,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #d4 0,C\NTRY0 V]SUS 0,C\RT0 ,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS AN ]A ( NATION-/ATE BUILD+ P> EXCELL5CE1 M>K$ BY EF=TS BY EM]G+ ABSOLUTI/ MON>*S TO C5TRALIZE P[]4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ,C>D9ALS ,RI*ELIEU & ,MAZ>91 ! PR9CIPAL M9I/]S ( ,L\IS ,X,I,I,I & ,X,I,V RESPECTIVELY1 SEEM$ TO LEAD ! DEVELOPM5T ALONG /RICTLY MON>*ICAL L9ES1 EXCLUD+ ! NOBLES & !IR P>TICUL>I/IC CLAIMS TO SOV]EIGNTY OV] !IR REGIONS4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! EF=T TO C5TRALIZE MON>*ICAL P[] 9T5SIFI$ ) ! ,/U>T SUCCESSORS ( ,ELIZABE?4 ,AT H] DEA? 9 #a#f#c1 ,ELIZABE? LEFT NO DIRECT HEIR4 ,S9CE ! ,TUDOR L9E HAD BRAN*$ (F E>LI] 9TO ,SCOTTI% ROYALTY1 9CLUD+ ! ,/U>TS1 A ,/U>T DYNA/Y N[ REPLAC$ ! ,TUDORS1 & ! ,5GLI% ?RONE FELL TO ,JAMES ,V,I ( ,SCOTL&4 ,UPON HIS ASC5SION AS ,JAMES ,I ( ,5GL&1 ,SCOTL& & ,5GL& W]E N[ UNIT$ BY A %>$ MON>*Y4 ,BUT ?IS %>$ MON>*Y DID NOT PRODUCE A TRULY UNIFI$ REALM4 ,9DE$1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 ,5GL& & ,SCOTL& W]E UTT]LY DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R4 ,= ONE ?+1 !Y DIFF]$ 9 RELIGION3 ,IF ,5GL&'S RE=MATION HAD BE5 A TOPD[N & 9COMPLETE AFFAIR1 ,SCOTL&'S HAD BE5 MORE DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! URBAN POPULACE--& MORE EXTREME 9 ITS CONVICTIONS4 ,JOHN ,KNOX1 A ,SCOTTI% PRELATE :O HAD REPUDIAT$ ,CA?OLICISM & HAD P]SONALLY KN[N ,JOHN ,CALV9 AS A M5TOR 9 ,G5EVA 9 ! E>LY #a#e#eS1 /EADILY WON MANY ,SCOTS OV] TO A MILITANT POLITICAL V]SION ( ,CALV9ISM 9 SUBSEQU5T DECADES4 ,ORGANIZATIONALLY1 ,KNOX'S ,CALV9ISM REPLAC$ ! ,ANGLICAN SY/EM ( BI%OPS ) COMMITTEES ( ELD]S OR PRESBYT]S--H5CE ITS NAME1 ,PRESBYT]IANISM--& 9 ! M9DS ( ,PRESBYT]IANS1 !SE COMMITTEES & !IR M9I/]S RESEMBL$ ! E>LY ,*RI/IAN ,*UR* AS IT HAD EXI/$ BE=E ! ,BI%OP ( ,ROME1 ! POPE1 GA9$ SUPREMACY OV] ! ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*Y CREAT$ BY ,CA?OLICISM4 ,AS C\LD BE EXPECT$ 9 AN ]A :5 POLITICS WAS NORMALLY CA/ 9 RELIGI\S T]MS1 ,PRESBYT]IANISM'S ANTIHI]>*ICAL ECCLESIA/ICAL S5TIM5TS POS$ A *ALL5GE TO SECUL> ABSOLUTISM ITSELF4 ,KNOX DID NOT M9CE WORDS 9 DECL>+ ?AT IT WAS ! DUTY ( ! RI*S1 &1 >M$ BY ?IS FAI?1 HE /RID5TLY 5T]$ DIRECTLY 9TO AFFAIRS ( /ATE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,PRESBYT]IANISM ULTIMATELY CAME TO BE ID5TIFI$ ) ,SCOTTI% NATIONALISM4 ,:5 ,M>Y ( ,GUISE1 A DEV\T ,CA?OLIC & A ,FRANCOPHILE1 ASC5D$ ! ,SCOTTI% ?RONE AS REG5T 9 #a#e#e#d1 %E WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY SIZABLE ,FR5* MILIT>Y CONT+5TS ?AT CLE>LY SEEM$ TO ?REAT5 ,SCOTTI% 9DEP5D5CE1 EVOK+ WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION TO H] RULE 9 MU* ( ,SCOTL& ?AT L$ TO AN OP5 CONFLICT BETWE5 AN ANTI-,FR5* & ANTI-,CA?OLIC P>TY ON ONE SIDE & A PRO-,FR5* & PRO-,CA?OLIC P>TY ON ! O!R4 ,AFT] ,M>Y ( ,GUISE TRI$ TO MOVE AGA9/ ! ,PROTE/ANTS 9 ,5GL&1 ! TR\BL$ ANTI,CA?OLIC P>TY SUMMON$ ,KNOX BACK FROM ,G5EVA TO BE !IR LEAD]1 & ! ,SCOTTI% ,E/ATES1 UND] HIS FIRM GUIDANCE1 VOT$ TO ABOLI% ! AU?ORITY ( ! POPE & BAN ,CA?OLIC PRACTICES 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,UPON ,M>Y'S DEA? 9 #a#e#f1 H] EQUALLY DEV\T ,CA?OLIC DAUY1 KN[N AS ,M>Y ,QUE5 ( ,SCOTS1 WAS OBLIG$1 AFT] A S]IES ( SC&ALS1 :I* ,PROTE/ANTS EAG]LY EXPLOIT$1 TO ABDICATE & FLEE ,SCOTL& 9 #aefg & SEEK PROTECTION FROM H] ,5GLI% C\S91 ,ELIZABE?4 ,PRESBYT]IANISM BECAME ! /ATE RELIGION ( ,SCOTL&1 & ! ,SCOTTI% ,KIRK 7AS ! ,PRESBYT]IAN ,*UR* 9 ,SCOTL& WAS CALL$7 EX]CIS$ EV5 GREAT] 9FLU5CE OV] ! C\NTRY1 = A TIME1 ?AN ! ,E/ATES & ! MON>*Y--BO? ( :I* NORMALLY SPOKE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY'S PRIVILEG$ /RATA4 ,! ,KIRK ?US BECAME ! MO/ P[]FUL 9/ITUTION 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,/,U,>,T ,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,?IS TURBUL5T HI/ORY GREATLY 9FLU5C$ ! POLITICAL \TLOOK ( LAMES1 ! SON ( ,M>Y ,QUE5 ( ,SCOTS4 ,ON HIS ASC5DANCY TO ! ,5GLI% ?RONE1 HIS HALF,SCOTTI% & HALF-,FR5* P>5TAGE >\S$ CONSID]ABLE UNEASE AMONG HIS NEW SUBJECTS1 :O DREAD$ ANO!R ATTEMPT TO =CE A RETURN TO ,CA?OLICISM4 ,9 ! SOCIALLY MOBILE & RELATIVELY PLURALI/IC SOCIETY ( ,5GL&1 MOD]ATE ,PURITANS HAD QUIETLY CO-EXI/$ ) ! (FICIAL ,ANGLICAN ,*UR*4 ,DESPITE ,JAMES'S ,PROTE/ANT AV[ALS1 HIS ,FR5* BACKGR\ND CA/ D\BTS 9 ! M9DS ( MANY ,5GLI% AB\T HIS COMMITM5T TO ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,&1 9 FACT1 ,JAMES HAD ACTUALLY HAT$ ! ,PROTE/ANT ,SCOTTI% ,KIRK1 :I*1 TOGE!R ) ! ,SCOTTI% ,E/ATES1 HE REG>D$ AS =CES ?AT C\NT]VAIL$ HIS [N ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,NOR W]E POPUL> D\BTS AB\T HIS COMMITM5T TO ! ,PROTE/ANT FAI? DILUT$ BY HIS VACILLATORY TREATM5T ( ,CA?OLICS1 :OM HE ALT]NATELY TOL]AT$ & RE/RICT$1 UNTIL 9 #afe A ,CA?OLIC ATTEMPT TO BL[ UP ,P>LIAM5T1 & HIMSELF ) IT1 L$ HIM TO TAKE A FIRM] ANTI-,CA?OLIC /& DOME/ICALLY4 ,BUT :ATEV] SUPPORT HIS ANTI-,CA?OLIC MEASURES REAP$ HIM FROM HIS ,5GLI% SUBJECTS WAS MORE ?AN \TWEI<$ BY HIS NUM]\S FLIRTATIONS ) ,CA?OLIC ,SPA91 ,5GL&'S BITT]1 9DE$ H]$IT>Y1 5EMY AT ! TIME4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,ELIZABE?'S TOL]ANCE1 ,JAMES'S H>% TREATM5T ( ! DEMOCRATICALLY ORI5T$ ,PURITANS S]V$ TO FUR!R CA/ S]I\S SUSPICIONS ON HIS RELIGI\S POLICIES4 ,MORE EGALIT>IAN ?AN ! ,PRESBYT]IANS 9 ,*UR* MATT]S1 ! ,PURITAN MOVEM5T F\ND GR[+ SUPPORT AMONG ! LIT]ATE & ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RATA ( ! C\NTRY4 ,P]SECUTION BY ,TUDOR & ,/U>T MON>*S ALIKE HAD DRIV5 ! GR[+ RADICAL ,PURITAN T5D5CY UND]GR\ND1 :]E IT TOOK ! =M ( SMALL1 HIDD5 CONGREGATIONS :OSE MEMB]S W]E IMBU$ ) A ZEAL\S1 MILL5>IAN COMMITM5T TO ! P[] ( 9DIVIDUAL FAI?4 ,! 0SA9TS10 AS ,CALV9'S ELECT W]E CALL$--?OSE :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,CALV9'S DOCTR9ES1 W]E PR$E/9$ TO BE SAV$--PLAC$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ,GOD1 !IR 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI5CE1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,BIBLE1 ABOVE ! CLAIMS ( ANY SECUL> AU?ORITY2 9DE$1 IT SEEM$ SELF-EVID5T ?AT ! ,BIBLE HAD CLE>LY LAID \T ! FRAMEWORK = ! K9D ( SOCIETY 9 :I* ,GOD WILL$ PEOPLE TO LIVE--:I* WAS F> REMOV$ FROM ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 #a#f#d1 AFT] AF=D+ ! MOD]ATE ,PURITANS AN OPPORTUNITY TO PREA* !IR DOCTR9ES BE=E ! ?RONE AT ,HAMPTON ,C\RT1 ,JAMES CAME \T FLATLY AGA9/ !M4 0,NO BI%OPS1 NO K+0 BECAME A GUID+ MAXIM ( ,/U>T ABSOLUTISM1 & ! P]SECUTION ( !IR CONV5TICLES WAS RE9=C$4 ,?AT ,JAMES'S TEMP]AM5T WAS AU?ORIT>IAN DID NOT SUB/ANTIALLY DI/+UI% HIM FROM HIS MORE POPUL> ,TUDOR PR$ECESSORS2 BUT HIS RULE /OOD 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ?AT ( ,ELIZABE?1 :O KNEW H] PEOPLE & !IR TRADITIONS BETT] ?AN A MON>* :O HAD BE5 RAIS$ 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,5GL& WAS A CULTURALLY UNKN[N T]RITORY TO ,JAMES1 & ITS LOCALIZE TRADITIONS W]E TOTALLY AT ODDS ) HIS CLUMSY P5*ANT = ABSOLUTISM4 ,! ,SCOTTI%-BORN K+ HAD NO UND]/&+ ( ! G5TRY'S PR]OGATIVES AS ADM9I/RATORS ( !IR C\NTIES & %IRES1 OR ! EXT5T TO :I* MO/ GOV]NM5T 9 ,5GL& WAS LOCAL4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ,5GL& UNKN[N T]RITORY TO ,JAMES CULTURALLY1 IT WAS EXTRAVAGANTLY RI* BY COMP>ISON ) ! SP>SE RES\RCES ( ,SCOTL&4 ,DESPITE /&>D ACC\NTS ( ! ,RE=MATION AS A 0B\RGEOIS0 PH5OM5ON1 ,CALV9I/ ,SCOTL&1 9 FACT1 WAS NOT ECONOMICALLY ADVANC$1 & IT C]TA9LY LACK$ A BURGEON+ COMM]CIAL CLASS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 IT WAS UNDEVELOP$ EV5 BY SEV5TE5?-C5TURY /&>DS1 BURD5$ BY >*AIC CLANS & !IR *IEFTA9S1 & A QUASI-FEUDAL SOCIAL ORD] :OSE 9/ITUTIONS SEEM$ TO GIVE ! K+ A L>G] MEASURE ( P[] ?AN 9 ,5GL&4 ,F> MORE ?AN 9 ,SCOTL&1 ,JAMES FELT COMPLETELY ORPHAN$ 9 HIS NEW1 MORE SECUL> & PROSP]\S REALM1 :I* SEEM$ 9CREAS+LY TO RES5T HIS PRET5SIONS4 ,& !SE PRET5SIONS W]E SOCIALLY V]Y UNSETTL+4 ,A DEV\T BELIEV] 9 ! DIV9E RILIAM5T & ! C\NTRY'S GR[+ MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,5GL&1 9 EFFECT1 WAS AN E/ATE HE FELT HE C\LD MILK )\T RE/RA9T4 ,NOR DID ,JAMES UND]/& ,P>LIAM5T'S RI*Y = HIS MODELS ( ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,ADOPT+ A POLICY ?AT WAS TO WID5 SIGNIFICANTLY ! *ASM BETWE5 0,C\RT0 & 0,C\NTRY10 ,JAMES BEGAN TO SEEK FUNDS ?AT W\LD MAKE HIM & HIS SUCCESSORS F9ANCIALLY1 EV5 MILIT>ILY1 9DEP5D5T ( P>LIAM5T>Y CONTROLS1 ) RESULTS ?AT W]E TO HAVE DIRE POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,AFT] FAIL+ TO GA9 SUFFICI5T FUNDS FROM ! SALE ( MONOPOLIES1 TITLES1 & ! LIKE1 ,JAMES WAS F9ALLY OBLIG$ TO SUMMON HIS FIR/ ,P>LIAM5T TO 9CREASE TAXES4 ,FAC$ ) A K+ COMMITT$ TO ABSOLUTISM1 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS EXPRESSLY OB/RUCT$ ! K+'S REQUE/S2 AT MO/1 HE WAS VOT$ ONLY A PORTION ( ! MONEY HE ASK$ =1 & NO LESS HUMILIAT+1 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS PROCE$$ FREELY1 & CRITICALLY1 TO DEBATE HIS =EIGN & DOME/IC POLICIES1 !REBY TRESPASS+ UPON :AT ,JAMES BELIEV$ WAS HIS EXCLUSIVE ROYAL EXECUTIVE PR]OGATIVE TO DEAL ) AFFAIRS ( /ATE4 0,AS TO DISPUTE :AT ,GOD MAY DO IS BLASPHEMY10 HE /]NLY DECL>$1 0444 SO IT IS S$ITION 9 SUBJECTS TO DISPUTE :AT A K+ MAY DO 9 ! HEILIAM5T1 ) EQUAL APLOMB1 REPLI$ ?AT IT HAD ! RI ,\TRAG$1 ,JAMES P]EMPTORILY DISSOLV$ ,P>LIAM5T 9 #a#f#a#a2 NOR DID HE SUMMON IT 9TO SESSION AGA9 = A DECADE4 ,DUR+ ?IS 9T]REGNUM1 ! K+ FUNCTION$ 9CREAS+LY AS A DESPOT1 RE9=C+ ! POPUL> SUSPICIONS ?AT HE WAS AN ABSOLUTI/ 9 SECUL> AFFAIRS & PRO-,CA?OLIC 9 RELIGION4 ,HE IMPOS$ =C$ LOANS ON HIS WELL-TO-DO SUBJECTS & LEVI$ NEW CU/OMS DUTIES ON ! M]CANTILE 9T]E/S2 HE SOLD (F TITLES1 CREAT+ ! RANK ( B>ONET 9 #afaa = NO PURPOSE BUT TO BE PLAC$ ON ! M>KET = PUR*ASE4 ,MONOPOLIES OV] KEY COMMODITIES W]E SOLD ?AT COMPRIS$ A SIZABLE P>T ( ,5GLI% GOODS & M>ITIME COMM]CE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! TWO ,P>LIAM5TS ,JAMES WAS F9ALLY OBLIG$ TO CALL--ONE 9 #a#f#b#a1 ! O!R 9 #a#f#b#d--W]E AGA9 ADAMANTLY UNWILL+ TO VOTE ! ,CR[N MORE ?AN A P>T ( ! TAXES HE DEM&$4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T ( #a#f#b#a1 9 FACT1 RUBB$ ,JAMES'S NOSE 9 ! DU/ BY IMPEA*+ HIS [N LORD *ANCELLOR1 ,SIR ,FRANCIS ,BACON1 = F9ANCIAL IRREGUL>ITIES1 !REBY FL++ D[N A *ALL5GE TO ! MON>*Y'S 0DIV9E0 CLAIM TO CONTROL & ADM9I/] ALL POLICY 9 ! REALM4 ,5G5D]+ POPUL> UNRE/ /ILL FUR!R1 ,JAMES PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD CON/]NATION AMONG HIS SUBJECTS BY VISIBLY ALL[+ ! ,SPANI% AMBASSADOR TO 9FLU5CE HIS VIEWS & BY TRY+ TO NEGOTIATE A M>RIAGE AGREEM5T BETWE5 HIS SON ,*>LES & A ,SPANI% PR9CESS4 ,! UNEASY ,5GLI% PEOPLE HAD NOT =GOTT5 ! ,>MADA1 NOR W]E !Y IGNORANT ( ! HORRORS :I* ! ,SPANI% ,9QUISITION HAD VISIT$ UPON P]SECUT$ ,PROTE/ANTS ON ! ,CONT95T4 ,DESPITE ,JAMES'S RA!R BELAT$ %IFT TO AN ANTI-,SPANI% POLICY ?AT WAS MORE 9 L9E ) :AT ,P>LIAM5T FAVOR$1 ! ,COMMONS SPITEFULLY GRANT$ HIM LESS ?AN HALF ! TAXES HE DEM&$--EV5 = A W> AGA9/ ,SPA94 ,! %ABBY FAILURE ( AN ,5GLI% NAVAL EXP$ITION AGA9/ ,CIDIZ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#f#b#e1 L$ BY ! K+'S FAVORITE1 ,GEORGE ,VILLI]S1 ! ,DUKE ( ,BUCK+HAM1 FOLL[$ BY A CO/LY CONFLICT ) ! ,FR5* PRESUMABLY TO HELP ! BESIEG$ ,HUGU5OTS ( ,LA ,RO*ELLE1 S]V$ TO >\SE RA!R ?AN ALLAY ! ANG] ( ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,FE>S ?AT ,5GL& W\LD SLIP 9TO ,CONT95TAL-/YLE ABSOLUTISM1 ?AT IT W\LD TOL]ATE ,CA?OLICS1 ?AT ITS F9ANCES W\LD BE DEPLET$ BY EXTRAVAGANCES1 & ?AT ,SPA9 W\LD GA9 HEGEMONY OV] ITS COMM]CE ALL F$ A GR[+1 POT5TIALLY EXPLOSIVE ANTAGONISM BETWE5 0,C\NTRY0 & 0,C\RT40 ,IT WAS PROBABLY ONLY BY HIS TIMELY DEA? 9 ,M>* #afbe ?AT ,JAMES ESCAP$ ! \TBREAK ( A REVOLUTION4 ,?IS WAS NOT TO BE ! =TUNE ( HIS SON ,*>LES1 :O NOT ONLY %>$ HIS FA!R'S IDEA ( ABSOLUTE ROYAL PR]OGATIVE BUT BECAME EV5 MORE EMBROIL$ ) ,P>LIAM5T ?AN HIS FA!R4 ,BECAUSE HE HAD M>RI$ A ,FR5* ,CA?OLIC PR9CESS1 ,*>LES'S SUCCESSION TO ! ?RONE PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD POPUL> MISGIV+S1 & HIS FIR/ ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* CONV5$ 9 ,JUNE #a#f#b#e1 VIEW$ ) DEEP SUSPICION HIS REQUE/S = MONEY = GOV]NM5TAL EXP5SES & ! W> ) ,SPA94 ,DESPITE ,*>LES'S PL$GES TO UPHOLD ! ,PROTE/ANT CAUSE AT HOME & ABROAD1 ! FUNDS ,P>LIAM5T VOT$ W]E :OLLY 9ADEQUATE = HIS PURPOSES4 ,9 A DECISION ?AT HE SAW AS EV5 MORE DEGRAD+ & UNPREC$5T$4 ,P>LIAM5T LIMIT$ ! T]M = :I* ! K+ C\LD LEVY CU/OMS DUTIES 7CALL$ TONNAGE & P\NDAGE7 TO A S+LE YE>--A RILIAM5TS HAD R\T9ELY GIV5 TO EV]Y NEW MON>* = ! 5TIRE T]M ( HIS OR H] REIGN4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 9 FACT1 SIMPLY LET ! ALLOCATION ( ?IS LEVY LAPSE1 LEAV+ ,*>LES HANG+ 9 ! AIR F9ANCIALLY4 ,K+ & ,P>LIAM5T %>PLY COLLID$ :5 ,*>LES SIMPLY BEGAN TO LEVY CU/OMS DUTIES )\T ANY P>LIAM5T>Y CONS5T :ATEV]4 ,:5 ,P>LIAM5T RECONV5$ AT ,OX=D 9 ,AUGU/1 0,C\NTRY0 & 0,C\RT0 W]E 5T]+ 9TO A COLLISION C\RSE OV] CLAIMS BY BO? P>TIES TO MANAGE =EIGN & RELIGI\S POLICY1 :I* L$ ! K+ TO PROROGUE ! ,H\SE ABRUPTLY ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1#a#f#b#e4 ,LESS ?AN A YE> AFT] ?IS GRIM BEG9N+1 & 9 ! WAKE ( S]I\S =EIGN POLICY BLUND]S AS WELL AS GR[+ QU>RELS OV] RELIGI\S POLICY1 ,*>LES WAS F9ALLY =C$ BY LACK ( FUNDS TO CONV5E HIS SECOND ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* MET 9 E>LY ,FEBRU>Y #afbf AT ,WE/M9/]4 ,! K+ BLATANTLY ATTEMPT$ TO EXCLUDE ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS' PR9CIPAL SPOKESM51 SU* AS ,$W>D ,COKE & ,ROB]T ,PHELIPS--EF=TS ?AT S]V$ ONLY TO 9FURIATE RA!R ?AN DET] ! ,COMMONS4 ,P>LIAM5T'S LEAD]S4 ,SIR ,JOHN ,ELIOT & ,SIR ,DUDLEY ,DIGGES1 5T]$ 9TO AN OP5 COLLISION ) ! ,C\RT1 MOBILIZ+ A P[]FUL OPPOSITION TO ! HAT$ ,DUKE ( ,BUCK+HAM & =MALLY IMPEA*+ HIM AT ! B> ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS ON ,MAY #h4 ,*>LES RESPOND$ BY IMPRISON+ ,ELIOT & ,DIGGES1 BO? ( :OM H[EV] W]E SOON RELEAS$1 :]EUPON ! K+ DISSOLV$ ! SECOND ,P>LIAM5T ON ,JUNE #a#e1 LEAV+ A D>K CL\D HANG+ OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,*>LES N[ TOOK ?OSE MAJOR /EPS T[>D P]SONAL RULE & >BITR>Y ACTION ?AT W\LD BE HIS COMPLETE UNDO+4 ,HE SY/EMATICALLY LEVI$ =C$ LOANS ON ! C\NTRY1 BILLET$ SOLDI]S 9 PRIVATE HOMES1 & COLLECT$ TONNAGE & P\NDAGE 9 ! FLAGRANT ABS5CE ( P>LIAM5T>Y SANCTION4 ,! ,CR[N'S PATRIMONY WAS SOLD (F BY DISPOS+ ( ROYAL L&S1 =E/S1 & O!R PROP]TIES2 MONOPOLIES & TITLES W]E PLAC$ ON ! ROYAL AUCTION BLOCK1 5RI*+ ! FEW & 5HANC+ !IR /ATUS2 & ! M]CANTILE 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY W]E SUBJECT$ TO CONT9UAL 9T]F]5CE 9 A P]IOD ( RIS+ PRICES & COMM]CIAL COMPETITION ) ! ,DUT*4 ,BY ! TIME ,*>LES WAS OBLIG$ TO CONV5E HIS ?IRD ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,M>* #a#f#b#h1 0,C\NTRY0 & 0,C\RT0 W]E COMPLETELY AT LOGG]HEADS4 ,) EXTRAORD9>Y EFFRONT]Y1 ! K+ DEM&$ ?AT A /AGG]+ MILLION & A QU>T] P\NDS BE ADD$ TO HIS ORD9>Y REQUIREM5TS1 AS WELL AS TO PROSECUTE W>S ) ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE1 :I* ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS 7BY N[ IMM5SELY OV]%AD[+ ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS 9 BO? WEAL? & POPUL>ITY7 D5I$ HIM4 ,TO ! P>LIAM5T>IANS1 NOT ONLY W]E ,*>LES'S W>S ABJECT FAILURES & NOT ONLY HAD HE ABUS$ FISCAL RI ,*AMB]--A BODY E/ABLI%$ BY ,H5RY ,V,I,I1 COMPOS$ ( ! K+'S C\NSELORS & JUDGES--TO CONTROL UNRULY NOBLES2 TO SECRETLY & >BITR>ILY JAIL HIS OPPON5TS4 ,?IS LA/ ABUSE SEEM$ P>TICUL>LY ODI\S TO 0FREE ,5GLI%M510 :O VIEW$ EV]Y >BITR>Y ACT AS AN EGREGI\S VIOLATION ( ! C\NTRY'S BASIC LIB]TIES4 ,NOR DID ,*>LES'S APPROA* TO RELIGI\S ISSUES DO ANY?+ BUT 9CREASE ! ANTIPA?Y T[>D HIM4 ,UND] ,WILLIAM ,LAUD1 :O WAS MADE ! >*BI%OP ( ,CANT]BURY 9 #a#f#c#c1 ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* BECAME A S]VILE IDEOLOGICAL PROP 9 SUPPORT ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,ANGLICAN PRACTICES & BELIEFS VE]$ EV] CLOS] TO ! RITUALS1 /RUCTURES1 & CRE$S ( ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM1 :I* W]E NOTABLY USEFUL 9 5=C+ ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,LAUD1 DRAW+ UPON ! ,>M9IAN DOCTR9ES1 TRI$ TO MOVE ! ,HI< ,*UR* 9 A ,CA?OLIC DIRECTION1 9DE$1 TO DI/ANCE ! ,*UR* FROM ,PURITANISM1 :OSE POPUL>ITY HAD BECOME WIDESPREAD AMONG ! MIDDL+ & L[] CLASSES4 ,EV5 ! MILD] ,PRESBYT]IANISM ?AT WAS FILT]+ FROM ,SCOTL& 9TO ,5GL& /OOD %>PLY AT ODDS ) ?IS NEW PRO-,CA?OLIC TR5D1 MAK+ ,>*BI%OP ,LAUD ONE ( ! MO/ DETE/$ FIGURES 9 ,5GL&4 ,NO LONG] DID ANY D\BT EXI/ ?AT ,LAUD'S EF=TS W]E 9T5D$ TO /R5G!N ! ,CR[N'S P[]S BY SUPPORT+ ! DIV9E RIG+ ! K+'S AU?ORITY 9 ! ,ANGLICAN ,*UR*4 ,HI< *UR*M5 EV5 PREA*$ ?AT IT WAS A S9 TO QUE/ION ! K+'S AU?ORITY4 ,ANGLICANISM1 9 EFFECT1 WAS BECOM+ /RICTLY A ,C\RT RELIGION1 9 :I* K+ & BI%OPS SIGNIFICANTLY UPHELD EA* O!R'S CLAIMS TO DIV9E RI\ND HIS OPPON5TS 9 ! ,COMMONS & AMONG ! MORE COMMITT$1 9DE$ CRITICAL1 ,PROTE/ANT PREA*]S1 :O AB\ND$ ?R\< ! L&4 ,L$ BY ,SIR ,JOHN ,ELIOT1 A MON>*I/ :O NEV]!LESS FELT ?AT ,*>LES WAS IMP++ ON TRADITIONAL ,5GLI% RID ,COKE1 ,P>LIAM5T PRES5T$ ! K+ ) A COMPREH5SIVE ,PETITION ( ,RI$ ?AT NO MAN H]EAFT] BE COMPELL$ TO MAKE OR YIELD ANY GIFT1 LOAN1 B5EVOL5CE1 TAX1 OR SU*-LIKE *>GE1 )\T COMMON CONS5T BY ACT ( ,P>LIAM5T2 & ?AT NONE BE CALL$ TO MAKE ANSW]1 OR TO TAKE SU* OA?1 OR TO GIVE ATT5DANCE1 OR TO BE CONF9$1 OR O!RWISE MOLE/$ OR DISQUIET$ CONC]N+ ! SAME1 OR = REFUSAL !RE(2 & ?AT NO FREEMAN1 9 ANY SU* MANN] AS IS BE=E M5TION$1 BE IMPRISON$ OR DETA9$2 & ?AT Y\R ,MAJE/Y WILL BE PLEAS$ TO REMOVE ! SAID SOLDI]S & M>9]S1 & ?AT Y\R PEOPLE MAY NOT BE SO BURD5$ 9 TIME TO COME2 & ?AT ! =ESAID COMMISSIONS = PROCE$+ BY M>TIAL LAW BE REVOK$ & ANNULL$2 & ?AT H]EAFT] NO COMMISSIONS ( LIKE NATURE MAY ISSUE =? TO ANY P]SON OR P]SONS :ATSOEV] TO BE EXECUT$ AS A=ESAID1 LE/ BY COLOR ( !M ANY ( Y\R ,MAJE/Y'S SUBJECTS BE DE/ROY$ OR PUT TO DEA?1 CONTR>Y TO ! LAWS & FRAN*ISES ( ! L&4.<#b#e.> ,! ,PETITION DID NOT D5Y ! K+ HIS E/ABLI%$ DOME/IC & =EIGN PR]OGATIVES2 NOR DID IT *ALL5GE HIS /ATUS AS ! EXECUTIVE HEAD ( ! REALM OR HIS TRADITIONAL RELATION%IP ) ,P>LIAM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS F>-REA*+ 9 ITS DEM&S TO MAKE ,5GL& 9TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,PETITION MADE ALL LEVIES--AP>T FROM ! SALE ( ROYAL PROP]TIES--ILLEGAL )\T P>LIAM5T>Y CONS5T1 9CLUD+ ! MEANS = DEVELOP+ A C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY & A /&+ >MY ?AT ! K+ C\LD HAVE US$ AGA9/ HIS DOME/IC OPPON5TS4 ,IT MADE ILLEGAL ! >BITR>Y USE ( P[]1 SU* AS ?AT EX]CIS$ BY ! ,/> ,*AMB]1 & IT D5I$ ! RI*Y TO USE COMMISSIONS OR C\RTS TO P]SECUTE ! ,PURITANS & SECT>IES :O W]E SPR++ UP LIKE MU%ROOMS AFT] A RA9FALL ?R\<\T ! REALM4 ,! DOCUM5T1 9 EFFECT1 AM\NT$ TO A ,BILL ( ,RILES /ILL HELD AS F]V5TLY AS EV] TO HIS FA!R'S VIEW 9 #afa ?AT MON>*Y IS ! SUPREME/ ?+ UPON E>?2 = K+S >E NOT ONLY ,GOD'S LIEUT5ANTS UPON E>? & SIT UPON ,GOD'S ?RONE1 BUT EV5 BY ,GOD HIMSELF !Y >E CALL$ GODS-- ,I WILL NOT BE CONT5T ?AT MY P[] BE DISPUT$ UPON4.<#b#f.> ,BUT HE ULTIMATELY ASS5T$ TO ! ,PETITION1 MA9LY AS ! RESULT ( A P>LIAM5T>Y BRIBE3 ! ,COMMONS PROMIS$ HIM ,G,B,P#c#e1 9 SUBSIDIES ?AT HE DESP]ATELY NE$$1 %\LD HE SIGN ! DOCUM5T4 ,NO SOON] HAD ,*>LES ACCEPT$ ! ,PETITION1 H[EV]1 ?AN HE PROCE$$ TO VIOLATE IT BY COLLECT+ CU/OMS DUTIES UNILAT]ALLY4 ,:5 ! ,COMMONS DEM&$ ?AT ! IMPEA*$ ,BUCK+HAM BE REMOV$ FROM HIS POSITION AS A ROYAL ADVIS]1 ,*>LES ANGRILY PROROGU$ ,P>LIAM5T4 ,:5 ! NEXT ,P>LIAM5T CONV5$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#f#b#i1 IT AGA9 RE/RICT$ TO A YE> ! K+'S RILES >ROGANTLY REJECT$ AS A RE/RICTION ( HIS DIV9E AU?ORITY4 ,9 FACT1 ! LA/ SESSION ( ! ,COMMONS 5D$ 9 TUMULT4 ,TO PREV5T ! SPEAK] 7AN APPO9TEE ( ! K+7 FROM DOS+ D[N ! ,H\SE1 ITS MEMB]S =CIBLY HELD HIM 9 HIS *AIR & RU%$ ?R\< SEV]AL RESOLUTIONS ?AT DESIGNAT$ ANYONE :O ATTEMPT$ TO 9TRODUCE 0POP]Y0 OR LEVY A TAX UNAU?ORIZ$ BY ,P>LIAM5T AS AN 5EMY ( ,5GL&1 SUBJECT TO CAPITAL *>GES4 ,! ,H\SE WAS !N DISSOLV$1 BUT ITS MEMB]S W]E PREP>$ TO BR+ ! FIM$ CONFLICT BETWE5 0,C\RT0 & 0,C\NTRY0 SEEM$ UNAVOIDABLE4 ,*,>,L,E,S',S ,P,],S,O,N,A,L ,R,U,L,E ,?IS GRIM PROSPECT DID NOT TEMP] ,*>LES'S BEHAVIOR OR HIS ABSOLUTI/ POLICIES4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! K+ SIMPLY DID NOT SUMMON ANO!R ,P>LIAM5T = ELEV5 YE>S4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 HE TURN$ TO DIRECT1 P]SONAL1 & >BITR>Y RULE BY CONT9U+ TO COLLECT TONNAGE & P\NDAGE 9 FLAT DEFIANCE ( ! ,PETITION & ,P>LIAM5T'S LA/ LEGISLATION2 RAIS+ TAX RATES )\T SANCTION2 REVIV+ & 9CREAS+ FEUDAL DUES2 SELL+ TRADE MONOPOLIES 9DISCRIM9ATELY2 & M>KET+ TITLES LIKE SO MANY COMMODITIES4 ,! K+ FLATLY *ALL5G$ ! P>ALLEL SY/EM ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T ?AT ,ELIZABE? HAD MORE OR LESS RESPECT$ BY APPO9T+ ROYAL %]IFFS TO COLLECT TAXES 9 ! C\NTIES1 !REBY UND]M9+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! LOCAL G5TRY ITSELF4 ,>*BI%OP ,LAUD TRI$ TO PREV5T ! TRADITIONAL MU/]+ ( LOCAL MILITIAS 9 VILLAGE *UR*Y>DS1 CALL+ IT A SACRILEGE1 :ILE ,*>LES ATTEMPT$ TO RECRUIT & MA9TA9 A C5TRALIZ$ /&+ >MY--OR :AT HE GALL+LY CALL$ A 0P]FECT MILITIA40 ,REQUIREM5TS ?AT ! PEOPLE QU>T] SOLDI]S G5]AT$ 9T5SE LOCAL RES5TM5T & A FEEL+ ?AT ?OSE 9 *>GE ( ! NEW >MY 9T5D$ TO UND]M9E E/ABLI%$ ,5GLI% LIB]TIES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! K+ ANG]$ ! ,CITY ( ,LONDON BY DELAY+ ! REPAYM5T ( LOANS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! MON>*Y BEGAN TO LOSE ITS CR$IT ) ! CAPITAL'S BANK+ H\SES4 ,ACT+ L>GELY UND] ! K+'S PRESSURE1 C\RTS BEHAV$ MORE & MORE >BITR>ILY 9 !IR PROCE$+S & DECISIONS1 5G5D]+ FE>S AMONG ALL :O W]E \TSIDE ! K+'S CIRCLE ( P]SONAL CONFIDANTS ?AT !Y W]E ?REAT5$ BY ! LOSS ( !IR LIB]TIES4 ,9 A S]IES ( HI\S$ A NATIONWIDE FUROR4 ,JOHN ,ELIOT WAS ?R[N 9TO ! ,T[] = HIS OPPOSITION TO ! K+ DUR+ ! LA/ ,P>LIAM5T & ADAMANTLY REFUS$ TO MAKE ! APOLOGIES TO ,*>LES ?AT W\LD HAVE EASILY RESULT$ 9 HIS RELEASE4 ,HE DI$ 9 PRISON AFT] BE+ DELIB]ATELY MI/REAT$ BY JAIL]S4 ,LIKE ! LESS] C\RTS & COMMISSIONS1 ! ,/> ,*AMB] WAS ACTIVE 9 IMPRISON+1 TORTUR+1 & HUMILIAT+ PAMPHLETE]S :O *ALL5G$ ! K+'S EXCESSES4 ,RELIGI\S DISS5T]S1 KN[N CRITICS ( ,*>LES1 & ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO PAY :AT !Y REG>D$ AS ILLEGAL TAXES & LEVIES W]E S+L$ \T = H>% ROYAL RETRIBUTION4 ,SOME TW5TY ?\S& ,PURITANS >E BELIEV$ TO HAVE FL$ ! C\NTRY DUR+ ?IS P]IOD TO ESCAPE P]SECUTION1 MO/ ( !M RESETTL+ 9 ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ DETE/$ EVID5CE ( MON>*ICAL >ROGANCE WAS ! ISSUE ( %IP MONEY1 :I* CAME TO A HEAD 9 ! MID-#a#f#cS4 ,5GLI% K+S HAD TRADITIONALLY IMPOS$ ?IS LEVY EXCLUSIVELY ON COA/AL COMMUNITIES = ! CON/RUCTION ( %IPS TO PROTECT !M FROM PIRATES & HO/ILE 9VAD]S4 ,*>LES1 BY EXT5D+ ! PAYM5T ( %IP MONEY TO ! 9L& C\NTIES AS WELL1 BROKE ) A TIME-HONOR$ PREC$5T4 ,HAD ! K+ SUCCE$$ 9 COLLECT+ ?IS TAX )\T P>LIAM5T>Y CONS5T1 HE W\LD HAVE EM]G$ VICTORI\S 9 A BASIC CON/ITUTIONAL ISSUE & C\LD HAVE DISP5S$ ) ! LIMITS ,P>LIAM5T PLAC$ ON HIS 9CREAS+LY >BITR>Y P[]S4 ,BUT IT DID NOT GO UNCONTE/$4 ,! LEGALITY ( ! LEVY WAS PUT TO ! TE/ :5 A WELL-TO-DO ,PURITAN FROM ,BUCK+HAM%IRE1 ,JOHN ,HAMPD51 OP5LY REFUS$ TO PAY IT4 ,AT HIS CELEBRAT$ TRIAL ( #a#f#c#g-#c#h1 ,HAMPD5'S ATTORNEYS >GU$ ?AT ! LEVY HAD BE5 IMPOS$ )\T P>LIAM5T>Y CONS5T & !REBY VIOLAT$ ! ,PETITION ( ,RI AS TO VOID ANY P>LIAM5T>Y ACT ?AT CLAIM$ TO B9D ! K+'S BEHAVIOR TO ! WI%ES ( HIS SUBJECTS1 SPECIFICALLY ,P>LIAM5T4 ,PUBLIC RES5TM5T AGA9/ ?IS V]DICT1 & AGA9/ ! K+1 BOIL$ OV]4 ,= ,5GLI%M51 ! DECISION CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION NOT ONLY ,*>LES'S MOTIVES BUT ! V]Y LEGITIMACY ( ! MON>*Y1 ! C\RTS1 9DE$1 EV5 ( ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,ONE WRIT] VIEW$ ! V]DICT AS 0AN UTT] OPPRESSION ( ! SUBJECTS' LIB]TY4444 ,:AT %ALL FREEM5 DIFF] FROM ! ANCI5T BONDSM5 & VILLE9S ( ,5GL& IF !IR E/ATES BE SUBJECT TO >BITR>Y TAXES80.<#b#g.> ,L>GE SECTORS ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES W]E N[ MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ ! K+1 9CLUD+ ! ,CITY ( ,LONDON1 :I* TOOK ! RADICAL /EP ( COMPLETELY D5Y+ CR$IT TO ! ,CR[N4 ,TO ! MAJORITY ( P>LIAM5T>IANS LIKE ,ELIOT1 ! K+ WAS 9TRODUC+ MEASURES 9 FLAT CONTRAV5TION NOT ONLY ( ,P>LIAM5T BUT ( ,5GLI% COMMON LAW & TRADITION4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! P>LIAM5T>IANS VIEW$ !MSELVES AS GU>DIANS ( CU/OM & 0ANCI5T ,SAXON LIB]TIES0--! PRE-,NORMAN H]ITAGE ( ,5GLI% FRE$OM 7EV5 ?\< MU* ( SEV5TE5?-C5TURY ,5GLI% COMMON LAW HAD ACTUALLY BE5 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,NORMANS74 ,BUT ! IMAGE ( 0,NORMAN0 LEGAL IMPORTATIONS SUIT$ ! POPUL> S5TIM5T ?AT OPPRESSIVE LAWS HAD BE5 9FLICT$ ON !M BY 9VAD]S1 :O TRANSGRESS$ ANCI5T 0,SAXON0 LIB]TIES & DEFIL$ ! TRADITIONAL 0RI*Y1 9DE$ ONE ?AT LACK$ ANY KN[L$GE ( ITS SUBJECTS' TRADITIONAL FRE$OMS4 ,! ,PURITANS1 = !IR P>T1 VIEW$ !MSELVES AS ! UPHOLD]S ( BIBLICAL PRECEPT1 ( OLD] ,*RI/IAN PRACTICES ?AT ! 0POPI%0 RELIGION HAD ADULT]AT$4 ,! WORD ,PURITAN WAS US$ ECUM5ICALLY TO REF] TO ANYONE :O WI%$ TO 0PURIFY0 ! ,*UR* 9 ! NAME ( AN 0AU!NTIC0 =M ( ,*RI/IANITY ?AT WAS FREE ( CL]ICAL HI]>*IES1 MORALLY COMMITT$ TO A WAY ( LIFE CONSI/5T ) BIBLICAL PRECEPT1 & GUID$ NOT ONLY BY FAI? & AN 9N] LI1 !SE CONCEPTS W]E SUFFICI5TLY VAGUE1 TO BE SURE1 TO BE ACCEPT$ BY ! G5TRY1 YEOMANRY1 MIDDL+ M]*ANTS1 >TISANS1 & EV5 MANY NOBLES4 ,9ITIALLY1 9 FACT1 A ,PURITAN C\LD BE A ,PRESBYT]IAN1 :O PREF]R$ ! PRESBYT] /RUCTURE 9 RELIGI\S ORGANIZATION1 OR A ,CONGREGATIONALI/1 :O /RONGLY ADVOCAT$ GRASSROOTS CONTROL ( M9I/]S BY CONGREGATIONS4 ,BUT ALL ( !SE /RA9S W]E /RONGLY COMMITT$ TO SOCIAL RE=M1 & ! MORE AU?ORIT>IAN & DEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES W]E TO 5T] 9TO %>P CONFLICT ) EA* O!R AS WELL AS ) ! K+4 ,! ,L,O,N,G ,P,>,L,I,A,M,5,T ,AFT] ELEV5 YE>S ( P]SONAL RULE1 ,*>LES WAS F9ALLY OBLIG$ TO CONV5E ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! IMM$IATE CAUSE ( HIS ACTION SEEM$ LIKE A SIDE ISSUE3 HIS ATTEMPT TO PLACE ! ,SCOTTI% ,KIRK UND] ,ANGLICAN CONTROL4 ,*>LES'S RULE 9 ,SCOTL& HAD BE5 ONLY NOM9AL3 ! LOCAL ,SCOTTI% NOBILITY WAS V]Y /RONG1 & ! ,KIRK WAS /ILL ! MO/ P[]FUL 9/ITUTION 9 ! L&4 ,! K+'S FATU\S ATTEMPT TO =CE ! ,ANGLICAN ,BOOK ( ,PRAY] ON ! ,KIRK & ITS MILITANT ,PRESBYT]IAN FOLL[+ MISFIR$1 PROVOK+ A /ORM ( OPPOSITION ?R\<\T ! L& TO ! NOR?4 ,9 #af* L>GE NUMB]S ( ,SCOTS ADOPT$ A ,NATIONAL ,COV5ANT TO RESI/ ! K+'S EF=TS1 PL$G+ TO DISREG>D ALL ,*>LES'S *ANGES UNTIL !Y W]E APPROV$ BY FREE ASSEMBLIES & P>LIAM5TS4 ,) ! FOOLH>D9ESS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ SO MU* ( HIS REIGN1 ,*>LES !REUPON PROCE$$ TO 9VADE ,SCOTL& ) ,5GLI% TROOPS ?AT W]E1 IF ANY?+1 MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,SCOTS ?AN TO HIMSELF1 & ) DOME/IC SUPPORT ?AT WAS AS SECURE AS ?AT ( ! HO/ILE & %ORT-LIV$ ,P>LIAM5T HE HAD SUMMON$ TO FUND ! 9VASION4 ,?IS ,%ORT ,P>LIAM5T1 AS IT CAME TO BE KN[N1 REFUS$ TO GIVE ! K+ F9ANCIAL AID & WAS ABRUPTLY DISSOLV$ AFT] ?REE WEEKS4 ,! ,SCOTS1 9 TURN1 RESPOND$ TO ,*>LES'S ABORT$ 9VASION BY OCCUPY+ ! NOR!RN ,5GLI% C\NTIES ( ,NOR?UMB]L& & ,DURHAM & DEM&+ A L>GE F9ANCIAL 9DEMNITY BE=E !Y W\LD LEAVE4 ,AT L5G?1 9 #a#f#d1 ,*>LES WAS OBLIG$ TO CALL ! FAM\S ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T 9TO SESSION--A ,P>LIAM5T ?AT W\LD PRESIDE OV] A DECADE ( CIVIL W> & HIS [N EXECUTION N9E YE>S LAT]4 ,! ,COMMONS1 MO/ ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E N[ F]V5TLY UNIT$ 9 !IR AV]SION TO ! K+'S P]SONAL RULE1 ECONOMIC MISADV5TURES1 & RELIGI\S ABSOLUTISM1 ASS]T$ ITS [N AU?ORITY BY RAPIDLY 5ACT+ A S]IES ( RADICAL MEASURES ?AT ESS5TIALLY R$UC$ ! K+ TO A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*4 ,H5CE=?1 ! ,H\SE DECL>$1 ,P>LIAM5T WAS TO BE SUMMON$ 9TO SESSION EV]Y ?REE YE>S1 REG>DLESS ( ! WILL ( ! K+1 :O W\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( ANY RILIAM5T>Y CONS5T--W]E DECL>$ ILLEGAL1 !REBY R$UC+ ! ,CR[N TO COMPLETE F9ANCIAL DEP5D5CE ON ! ,COMMONS4 ,! ,/> ,*AMB] & ECCLESIA/ICAL C\RTS W]E ABOLI%$1 & ?OSE :O HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ BY !SE BODIES W]E FRE$4 ,P>LIAM5T'S D>KE/ SUSPICIONS ( ! K+ & HIS M9I/]S--P>TICUL>LY ( ,>*BI%OP ,LAUD & ! ROYAL ADVIS]1 ! ,E>L ( ,/RAF=D--W]E >\S$ :5 ,/RAF=D TRI$ TO =M AN >MY 9 ,IREL&1 PRESUMABLY TO AID ! K+ AGA9/ ! ,SCOTS4 ,MANY P>LIAM5T>IANS VIEW$ ?IS MEASURE AS AN ATTEMPT BY ! K+ & ,/RAF=D TO RAISE AN >MY AGA9/ ! ,COMMONS4 ,!IR FE>S W]E H>DLY ALLAY$ BY RUMORS ?AT ! K+ HAD GONE TO ,SCOTL& TO W9 MILIT>Y SUPPORT = DISB&+ ! ,H\SE4 ,! ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T RESPOND$ TO ?IS *ALL5GE BY IMPEA*+ BO? ,LAUD & ,/RAF=D1 DESPITE ANGUI%$ EF=TS BY ,*>LES TO SAVE !IR LIVES4 ,/RAF=D WAS EXECUT$ 9 #afda & ,LAUD 9 #afde BY ORD] ( ,P>LIAM5T--ACTS ?AT ,*>LES PROP]LY VIEW$ AS OV]T *ALL5GES TO HIS AU?ORITY4 ,AN ,IRI% REBELLION 9 #afda F9ALLY CAUS$ ! CONFLICT BETWE5 K+ & ,P>LIAM5T TO REA* EXPLOSIVE PROPORTIONS4 ,P>LIAM5T1 FLATLY REFUS+ TO EQUIP ! K+ ) AN >MY1 TOOK DIRECT COMM& ( ,5GL&'S MILIT>Y =CES1 NOTABLY ! LOCAL 0TRA9$ B&S0 OR MILITIAS4 ,ON BEHALF ( ! ,H\SE1 ,JOHN ,PYM PREP>$ A ,GR& ,REMON/RANCE TO JU/IFY P>LIAM5T>Y MI/RU/ ( ! K+ & HIS 9T5TIONS1 *RONICL+ ,*>LES'S ILL-DO+S ?R\<\T HIS REIGN & ESS5TIALLY DEM&+ P>LIAM5T>Y APPROVAL ( ALL HIS M9I/]S1 ,*UR* RE=MS1 & MILIT>Y ACTIONS4 ,! K+1 ( C\RSE1 FLATLY REJECT$ ! DOCUM5T1 :]EUPON ,P>LIAM5T ISSU$ N9ETE5 DEM&S ?AT W]E PLA9LY REVOLUTION>Y 9 *>ACT]4 ,!SE DEM&S 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY RELIGI\S RE=MS SO SWEEP+ ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE EXTIRPAT$ ,CA?OLICISM FROM ,5GL&1 BUT ALSO GAVE ! ,COMMONS ! RID AT ,NOTT+HAM1 DECL>+ OP5 W> UPON ,P>LIAM5T1 :ILE ,P>LIAM5T DID ! SAME AT ,LONDON4 ,TWO OPPOS+ >MIES1 ! ,CAVALI]S1 AS ! ROYALI/S W]E TO BE CALL$1 & ! ,R\NDHEADS1 AS ! P>LIAM5T>Y & ,PURITAN TROOPS W]E DISDA9FULLY CALL$ BECAUSE ( !IR %ORT-CROPP$ HAIR1 N[ FAC$ EA* O!R1 PLUNG+ ,5GL& 9TO ! FIR/ ( ! MOD]N REVOLUTIONS4 ,! ,A,L,I,G,N,M,5,T ,( ,=,C,E,S ,IT IS COMMONLY CLAIM$ 9 H9DSIGU$1 S9CE ! B\RGEOISIE--L&$ AS WELL AS COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL--ULTIMATELY B5EFIT$ FROM ITS OCCURR5CE4 ,5GL&1 AFT] ALL1 WAS ! C\NTRY 9 :I* CAPITALISM LAT] MADE ITS MO/ IMPORTANT HI/ORIC BREAK?R\< 9TO WORLD HI/ORY2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT WAS 9 ,5GL& ?AT CAPITALISM F9ALLY TRIUMPH$ 9 A MANN] ?AT WAS TO AFFECT1 9DE$ TO DEF9E1 ! FUTURE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION TO AN UNPREC$5T$ EXT5T4 ,?AT ! TRIUMPH ( CAPITALISM--P>TICUL>LY1 9 LAT] YE>S1 ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM-- OV] FEUDALISM PLAY$ A WORLD-TRANS=M+ ROLE UNEQUAL$ BY ! ROLE IT HAD PREVI\SLY PLAY$ 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY1 ,FL&]S1 & C5TRAL ,EUROPE IS H>DLY >GUABLE2 9DE$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,5GL& BECAME ! MODEL ( ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 NOT ONLY = ,K>L ,M>X BUT = MO/ SOCIAL ?9K]S ( HIS AGE4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT MANY ABLE HI/ORIANS TRACE ! EM]G5CE ( ?IS WORLD-TRANS=M+ DEVELOPM5T BACK TO ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 !REBY IMP>T+ TO IT A PRIDE ( PLACE 9 FO/]+ CAPITALISM ?AT IS EV5 GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ANY ( ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT FOLL[$4 ,YET AT ! V]Y LEA/ ?IS 9T]PRETATION IS >GUABLE4 ,FIR/LY1 TO ANALYZE ! ,REVOLUTION /RICTLY OR EV5 PRIM>ILY ALONG CLASS L9ES--LET ALONE TO F9D A 0REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE0 ANY:]E 9 ! MID-SEV5TE5? C5TURY--/&S AT ODDS ) MANY E/ABLI%$ FACTS4 ,BY NO MEANS DID ! ,5GLI% >I/OCRACY MONOLI?ICALLY SUPPORT ,*>LES4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! V]Y HII/OCRACY & PE]S ( ! L& :O DIRECTLY B5EFIT$ FROM ,/U>T-5D[$ PRIVILEGES--G5]ALLY FAVOR$ ! K+'S CAUSE4 ,BUT EV5 FAMILIES ( ! SAME SOCIAL CLASS AMONG ! >I/OCRACY1 L&$ G5TRY1 & COMM]CIAL /RATA DIVID$ & OPPOS$ EA* O!R4 ,9DE$1 F> FROM BE+ M]*ANTS1 ! GREAT LEAD]S ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES W]E L&$ G5TRY4 ,JOHN ,HAMPD51 ,JOHN ,PYM1 ,SIR ,JOHN ,ELIOT1 & EV5 ,CROMWELL HIMSELF LIV$ ON E/ATES AS C\NTRY G5TLEM5 BETWE5 SESSIONS ( ,P>LIAM5T & DABBL$ 9 TRADE RA!R ?AN 5GAG$ 9 IT4 ,ELIOT1 AS WE SAW1 DI$ 9 PRISON RA!R ?AN SURR5D] HIS PR9CIPLES & ACC$E TO ,*>LES'S DEM&S = COMPROMISE4 ,ONE MIL ( ,ESSEX TO FID2 ,JAMES ,I1 AFT] ALL1 HAD RE/OR$ HIS E/ATES TO HIM AFT] HIS FA!R L$ A ,CA?OLIC REBELLION AGA9/ ,ELIZABE?'S RELIGI\S POLICIES4 ,BUT AS WE WILL SEE 9 ! NEXT *APT]1 ,ESSEX RESOLUTELY SUPPORT$ ,PYM'S POLICY AGA9/ ,*>LES'S ABSOLUTISM & WAS ACTUALLY ! FIR/ COMM&] ( ,P>LIAM5T'S >MIES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! #bND ,E>L ( ,MAN*E/]1 :O COMM&$ ! P>LIAM5T>Y >MIES 9 ,EA/ ,ANGLIA1 9CLUD+ ,CROMWELL'S CAVALRY1 /RUCK A /RATEGIC BL[ AGA9/ ,*>LES'S =CES 9 ,JULY #afdd ) ! CAPTURE ( ,YORK & DEFEAT$ ! SEEM+LY 9V9CIBLE ROYALI/ =CES COMM&$ BY ,PR9CE ,RUP]T4 ,IF L&$ G5TRY & NOBLEM5 PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! K+1 ! B\RGEOISIE--IF WE CAN USE ?IS WORD LOOSELY TO REF] TO PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 & F9ANCE--PLAY$ A SURPRIS+LY M9OR ROLE4 ,BY NO MEANS W]E ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,R\NDHEADS MADE UP ( MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,MONEYL5D]S1 TO BE SURE1 GAVE LESS & LESS SUPPORT TO ,*>LES ,I & ?REW !IR F9ANCIAL SUPPORT TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y =CES4 ,BUT ! K+'S >BITR>Y EXACTIONS1 HIS EXP5SIVE C\RT1 & HIS FISCAL IRRESPONSIBILITY MADE HIM A V]Y BAD 9VE/M5T4 ,YET SOME ( ,5GL&'S COMM]CIAL CITIES RALLI$ TO ! K+'S /&>D2 9DE$1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! CIVIL W>1 ! LORD MAYOR & ALD]M5 ( ,LONDON SID$ ) ,*>LES \T ( CONC]N = !IR OLIG>*IC MUNICIPAL & COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S4 ,AL?\< ! PORTS1 ! MANUFACTUR+ T[NS1 ! ,S\? & ! ,EA/1 & MO/ ( ! MIDDLE CLASS G5]ALLY RALLI$ TO ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y CAUSE1 O!R B\RGEOIS SECTORS ( ! C\NTRY ACTUALLY REG>D$ ! MON>*Y AS A TRADITIONHONOR$ 9/ITUTION & OPPOS$ ITS OV]?R[4 ,IF ! ,REVOLUTION WAS PRIM>ILY B\RGEOIS OR IF !RE WAS A TRULY 0REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE0 9 SEV5TE5?C5TURY ,5GL&1 IT WAS EI!R SC>CE OR 9ORD9ATELY MYOPIC4 ,9DE$1 ONE C\LD MORE EASILY >GUE ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W]E MILITANTLY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y DUR+ C]TA9 DECISIVE TURN+ PO9TS 9 ! TRAJECTORY ( CLASSICAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS 0B\RGEOIS0 9 \R [N TIME4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/