ TO VALIDATE4 ,BUT AS ,ANGLICAN CL]ICS 9CREAS+LY SID$ ) ! K+ AGA9/ ,P>LIAM5T1 MOD]ATE & EV5 CONS]VATIVE P>LIAM5T>IANS F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO %IFT !IR RELIGI\S AFFILIATION FROM ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* TO ! ONCE-RADICAL ,PRESBYT]IANISM ( ,KNOX & ! ,SCOTS4 ,?IS %IFT HAD A /RATEGIC B5EFIT AS WELL3 IT 5L>G$ ! POPUL> BASE ( ! P>LIAM5T>IANS BEYOND ! BORD]S ( ,5GL& BY GA9+ !M ,SCOTTI% SUPPORT4 ,EV5 ,ESSEX DRIFT$ T[>D ,PRESBYT]IANISM1 TOGE!R ) A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ! P>LIAM5T>IANS :O =M$ ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 

,AL?\< ! %IFT TO ,PRESBYT]IANISM ALL[$ ,P>LIAM5T TO ADAPT ITSELF TO ! 9CREAS+LY RADICAL TURN ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS BEG9N+ TO TAKE1 IT ALSO OP5$ A CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ! RELIGI\S MOD]ATES & CONS]VATIVES1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! RELIGI\S RADICALS ON ! O!R4 ,!SE RADICALS W]E ! /]N] ,PURITANS1 ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 :O /EADILY 9CREAS$ !IR 9FLU5CE AMONG ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! K+4 ,AS ,CONGREGATIONALI/S1 ! ,9DEP5D5TS DID NOT LOOK TO BI%OPS = RELIGI\S GUIDANCE1 NOR DID !Y LOOK TO PRESBYT]S TO /& BETWE5 !IR CONGREGATIONS & ,GOD4 ,RA!R1 !Y DISP5S$ ) RELIGI\S HI]>*IES 5TIRELY & =M$ !IR [N CONGREGATIONS ( PEOPLE ) LIKE-M9D$ BELIEFS1 *OOS+ !IR [N PREA*]S & M9I/]S4 ,MO/ ( !M S\<T SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE 5TIRELY FROM ,SCRIPTURE1 :ILE SOME1 ESS5TIALLY PAN!I/S1 EV5 D5I$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,BIBLE ALTOGE!R--& ! EXI/5CE ( A TRADITIONAL DEITY4 

,NOR WAS ! RADICALISM ( !SE ,9DEP5D5TS LIMIT$ TO RELIGI\S AFFAIRS ALONE4 ,JU/ AS !Y DEM&$ RELIGI\S FRE$OM1 SO TOO DID !Y DEM& POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,MANY1 9 FACT1 ADOPT$ VIEWS ?AT W]E EXPRESSLY REPUBLICAN1 9SI/+ ?AT ! ,COMMONS1 NOT ! K+1 WAS SOV]EIGN4 ,& 9DE$1 UND] ! IMPACT & EXIG5CIES ( CIVIL W>1 ALL ,5GLI% POLITICAL /RUCTURES W]E *ANG+ RAPIDLY4 ,AS ! TRADITIONAL /ATE WAS P>TIALLY DE/ROY$1 NEW POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E CREAT$ TO REPLACE !M4 ,9 SOME T[NS & VILLAGES1 REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E CREAT$1 :OSE MEMB]S1 AS ONE UNHAPPY SQUIRE ( ! ,ISLE ( ,WI<T LAM5T$1 9CLUD$ PEOPLE ( L[] SOCIAL RANK RA!R ?AN ! TRADITIONAL G5TRY3 0,WE HAD A ?+ H]E CALL$ A ,COMMITTEE :I* OV]RUL$ ,DEPUTY,LIEUT5ANTS & ALSO ,JU/ICES ( ! ,PEACE1 & ( ?IS WE HAD BRAVE M540 ,?IS COMMITTEE1 HE OBS]V$ ) DISDA91 9CLUD$ A P$DL]1 AN APO!C>Y1 A BAK]1 TWO F>M]S1 & A POOR MAN4 0,!SE RUL$ ! :OLE ,ISL&1 & DID :ATSOEV] !Y ?\<T GOOD 9 !IR [N EYES40.<#b#i.> ,BUT ?IS EXTREME SITUATION WAS F> FROM TYPICAL2 9 FACT1 MO/ ( ! NEW COMMITTEES W]E DOM9AT$ BY ! G5TRY & W]E ULTIMATELY BR\<T UND] ! C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( ,P>LIAM5T4 

,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ALSO MOD]N BECAUSE ( ITS SOCIAL TRAJECTORY3 ! K+'S DUPLICITY & HIS REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO IMPOSE ABSOLUTI/ RULE ON ,5GL& & ,SCOTL& ?RU/ ! CONFLICT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY RADICAL DIRECTION4 ,MORE & MORE1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,P>LIAM5T F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT ! K9D ( CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y ?AT A MOD]ATE ,PURITAN LIKE ,PYM W\LD HAVE WANT$ & ?AT PE]S SU* AS ,ESSEX & ,MAN*E/] W\LD HAVE ACCEPT$4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] CAMPAIGN ( #a#f#d#e1 :5 ! P>LIAM5T>Y >MY CAPTUR$ ,YORK & DEFEAT$ ! ROYALI/ CAVALRY L$ BY ,*>LES'S DA%+ NEPHEW ,PR9CE ,RUP]T1 MANY RADICALS W]E ALREADY CALL+ = ! ELIM9ATION ( ! MON>*Y1 NOT M]ELY = RE/RA9+ IT4 ,!IR FRU/RATION BECAME 9T5SE :5 !IR ,PRESBYT]IAN G5]ALS PROV$ UNWILL+ TO DEFEAT ! K+ DECISIVELY 9 BATTLE4 ,AT ,NEWBURY 9 ,OCTOB] #a#f#d#d1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y COMM&]S ,MAN*E/] & ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,WALL] DELIB]ATELY DELAY$ ! (F5SIVE AS LONG AS !Y C\LD4 ,AFT] IT F9ALLY BEGAN1 ! 5?USIA/IC P>LIAM5T>Y =CES R\NDLY DEFEAT$ ! ,CAVALI]S1 ONLY TO F9D ?AT !IR G5]ALS P]MITT$ ! ROYALI/ =CES TO )DRAW1 L>GELY 9TACT1 FROM ! FIELD ( BATTLE ) ALL !IR EQUIPM5T4 ,!RE C\LD BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ,MAN*E/] & ,WALL] HAD NO 9T5TION ( DECISIVELY DEFEAT+ ! K+ & HIS ,CAVALI]S4 

,9 FACT1 G5]ALS :O CAME FROM NOBLE FAMILIES SEEM$ TO BE MORE FE>FUL ( !IR 9CREAS+LY RADICAL (FIC]S & TROOPS ?AN ( !IR ROYALI/ OPPON5TS1 & ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOLDI]S RESPOND$ 9 K9D TO !IR >I/OCRATIC COMM&]S4 ,ESSEX AV[$LY DESPIS$ ! L[] CLASSES ) ALL ! HAU<T9ESS ( A PE]4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #afdd HE D5IGRAT$ POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,LONDON /REETS ) ! REM>K3 0,IS ?IS ! LIB]TY :I* WE CLAIM TO V9DICATE BY %$D+ \R BLOOD8 ,\R PO/]ITY WILL SAY ?AT TO DELIV] !M FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,K+ WE HAVE SUBJECT$ !M TO ?AT ( ! COMMON PEOPLE40.<#c.> ,:AT WAS AT ISSUE WAS NOT M]ELY DIFF]5CES 9 SOCIAL P$IGREE ?AT DIVID$ ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES2 DIV]G+ POLITICAL AIMS W]E ALSO EM]G+ AMONG P>LIAM5T>Y MOD]ATES1 CONS]VATIVES1 & RADICALS ?AT ESS5TIALLY DIVID$ ! >MY AGA9/ ITSELF & ITS (FIC]S4 

,9 TIME1 ! REAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,R\NDHEADS FELL TO A MAN FROM ! L[] SQUIRE>*Y1 ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL1 AN \TSPOK5 MILITANT :O WAS AN ICONOCLA/IC ,PURITAN & ! ABLE/ ( ! ,9DEP5D5T CAVALRY (FIC]S4 ,CROMWELL HAD RIS5 TO ! =E ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS P>TLY BY VIRTUE ( HIS EXTRAORD9>Y MILIT>Y ABILITY & P>TLY BY BOLDLY D5\NC+ ! CONS]VATIVE G5]ALS BE=E ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,9 RESPONSE TO !SE D5UNCIATIONS1 ,ESSEX1 ,MAN*E/]1 & O!R ,PRESBYT]IAN LEAD]S MADE A SC&AL\S ATTEMPT TO IMPEA* HIM = S$ITION1 BUT ,CROMWELL'S CAPACITIES AS A COMM&] HAD ALREADY MADE HIM SO 9DISP5SABLE TO ! W> ?AT HE ELUD$ REMOVAL FROM ! >MY4 ,HE HAD ORGANIZ$ HIS 0,IRONSIDES0 CAVALRY REGIM5T 7! NAME WAS ,PR9CE ,RUP]T'S SOBRIQUET = ,CROMWELL HIMSELF7 AT ,CAMBRIDGE 9 #a#f#d#c4 ,AT ,M>/ON ,MOOR 9 ,JULY #a#f#d#d1 AFT] O!R P>LIAM5T>Y =CES HAD BE5 R\T$1 ,CROMWELL L$ A CAVALRY *>GE 9 :I* HIS MILIT>Y ABILITIES & ! ZEAL & DISCIPL9E ( HIS HORSEM5 DEFEAT$ ! ROYALI/S & 9 FACT SAV$ ! >MY FROM IGNOM9I\S DEFEAT4 ,! SUBSEQU5T FAILURE ( ,MAN*E/] & ,WALL] TO CRU% ! ROYALI/ >MY AT ,NEWBURY BR\<T ,CROMWELL & HIS CAVALRY 9TO OP5 OPPOSITION TO ,MAN*E/] & HIS IRRESOLUTE SUPPORT]S 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 0,IF WE BEAT ! ,K+ N9ETY-N9E TIMES1 HE W\LD BE ,K+ /ILL & HIS PO/]ITY1 & WE SUBJECTS /ILL10 ,MAN*E/] IS REPORT$ TO HAVE TOLD ,CROMWELL REPROA*FULLY1 TO :I* ,CROMWELL REJO9$1 0,MY LORD1 IF ?IS BE SO1 :Y DID WE TAKE UP >MS AT FIR/80.<#c#a.> 

,! ,N,E,W ,M,O,D,E,L ,>,M,Y 

,! 9CREAS+LY PLEBEIAN RANK & FILE ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES & !IR GR[+ MI/RU/ ( PE]S G5]ALLY F$ !IR SCORN = ! P>LIAM5T>Y G5]ALS :OSE DILATORY TACTICS & REV]SES SEEM$ IRREM$IABLE1 GIV+ RISE TO A RADICAL REPUBLICAN MOVEM5T ?AT BEGAN TO =M \T ( ! SOCIALLY MIX$ P>LIAM5T>Y TROOPS4 ,TO ! RADICALS1 IT WAS APP>5T ?AT ! OLD SY/EM ( MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION HAD TO BE SCRAPP$ & ! >MY ?OR\<LY REORGANIZ$4 ,! ,9DEP5D5TS 9TRODUC$ A ,SELF-,D5Y+ ,ORD9ANCE 9TO ,P>LIAM5T1 :I*1 :5 PASS$ 9 ,APRIL #a#f#d#e1 =BADE ANY MEMB] ( EI!R ,H\SE TO HOLD A MILIT>Y COMM&4 ,9ASMU* AS PE]S C\LD NOT RESIGN FROM ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 IT =C$ ALL P>LIAM5T>IANS TO SURR5D] !IR >MY POSITIONS4 ,NO LONG] W\LD TRADITION DICTATE ?AT PE]S HAD TO COMM& ! >M$ =CES2 9DE$1 MILIT>Y RANK N[ HAD TO BE BAS$ ON M]IT1 NOT ON BIR?1 :I* L$ TO ! RESIGNATION ( ,ESSEX & ,MAN*E/] FROM ! >MY COMM&4 

,NOR WAS ,P>LIAM5T TO BE TRU/$ TO DECISIVELY DEFEAT ! K+4 ,9/EAD ( =M+ A NEW P>LIAM5T>Y >MY1 ! ,PRESBYT]IANS 9 ,P>LIAM5T DI!R$ & HOP$ ?AT !IR MOD]ATE CORELIGIONI/S 9 ,SCOTL& W\LD TAKE OV] ! W> 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! OLD G5]ALS--A PROSPECT ?AT WAS T5U\S AT BE/4 ,?US1 ULTIMATELY1 !Y W]E OBLIG$ TO AU?ORIZE ! CREATION ( A ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY1 NAM+ ,SIR ,?OMAS ,FAIRFAX AS COMM&] 9 *IEF & ,CROMWELL AS LIEUT5ANT-G5]AL 9 *>GE ( ! CAVALRY4 ,CROMWELL PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE & TRA9 HIS EXP&$ =CE ALONG ! SAME L9ES ?AT HE HAD ORGANIZ$ HIS 0,IRONSIDES0 REGIM5T1 OBLIG+ IT TO ADH]E TO ! DISCIPL9E ( A LOYAL & COMPLETELY ZEAL\S CRUSAD+ =CE4 ,PREA*+ & HYMN-S++ W]E R\T9E1 & COMPLETE FRE$OM ( DISCUSSION REIGN$ 9 ! RANKS1 =G+ A DEEP S5SE ( PURPOSE & COMMITM5T & A HI< LEVEL ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! TROOPS4 ,! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY WAS TO BECOME A MILIT>Y =CE ?AT NOT ONLY WON ! REVOLUTION BUT WAS NEV] DEFEAT$ 9 BATTLE4 

,ITS YEOMAN CAVALRY TURN$ A LOOM+ DEFEAT 9TO A DECISIVE R\T ( ! ,CAVALI]S AT ,NASEBY ON ,JUNE #a#d1 #a#f#d#e1 A BATTLE ?AT CLE>LY R5D]$ ,*>LES'S CAUSE HOPELESS4 ,BY ,MAY #e ( ! FOLL[+ YE>1 AFT] A S]IES ( ROYALI/ DEFEATS1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY HAD F9ALLY VANQUI%$ ! K+'S =CES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,CIVIL ,W> 5D$ :5 ! K+'S BASE AT ,OX=D SURR5D]$ 9 ,JUNE #afdf & ,*>LES GAVE HIMSELF UP TO ! ,SCOTS1 :O TURN$ HIM OV] TO P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION]S 9 #a#f#d#g4 

,AL?\< ! REAL P[] ( ! C\NTRY PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 %>P DIVISIONS OP5$ BETWE5 ITS ,PRESBYT]IAN MAJORITY & ,CROMWELL'S ZEAL\S TROOPS4 ,AS CONS]VATIVES 9 ! ,COMMONS BEGAN 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S TO DRIFT BACK TO ! ROYALI/ CAUSE1 ! ,9DEP5D5TS RADICALLY R$EF9$ ! 5TIRE POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ( ! ANTIROYALI/ CAUSE4 ,:ILE ,PRESBYT]IAN POLITICAL AIMS FOCUS$ 9CREAS+LY ON BR++ ! REVOLUTION TO AN 5D BY NEGOTIAT+ ) ! K+ & RE/OR+ HIM TO P[]1 RADICAL ,PURITANS BEGAN TO =M AN OPPOSITION TO ,PRESBYT]IAN RULE 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T1 DEM&+ :AT W]E ULTIMATELY TO BE REPUBLICAN GOALS & AN EXP&$1 MORE POPUL> ELECTORATE4 

,9 FACT1 ! ONLY MAJOR OB/ACLE TO A ,PRESBYT]IAN COMPROMISE ) ,*>LES WAS ! ,>MY ITSELF4 ,! ,NEW ,MODEL CAN TRULY BE REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC >MIES 9 HI/ORY4 ,ITS IDEOLOGY WAS DI/9CTLY REPUBLICAN 9 *>ACT] AT A TIME :5 REPUBLICANISM WAS SE5 AS \TRAGE\SLY RADICAL 9 A C\NTRY SADDL$ ) A HI]>*Y ( PE]S & SQUIRES4 ,ONCE ! K+ HAD SURR5D]$1 ,P>LIAM5T S\<T QUITE OV]TLY TO ELIM9ATE ?IS GNAW+ OB/ACLE TO CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y BY DISB&+ ! ,>MY1 LEAV+ ONLY A SMALL REMA9D] ) :I* IT HOP$ TO RECONQU] ,IREL&--AN 5T]PRISE1 MOREOV]1 ?AT W\LD BE UND] ! COMM& ( NEW1 RELIABLE (FIC]S RA!R ?AN ,CROMWELL4 

,TO ! FURY ( ! ,PRESBYT]IAN-DOM9AT$ ,P>LIAM5T1 H[EV]1 ! ,>MY COMM& & MO/ ( ! TROOPS SIMPLY REFUS$ TO DISB&4 ,MO/ ( ! POLITICALLY A/UTE ,NEW ,MODEL TROOPS DID NOT REG>D A M]E 5D TO ! W> AS ! VICTORY = :I* !Y HAD F\<T4 ,! SOCIAL & POLITICAL TURMOIL ( ! CONFLICT HAD UNLEA%$ HI< HOPES = A TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 >\S+ MILL5NIAL ASPIRATIONS & YE>N+S = A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 :I* A RE/ORATION ( ,*>LES W\LD H>DLY HAVE PRODUC$4 ,NOR WAS IT CLE> ?AT ! EXI/+ ,P>LIAM5T WAS PREF]ABLE TO ! K+3 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS BEGAN TO IMPRISON PEOPLE >BITR>ILY )\T TRIAL & TO REFUSE TO RECEIVE POPUL> PETITIONS1 :ILE ITS MEMB]S W]E PAT5TLY US+ !IR POSITIONS TO 5RI* !MSELVES AT PUBLIC EXP5SE--ABUSES ?AT PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD DISMAY AMONG ! RADICALS4 ,BY #a#f#d#f1 ! POPUL>ITY ( ! SO-CALL$ ,LEVEL]S1 OR RADICAL DEMOCRATS1 WAS GR[+ /EADILY 9 ! RANKS ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL1 IMPELL+ IT TO ADVANCE 9CREAS+LY RADICAL DEM&S1 NOTABLY ! COMPLETE ELIM9ATION ( ! MON>*Y & ! ELECTION ( A NEW & MORE POPUL> ,P>LIAM5T4 

,! ,L,E,V,E,L,],S 

,( ALL ! V>I\S 9DEP5D5T GR\PS ?AT OPPOS$ ! MOD]ATE & CONS]VATIVE LEAD]S 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 ! ,LEVEL]S W]E HI/ORICALLY ! MO/ S]I\S1 WELL-ORGANIZ$1 & RESOLUTE4 ,IT WAS !IR MOVEM5T1 BO? 9 ,LONDON & 9 ! ,>MY1 ?AT POS$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT TO ! RUL+ /RATA ( ! C\NTRY4 

,! ,LEVEL]S EM]G$ JU/ AT ! MOM5T ( ,P>LIAM5T'S VICTORY OV] ! ,CAVALI]S1 A TIME ?AT SEEM$ TO CALL \T = RADICALLY NEW POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,!Y W]E ,9DEP5D5TS 9 BO? A POLITICAL & RELIGI\S S5SE4 ,AS A DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 !Y ORIG9ALLY /OOD = ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,COMMONS1 BUT AS ITS ABUSES BECAME CLE>--IT HAD >BITR>ILY IMPRISON$ ONE ( !IR =EMO/ LEAD]S1 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE--!Y BEGAN TO %IFT !IR EMPHASIS TO ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE1 (T5 AGA9/ ! MOD]ATE ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,CONGREGATIONALISM TAU<T !M DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES1 :ILE A C]TA9 MESSIANISM CONV9C$ ! MO/ RELIGI\S AMONG !M ?AT !Y W]E ! 9/RUM5TS ( ,GOD4 ,! T]M ,LEVEL] WAS NOT ONE ( !IR [N *OOS+2 IT WAS APPLI$ TO !M BY ,COMMISS>Y-,G5]AL ,H5RY ,IRETON 9 ! FALL ( #afdg AS A T]M ( OPPROBRIUM = ! DEMOCRATIC FACTION ( ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y CAUSE1 P>TICUL>LY ) A VIEW T[>D DISCR$IT+ !M 9 ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY1 :I* WAS EX]CIS+ AN EV]9CREAS+ POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ON ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< SOME ,LEVEL]S RES5T$ ! NAME1 IT HAD ACQUIR$ AN HONORABLE P$IGREE 9 ,5GLI% HI/ORY3 9 #afg 9 ,LEICE/]%IRE & ,W>WICK%IRE1 REBELLI\S T5ANTS & COPYHOLD]S :O W]E TRY+ TO RECOV] !IR COMMON L&S FROM ! G5TRY HAD US$ ! WORD TO EXPRESS !IR DESIRE NOT = SOCIAL EQUALITY BUT TO 0LEVEL0 ! F5CES & H$GES ?AT W]E !N BE+ RAIS$ TO 5CLOSE L&4 ,9 ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION1 ! NAME BECAME POPUL> AFT] ! SPR+ ( #a#f#d#h1 & 9 TIME MANY RADICAL ,9DEP5D5TS ADOPT$ ! ,LEVEL] NAME = !IR [N MOVEM5T4 ,9 FACT1 ,G]R>D ,W9/ANLEY'S COMMUNI/IC ,DIGG] MOVEM5T US$ ! NAME ,TRUE ,LEVEL] TO DI/+UI% ITSELF FROM ! L>G] MOVEM5T ( RADICAL ,9DEP5D5TS4 

,CONSID]+ ! BRUTALITY ( ! TIMES1 ! ,LEVEL]S HAD A BROAD S5SE ( SOCIAL RI<T & DEC5CY2 9DE$1 !Y W]E EXCEPTIONALLY HUMANE PEOPLE4 ,EV5 :5 ,5GLI% BLOOD WAS MORE ?AN OV]HEAT$ ) DESIRES = REV5GE AGA9/ ,IRI% REBELS1 :O HAD MASSACR$ IMMIGRANTS FROM ,SCOTL& & ,5GL& 9 !IR /RUGGLE = NATIONAL FRE$OM1 ! ,LEVEL]S SEEM TO HAVE /OOD ALONE 9 !IR SYMPA?Y = ,IRI% /RUGGLES AGA9/ TYRANNY4 ,!Y EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ,5GLI% FOLK NE$$ TO FOCUS !IR ATT5TION AGA9/ !IR [N DOME/IC TYRANTS RA!R ?AN ,IREL&'S JU/ ATTEMPTS TO FREE ITSELF ( ,5GLI% RULE4 ,MOREOV]1 !IR MOVEM5T WAS V]Y EXPANSIVE 9 ITS ATTITUDE T[>D ! OPPRESS$ ( ALL K9DS4 ,LEVEL]S1 OBS]VES ,H4 ,N4 ,BRAILS=D1 05C\RAG$ WOM5 TO PLAY !IR P>T 9 POLITICS SIDE BY SIDE ) !IR HUSB&S & BRO!RS1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEV$ 9 ! EQUALITY ( ALL 'MADE 9 ! IMAGE ( ,GOD'0.<#c#b.> --A VIEW VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ 9 SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPE4 

,9 ! EYES ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 SOCIETY WAS BASICALLY DIVID$ BETWE5 ! WEAL?Y & ! POOR1 ! P[]FUL & ! DISPOSSESS$4 0,O Y\ ,MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T & RI* M5 9 ! ,CITY10 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE WROTE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#f#d#h1 A TIME ( GREAT ECONOMIC H>D%IP1 

?AT >E AT EASE & DR9K W9E 9 B[LS & /RET* Y\RSELVES UPON B$S ( D[N1 Y\ ?AT GR9D \R FACES & FLAY (F \R SK9S1 WILL NO MAN AMONG Y\ REG>D1 WILL NO MAN BEHOLD \R FACES BLACK ) SORR[ & FAM9E8444 ,:AT1 !N1 >E Y\R RUFFL+ SILKS & VELVETS & Y\R GLITT]+ GOLD & SILV] LACES8 ,>E !Y NOT ! SWEAT ( \R BR[S & ! WANTS ( \R BACKS & BELLIES8444 ,:AT ELSE BUT Y\R AMBITION & FACTION CONT9UE \R DI/RACTIONS & OPPRESSIONS8 ,IS NOT ALL ! CONTROV]SY :OSE SLAVES ! POOR %ALL BE8.<#c#c.> 

,YET ! ,LEVEL]S W]E NEI!R SOCIALI/S NOR EXTREME SOCIAL RADICALS4 ,!Y AFFIRM$ ) ALL S9C]ITY ?AT !Y UPHELD & W\LD DEF5D ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 & 9DE$1 ! F9AL V]SION ( !IR PROGRAM1 CALL$ ,AN ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE 7ISSU$ FROM ! ,T[] ( ,LONDON ON ,MAY #a1 #a#f#d#i71 EXPLICITLY REPUDIAT$ ANY 9T5TIONS TO 0LEVEL M5S ,E/ATES1 DE/ROY ,PROP]TY1 OR MAKE ALL ?+S ,COMMON40.<#c#d.> ,! [N]%IP ( PROP]TY1 9 !IR VIEW1 PLAY$ A FUNDAM5TALLY IMPORTANT SOCIAL ROLE4 ,PROP]TY1 ,LEVEL]S BELIEV$1 CONF]R$ SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & A BASIC DEC5CY ( BEHAVIOR1 EV5 PROMOT+ AID = LESS =TUNATE 9DIVIDUALS 9 DIRE MAT]IAL /RAITS4 ,A M]*ANT :O [N$ HIS [N PROP]TY & EMPLOY$ M5 OR WOM5 UND] DEC5T CONDITIONS DID NOT E>N !IR OPPROBRIUM--AL?\< RADICAL ,LEVEL]S LIKE ,WILLIAM ,WALWYN DID NOT HESITATE TO D5\NCE ! TAK+ ( 9T]E/4 ,:AT IRK$ !M F> MORE ?AN A MODE/ MEASURE ( WEAL? W]E ! EXPLOITATIVE PR]OGATIVES ?AT ROYAL MONOPOLIES CONF]R$1 ! RIS+ PRICES ?AT BURD5$ CONSUM]S1 & ! ECONOMIC REGULATIONS ?AT MONOPOLIES IMPOS$ ON BASIC GOODS AT ! EXP5SE ( ! POOR] CLASSES4 

,:AT ! ,LEVEL]S NORMALLY MEANT BY PROP]TY WAS ! MODE/ COMPET5CE ( ! COMMON MAN1 :O HAD TO BE DEF5D$ AGA9/ ! RI*1 ! NOBILITY1 & ! ECONOMIC MONOPOLI/S4 ,SU* SMALL >TISANS & YEOM5 W]E VIEW$ AS ! BASIC S9EWS ( ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORD]1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! RI* & EXPLOITATIVE /RATA1 :O HELD MASSIVE ACCUMULATIONS ( WEAL? & R$UC$ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE TO S]VANTS OR BEGG>S DEP5D5T ON ALMS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,LEVEL] PAMPHLETE] ,RI*>D ,OV]TON DEM&$ ?AT 0ALL ORD]S1 SORTS1 & SOCIETIES ( ! NATIVES ( ?IS L&0 BE ABLE TO 

FREELY & FULLY 5JOY A JO9T & MUTUALLY NEI<BORHOOD1 COHABITATION1 & HUMANE SUBSI/5CE1 ONE AS WELL AS ANO!R1 DO+ UNTO ALL M5 AS WE W\LD BE DONE UNTO2 IT BE+ AGA9/ ! RADICAL LAW ( NATURE & REASON1 ?AT ANY MAN %\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( AN HUMANE SUBSI/5CE4.<#c#e.> 

,DESPITE !IR CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ,5GLI% CITIES1 ESPECIALLY ,LONDON1 ! ,LEVEL]S' 9FLU5CE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$4 ,AL?\< ! ,LEVDL]S DID NOT CALL = A DRA/IC L& R$I/RIBUTION1 !Y BLUNTLY *ALL5G$ QUASI-FEUDAL 0BADGES ( SLAV]Y10 SU* AS ! 0OA?S ( FEALTY1 HOMAGE1 F9ES0 ?AT ! NOBILITY & SQUIRE>*Y 7:I* !Y ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,NORMANS7 IMPOS$ ON ! FREEHOLD]S & T5ANTS ( ! ,5GLI% C\NTRYSIDE4 ,H5CE !Y 9SI/$ 

?AT A C]TA9 VALUABLE RATE BE SET1 AT :I* ALL POSSESSORS ( L&S SO HOLD5 MAY PUR*ASE !MSELVES FREEHOLD]S1 & 9 CASE ANY %ALL NOT BE WILL+ OR ABLE1 ?AT !RE BE A PREFIX$ P]IOD ( TIME AFT] :I* ALL S]VICES1 F9ES1 CU/OMS1 ETC4 %ALL BE *ANG$ 9TO & BECOME A C]TA9 R5T1 ?AT SO P]SONS DISAFFECT$ TO ! FRE$OM & WELF>E ( ! NATION MAY NOT HAVE ! ADVANTAGE UPON ! PEOPLE TO DRAW !M 9TO A W> AGA9/ !MSELVES UPON ANY OCCASION BY VIRTUE ( AN AWE UPON !M 9 SU* DEP5D5T T5URES4.<#c#f.> 

,MODE/ & REASONABLE AS !SE DEM&S TO ELIM9ATE 0BASE T5URES0 MAY SEEM TODAY1 !Y 0W\LD HAVE *ANG$ ! FACE ( ,5GL&0 HAD !Y BE5 9/ITUT$1 OBS]VES ,BRAILS=D4 

,A FIX$ TRIBUTE IS COMPATIBLE ) M5TAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE & ) A HOPEFUL SPIRIT ( 5T]PRISE4 ,! PEASANT'S IMPROVEM5TS W\LD HAVE BE5 HIS [N4 ,! 9SECURITY & ! FE> ( RACKR5T .<I4E41 ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE R5T ?AT CAN BE SQUEEZ$ FROM A PROP]TY.> & EXPLOITATION1 :I* B5T HIM 9TO A PO/URE ( CAUTI\S S]VILITY1 W\LD HAVE VANI%$4 ,! ,LEVEL]S1 9 %ORT1 W\LD HAVE PEOPL$ ! ,5GLI% C\NTRYSIDE ) AN 5FRAN*IS$ PEASANTRY1 SO SECURELY PLANT$ ON ! SOIL ?AT IT W\LD HAVE D>$ TO /& ]ECT4 ,?IS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 WAS NOT A COMMUNI/IC POLICY3 IT WAS 9 ITS 9SPIRATION 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 ?\< SOME?+ ( ! TRADITIONAL COMMUNISM ( ! OP5 FIELDS W\LD HAVE SURVIV$ ?R\< SEV]AL G5]ATIONS4 ,BUT IT W\LD HAVE BROK5 ! P[] ( ! GREAT L&$ FAMILIES :I* RUL$ ,5GL& ?R\< ! NEXT TWO C5TURIES1 BY ADD+ IMMEASURABLY TO ! CAPACITY ( ! VILLAGES = RESI/ANCE4 ,IT W\LD HAVE MADE RURAL ,5GL& :AT RURAL ,FRANCE BECAME AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 A L& ( SMALL PEASANT [N]S4.<#c#g.> 

,BRAILS=D REG>DS ?IS TR5D AS ATAVI/IC--BUT WAS IT8 ,AN 05FRAN*IS$ PEASANTRY0 MI<T WELL HAVE PLAC$ MAJOR LIMITS ON ! EXT5T & VICI\SNESS ( ,5GLI% CAPITALISM--LIMITS ?AT MI<T HAVE PR(\NDLY %IFT$ ,5GL&'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ALONG HUMANE & SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE L9ES4 ,! ,LEVEL]S1 9 EFFECT1 W]E NOT ONLY TRY+ TO DEMOCRATIZE ,5GL& POLITICALLY2 !IR PROGRAM REPRES5TS A REALI/IC & POPULI/ ALT]NATIVE TO ! BRUTAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE W\LD FACE A C5TURY & A HALF LAT]4 

,V>I\SLY ,PURITAN1 ,PRESBYT]IAN1 OR ,ANGLICAN 9 RELIGION4 ,LEVEL] SUPPORT]S W]E G5]ALLY 0! MIDDLE SORT ( PEOPLE10 NOT$ ,LILBURNE2 YET ,LILBURNE1 :O REG>D$ HIMSELF AS A 0G5TLEMAN10 MAY HAVE SNOBBI%LY OV]EMPHASIZ$ ! MIDDLE-CLASS NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 ! ,LEVEL]S SEEM TO HAVE ATTRACT$ ! SO-CALL$ 0LEA!R APRON0 /RATA ( ! POPULATION1 SU* AS COBBL]S1 WEAV]S1 PR9T]S1 & M9]S1 & AMONG AGR>IAN /RATA1 ! POOR] T5ANT F>M]S & 9SECURE COPYHOLD]S4 7,IT WAS !SE /RATA ?AT ALSO =M$ ! RANK & FILE ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL 9FANTRY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! (FIC]S1 :O W]E COMMONLY RECRUIT$ FROM ! G5TRY & YEOMANRY47 ,! MOVEM5T GA9$ SOME SUPPORT FROM 9DIVIDUAL WELL-TO-DO TRADESM5 & PR(ESSIONALS1 AL?\< ! LATT] = ! MO/ P>T DRIFT$ T[>D ! ,PRESBYT]IANS & MOD]ATE ,9DEP5D5TS4 ,BUT ! L>G] NUMB] ( ,LEVEL] SUPPORT]S W]E ?OSE :O E>N$ LESS ?AN ! =TY P\NDS P] YE> REQUIR$ TO GA9 ! LEGAL RI<T TO VOTE4 

,H5CE A C5TRAL PLANK 9 ! V>I\S V]SIONS ( ! ,LEVEL]S' POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,AN ,AGREEM5T ( ! ,PEOPLE1 WAS ! EXT5SION ( ! FRAN*ISE TO ALL ,5GLI%M51 REG>DLESS ( WEAL? OR 9COME4 ,! SEV]AL V]SIONS ( ! ,AGREEM5T ?AT ! ,LEVEL]S WROTE OV] ! C\RSE ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION %>$ BASIC POLITICAL DEM&S = ! OV]?R[ ( BO? ! MON>*Y & ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( A S+LE ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 :OSE MEMB]S W]E TO BE REELECT$ EV]Y YE> BY A BROAD ELECTORAL CON/ITU5CY ( ALL MALES ( TW5TY-ONE YE>S ( AGE & OV]1 0NOT BE+ S]VANTS1 OR RECEIV+ ALMS1 OR HAV+ S]V$ ! LATE ,K+ 9 >MS OR VOLUNT>Y ,CONTRIBUTION40 ,!SE EXCLUSIONS FROM ! SUFFRAGE MAY SEEM H>% TO US TODAY1 BUT !Y W]E PREMIS$ ON ! NOT UNW>RANT$ BELIEF ?AT S]VANTS & BEGG>S W\LD USE ! FRAN*ISE ON ! BEHE/ ( !IR MA/]S OR ALMSGIV]S1 CREAT+ L>GE BLOCS ( VOTES = ! WEAL?Y4.<#c#h.> ,! SOV]EIGN ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 9 TURN1 WAS EXPECT$ TO BE :OLLY ACC\NTABLE TO ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL&3 ANNUAL ELECTIONS & V>I\S CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES W\LD 5SURE ?AT ,COMMONS W\LD NOT BECOME TYRANNICAL OR >ROGANT4 ,ALONG ) !SE T5ETS1 ! ,LEVEL] DEM& = ABSOLUTE RELIGI\S TOL]ATION AS AN ULTIMATE DESID]ATUM ( A FREE SOCIETY %\LD ALSO BE CIT$--NO M9OR PO9T 9 A TIME ( CONSID]ABLE RELIGI\S 9TOL]ANCE4 

,9DIVIDUAL ,LEVEL]S (T5 ISSU$ PAMPHLETS ?AT W]E F> MORE RADICAL ?AN ! MORE =MAL ,LEVEL] DOCUM5TS OR MANIFE/OS4 ,AL?\< ,JOHN ,LILBURNE HAD NO SYMPA?Y = ,DIGG]-LIKE T5D5CIES )9 ! ,LEVEL] MOVEM5T ?AT FAVOR$ COMMUNALIZATION ( ! COMMON L&S1 HIS ,E>NE/ ,PETITION ( ,JANU>Y #afdh ADVANC$ A NOTION ?AT AT ! TIME W\LD HAVE L$ TO A RADICALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ =M ( DEMOCRACY3 ! ELECTION FROM BEL[--RA!R ?AN APPO9TM5T FROM ABOVE1 9 ,WE/M9/]--( 0%]IFFS1 JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 COMMITTEEM51 GR& JURY M51 & ALL M9I/]S ( JU/ICE :ATSOEV]1 9 !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTIES10 = T]MS ( ONLY ONE YE>3 9 ESS5CE1 ! DEC5TRALIZATION & SELFGOV]NM5T ( EV]Y P>I% & C\NTY ( ,5GL&1 & ! 5D ( ! H]$IT>Y AU?ORITY ( L&[N+ G5TRY 9 ! RURAL LOCALITIES4.<#c#i.> 

,WILLIAM ,WALWYN1 A CLOSE ASSOCIATE ( ,LILBURNE1 CAME CLOSE/ TO ADVOCAT+ A VAGUE =M ( COMMUNISM BY D5\NC+ 9EQUITIES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE AS ! S\RCE ( ALL ILLS4 ,?IS REM>KABLE MAN1 9 EFFECT1 ADVANC$ :AT WE W\LD CALL A COMMUNI/IC SOCIAL DISP5SATION SO B5IGN 9 ITS 9T5TION ?AT GOV]NM5T W\LD HAVE BE5 UNNECESS>Y4 ,HE IS REPORT$ TO HAVE SAID 9 CONV]SATION ?AT ! SOCIAL SITUATION 9 ,5GL& W\LD NEV] BE WELL UNTIL ALL ?+S W]E HELD 9 COMMON4 0,BUT WILL ?AT EV] BE80 HIS 9T]LOCUTOR OBJECT$4 0,WE MU/ 5DEAVOR IT10 ,WALWYN REPLI$4 0,BUT ?AT W\LD DE/ROY GOV]NM5T10 IT WAS PROTE/$4 0,!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ ( GOV]NM5T10 ,WALWYN IS SAID TO HAVE RETORT$1 0= !RE W\LD BE NO ?IEVES OR CRIM9ALS40.<#d.> ,SOME YE>S LAT]1 9 ,APRIL #a#f#d#i1 WRIT+ 9 HIS DEF5SE AS A PRISON] 9 ! ,T[] ( ,LONDON1 HE D5I$ ?AT HE HAD EV] CALL$ = AN 5D TO GOV]NM5T OR = A COMMUNI/IC SOCIETY4 ,YET HE DID NOT FAIL TO NOTE ?AT 

! COMMUNITY AMONG ! PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANS WAS VOLUNT>Y1 NOT COACTIVE2 !Y BR\<T !IR GOODS & LAID !M AT ! APO/LES' FEET4 ,!Y W]E NOT 5JO9$ TO BR+ !M2 IT WAS ! EFFECT ( !IR *>ITY & HEAV5LY M9D$NESS 444 A VOLUNT>Y ACT OCCASION$ BY ! ABUNDANT MEASURE ( FAI? ?AT WAS 9 ?OSE ,*RI/IANS & APO/LES444 & NOT ! 9JUNCTION ( ANY CON/ITUTION4.<#d#a.> 

,UNLIKE ! S5IOR ,>MY (FIC]S & O!R /RICT ,9DEP5D5T ,PURITANS1 :O W\LD 5D !IR POLITICAL SPEE*ES ) CALLS = ! SEV]E PUNI%M5T ( SWE>+1 DRUNK5NESS1 & W5*+1 ! ,LEVEL]S W]E NOT GIV5 TO SANCTIMONI\S PRUDI%NESS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 IT WAS !IR CU/OM1 :5EV] 

,LEVEL] SOLDI]S HAD SUFF]$ UND] ! BRUTAL PUNI%M5TS ( ! MILIT>Y CODE TO C>RY !M (F 9 A COA* = A FEA/ AT ! ,:ALEBONE OR ! ,W9DMILL4 ,!Y HAD !IR [N /&>DS ( DEC5CY & GOOD MANN]S 444 = !Y DID NOT ADMIRE GROSSNESS4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO?+ 9 !IR TEMP]AM5TS ( ?AT ,PURITAN S\RNESS :I* NEV] TIR$ ( CONDEMN+ ! PLEASANT S9S ( O!RS4.<#d#b.> 

,9 A P]IOD :5 A POND]\S RELIGI\S MI5 & A SUITABLY SELF-RI<TE\S BIBLICAL QUOTATION COMMONLY S]V$ TO MASK HYPOCRISY4 ,LEVEL] TOL]ANCE GAVE RISE TO A REM>KABLE DEGREE ( SECUL>ITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,LEVEL]S CONTRA/$ M>K$LY ) ,CROMWELL1 A MA/] ( PI\S HYPOCRISIES1 :OSE CONT9UAL REF]5CES TO ,SCRIPTURE & SMUG RELIGI\S PHILI/9ISM CONCEAL$ A POLICY ( TREA*]Y TO HIS M5 AS WELL AS TO HIS PR(ESS$ RELIGI\S IDEALS4 

,! ,L,E,V,E,L,],S ,9 ,! ,>,M,Y 

,BY ! TIME ! ,>MY MOV$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE TO ! =EFRONT ( ,5GLI% RADICAL POLITICS1 MANY (FIC]S & MO/ ( ! TROOPS HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 PLEBEIANIZ$ & W]E UND] ,LEVEL] 9FLU5CE4 ,! ,>MY SAW ITSELF AS ! SAVIOR ( ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 AS EMBODY+ !IR WILL1 & AS ! GU>DIAN ( !IR LIB]TIES4 ,IT WAS RESPONSIBLE = DEF5D+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ALL ABUSES1 :E!R BY K+ OR ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! ,LEVEL]S1 = !IR P>T1 SAW ! ,>MY AS AN 9/ITUTION ?AT C\LD 0TEA* PEASANTS TO UND]/& LIB]TY10.<#d#c.> & 9 EV]GREAT] NUMB]S1 ,NEW ,MODEL SOLDI]S W]E BECOM+ RECEPTIVE TO !IR PROPAG&A4 ,TO UND]/& ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 WE MU/ LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY ITSELF1 :I* WAS SO CRUCIAL 9 BR++ AB\T ! RADICAL PHASES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,)9 ! ,>MY1 :OSE TOTAL AU?ORIZ$ =CE CONSI/$ ( #b#b1 M51 A CRUCIAL DI/9CTION MU/ BE DRAWN BETWE5 ! CAVALRY & 9FANTRY REGIM5TS4 ,A SIZABLE P>T ( ! 9FANTRY OR 0FOOT0 CONSI/$ ( CONSCRIPTS1 BUT ! ,NEW ,MODEL CAVALRY WAS MADE UP ( VOLUNTE]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! MORE DEMOCRATIC AIMS ( ,>MY RADICALS4 ,!SE SMALL F>M]S1 (T5 FREEHOLD]S1 & >TISANS W]E MORE POLITICALLY AW>E ?AN ! 9FANTRY4 ,M>K$ BY AN 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D & MEANS1 !Y BR\<T !IR [N HORSES & WEAPONS 9TO BATTLE1 & 79 CONTRA/ TO ! 9FANTRY1 :I* WAS L>GELY ILLIT]ATE71 ! MAJORITY ( ! CAVALRY TROOP]S C\LD READ & 9CLUD$ AMONG !IR NUMB]S M5 ( SOME $UCATION4 

,! 9ITIAL DEVOTION ( ! SOLDI]S TO !IR COMM&]S--NOTABLY ,SIR ,?OMAS ,FAIRFAX & ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL--WAS ALMO/ REV]5TIAL4 ,9 !IR EYES1 !SE (FIC]S1 TOGE!R ) FIGURES SU* AS ,CROMWELL'S SON-9-LAW1 ,H5RY ,IRETON1 & POPUL> COMM&]S LIKE ,COLONEL ,?OMAS ,RA9BOR\<1 PROVID$ ! ,>MY ) AN EXCELL5T & TRU/WOR?Y MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP4 ,AS TO !IR SOCIAL BACKGR\ND1 AS ,C4 ,H4 ,FIR? HAS NOT$1 MO/ ( ! G5]AL (FIC]S ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY W]E 

COMMON]S ( GOOD FAMILY4444 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ! 9F]IOR (FIC]S BELONG$ TO ! M9OR L&$ G5TRY1 & CAME FROM FAMILIES :OSE P$IGREES & >MS W]E REGI/]$ 9 ! VISITATIONS ( ! H]ALDS4 ,A GOOD MANY W]E DRAWN FROM ! TRAD+ CLASSES 9 ,LONDON & ELSE:]E1 BUT DID NOT G5]ALLY RISE TO COMM& REGIM5TS TILL MU* LAT] 9 ! W>4 ,& ?R\<\T ! :OLE P]IOD ! CAVALRY (FIC]S1 LIKE ! TROOP]S !Y COMM&$1 W]E DRAWN FROM A HI<] SOCIAL CLASS ?AN ! 9FANTRY (FIC]S4.<#d#d.> 

,AN EXTRAORD9>Y PH5OM5ON BY ANY HI/ORICAL /&>D1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL WAS ! MO/ IDEOLOGICAL =CE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,CROMWELL C>EFULLY SELECT$ HIS [N CAVALRYM5--( ALL FAI?S EXCEPT ,CA?OLICS & ,ANGLICANS--= !IR RELIGI\S ZEAL & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H]E RELIGI\S $UCATION W5T H& 9 H& ) MILIT>Y TRA9+4 ,AS ALREADY NOT$1 ! CAVALRY RODE 9TO BATTLE S++ HYMNS1 & ITS SOLDI]S =M$ CONGREGATIONS = ,PURITAN PREA*]S :OM ! E>LI] P>LIAM5T>Y >MY W\LD HAVE CA%I]$ = !IR SUBV]SIVE MESSAGES4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL WAS CONT9UALLY WORK$ UPON BY ,PURITAN DIV9ES :O EXHORT$ IT TO BATTLE AS A MATT] ( SACR$ DUTY & 9 RESPONSE TO A GODLY CALL+4 ,)9 ! CAVALRY'S RANKS1 RADICAL ,ANABAPTI/S F\<T SIDE BY SIDE ) MOD]ATE ,9DEP5D5TS1 & ,PRESBYT]IANS W]E TOL]AT$ ) NONE ( ! DISCRIM9ATION !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ TO 5C\NT] FROM ANTIHI]>*ICAL ,PURITANS4 

,! F]M5T 9 ! CAVALRY WAS NOT ONLY RELIGI\S BUT 9T5SELY POLITICAL4 0,9 ! POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ( #afdg & SUBSEQU5T YE>S10 ,FIR? OBS]VES1 0IT WAS ALWAYS ! TROOP]S ( ! CAVALRY :O TOOK ! LEAD40.<#d#e.> ,AFT] #a#f#d#g1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL CAVALRY1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 =M$ ! POLITICAL VANGU>D ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & IT WAS ! SECTION ( ! ,>MY ?AT WAS MO/ OP5 TO ,LEVEL] PROPAG&A1 9DE$ TO ?AT ( RADICALS G5]ALLY4 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY'S LIFE1 TO BE SURE1 ! ,>MY PLAY$ LITTLE ROLE 9 ! POLITICAL EV5TS ?AT W]E COM+ TO A HEAD 9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION2 BUT FOLL[+ ITS VICTORY OV] ! ,CAVALI]S AT ,NASEBY & ! ,SCOTS' SURR5D] ( ! K+ TO P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION]S 9 #a#f#d#g1 ! ,>MY 5CAMP$ ITSELF SOME =TY MILES FROM ,LONDON1 AT ,SAFFRON ,WALD51 :]E ! SOLDI]S READ ,LEVEL] PROPAG&A & LI/5$ TO ! PREA*+ ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS FROM ! CITY4 ,TWO DAYS AFT] ,NASEBY1 A VISITOR TO ! ,>MY COMPLA9$ ?AT 

A GREAT P>T ( ! MIS*IEF WAS CAUS$ BY DI/RIBUTION ( ! PAMPHLETS ( ,OV]TON & ,LILBURNE1 AGA9/ ! ,K+ & ! ,M9I/RY & = ,LIB]TY ( ,CONSCI5CE2 & ! SOLDI]S 9 !IR QU>T]S HAD SU* BOOKS TO READ :5 !N HAD NONE TO CONTRADICT !M4.<#d#f.> 

,IT WAS PRECISELY AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T WAS OBDURATELY TRY+ TO DISSOLVE ! 9CREAS+LY POLITICIZ$ ,>MY1 EV5 :ILE IT NEGOTIAT$ ) ! V]Y K+ :OM ! ,>MY HAD DEFEAT$1 A PAT5T ACT ( TREA*]Y ?AT ONLY /R5G!N$ ! RESOLVE ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL NOT TO DISB&4 ,NO LESS 9FURIAT+LY4 ,P>LIAM5T HAD FAIL$ TO GIVE ! SOLDI]S ! BACK PAY !Y W]E [$ OV] SOME T5 MON?S2 9DE$1 = NE>LY A YE>1 ! SOLDI]S HAD F\<T & SUBSI/$ )\T PAY1 :ILE ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T REFUS$ TO VOTE IT ! SUBSIDIES IT NE$$1 HEAP+ SCORN ON ! ,>MY'S ACTIONS & ITS GR[+ RADICAL IDEAS4 

,F9ALLY ! ANG] ( ! ,>MY BOIL$ OV] 9TO A HEAD-ON REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #afdg A C\NCIL ( (FIC]S WAS *OS5 BY ! TROOPS TO RECEIVE ! P>LIAM5T>Y PROPOSAL ?AT ! ,>MY BE DISB&$4 ,?IS C\NCIL1 A SIZABLE BODY 9 ITS [N RI<T1 9CLUD$ EV5 ! L[E/ MILIT>Y RANKS1 SU* AS SUBALT]NS4 ,9 FACT1 ! UNN]V$ ,P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION]S :O VISIT$ ! ,>MY'S ,SAFFRON ,WALD5 HEADQU>T]S 9 ,APRIL #afdg ATTE/$ ?AT NO FEW] ?AN TWO HUNDR$ (FIC]S MET !M & ALMO/ ! SAME NUMB] A MON? LAT]4 ,!SE MEET+S1 :I* W]E MEANT TO SUBDUE ! ,>MY1 5D$ ) A RESOLUTE REFUSAL BY ! ,NEW ,MODEL TO DISB&4 

,MOREOV]1 DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,>MY MOD]ATES & RADICALS BEGAN TO EM]GE1 LEAD+ MANY RANK-&-FILE SOLDI]S TO CONCLUDE ?AT !IR S5IOR (FIC]S W]E NOT ADEQUATELY WORK+ ON !IR BEHALF4 ,! 0,GR&EES10 AS ! COMM&]S W]E CALL$1 SEEM$ OV]LY EAG] TO PRES]VE GOOD RELATIONS ) ,P>LIAM5T4 ,CREAT+ A NEW PREC$5T 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 ! ORD9>Y SOLDI]S & TROOP]S MET AMONG !MSELVES TO *OOSE REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR [N1 ! 0,AGITATORS0 AS !Y W]E CALL$--A NAME ?AT WAS SYNONYM\S ) 0AG5TS0 & HAD NONE ( ITS PEJORATIVE PRES5T-DAY OV]TONES--TO VOICE !IR 9CREAS+LY FIRM DEM&S4 ,LATE 9 ,APRIL #a#f#d#g1 ,AGITATORS REPRES5T+ EI<T CAVALRY REGIM5TS =M$ A C\NCIL1 :OSE EXI/5CE !Y JU/IFI$ 9 A LETT] TO !IR G5]ALS & TO ,P>LIAM5T1 EXPRESS+ BO? PR(ESSIONAL 7BACK PAY7 & POLITICAL 7,LEVEL]7 DEM&S4 ,! FOLL[+ MON?1 ! 9FANTRY FOLL[$ SUIT & *OSE ITS [N C\NCIL ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,C4 ,H1 ,FIR? TELLS US ?AT 0! COMMITTEE ( TROOP]S .<CAVALRY7 MET AT ,/ ,$MUNDSBURY1 & ! FOOT 79FANTRY71 :O *OSE TWO \T ( EV]Y COMPANY1 S5T !M TO CONF] ) ! TROOP]S1 & EV]Y FOOT SOLDI] GAVE F\RP5CE APIECE T[>DS DEFRAY+ ! *>GES ( ?AT MEET+0.<#d#g.> ,! 9FANTRY 9 TURN WROTE A PROTE/ LETT] ( !IR [N ?AT EXPRESS$ !IR P]SONAL GRIEVANCES & ALSO RAIS$ DISQUIET+ ,LEVEL] DEM&S4 ,F9ALLY1 CAVALRY & 9FANTRY TOGE!R ELECT$ A SMALL] BODY ?AT W\LD REPRES5T ! RANK & FILE ( BO? MILIT>Y DIVISIONS4 ,?IS WAS DANG]\S /UFF 9DE$1 NOT ONLY TO ,P>LIAM5T BUT TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,>MY4 ,A SOLDI]S' C\NCIL MOVEM5T HAD BE5 9ITIAT$1 :I* ! ,LEVEL]S 9 ! RANKS W]E ONLY TOO EAG] TO EXP& AMONG ! ,NEW ,MODEL SOLDI]S4 

,! SOLDI]S' LETT]S & PETITIONS W]E DULY IGNOR$ BY ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* DEM&$ ?AT ! 0,GR&EES0 PUT AN 5D TO ! C\NCILS1 & PROVOCATIVELY 9/ITUT$ PROCE$+S AGA9/ (FIC]S :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 !SE MEET+S4 ,AS IF TO PROVOKE A CONFRONTATION1 IT DISB&$ A NUMB] ( ! MORE RE/IVE REGIM5TS1 :]EUPON ! SOLDI]S1 FAC$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y OB/RUCTIONS1 CALL$ = A R5DEZV\S ( ! 5TIRE >MY = ,JUNE #d1 #afdg AT ,NEWM>KET TO DEAL ) ITS DEM&S4 ,!SE EV5TS OCCURR$ PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,P>LIAM5T SEEM$ ON ! PO9T ( REA*+ A COMPROMISE ) ! K+--9DE$1 EV5 TO USE ! K+ AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! ,>MY4 ,ON ,JUNE #b-#d1 ON ! 9/RUCTION ( ! ,AGITATORS1 A SQUAD ( CAVALRY TROOP]S L$ BY A ,LEVEL] SOLDI]4 ,CORNET ,JOYCE1 N]VILY KIDNAPP$ ! K+ FROM HIS H\SE >RE/ 9 ,NOR?AMPTON%IRE1 REMOV+ HIM FROM P>LIAM5T>Y CU/ODY1 & BR\<T HIM TO ,NEWM>KET1 :]E ! R5DEZV\S WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,! K+ WAS N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,>MY--AN ,>MY ?AT WAS N[ TURN+ AGA9/ ,P>LIAM5T AS WELL AS ! MON>*Y4 

,ON ,JUNE #e1 ! R5DEZV\S ACCEPT$ BY ACCLAMATION A DOCUM5T CALL$ ! ,SOLEMN ,5GAGEM5T ( ! ,>MY1 9 :I* IT ANN\NC$ ?AT ! ,NEW ,MODEL W\LD NOT 0WILL+LY DISB& OR DIVIDE1 OR SUFF] ITSELF TO BE DISB&$ OR DIVID$0 UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! C\NCIL WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ,P>LIAM5T W\LD MEET ! ,>MY'S DEM&S4.<#d#h.> ,MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! ,SOLEMN ,5GAGEM5T SET UP A ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,>MY ?AT1 UNLIKE ! PREVI\S ,C\NCIL ( ,W>1 WAS NO M]E MILIT>Y BODY ( /RATEGIZ+ G5]ALS BUT A BODY ( REPRES5TATIVES FROM ALL MILIT>Y RANKS ?AT W\LD MAKE POLITICAL DECISIONS ON BEHALF ( ! SOLDI]S4 ,TWO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RANK & FILE ( EA* REGIM5T & TWO ( ! JUNIOR OR COMMISSION$ (FIC]S FROM EA* REGIM5T W]E ADD$ TO ! OLD ,C\NCIL ( ,W>1 TOGE!R ) ITS S5IOR (FIC]S1 ! 0,GR&EES40 ,! RANK & FILE W]E EXPECT$ TO 

*OOSE \T ( ! SEV]AL TROOPS & COMPANIES SEV]AL M51 & ?OSE \T ( ! :OLE NUMB]444 TWO OR MORE = EA* REGIM5T1 TO ACT 7ON ! C\NCIL7 9 ! NAME & BEHALF ( ! :OLE SOLDI]Y ( ! RESPECTIVE TROOPS & COMPANIES4.<#d#i.> 

,ALSO CALL$ ,AGITATORS1 !SE RANK-&-FILE REPRES5TATIVES W]E TO HAVE EQUAL VOTES ) ! 0,GR&EES10 REG>DLESS ( ! RANK !Y REPRES5T$4 ,) ?IS EXPANSION ( ! C\NCIL1 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,>MY HAD N[ BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y SOLDI]S' C\NCIL1 P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO EM]GE 9 A MOD]N REVOLUTION4 

,MOREOV]1 C\NCILS W]E N[ =M$ ?R\<\T ! ,NEW ,MODEL1 UNTIL !Y CON/ITUT$ A F>-FLUNG NETWORK1 9 GREAT P>T ! RESULT ( ! WORK ( A MILITANT ,LEVEL] KN[N AS ,PRIVATE ,$W>D ,SEXBY4 ,9DE$1 [+ TO ,SEXBY'S ORGANIZ+ TAL5TS1 ! ,NEW ,MODEL E/ABLI%$ C\NCILS1 0V]Y LIKE ! SOLDI]S' SOVIETS :I* ! REVOLUTION>IES =M$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN >MY 9 #a#i#a#g10 OBS]VES ,JASP] ,RIDLEY 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ,PURITAN LEAD]S4 ,ON ! HI<] MILIT>Y LEVEL1 9 TURN4 ,NEW ,MODEL SOLDI]S ELECT$ ,REGIM5TAL ,COMMITTEES1 0& EA* ,REGIM5TAL ,COMMITTEE ELECT$ TWO DELEGATES TO ! ,>MY ,C\NCIL ( ,AGITATORS10 = :OM ,SEXBY1 9 TURN1 BECAME ! 0LEAD+ SPOKESMAN40 ,NOR W]E !SE SOLDI]S' C\NCILS CONF9$ TO ! REGIM5TS /ATION$ NE> ,LONDON3 !Y W]E =M$ NOT ONLY 9 ! ,S\? BUT ALSO 9 ! ,NOR?1 ,SEXBY HAV+ SUCCE$$ 9 NETWORK+ !M ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! ,NEW ,MODEL ,>MY'S /RUCTURE4.<#e.> 

,TO ALL APPE>ANCES1 ! ,>MY'S POLITICAL 9T5TION WAS TO OV]TURN ,P>LIAM5T'S NONPAYM5T ( SAL>Y & TO RESI/ P>LIAM5T>Y ATTEMPTS TO DISB& ! ,>MY4 ,BUT ! EXP&$ ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL N[ BECAME A HI<LY POLITICAL BODY 9 ITS [N RI<T :OSE GOAL WAS TO =MULATE POLICIES = ! ,>MY--A NETWORK ?AT HAD1 9 EFFECT1 BECOME A DUAL P[] 9 ! L&1 BASICALLY 9 T5SION ) ! ,C\RT1 ,P>LIAM5T1 & ! 0,GR&EES0 AS WELL4 

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