,VOLUME #a1 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T ,I4 ,P,E,A,S,A,N,T ,R,E,V,O,L,T,S 

,*APT] #a4 ,LATE ,M$IEVAL ,UPRIS+S 

,! VIEW ?AT HI/ORY CAN BE SUMM$ UP AS 0! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE10 MO/ FAM\SLY EXPRESS$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY PROBLEMATICAL AMONG HI/ORIANS & SOCIAL !ORIE/S OV] ! PA/ HALF-C5TURY4 ,AL?\< ANTAGONI/IC CLASS 9T]E/S UND\BT$LY PLAY$ A ROLE ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE 9 ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 9 MANY ( !SE /RUGGLES DIFF]5T HI]>*ICAL /RATA /AK$ \T CLAIMS TO TRADITIONAL RI<TS & DUTIES ?AT W]E CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S1 & POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC 9 NATURE4 ,(T51 9 FACT1 IT WAS NOT ONLY CLASSES 9 ! ECONOMI/IC S5SE ?AT W]E EMBATTL$ ) EA* O!R BUT ALSO V>I\S CULTURALLY PRIVILEG$ & UND]PRIVILEG$ /ATUS GR\PS4 ,! T5D5CY ( HI/ORIANS1 LIB]AL NO LESS ?AN ,M>XIAN1 TO R$UCE ALL SOCIAL CONFLICTS TO CLASS CONFLICTS HAS PLAC$ A HEAVY VEIL OV] \R UND]/&+ ( CONFLICTS 9VOLV+ HI]>*IES ?AT W]E /RUCTUR$ MORE >\ND /ATUS ?AN >\ND MAT]IAL WEAL? & PROP]TY [N]%IP4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 9 FACT1 ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IES LONG PREC$$ ?AT ( CLASSES1 & P]SI/+ OPPRESSIONS BY PRIVILEG$ G5D]S1 E?NIC GR\PS1 NATIONALITIES1 & BUREAUCRACIES MI<T WELL CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 SOCIETY EV5 IF ECONOMIC CLASSES W]E ABOLI%$4 

,?AT IS NOT TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT MAJOR SOCIAL CONFLICTS 9 HI/ORY HAD A PAT5TLY CLASS-ORI5T$ DIM5SION4 ,ACC\NTS ( MAJOR CLASS /RUGGLES APPE> 9 ! HI]OGLYPHIC RECORDS ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 ! CUNEI=M RECORDS ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 & ! PICTOGRAPHIC RECORDS ( ,ASIA & EV5 ,9DIAN ,AM]ICA LONG BE=E ,EUROPEANS 9VAD$ ! CONT95T4 ,9 SOME ANCI5T ,EGYPTIAN RECORDS UPP]-CLASS SCRIBES BLUNTLY PORTRAY$ REVOLTS 9 !IR MID/ AS M]E LOOT+ EXP$ITIONS ( ! RI* BY ! POOR1 9 :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE RANSACK$ W>EH\SES TO R$I/RIBUTE GRA9 & PLUND]$ MANORS ( !IR WEAL?4 ,TO BE SURE1 CIVIL CONFLICTS AS DESCRIB$ 9 ANCI5T ,GREEK & ,ROMAN ACC\NTS CLE>LY HAD A COMPON5T ( CLASS CONFLICT1 SU* AS ! ,SOLONIC 0REVOLUTION0 ( ! SIX? C5TURY BCE1 & ! EF=TS ( ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS 9 REPUBLICAN ,ROME NOT ONLY TO ELIM9ATE ! OLIG>*IC P[]S ( ! ,S5ATE BUT TO REMOVE ! DEBT BURD5 ?AT WEI<$ HEAVILY ON ! %\LD]S ( ! ,LAT9 YEOMANRY4 

,BUT ! ROLE ( CLASS CONFLICT 9 !SE ]UPTIONS MU/ BE C>EFULLY QUALIFI$ & NUANC$4 ,MANY ANCI5T CONFLICTS W]E ESS5TIALLY POPUL> EXPLOSIONS ?AT AIM$ TO REGA9 RI<TS ?AT W]E BE+ LO/ & ?AT PROP]LY BELONG$ TO AN ]A ?AT WAS NO MORE1 NOTABLY ! ]A ( TRIBALISM1 OR :AT ! ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE CALLS 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM40 ,9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 POPUL> UPRIS+S SEEM TO HAVE ESS5TIALLY DEM&$ ! RE/ORATION ( TRIBAL EGALIT>IANISM--A DEM& ?AT W5T WELL BEYOND M]E RES5TM5T ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION BY RUL+ CLASSES4 ,& IF ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS ( REPUBLICAN ,ROME GA9$ !IR POPUL> SUPPORT L>GELY BECAUSE !Y DEM&$ AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( L& ON BEHALF ( NON>I/OCRATIC /RATA1 !Y ALSO TRI$ TO TRANS=M !IR CITY-/ATE 9TO A ,HELL5IC-TYPE DEMOCRACY4 

,) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! DEMOCRATIC POLEIS 7CITIES7 ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 :I* EV5 ANCI5T WRIT]S 7NOT ONLY MOD]N HI/ORIANS7 DISDA9$ AS 0MOBOCRACIES10 !SE EXPLOSIONS FAIL$ TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC POLITY = HUMANITY4 ,NOT EV5 ! ,A!NIANS ( ANTIQUITY REG>D$ !IR DEMOCRACY AS A UNIV]SAL IDEAL ?AT W\LD CAPTURE ! HE>TS ( SO-CALL$ 0B>B>IANS40 ,IT WAS ONLY ,GREEKS AS AN E?NOS OR 0RACE10 9 ! VIEW ( ?9K]S LIKE ,>I/OTLE1 :O W]E SUIT$ = LIV+ 9 A POLIS 7MU* LESS 9 A DEMOCRACY71 NOT NON-,HELL5IC PEOPLES4 ,FEW IF ANY ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATS W\LD HAVE DIFF]$ ) HIM ON ?IS SCORE4 ,! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS1 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PLEBEIAN ASSEMBLY OV] ! ,S5ATE1 W]E CONC]N$ ONLY ) ! FATE ( REPUBLICAN ,ROME1 NOT ) SOCIETY G5]ALLY4 ,!IR ESS5TIALLY LOCAL CONFLICT HAD NO IMPACT BEYOND ! 5VIRONS ( ,ROME & ITS SATELLITE COMMUNITIES ON ! ,ITALIAN P59SULA4 ,MORE UNIV]SAL DEM&S = FRE$OM--?AT IS1 = FRE$OM ( HUMANITY AS A :OLE--W]E TO COME LAT]1 OV] ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES ( SOCIAL TRANSITION & *ANGES 9 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS4 

,F,E,U,D,A,L ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y 

,! LATE M$IEVAL & E>LY MOD]N P]IODS1 TOO--AS WELL AS ! CONFLICTS ?AT OCCURR$ )9 !M--%\LD BE UND]/OOD 9 NONECONOMIC AS WELL AS ECONOMIC T]MS1 & !IR AIMS W]E (T5 V]Y LIMIT$ 9 SPACE & TIME4 ,! GREAT NOMADIC 9VASIONS FROM ! EA/ & ! NOR? GREATLY UNSETTL$ LIFE ON ! CONT95T1 VIRTUALLY R$UC+ MANY ( ITS COMMUNITIES TO >M$ =TRESSES & DEF5SIVE 5CLAVES1 AFT] :I* LIFEWAYS BAS$ ON HI]>*ICAL AS WELL AS CLASS /RUCTURES FROZE 9TO /ATIC PYRAMIDAL =MS ?AT REMA9$ BASICALLY UNALT]$ = C5TURIES4 ,SOCIAL LIFE WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND FAIRLY SELF-SUFFICI5T MANORS 9 :I* LOCAL LORDS1 5D[$ ) MANY SOCIAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 HELD ! L& AS VASSALS ( /ILL HI<] LORDS1 TO :OM !Y [$ NOT ONLY MAT]IAL SUPPORT BUT P]SONAL FEALTY & MILIT>Y S]VICE4 

,9ITIALLY1 ! BURD5 ( ! MAT]IAL OBLIGATIONS WAS BORNE BY S]FS1 :O W]E NEI!R SLAVES NOR /RICTLY FREEM5 BUT FAMILIES GR\P$ 9 VILLAGES ?AT W]E TI$ TO ! L& 9 AN ELABORATE SY/EM ( RI<TS AS WELL AS DUTIES4 ,9 ADDITION TO GIV+ OV] A SIZABLE P>T ( !IR CROP TO !IR LOCAL LORD1 !Y W]E REQUIR$ TO P]=M A HO/ ( P]SONA.> AS WELL AS LABOR S]VICES1 PROVIDE GIFTS TO ! MANOR H\SE ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS1 & :5 NECESS>Y1 BE> >MS4 ,9 RETURN1 !Y C\LD CLAIM !IR LORD'S PROTECTION FROM 9VAD]S1 ROBB] B&S1 & MILIT>Y M>AUD]S 7! 0KNI<TS ]RANT0 & M]C5>IES :O AB\ND$ EV]Y:]E74 ,!Y C\LD ALSO EXPECT A MODE/ AM\NT ( C>E DUR+ TIMES ( 9FIRMITY & OLD AGE4 

,TIME-HONOR$ CU/OM HAD CREAT$ A BASICALLY CORPORATE & P>O*IAL SOCIETY 9 ,EUROPE1 ONE BAS$ ON A CLE>-CUT HI]>*Y ( RANK & ( RECIPROCAL RI<TS & DUTIES4 ,! S]F1 BOX$ 9TO HIS [N LOCALITY1 C\LD FEEL RELATIVELY SECURE 9 RECEIV+ PROTECTION & A MODICUM ( C>E FROM ! LOCAL LORD2 ! LOCAL LORD1 9 TURN1 /AK$ \T HIS [N CLAIMS ON ! S]F = FOOD & V>I\S S]VICES TO ! COMMUNITY AS WELL AS ! MANOR4 

,EA* COMMUNITY WAS A WORLD UNTO ITSELF4 ,IT HAD ITS [N COMMON L& ON :I* S]FS & PEASANTS PA/UR$ CATTLE1 GA!R$ WOOD = ,]E & %ELT]1 & F\ND H]BS = CONDIM5TS & M$IC9AL PURPOSES4 ,DRAFT ANIMALS1 PL[S1 & MANY F>M IMPLEM5TS W]E COMMONLY %>$1 NOT PRIVATELY [N$1 & ! CULTIVATION ( L& WAS USUALLY A COMMUNAL AFFAIR ?AT FO/]$ NOT ONLY COOP]ATION BUT COLLECTIVE SELF-DISCIPL9E4 ,ESS5TIALS SU* AS CO>SE CLO?1 SIMPLE METAL >TIFACTS1 BUILD+ MAT]IALS1 & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS W]E ORD9>ILY MADE 5TIRELY ON ! MANORIAL E/ATE1 ITS VILLAGES1 & ITS T[NS4 ,?IS SELF5CLOS$ WORLD HAD V]Y LITTLE NE$ = MONEY2 B>T] 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R WAS ! RULE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,S]F1 PEASANT1 >TISAN1 & LOCAL M]*ANT W]E 5ME%$ ) ONE ANO!R 9 A C>EFULLY KNIT1 HI<LY LOCALIZ$ WORLD AT ! BASE ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,& AS 9 ANTIQUITY1 SOCIAL CONFLICTS R>ELY EXT5D$ BEYOND ISOLAT$ LOCALITIES UNTIL WELL 9TO M$IEVAL TIMES4 

,FROM ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 H[EV]1 COMM]CE GREATLY REVIV$ 9 ,EUROPE ) ! GR[? ( T[N LIFE1 ! CLE>+ ( =E/S1 & ! 5D ( ! GREAT NOMADIC 9VASIONS4 ,C>AVANS FROM ,ITALIAN CITIES LAD5 ) SPICES1 F9E CLO?1 >TI/ICALLY WR\<T WEAPONS1 >MOR1 & ! LIKE W]E PASS+ ALONG ! E>!N ROADS ( ! CONT95T PROTECT$ FROM ROBB]S NOT ONLY BY >M$ GU>DS BUT BY !IR V]Y NUMB]S4 ,!IR W>ES W]E NOT DE/9$ = CONSUMPTION BY ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION--! ORD9>Y PEOPLE AT ! BASE ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,MAT]IALLY WELL-5D[$ LORDS TOOK !IR PICK+S FROM ! C>AVANS1 (T5 PAY+ = LUXURY GOODS ) :AT LIMIT$ CO9AGE WAS AVAILABLE--ESPECIALLY MONEY !Y HAD GA9$ FROM TOLLS IMPOS$ ON ! M]*ANTS :O CROSS$ !IR MANORIAL BORD]S4 ,SOME NOBLES1 ! 0ROBB] B>ONS0 ( ! ]A1 GA9$ FUR!R WEAL? ?R\< SURREPTITI\S RAIDS ON ! C>AVANS !MSELVES4 ,!SE RAIDS1 TO BE SURE1 W]E NOT )\T RISK3 ROBB]S 9VIT$ REPRISALS = !IR 9T]F]5CE ) LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE1 NOT ONLY FROM NE>BY LORDS :O B5EFIT$ FROM ! TRADE & WANT$ TO FO/] IT BUT ESPECIALLY FROM ! EM]G+ NATIONAL MON>*S1 ! GR[? ( :OSE ROYAL JURIDICAL AU?ORITY OV] ! NOBILITY 7! 0K+'S PEACE07 PROVID$ !M ) REV5UE 9 ! =M ( TAXES4 

,/ILL1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE DID NOT APPRECIABLY ALT] LIFE AT ! BASE ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,IF LOCAL LORDS1 PEASANTS1 OR EV5 S]FS HAD ! MEANS1 !Y USUALLY PUR*AS$ ! COMMODITIES !Y C\LD NOT MAKE ON !IR MANORS1 OR MAKE WELL1 FROM LOCAL T[NS1 :OSE >TISANS1 ORGANIZ$ 9 TI<TLY KNIT GUILDS1 CRAFT$ ITEMS ?AT MET MO/ ( !IR NE$S4 ,! GUILDS1 9 TURN1 C>EFULLY POLIC$ ! WORKMAN%IP1 \TPUT1 & TRA9+ ( !IR MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ MA/] CRAFTSM51 !IR APPR5TICES1 & J\RNEYM54 ,9 TIME1 ! GUILDS W]E TO DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES 9TO WELL-TO-DO ONES & POOR] ONES1 & %>PLY DI/+UI% MA/]S FROM J\RNEYM51 :O W]E 9CREAS+LY EXCLUD$ FROM GUILD MEMB]%IP & R$UC$ TO ORD9>Y WORKM54 ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 EXTREMES 9 WEAL? W]E COMP>ATIVELY UNCOMMON 9 ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 MAT]IAL NE$S W]E COMP>ATIVELY FEW1 & TRADE ITSELF WAS FAIRLY SIMPLE4 ,= A TIME AT LEA/1 A BASICALLY H>MONI\S RELATION%IP EXI/$ BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 ALBEIT ONE ?AT %\LD NOT BE OV]LY ROMANTICIZ$1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! T[NS W]E OBLIG$1 (T5 BY =CE ( >MS1 TO ASS]T !IR AUTONOMY OV] !IR RAPACI\S T]RITORIAL LORDS4 

,A,N ,E,G,A,L,I,T,>,I,A,N ,L,E,G,A,C,Y 

,9 ADDITION TO A GR[+ CONT95TAL TRADE1 ANO!R PH5OM5ON SL[LY ]OD$ ! P>O*IALISM ?AT M>K$ ! M$IEVAL L&SCAPE1 NAMELY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,! RISE ( ,*RI/IANITY HAD BE5 AN UNP>ALLEL$ IDEOLOGICAL REVOLUTION = ,EUROPE4 ,OV] ! C5TURIES1 ! PAPACY & ITS HI]>*Y CAME TO FUNCTION AS ,EUROPE'S MO/ IMPORTANT UNIFY+ & UNIV]SALIZ+ AG5T4 ,AFT] ! DEMISE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! ,VATICAN BECAME A PIVOTAL C5T] ?AT PREV5T$ ,EUROPE'S COLLAPSE 9TO AN AGGLOM]ATION ( QUASI-TRIBAL SOCIETIES ?AT A FATALI/IC ,ISLAMIC WORLD FROM ! S\? & ,ASIAN B>B>IAN NOMADS FROM ! EA/ C\LD EASILY HAVE OV]RUN4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! ,*UR* AS A S\RCE ( IDEOLOGICAL & 9/ITUTIONAL COH]5CE1 ! UNIQUE HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T & ITS POT5TIAL = A VISION>Y DYNAMISM MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 SUFFOCAT$ BY 9VAD]S :O HAD LITTLE TO (F] IT BEYOND ! SOCIAL /AGNATION ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! ,ASIAN WORLD4 ,MILITANT ,*RI/IANITY1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL SELF-WOR? & ITS BELIEF 9 HUMAN FREE WILL1 PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 PREV5T+ ,EUROPE FROM BECOM+ A HI/ORIC BACKWAT] & 9 KEEP+ ALIVE ! CLASSICAL H]ITAGE ( ! ANCI5T ,WE/]N TRADITION4 

,BUT ! ,*UR* WAS ALSO A S\RCE ( DISCORD1 AS WAS ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ITSELF4 ,MU* AS >MIES COMMONLY REFLECT ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL =CES ?AT EXI/ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY1 ! ,*UR* CAME TO REFLECT 9 EXAGG]AT$ =M ! CONFLICTS ?AT EM]G$ :5 FEUDAL SOCIETY BEGAN TO WANE 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,JU/ AS S]FS & PEASANTS BEGAN TO /& AT ODDS ) B>ONS1 & B>ONS ) PR9CES & MON>*S1 SO POV]TY-/RICK5 P>I% PRIE/S /OOD %>PLY AT ODDS ) !IR OV]F$ BI%OPS2 MONKS ) ! WELL-TO-DO CL]GY2 & NATIONAL *UR*ES ) ! PAPACY1 :I* FILL$ ITS C(F]S ) WEAL? DRA9$ FROM ITS V>I\S BI%OPRICS ?R\<\T ! CONT95T4 ,9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 ,5GL& ALONE HAD PAID ! ,VATICAN A ?\S& P\NDS ( SILV] ANNUALLY1 A QUANTITY ?AT EXCE$$ ! ,BRITI% MON>*Y'S TAX COLLECTIONS FIVEFOLD4 

,IRONICALLY1 DESPITE ! CLOSE 9TEGRATION ( ! HI<] CL]GY ) ! L&$ >I/OCRACY1 ! EGALIT>IAN IDEALS ( ,*RI/IANITY SET A SOCIAL :IRLW9D 9TO FURI\S MOTION BY ! HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! IDEA ?AT ALL PEOPLE >E EQUAL 9 ! EYES ( ,GOD1 AT LEA/ :5 !Y 5T] ! HEAV5LY WORLD1 RAIS$ MAJOR IDEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS = ! PRIVILEG$ /RATA 9 ! E>?LY WORLD1 :]E ,*RI/IAN VISIONS BEGAN TO TAKE A HI<LY RADICAL & H]ETICAL TURN4 ,]RANT PREA*]S SU* AS ! ,5GLI% ,LOLL>DS PROCLAIM$ A FI]Y MESSAGE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY1 VALIDAT+ PEASANT DISCONT5T ) BIBLICAL PRECEPT4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ FECUND S\RCE ( !SE EGALIT>IAN PRECEPTS1 AP>T FROM ! ,BIBLE1 WAS ! WRIT+S ( ,JOA*IM DI ,FIORE4 ,?IS MONK'S HI/ORICAL 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,TR9ITY 5VISION$ ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT AS A UTOPIA 9 :I* ! POOR W\LD EV5TUALLY BE FRE$ ( !IR MAT]IAL & MORTAL BURD5S4 ,JOA*IMITE IDEAS1 SOME FAIRLY TAME BUT O!RS IMPLICITLY REVOLUTION>Y1 AB\ND$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE DUR+ ! HI< & LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES & PROVID$ 9 !IR MORE FI]Y 9T]PRETATIONS AN IDEOLOGICAL UND]P9N+ = GR[+ DISCONT5T AMONG PEASANTS1 S]FS1 & URBAN PLEBEIANS4 ,BY ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 MOVEM5TS OR EXT5SIVE NETWORKS ( CONV5TICLES BEGAN OP5LY TO DEM& A RADICAL R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 (T5 9VOLV+ ITS \TRI<T EXPROPRIATION 9 ! NAME ( ,*RI/IAN EGALIT>IANISM & COMMUNAL LIV+ AS DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES 9 ,*RI/IAN ,SCRIPTURE4 ,MANY ( !SE CONV5TICLES DIRECTLY *ALL5G$ ! HI<] CL]GY = !IR VIOLATIONS ( BASIC ,*RI/IAN PRECEPT1 !IR CLE>LY VISIBLE APPETITE = WEAL? & HI< LIV+1 & !IR OPPRESSIVE HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE AS A :OLE4 

,! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 A WIDESPREAD RADICAL NETWORK ( H]ETICAL ,*RI/IAN DISS5T]S1 NOT ONLY AB&ON$ !MSELVES TO A FREE-LIV+1 (T5 LASCIVI\S LIFE/YLE )9 !IR [N GR\PS1 BUT REG>D$ !MSELVES AS BEYOND ! REA* ( ! ,*UR*1 ! /ATE1 & EV5 CONV5TIONAL ,*RI/IAN PRECEPTS ( MORALITY4 ,9 SO DO+1 !Y ADVANC$ AN IDEAL ( COMMUNISM AS WELL AS FRE$OM1 A /RIK+ ADVANCE BEYOND ! RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD & E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 /AK+ \T A CLAIM TO PRIVILEG$ /ATUS BAS$ ON !IR [N SPECIAL KN[L$GE OR GNOSIS --A GNOSIS ?AT !Y FELT 5D[$ !M ) ! RI<T TO ACT ) NO CON/RA9TS UPON !IR P]SONAL WI%ES & DESIRES4 ,AL?\< ! ,BRE?R51 LIKE ! ADH]5TS ( MANY O!R H]ESIES1 VIEW$ !IR COMMUNITIES AS MEMB]S ( ! 0ELECT10 !IR EXCLUSIVITY DID NOT KEEP !IR IDEAS FROM 9FECT+ MASSES ( >TISANS1 PEASANTS1 & EV5 S]FS1 :O T5D$ TO ADOPT ! EGALIT>IAN ASPECT ( !IR BELIEFS = !MSELVES4 

,! F\RTE5? C5TURY ?US SAW POPUL> ATTACKS ON ! PRIVILEGES ( ! ,*UR* ?AT (T5 EXPLOD$ 9TO \TRI<T 9SURRECTIONS1 :I* W]E DIFFICULT TO SUPPRESS4 ,! ,BLACK ,DEA?1 BY R$UC+ ! AVAILABILITY ( LABOR1 GAVE RISE TO *RONIC PEASANT UPRIS+S = BETT] MAT]IAL REW>DS4 ,!SE BEGAN TO CONV]GE AGA9/ LOCAL LORDS & BI%OPS 9 ,5GL&1 ,BOHEMIA1 ,G]MANY1 & ,FRANCE 9 MAJOR CIVIL W>S ?AT SWEPT OV] 5TIRE REGIONS1 EV5TUALLY REA*+ A SCOPE ?AT WAS VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ 9 ANY PREVI\S P]IOD ( HI/ORY4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! ,VATICAN'S ROLE AS AN 9SPIRATIONAL =CE BEGAN TO WANE SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,S*ISMS )9 ! PAPACY GAVE RISE TO TWO & EV5 ?REE RIVAL POPES1 PR(\NDLY L[]+ ! PRE/IGE ( ! ,*UR* 9 ! EYES ( ITS COMMUNICANTS1 :ILE ! CORRUPTION ( 5D[$ BI%OPS & MONA/IC ORD]S E>N$ ! E/ABLI%$ CL]GY ! \TRI<T CONTEMPT ( ALL CLASSES 9 ,EUROPE1 P>TICUL>LY ! OPPRESS$ /RATA ( ! POPULATION4 

,AS E>LY AS ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ! ,WALD5SES 7SO NAM$ AFT] ! DEV\T M]*ANT ,PET] ,WALDO ( ,LYON71 A SECT ?AT SPREAD 9 9FLU5CE AMONG ! >TISANS ( S\!RN ,FRANCE & NOR!RN ,ITALY1 MILITANTLY *ALL5G$ ! ,*UR*'S DEP>TURE FROM ! GOSPEL4 ,! ,WALD5SES' AGITATION EV5TUALLY BECAME A R$EMPTIVE POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT ?REW ITSELF 9TO DIRECT CONFLICT ) ! PAPACY4 ,CONCURR5TLY1 ! ,ALBIG5SIAN MOVEM5T1 ) ITS 5LI<T5$ VIEWS & PRACTICES :I* *ALL5G$ KEY PRECEPTS ( ,*UR* DOCTR9E1 WAS SUPPRESS$ BY A LONG & BRUTAL CRUSADE ?AT 5D$ 9 WIDESPREAD DE/RUCTION 9 S\!RN ,FRANCE--A *APT] 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,S\? ?AT ABORT$ ITS DEVELOPM5T = C5TURIES4 ,LIKE D>K5+ CL\DS BE=E A /ORM1 !SE MOVEM5TS1 AL?\< 9V>IABLY DEFEAT$1 H]ALD$ MAJOR BLOODY CONFLICTS ?AT W]E TO EXPLODE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES4 

,NOR CAN WE IGNORE ! ACADEMIC CRITICS ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ! S*OL>LY PRECURSORS ( ! ,RE=MATION1 :O PROP\ND$ MESSAGES ?AT E>N$ !M WIDESPREAD SUPPORT NOT ONLY FROM !IR MILITANT ACOLYTES BUT EV5 FROM ! TEMPORAL P[]S1 :I* W]E SL[LY 5T]+ 9TO CONFLICT ) ! PAPACY4 ,AL?\< ,PI]RE ,ABEL>D'S RATIONALISM & HIS CALL = 9TELLECTUAL FRE$OM W]E RELATIVELY RE/RA9$1 HE LEFT BEH9D A DI/URB+ BODY ( CONDEMNATORY CRITICISM ?AT ! ,*UR* TRI$ CANNILY TO ASSIMILATE1 SO ?AT HE MANAG$ TO SURVIVE1 DY+ 9 B$ ) ADOR+ ACOLYTES AT HIS DOOR4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,JOHN ,WYDIF *ALL5G$ SU* BASIC NOTIONS ( ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9E AS TRANSUB/ANTIATION FROM HIS 5CLAVE 9 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY & ABJUR$ ! ,*UR* TO YIELD TO ! TEMPORAL P[]S4 ,AL?\< HE TOO DI$ 9 B$1 HIS DOCTR9ES & HIS EMPHASIS ON SCRIPTURAL AU?ORITY F$ 9TO ! VIEWS ( ! EM]G+ ,LOLL>D RADICALS 9 ,5GL& & !IR DREAMS ( A NATION-/ATE FREE ( NOBLE BURD5S & AU?ORITY4 

,>NOLD ( ,BRESCIA1 :O ALSO *ALL5G$ ! CL]GY'S PRIVILEGES1 %>$ A LESS HAPPY FATE4 ,ADVOCAT+ AS E>LY AS ! TWELF? C5TURY AN APO/OLIC ,*RI/IANITY & A SIMPLE LIFE FREE ( WORLDLY AU?ORITY1 ,>NOLD1 :O HAD /UDI$ UND] ,ABEL>D1 EXT5D$ HIS VIEWS 9TO AN \TRI<T PHYSICAL CONFRONTATION ) ! PAPACY & P]SONALLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 PLEBEIAN REVOLTS 9 ,ROME AGA9/ PAPAL RULE4 ,UNLIKE 9 ! CASES ( ,ABEL>D & ,WYCLIF1 ,>NOLD'S ACTIVISM CO/ HIM HIS LIFE :5 HE WAS BURN$ AT ! /AKE AS A H]ETIC 9 #a#a#e#e4 ,JAN ,HUS1 :O BR\<T ,WYCLIF'S MESSAGE TO ,BOHEMIA1 WAS ALSO BURN$ AT ! /AKE 9 #a#d#a#e1 AS MU* = HIS COMMITM5T TO ,BOHEMIAN NATIONALISM AS HIS *ALL5GE TO ECCLESIA/ICAL PRECEPTS1 & ,WYDIF'S ,LOLL>D FOLL[]S1 ( :OM ,JOHN ,BALL WAS ONE1 W]E HUNT$ D[N BY ! AU?ORITIES & (T5 MURD]$ RU?LESSLY4 ,ABEL>D1 ,WYCLIF1 & EV5 ,HUS W]E ACADEMICIANS2 !Y MI<T EV5 HAVE BE5 P]SONALLY %OCK$ BY ! RADICALS :O RE9T]PRETAT$ !IR TEA*+S4 ,BUT ,JOHN ,BALL & LAT] ! ,BOHEMIAN ,TABORITES1 :O REG>D$ ,HUS AS A H]OIC M>TYR1 W]E 9SURRECTION>IES :O *ALL5G$ NOT ONLY ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY BUT FEUDALISM-- 9DE$1 9 SOME CASES1 ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,& 9 !IR [N WAY & TIME1 !Y SPOKE = ! ?IRD REVOLUTION ?AT ! ,RE=MATION HAD *URN$ UP1 BREAK+ NOT ONLY ) (FICIAL ,CA?OLICISM BUT ) !IR MORE RETIC5T PR$ECESSORS1 SOME ( :OM W]E PROTECT$ BY ! SELFSEEK+ TEMPORAL P[]S ( !IR DAY4 

,! ,5,G,L,I,% ,P,E,A,S,A,N,T ,R,E,V,O,L,T 

,P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ MAJOR EXPLOSION TO BE PRODUC$ BY ! F]M5T ?AT M>K$ ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES WAS ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANT ,REVOLT ( #a#c#h#a1 L$ BY ,WAT ,TYL] & ,JOHN ,BALL1 A REVOLT ?AT *ALL5G$ NOT ONLY ! 9JU/ICES ( ! TIME BUT PRIVILEGE AS SU* & ! HI]>*ICAL CORE ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 

,! F\RTE5? C5TURY 9 ,5GL& SAW ! EM]G5CE ( A FREE YEOMANRY DEM&+ ! DISSOLUTION ( FEUDAL BONDS & NOBLE PR]OGATIVES1 ! RI<T TO T5D] S]VICE 9 R5T1 USE ( ! =E/S1 & HI<] RETURNS = !IR WORK4 ,RADICAL ,LOLL>D PREA*]S1 P>TICUL>LY ,BALL1 :O W]E ROAM+ ! ,5GLI% C\NTRYSIDE1 OP5LY DIRECT$ !IR APPEAL TO ?IS /RATUM1 9VEI<+ AGA9/ PRIVILEGE & EXPRESSLY VOIC+ EGALIT>IAN1 EV5 COMMUNI/IC1 VIEWS4 0,MATT]S CANNOT GO WELL 9 ,5GL& UNTIL ALL ?+S %ALL BE HELD 9 COMMON10 ,BALL CRI$ \T2 0:5 !RE %ALL BE NEI!R VASSALS NOR LORDS1 :5 ! LORDS %ALL BE NO MORE MA/]S ?AN \RSELVES4444 ,>E WE NOT ALL DESC5D$ FROM ! SAME P>5TS1 ,ADAM & ,EVE80.<#c.> ,MORE PO9T$LY1 RADICAL CL]ICS POPUL>IZ$ ! J+LE3 0,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVE SPAN1 :O WAS !N ! G5TLEMAN80 ,SU* TALK F\ND READY E>S AMONG MASSES :O W]E EAG] TO BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL 9EQUALITY WAS CONTRADICT$ BY ,SCRIPTURE & ?AT A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION WAS 9 ! (F+4 ,TYPICALLY1 DRIV5 BY !IR NE$ = *EAP LABOR BECAUSE ( ! PLAGUE1 ! ,5GLI% NOBILITY1 ) ! USUAL MYOPIA ( >ROGANT FEUDAL LORDS1 TURN$ ?IS UNRE/ 9TO AN OP5 REBELLION BY TRY+ TO RE/ORE S]FDOM--MU* ( :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 ,5GL&4 

,EV5TUALLY1 9 ,MAY #a#c#h#a1 ! VILLAGES NOR? ( ,LONDON ROSE UP 9 REVOLT4 ,PEASANTS & YEOM5 FROM ,EA/ ,ANGLIA1 >M+ !MSELVES ) AXES & LONGB[S & SOON FOLL[$ BY MILITANT PEASANTS 9 ,K5T1 ELECT$ ,WAT ,TYL] 7A RO( TIL] AS HIS NAME SUGGE/S7 TO BE !IR COMM&] & CAPTUR$ ,CANT]BURY1 LIB]AT+ ,BALL FROM IMPRISONM5T 9 ! CA!DRAL CITY4 ,! ,ESSEX & ,K5TI% REBELS !N CONV]G$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S ON ,LONDON1 PILLAG+ MANORS & EMPTY+ PRISONS ALONG ! WAY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !Y =M$ NO ORGANIZ$ >MY1 SO ?AT A SELF-ASSUR$1 DISDA9FUL ,LONDON M\NT$ NO DEF5SE AGA9/ !M4 ,9 FACT1 ITS LEAD+ NOBLES W]E OCCUPI$ ) CONFLICTS ELSE:]E1 LEAV+ ! CITY'S >TISANAL T[NSPEOPLE FREE TO SYMPA?IZE ) ! REBELS4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#b1 SOME TW5TY ?\S& PEASANTS ASSEMBL$ \TSIDE ! CITY WALLS1 & DEM&$ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! K+--F\RTE5-YE>-OLD ,RI*>D ,I,I--:OM !Y NAIVELY VIEW$ AS !IR PROTECTOR AGA9/ ! FEUDAL LORDS4 ,APP>5TLY ) A VIEW T[>D GETT+ ! REBELS TO QUIETLY DISP]SE1 ,RI*>D APPE>$ AMONG !M A/RIDE HIS HORSE & FLIPPANTLY GRANT$ ALL !IR DEM&S4 ,AS WAS TO OCCUR REPEAT$LY 9 FUTURE PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS1 MANY ( ! REBELS W]E SATISFI$ & DEP>T$1 :ILE ?OSE :O REMA9$ GRATEFULLY VOIC$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! K+4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,WAT ,TYL]1 P]HAPS ! MO/ RESOLUTE ( ! PEASANT LEAD]S1 CAPTUR$ ! ,T[] ( ,LONDON ON ,JUNE #ad & DE/ROY$ ! ,SAVOY1 ! RESID5CE ( ! HAT$ ,DUKE ( ,LANCA/]1 CALL+ UPON HIS FOLL[]S TO TAKE OV] ! CITY4 ,AS ,TYL] SEEMS TO HAVE REALIZ$1 ! K+'S PROMISES W]E WOR?LESS4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! K+'S NOBLES (F]$ FUR!R NEGOTIATIONS1 BUT ,TYL] P]SI/$ 9 HIS DEM& ?AT ALL RANK & /ATUS BE ABOLI%$ & SOCIAL EQUALITY E/ABLI%$ = EV]YONE1 AP>T FROM ! K+4 ,AL?\< ! Y\NG K+ PLEASANTLY AGRE$1 HIS AIDES MORTALLY W\ND$ ,TYL] 9 A SCUFFLE4 ,UPON SEE+ ,TYL]'S HEAD ON A LANCE & ,BALL'S CORPSE HANG+ FROM A GALL[S1 ! PEASANTS & YEOM5 FL$ HOMEW>D1 ONLY TO BE BUT*]$ BY ! NOBLES & !IR SUPPORT]S--A SC5>IO1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ?AT WAS TO BE REPEAT$ AGA9 & AGA9 AS NOBLES W]E ABLE TO DEFEAT TRU/+ PEASANT REBELS ?R\< FRAUD & F9ALLY ?R\< CALL\S MURD]4 

,! ,T,A,B,O,R,I,T,E ,R,E,V,O,L,T 

,! TEA*+S ( RELIGI\S MY/ICS W5T F> BEYOND RE=M ( ! ,*UR* & SOMETIMES /EPP$ \TSIDE ! B\ND>IES EV5 ( ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF1 ADVANC+ VISIONS :OSE ORIG9S LAY 9 ! PRE-,*RI/IAN RADICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,*UR*4 ,CA?OLICISM HAD TRANS=M$ ! DREAM ( ,*RI/'S RETURN TO E>? 9TO A DI/ANT VISION1 (T5 C5T]$ ON A REMOTE ,DAY ( ,JUDGM5T ?AT W\LD FELL ! WICK$1 & REW>D ! VIRTU\S ) IMMORTALITY4 ,ON ! M>G9S ( ! ,*UR*1 MY/ICAL VISION>IES COMPET$ ) SE]S ( SUP]NATURAL SIGNS & PORT5TS1 & BO? VOIC$ CALLS = MIRACUL\S *ANGES ?AT W\LD CULM9ATE 9 A UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( LOVE4 ,!SE DREAM]S W]E NOT FREE ( MAJOR DIVISIONS AMONG !MSELVES4 ,SOME ADVANC$ VISIONS ?AT W]E MORE MESSIANIC ?AN ACTIVI/IC1 BR++ A PACIFI/1 (T5 SECT>IAN & P>O*IAL1 ELEM5T 9TO !IR IMAGES ( ! MILL5NIUM4 ,/ILL O!RS1 BY CONTRA/1 SAW ! MILL5NIUM AS A BLOODY PURGE ( ! WICK$--& IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS EMBATTL$ /RA9 ?AT F\ND ITS %>PE/ EXPRESSION 9 ! ,TABORITE MOVEM5T4 

,! ,TABORITE COMMUNE ( #adb 9 ,BOHEMIA ESS5TIALLY BEGAN AS P>T ( A QUASI-NATIONAL & RELIGI\S W> ?AT ,JAN ,HUS'S FOLL[]S HAD WAG$ AGA9/ ,G]MAN & PAPAL SOV]EIGNTY = SOME TWO DECADES4 ,VIOL5T & EXTREMELY MILL5>IAN ,ANABAPTI/S1 ! ,TABORITES--SO NAM$ AFT] !IR CITY ( ,TABOR 7ITSELF NAM$ AFT] ! M\NTA9 :]E ,*RI/'S TRANSFIGURATION SUPPOS$LY OCCURR$7--W]E EXPLICITLY COMMUNI/IC 9 \TLOOK4 ,!IR COMMUNITY COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,!Y W]E A MOVEM5T LESS ( PEASANTS ?AN ( SMALL >TISANS & DISPOSSESS$ URBAN PLEBEIANS1 !IR COMMUNI/IC ATTITUDES T[>D PROP]TY & !IR ESS5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN VIEWS T[>D AU?ORITY W]E 9T]TW9$ ) ! RELIGI\S CONVICTION ?AT !Y W]E A *OS5 0ELECT10 LIKE ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 :O ASS]T$ !IR RI<T FREELY TO 9DULGE !IR S5SES & DESIRES4 ,! ,SECOND ,COM+1 !Y MA9TA9$1 W\LD LEAD TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL LAWS & ALL SOCIAL DIFF]5CES ( CLASS & CA/E1 & CONF] IMMORTALITY & MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE ON ALL BELIEV]S4 

,TO GA9 MORE POPUL> SUPPORT AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y =CES ?AT ! EMP]OR1 NOBLES1 CL]GY1 & MOD]ATE DISS5T]S W]E AMASS+ AGA9/ !M1 ! ,TABORITES APPEAL$ TO ! PEASANTRY = AID1 DECL>+ ?AT ,*RI/1 DISGUIS$ AS A BRIG&1 W\LD SOON APPE> 9 !IR MID/ & PRESIDE OV] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! EXI/+ EVIL WORLD4 ,!SE APPEALS MET ) V]Y LITTLE RESPONSE4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 ! V]Y ISOLATION ( ! ,TABORITE 0W>RIOR COMMUNI/S0 ASSUR$ !IR ULTIMATE DEFEAT4 0,IF SOCIALISM 9 ONE C\NTRY IS DOOM$ TO BECOME DE=M$ & CRIPPL$1 COMMUNISM 9 ONE CITY IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANY L5G? ( TIME10 ,K5NE? ,REXRO? AC]BICALLY OBS]VES 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,SOON] OR LAT] ! G>RISON SOCIETY WILL WEAK51 BUT ! \TSIDE WORLD DOES NOT4 ,IT IS ALWAYS !RE WAIT+1 /RONGE/ P]HAPS 9 TIMES ( PEACE4 ,TABOR WAS NEV] ABLE TO BALANCE ITS POPUL> COMMUNISM ( CONSUMPTION ) AN ORGANIZ$ & PLANN$ COMMUNISM ( PRODUCTION1 NOR ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS BETWE5 CITY COMMUNES & PEASANT COMMUNES4.<#d.> 

,9 TIME1 ! ,TABORITES W]E DEFEAT$ 9 A S]IES ( BATTLES ) ! ,EMP]OR ,SIGISMUND4 ,! MY/ICAL & RELIGI\S F]VOR ?AT P]MEAT$ ! MOVEM5T'S \TLOOK BR\<T NEI!R A ,SECOND ,COM+ NOR A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! RATIONAL CALCULATIONS ( ,SIGISMUND &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ! P[] ( COLD /EEL 9 ! H&S ( WELL-ORGANIZ$ >MIES TRIUMPH$ OV] ! MILL5>IANS1 :O W]E POORLY >M$1 POORLY COMM&$1 & %>PLY DIVID$ BETWE5 MOD]ATES & RADICALS1 DESPITE !IR %>$ MY/ICAL ZEAL4 

,TYPICALLY1 ! RUL+ CLASSES W]E M]CILESS 9 SUPPRESS+ POPUL> UPRIS+S4 ,GIV5 ! TIMES1 ! MON>*S1 PR9CES1 & NOBLES ( ! ]A LIT]ALLY BUT*]$ ! REBELS1 DISMEMB]+ ! CAPTIVES !Y LEFT ALIVE & BRUTALLY TORTUR+ !IR LEAD]S4 ,LAT] PEASANT W>S1 TOO1 NORMALLY 5D$ 9 BLOODY SLAU<T]S1 (T5 PREC$$ BY TRUCES 9 :I* ! NOBLES RALLI$ !IR =CES BE=E M]CILESSLY TURN+ UPON & MASSACR+ ! REBELS4 

,?OSE ON ! PACIFI/ W+ ( ! *ILIA/IC MOVEM5T1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 F>$ NO BETT] AT ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,9DE$1 NOT ONLY DID !IR PASSIVITY EXPOSE !M TO VIOL5T ONSLAU<TS BY NOBLES & ,CA?OLICS1 IT R5D]$ !M PSY*OLOGICALLY VULN]ABLE TO /RONG1 DEMAGOGIC LEAD]S :O (T5 TURN$ !IR 0COMMUNES0 9TO P]SONAL FIEFDOMS1 REGAL$ BY *OS5 0ELD]S0 :O OSSIFI$ !M ALONG AU?ORIT>IAN L9ES4 ,CU/OM1 9 EFFECT1 PLAY$ AS MU* ( A DEBILITAT+ ROLE AS DID PHYSICAL CO]CION1 & ! 0ELD]S0 PROV$ TO BE NO LESS EXACT+ 9 DEAL+ ) !IR CONGREGATIONS ?AN ! CONV5TIONAL CL]GY4 

,! ,F,R,5,* ,J,A,C,Q,U,],I,E ,& ,E,T,I,5,N,E ,M,>,C,E,L 

,BY F> ! MO/ REM>KABLE EV5T ( ! ]A WAS ,ETI5NE ,M>CEL'S REVOLT 9 ! #a#c#eS1 A ,P>ISIAN UPRIS+ ?AT SWEPT 9 O!R ,FR5* T[NS AGA9/ ! GR[+ P[] ( ! MON>*Y4 ,AS PROVO/ ( ! M]*ANTS1 ,M>CEL WAS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! MAYOR ( ! CAPITAL1 & BY ALL RI<TS HE CAN WELL BE REG>D$ AS ! POPUL> LEAD] ( :AT W\LD BECOME ! 0,?IRD ,E/ATE03 ! ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O LACK$ NOBLE OR ECCLESIA/ICAL /ATUS4 ,9DE$1 HIS PR9CIPAL GOAL WAS TO /R5G!N ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MON>*Y4 ,MORE IMM$IATELY1 HE TRI$ TO DIM9I% ! TAX BURD5 ?AT ! K+ HAD PLAC$ ON ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 MU* AS ! ,FR5* ,E/ATES ,G5]AL W]E TO DO FIVE C5TURIES LAT]1 &1 LIKE MO/ MOD]N ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES1 ,M>CEL WAS ULTIMATELY DRIV5 BY ! LOGIC ( EV5TS TO *ALL5GE ! :OLE /RUCTURE ( OLIG>*ICAL P[] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,AS ,P]EZ ,ZAGOR9 OBS]VES1 HE 0WANT$ TO BUILD AN ALLIANCE ( T[NS0 AGA9/ ! MON>*Y & 0ALSO E/ABLI%$ SOME SLI<T TIES ) ! ,JACQU]IE1 ! BIG PEASANT REVOLT ?AT HAD BROK5 \T AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! ,ILE-DE-,FRANCE & ! SURR\ND+ REGION40.<#e.> ,OV] SEV]AL /AGES1 ,M>CEL'S 9SURRECTION 9 ,P>IS NE>LY COMB9$ ) A WELL-ORGANIZ$ PEASANT W> ABLY L$ BY ONE ,GUILLAUME ,CALE4 ,HAD ! REVOLT BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 ITS CONSEQU5CES W\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ?OSE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( A LAT] ]A4 

,BY #a#c#e#h1 ,CALE1 A PEASANT ( ,PIC>D ORIG91 HAD UNIT$ A DIFFUSE AGR>IAN UPRIS+ 9TO A COH]5T & ABLE FI<T+ =CE ?AT ?REAT5$ ! V]Y /RUCTURE ( ,FR5* FEUDAL SOCIETY4 ,H>DLY A NAIVE C\NTRY BUMPK9 OR 0,JACQUES10 AS NOBLES & >ROGANT T[N DWELL]S DISDA9FULLY CALL$ ! ,FR5* PEASANT1 ,CALE WAS 9 FACT A HI<LY A/UTE & EXP]I5C$ MILIT>Y LEAD] AS WELL AS AN ABLE POLITICAL /RATEGI/4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE TURN A LOOSE & SCATT]$ PEASANT REBELLION 9TO A WELL-ORGANIZ$ PEASANT W>1 BUT1 ) R>E POLITICAL 9SI<T1 HE TRI$ TO ALLY IT ) PLEBEIAN & MIDDLE-CLASS ELEM5TS 9 ! T[NS4 ,TOGE!R1 HE RECKON$1 !Y C\LD =M AN EFFECTIVE COMMON FRONT AGA9/ ! NOBILITY & !IR URBAN PATRICIAN SUPPORT]S4 ,= A TIME1 ?IS EXCEPTIONAL /RATEGY MET ) SURPRIS+ SUCCESS4 ,RADICAL T[NSM5 TOOK OV] T[NS LIKE ,S5LIS & ,BEAUVAIS1 OP5+ !IR GATES TO ! APPROA*+ WELL-ORGANIZ$ PEASANT BATTALIONS UND] ,CALE'S COMM&2 9DE$1 EV5 A MAJOR CITY LIKE ,AMI5S RALLI$ TO ,CALE'S =CES1 IMPOS+ DEA? S5T5CES ON ITS NOBLES 9 ABS5TIA4 

,A CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9T ( ! REVOLT WAS REA*$ :5 ,M>CEL L9K$ HIS ,P>ISIAN SUPPORT]S 7CLAD 9 R$ & BLUE1 ! COLORS ( ! CAPITAL CITY7 ) ,CALE'S PEASANT >MIES4 ,EV5 MORE PROVOCATIVELY1 ! ,P>ISIAN PROVO/ OP5LY (F]$ TO HIS 0,JACQUES0 ALLIES ! E/ATES ( HIS ROYALI/ OPPON5TS1 NOTABLY ! PROP]TIES ( ! K+'S C\NCILORS NE> ! CITY4 ,TO ! PANIC ( ! NOBILITY & ! URBAN PATRICIANS1 ! PEASANTS LO/ NO TIME 9 LOOT+ ! E/ATES4 ,! REVOLT ( ! T[NS N[ LO/ ITS FAIRLY MOD]ATE MIDDLE-CLASS *>ACT] & ASSUM$ AN 9CREAS+LY RADICAL PLEBEIAN ONE ?AT PITT$ ,M>CEL NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! MON>*Y & ITS NOBLE SUPPORT]S BUT AGA9/ ! WELL-TO-DO ,P>ISIAN BUR<]S4 

,! UPRIS+'S SUCCESS DEP5D$ HEAVILY ON ! ABILITY ( ,CALE & HIS PEASANT >MIES TO DEFEAT ! MON>*Y AT ! CITY ( ,MEAUX4 ,PEASANT PROSPECTS = SUCCESSFULLY SEIZ+ ! CITY SEEM$ UNUSUALLY PROPITI\S1 BUT PRECISELY AT ?IS /RATEGIC MOM5T1 POOR /RATEGY ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT COMM&]S1 COMB9$ ) ! NOBILITY'S CAVALRY1 ?REW ! 9VAD+ PEASANTS 9TO A HEADLONG RETREAT4 ,! NOBILITY1 5C\RAG$ BY !IR VICTORY1 PROCE$$ TO RALLY !IR =CES 9 E>NE/1 ?R[+ BACK ! PEASANTS1 :O FL$ T[>D ,P>IS1 :]E !Y HOP$ TO /& !IR GR\ND \TSIDE ! CITY WALLS ) ! AID ( ! RADICAL ,P>ISIANS4 

,BUT ,CALE & ,M>CEL'S HOPES = JO9+ =CES CAME TO NAU<T :5 ! PEASANT LEAD]1 LUR$ 9TO NEGOTIATIONS ) HIS 5EMIES ) PROMISES = HIS P]SONAL SAFETY1 WAS IMPRISON$ & BRUTALLY EXECUT$4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS ESS5TIALLY AN ANTICIPATION ( ! ,5GLI% ,PEASANT ,W>4 ,! LEAD]LESS PEASANTS W]E EASILY SCATT]$1 HUNT$ D[N1 & MASSACR$ BY ! ?\S&S1 :ILE 9 ,P>IS1 WELL-TO-DO ROYALI/ BUR<]S KILL$ ,M>CEL & SLAU<T]$ HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,ONCE ! GATES ( ! CAPITAL W]E OP5$ TO ! K+1 ! %REWDLY =GIV+ MON>* WAS FREE TO LAY ! BASIS = ROYAL DESPOTISM 9 ! C5TURIES ?AT FOLL[$4 

,BY NO MEANS IS IT CLE> ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ,CALE & ,M>CEL WAS HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE4 ,9DE$1 ! HI/ORY ( ,FRANCE1 P]HAPS EV5 ?AT ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 MI<T WELL HAVE TAK5 A V]Y DIFF]5T 9/ITUTIONAL TURN--A TURN T[>D URBAN & PEASANT CONF$]ATIONS RA!R ?AN C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES1 EV5 T[>D A VIBRANT VILLAGE LIFE RA!R ?AN AN EGOI/IC PEASANTRY--HAD ,CALE'S PEASANT >MY CAPTUR$ ,MEAUX & R\T$ ! LOCAL NOBILITY4 ,! PEASANT >MIES C\LD HAVE EASILY TAK5 ! CITY HAD !Y ATTACK$ IT FROM A DIFF]5T VANTAGE PO9T OR ELSE FALL5 BACK DIRECTLY UPON ,P>IS 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO HOLD !IR GR\ND AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! CAPITAL'S WALLS4 ,HAD !Y DEPLOY$ !IR =CES MORE EFFECTIVELY & RESOLUTELY1 ,M>CEL & ,CALE MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE JO9$ =CES & E/ABLI%$ A PLEBEIAN CONF$]ATION1 POSSIBLY 9 AN ALLIANCE ) O!R ,FR5* T[NS4 

,! ,FR5* ,JACQU]IE & ,M>CEL'S URBAN UPRIS+ MORE ?AN AMPLY DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE >E TURN+ PO9TS 9 HI/ORY 9 :I* CON/ELLATIONS ( EV5TS BAS$ ON ABLE LEAD]%IP & POLITICAL DECISIV5ESS MI<T V]Y WELL ALT] ! LONG-RANGE C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,A MORE RATIONAL SOCIAL DISP5SATION F> 9 ADVANCE ( ! ONE ?AT ACTUALLY FOLL[$ UPON !IR DEFEAT MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE EM]G$ HAD ! TWO M5 PREVAIL$ OV] ! =CES ?AT OPPOS$ !M1 AS SEEM$ V]Y LIKELY = A TIME4 ,! HI/ORIAN :O IS CONC]N$ ONLY ) :AT DID OCCUR AT A GIV5 MOM5T & NOT ) :AT C\LD HAVE OCCURR$1 GIV5 ! POT5TIALITIES ?AT EXI/ AT ANY GIV5 P]IOD1 ABDICATES ALL E?ICAL JUDGM5T & 9T]PRETATIVE 9SI<TS4 ,HI/ORY1 AS A RATIONAL DISP5SATION ( LIB]ATORY POT5TIALITIES1 IS R$UC$ TO A R&OM *RONICLE ( EV5TS ?AT HAVE NEI!R DIRECTION NOR MEAN+1 OR EV5 AN 9/RUCTIVE FUNCTION--OR1 TO PUT ?IS ?\<T MORE COLLOQUIALLY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( 0LE>N+ FROM EV5TS40 

,A ,M,I,X,$ ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y 

,NOR IS IT C]TA91 /ILL LESS 9EVITABLE1 ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL L9KS =G$ BY COMM]CIAL CAPITAL 9 ,EUROPE & ! WORLD DUR+ ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD TO RADICALLY ALT] ! VILLAGE & EV5 URBAN LIFE ALONG CAPITALI/IC L9ES4 ,?AT COMM]CIAL & SO-CALL$ 0MANUFACTUR+0 T[NS EM]G$1 BAS$ ON LONGDI/ANCE TRADE &1 BY M$IEVAL /&>DS1 ADVANC$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 IS H>DLY >GUABLE1 BUT ! WORD MANUFACTUR+ MU/ BE APPLI$ V]Y ADVIS$LY TO ?IS COMPLEX P]IOD4 ,AP>T FROM M9+1 :I* EMPLOY$ COMPLEX GE>+ SY/EMS MADE ( WOOD1 MO/ WORK WAS DONE BY H& &1 9 ?IS LIT]AL S5SE1 REMA9$ )9 ! ORBIT ( TRADITIONAL 0MANUFACTURE0 OR H&WORK4 ,?R\<\T MO/ ( ! LATE M$IEVAL P]IOD1 WORK R>ELY 9VOLV$ ! USE ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ MA*9ES WE ASSOCIATE ) 9DU/RIAL MANUFACTUR+4 

,EV5 ! T[NS ?AT W]E CONSPICU\S 0MANUFACTUR+0 C5T]S EMPLOY$ A TE*NOLOGY ?AT WAS SURPRIS+LY SIMPLE4 ,SP9N+1 WEAV+1 & DYE+ W]E /ILL P]=M$ ) TOOLS & H&-OP]AT$ 0MA*9ES0 :OSE *>ACT] WAS MORE ANCI5T ?AN MOD]N1 AS W]E ! TE*NOLOGIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! =G+ ( METALS & ! BUILD+ ( HOMES4 ,! FAM\S >S5AL ( ,V5ICE1 :I* EMPLOY$ SEV]AL ?\S& WORK]S1 CONSI/$ MA9LY ( A S]IES ( SMALL 5CLAVES 9 :I* >TISANS US$ TRADITIONAL TOOLS & ME?ODS TO MAKE >MS4 ,MU* ( ?IS WORK1 9 FACT1 WAS DONE AT HOME4 ,FLOR5CE'S LATE M$IEVAL TEXTILE 09DU/RY0 WAS /RUCTUR$ >\ND SMALL %OPS ?AT US$ TRADITIONAL TE*NIQUES & SKILLS1 9 :I* IT WAS NOT SO MU* ! TE*NOLOGIES ?AT HAD UND]GONE *ANGE AS IT WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & ! TEMPO AT :I* >TISANS W]E EXPECT$ TO WORK4 ,9 T[NS & CITIES :]E GUILDS & LOCAL RULES DID NOT IMP$E !IR EF=TS1 MANY ( !SE LABOR]S W5T ON TO E/ABLI% BUS9ESSES = !MSELVES & BECOME 0MA/]S0 :O HIR$ A NUMB] ( PROTO-PROLET>IAN WORK]S ( !IR [N4 

,RATIONALIZ$ OR 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS G5]ALLY ORGANIZ$ TO SUPPORT LONG-DI/ANCE TRADE1 :I* HAD GR[N CONSID]ABLY BY ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES4 ,ITALIAN1 ,FLEMI%1 ,PROV5CAL1 & NOR!RN ,G]MAN M]*ANTS N[ C>RI$ 0MANUFACTUR$0 W>ES FROM T[NS & SEAPORTS 9TO C5TRAL ,EUROPE AS WELL AS ! ,EA/1 EX*ANG+ DOME/IC GOODS = MORE EXOTIC ONES4 ,!IR PR(ITS W]E COMMONLY 5ORM\S4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y DEM&$ CO9AGE 9 EX*ANGE = ! EXOTIC GOODS !Y SOLD1 SO ?AT !IR CU/OM]S W]E LIMIT$ TO MONEY$ NOBLES1 WEAL?Y CL]ICS1 & O!R RI* M]*ANTS4 ,9 REALITY1 A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS CAPITALI/IC NEXUS4 ,ONLY WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE1 ! POSSESSORS ( CURR5CY1 C\LD BUY ! SILKS1 FURS1 F9E WOOL5S1 DELICATELY WR\<T >TIFACTS1 & EXP5SIVE SPICES ?AT C>AVANS & %IPS C>RI$ 9TO ! HE>TL& ( ,EUROPE4 ,NOTABLY LACK+ WAS SUFFICI5T MONEY & AN OP5 M>KET UNRE/RICT$ BY GUILDS1 LOCAL T>IFFS1 CU/OMS1 & FEUDAL =MS ( MUTUAL VASSALAGE ?AT ALONE C\LD FO/] AN AU!NTIC DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ON ! CONT95T4 

,FROM ! F\RTE5? C5TURY ONW>D1 9 FACT1 WE 5C\NT] A HI<LY MIX$ ECONOMY :OSE FOCI 9 SOME CASES W]E CAPITALI/IC1 9 O!RS1 L>GELY FEUDAL1 & 9 /ILL O!RS1 PEASANT & >TISANAL4 ,! WIDESPREAD EXI/5CE ( CAPITALI/IC ELEM5TS :O RE9VE/$ !IR PR(ITS PRIM>ILY 9TO 9DU/RY RA!R ?AN [N]%IP ( L& & ACQUISITION ( TITLES IS L>GELY ! PRODUCT ( HI/ORICAL H9DSI<T RA!R ?AN FACTUAL REALITY4 ,?AT CAPITALISM EV5TUALLY EM]G$--NOT ONLY AS AN ECONOMY BUT ALSO AS A SOCIETY --& COLONIZ$ EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE WAS NOT ! RESULT ( ANY 09EXORABLE LAWS0 ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T2 9DE$1 WELL 9TO ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ?IS MIX$ ECONOMY WAS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION1 EV5 AFT] FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS HAD GIV5 WAY TO /ATUS BAS$ ON WEAL? RA!R ?AN ANCE/RY4 ,AS LATE AS ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 9 AN ]A ?AT WAS 9CREAS+LY 9VAD$ BY FACTORIES1 MILLS1 RAILROADS1 & HEAVY MA*9]Y1 A ?9K] SU* AS ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON C\LD /ILL WORK \T ! BULK ( HIS SOCIAL !ORIES & POLITICAL VIEWS PRIM>ILY 9 >TISANAL T]MS1 9DE$1 FROM A SMALL-T[N P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE 9 ! E>LY #a#h#dS ! SIZE ( ,LONDON1 :I* BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS W\LD BE REG>D$ AS MODE/1 AW$ ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS :5 HE FIR/ VISIT$ ! CITY4 

,ANY DESCRIPTION ( PR]EVOLUTION>Y ,EUROPE MU/ ?US TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! =TUNES ( ?IS HI<LY MIX$ ECONOMY & SOCIETY IF IT IS TO GIVE A SATISFACTORY ACC\NT ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ! ]A4 ,PEASANTS1 EV5 S]FS1 T5D$ TO RESI/ ATTEMPTS TO SUBV]T ! TIME-HONOR$ CU/OMS ( RI<TS & DUTIES ?AT GAVE !M ACCESS TO VILLAGE COMMON L&S2 T5ANTS1 9 TURN1 VIEW$ !IR R5T$ PLOTS ESS5TIALLY AS H]$IT>Y 5D[M5TS1 NOT AS TRACTS ( REAL E/ATE ?AT C\LD BE TAK5 AWAY FROM !M AT WILL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !IR L&LORDS--NOBLE AS WELL AS B\RGEOIS--W]E BEG9N+ TO DISC>D !IR S5SE ( OBLIGATION TO ! FOOD CULTIVATORS :OM !IR FAMILIES HAD 9H]IT$ OV] C\NTLESS G5]ATIONS TOGE!R ) !IR E/ATES4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( DO+ SO1 !Y R$UC$ S]FS TO M]E R5T]S :OM1 9 TIME1 !Y C\LD DISPLACE ) %EEP OR ) GANG LABOR1 GUID$ BY ! NE$S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET = WOOL & FOOD /APLES4 

,AS ! MON>*Y1 9 TURN1 EXP&$ ITS AU?ORITY TO NATIONAL PROPORTIONS1 IT EXACT$ TAXES ?AT (T5 VIOLAT$ TRADITIONAL EXEMPTIONS1 HEAVILY BURD5+ ! F>M]1 >TISAN1 M]*ANT1 & EM]G+ CAPITALI/ ALIKE4 ,! GR[+ BUREAUCRACIES ?AT MON>*IES W]E OBLIG$ TO SUPPORT CREAT$ ! NE$ = PUBLIC F9ANC+ & A ROYAL DEBT4 ,) ! SOPHI/ICATION ( WEAPONS & =TIFICATIONS1 W>S BECAME MORE CO/LY1 ! NE$ = REV5UES GREW1 & CONFLICTS BECAME 9CREAS+LY ORI5T$ T[>D COMM]CIAL HEGEMONY AS WELL AS ! ACQUISITION ( T]RITORY4 ,NOT ONLY DID PEASANTS RISE UP AGA9/ ! UPP] /RATA ( SOCIETY AS !Y PASS$ !SE GR[+ EXACTIONS ON TO !M1 BUT NOBLES TOO ROSE UP AGA9/ MON>*S :O 9CREAS+LY 5CROA*$ UPON !IR AU?ORITY4 

,9 ! T[NS1 GUILDS BEGAN TO CLOSE !IR DOORS TO EV]YONE BUT ! SONS ( CRAFT MA/]S1 CREAT+ AN EXCLUD$ & *RONICALLY RE/LESS PLEBEIAN /RATUM4 ,!SE PRIVILEG$ GUILDS1 9 TURN1 W]E *ALL5G$ NOT ONLY BY ! EXCLUD$ WORK]S BUT BY WEAK]1 LESS PROVID5T GUILDS1 :OSE P[]S W]E /EADILY WAN+ BE=E ! AU?ORITY ( ! HI<] GUILDS4 ,*RONIC CONFLICTS N[ >OSE BETWE5 PEASANTS & NOBLES1 NOBLES & M]*ANTS1 M]*ANTS & >TISANS1 RI* MA/]S & POOR J\RNEYM51 COMM]CIAL CITIES1 ! V>I\S E/ATES ( A K+DOM1 & ! MON>*Y1 GIV+ RISE TO C5TURIES ( TUMULT 9 ,EUROPE ?AT LEFT ! CONT95T 9SECURE & DEEPLY UNC]TA9 AB\T ITS FUTURE4 

,F,L,E,M,I,% ,T,[,N ,R,E,V,O,L,T,S 

,BY ! E>LY F\RTE5? C5TURY1 9 FACT1 ! ,FLEMI% TEXTILE COMMUNES ( ,<5T1 ,BRABANT1 & ,HA9AULT BECAME BATTLEGR\NDS BETWE5 A L>GE BODY ( DISPOSSESS$ PLEBEIANS & AN 5TR5*$1 USUALLY CLOS$ ELITE ( PRIVILEG$ CRAFT GUILD MA/]S4 ,! GUILDS 9 TURN W]E !MSELVES DIVID$ BETWE5 0LESS]0 & 0GREAT]10 COLLECTIVELY G5]AT+ RIOTS AS AN ONGO+ FEATURE ( SOCIAL LIFE ?R\<\T ! >EA4 ,AFT] MANY CONFLICTS1 VICTORY CAME TO ! PLEBEIAN ELEM5TS 9 ,<5T 9 #a#c#c#f1 :5 ! LESS] GUILDS1 L$ BY ! WEAV] ,JACOB VAN ,>TEVELDE1 UNSEAT$ ! PATRICIAN GUILDSM5 ( ! CITY & E/ABLI%$ A MAGI/RACY COMPOS$ ( ! WEAV]S1 FULL]S1 & LESS] GUILDSM51 L>GELY EXCLUD+ ! WELL-TO-DO /RATUM ( ! CITY4 

,! COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S ( ! TEXTILE T[NS W]E 9TIMATELY TI$ TO ! =TUNES ( ,5GL&1 :I* SUPPLI$ !M ) MU*-NE$$ WOOL1 RA!R ?AN TO ?OSE ( ,FRANCE1 :OSE MON>*Y RUL$ !M ?R\< ITS REPRES5TATIVE1 ! ,C\NT ( ,FL&]S4 ,! COMMON HO/ILITY !SE L[L& COMMUNES %>$ T[>D ,FR5* RULE CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! ,FR5* (T5 L$ TO T5TATIVE ALLIANCES BETWE5 PLEBEIAN WORK]S & RI* & POOR GUILDS 9 AN UNEASY COMMON FRONT AGA9/ AN EXT]NAL 5EMY4 

,! ,FLEMI% T[NS SEEM$ TO TILT T[>D CIVIC AUTONOMY1 ALBEIT NOT )\T PROTECTION FROM LOCAL NOBLES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & T[>D A GR[+ S5SE ( 9T]CITY COMMONALITY1 DESPITE ! ECONOMIC COMPETITION BETWE5 !M4 ,FAC+ A CONFLICT ) ,FRANCE1 ,<5T *OSE ,PHILIP ,>TEVELDE1 ! SON ( ,JACOB1 :O HAD BE5 KILL$ 9 A FRACAS1 AS ! *IEF CAPTA9 ( ! CITY4 ,HE WAS PLAC$ 9 COMM& ( ! JO9T =CES ( ,<5T & O!R ,FLEMI% T[NS AGA9/ AN 9VASION BY ! ,C\NT ( ,FL&]S4 ,9 #a*b ! MASS$ ,FLEMI% CITIZ5 MILITIA FAC$ ! HI<LY TRA9$ KNI<TS & TROOPS ( ! C\NT4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! C\NT'S CAVALRY *>GES1 ! MILITIAM51 L9K$ TOGE!R >M-9->M1 W]E CRU%$ UND] ! WEI<T ( !IR [N BODIES4 ,! BODY ( ,PHILIP WAS F\ND ON ! FIELD1 TRODD5 OV] BY ! FLI<T ( HIS [N M54 ,) HIS DEA?1 0,FL&]S WAS TO GIVE UP ! DREAM ( GOV]NM5T BY A LEAGUE ( 9DEP5D5T T[NS10 OBS]VES ,EPHRAIM ,EM]TON10& SUBMIT TO ! EV] MORE & MORE C5TRALIZ$ RULE ( P[] T]RITORIAL LORDS1 :OSE MODEL WAS NATURALLY ! AGGRESSIVE MON>*Y ( ,FRANCE0.<#f.> --AGA9 =ECLOS+ ! POSSIBILITY ( A ,SWISS-LIKE CONF$]AL POLITICAL /RUCTURE AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A NATION-/ATE4 

,IT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+ ?AT ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,FLEMI% BUR<]S--OR 0B\RGEOIS0--TO ,FR5* MON>*ICAL C5TRALIZATION WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY AN URBAN /RUGGLE2 WE F9D LITTLE1 IF ANY1 EVID5CE ( SIGNIFICANT PEASANT SUPPORT4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR? EMPHASIZ+ ?AT !SE BUR<]S W]E NOT COMMITT$ TO ! RULE ( NATION-/ATES1 DESPITE ! PROCLIVITY ( MANY HI/ORIANS TO PORTRAY M$IEVAL CITIES AS E>LY SUPPORT]S ( NATIONALISM4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,FLEMI% BUR<]S W]E DEEPLY DEVOT$ TO !IR COMMUNES1 & ON G5]AL REGIONAL MATT]S1 :5 ! NE$ >OSE1 !Y W]E (T5 ABLE TO WORK ) !IR NEI<BORS 9 LEAGUES4 ,PR\D & 9DEP5D5T M51 FAIRLY LIT]ATE >TISANS :O LIV$ ) !IR WEAPONS BY !IR SIDES SO AS TO BE ABLE TO MEET ANY MILIT>Y EM]G5CY ?AT FAC$ !IR COMMUNES1 !Y W]E A SPECIAL HUMAN TYPE :O W\LD PLAY LEAD+ ROLES AS MILITANT REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 (T5 UND] ! MISLEAD+ LATT]-DAY RUBRIC ( 0PROLET>IANS40 

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