,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#a#g2 
,S\RCE3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,REVIEW1 ,VOL4 ,X,V,I,I1 ,NO4 #h1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 PP4 #d#f-#d#f#b4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,UNKN[N 
,TRANSCRIPTION3 ,DANIEL ,GAIDO1 #ba 
,M>KUP3 ,D4 ,WALT]S1 #ba 
,COPYRI<T3 ,UND] ! ,CREATIVE ,COMMONS ,COMMON ,DE$4 ,Y\ CAN FREELY COPY1 DI/RIBUTE & DISPLAY ?IS WORK2 AS WELL AS MAKE D]IVATIVE & COMM]CIAL WORKS4 ,PLEASE CR$IT ! ,V4,I4 ,L59 ,9T]NET ,>*IVE AS Y\R S\RCE1 9CLUDE ! URL TO ?IS WORK1 & NOTE ANY ( ! TRANSCRIB]S1 $ITORS @& PRO(READ]S ABOVE4 

,NOTE4 -- ,! FOLL[+ >TICLE BY ,COMRADE ,ANTON 
,PANNEKOEK IS FROM HIS MAGAZ9E1 0,VORBOTE40 ,IT GIVES ! VIEWS HELD 
BY ,LEFT ,W+ ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,EUROPE & ( ! ,ZIMM]WALD CONF]5CE4 ,COMRADE 
,PANNEKOEK HAS LONG BE5 REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! CLE>E/ ?9K]S 9 ! 
MOVEM5T4 

,W,E ,>,E /&+ 9 ! MID/ ( A CATA/ROPHE ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 
SU* AS IT HAS NEV] EXP]I5C$ 9 ALL ITS HI/ORY4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL DUE TO ! WORLD W> IS NOT SIMPLY A SURR5D] ( ,9T]NATIONAL 
S5TIM5T BE=E ! P[] ( 9T5SIFI$ NATIONALISM4 ,IT IS AT ! SAME TIME A 
COLLAPSE ( TACTICS1 ( ME?ODS ( FI<T+1 ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM :I* HAS BE5 
9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY & ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T DUR+ ! 
LA/ FEW DECADES4 

,! KN[L$GE & ! TACTICS :I*1 DUR+ ! E>LY RISE ( CAPITALISM1 
W]E ( GREAT S]VICE TO ! PROLET>IAT1 FAIL$ 9 ! FACE ( ! NEW 
IMP]IALI/IC DEVELOPM5T4 ,\TW>DLY ?IS WAS APP>5T 9 ! 9CREAS+ 
IMPOT5CY ( ! P>LIAM5T & ! LABOR UNION MOVEM5T 9TELLECTUALLY 9 ! 
SUB/ITUTION ( TRADITION & DECLAMATION = CLE> 9SI<T & MILITANT 
TACTICS1 9 /ULTIFICATION ( TACTICS & ! =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 9 ! 
TRANS=MATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY ( ,M>XISM 9TO A DOCTR9E ( PASSIVE 
EXPECTATION4 

,IMP]IALI/ ,DEVELOPM5T 

,DUR+ ! P]IOD :5 CAPITALISM WAS DEVELOP+ 9TO IMP]IALISM1 WAS 
E/ABLI%+ NEW AIMS = ITSELF & WAS 5]GETICALLY >M+ = ! /RUGGLE 
= WORLD SUPREMACY1 ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAJORITY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 
REMA9$ UNOBS]V$4 ,IT ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE FOOL$ BY ! DREAM ( IMM$IATE 
SOCIAL RE=MS & DID NO?+ TO 9CREASE ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT TO FI<T 
AGA9/ IMP]IALISM4 

,H5CE ! PRES5T CATA/ROPHE DOES NOT MEAN ONLY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS TOO 
WEAK TO PREV5T ! \TBREAK ( W>4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! ME?ODS ( ! ]A ( ! 
SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL W]E NOT CAPABLE ( 9CREAS+ ! 9TELLECTUAL & 
MAT]IAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! NECESS>Y EXT5T ( BREAK+ ! P[] 
( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,!RE=E ! WORLD W> MU/ BE A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! 
HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 

,) ! WORLD W> WE HAVE 5T]$ 9TO A NEW P]IOD ( CAPITALISM1 ! 
P]IOD ( ITS 9T5SIVE EXT5SION BY =CE OV] ! 5TIRE E>?1 ACCOMPANI$ BY 
EMBITT]$ /RUGGLES BETWE5 NATIONALITIES & HUGE DE/RUCTION ( CAPITAL & 
M52 A P]IOD1 !RE=E1 ( ! HEAVIE/ OPPRESSION & SUFF]+ = ! 
WORK+ CLASSES4 ,BUT ! MASSES >E !REBY DRIV5 TO ASPIRATION2 !Y MU/ 
RAISE !MSELVES IF !Y >E NOT TO BE COMPLETELY SUBM]G$4 

,PROLET>IAN ,VICTORY 

,9 GREAT MASS /RUGGLES1 ALONGSIDE ( :I* =M] /RUGGLES & ME?ODS >E 
M]ELY *ILD'S PLAY1 !Y MU/ GRAPPLE ) IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS /RUGGLE = 
9DISP5SABLE RI<TS & LIB]TIES1 = ! MO/ URG5T RE=MS1 (T5 = M]E 
LIFE ITSELF1 AGA9/ REACTION & ! OPPRESSION ( ! EMPLOY+ CLASS1 AGA9/ 
W> & POV]TY1 CAN ONLY 5D ) ! OV]?R[ ( IMP]IALISM & ! VICTORY 
( ! PROLET>IAT OV] ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WILL AT ! SAME TIME BE ! 
/RUGGLE = ,SOCIALISM1 = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE=E1 ) 
! PRES5T WORLD W> !RE ALSO DAWNS A NEW P]IOD = ,SOCIALISM4 

,= ! NEW /RUGGLE \R BE>+S MU/ BE TAK5 ANEW4 ,LACK ( CLE> 
SOCIALI/IC 9SI<T WAS ONE ( ! *IEF CAUSES ( ! WEAKNESS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT :5 ! W> BEGAN -- IT KNEW NEI!R IMP]IALISM NOR ITS [N 
TACTICS4 ,! FI<T AGA9/ IMP]IALISM1 ?IS MO/ REC5T & MO/ P[]FUL =M 
( CAPITALISM1 MADE DEM&S UPON ! HI<E/ MAT]IAL1 MORAL & ORGANIZATIONAL1 
QUALITIES ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT C\LD NOT SUCCUMB TO /UPID1 IMPOT5T 
DESP]ATION2 BUT IT WAS NOT 5\< ?AT IT BREAK \T 9TO SPONTANE\S ACTIONS 
AGA9/ ! UNBE>ABLE PRESSURE4 ,IF !SE >E TO LEAD ANY:]E & TO GA9 NEW 
/AGES ON ! CLIMB TO P[] IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT !Y BE 9SPIR$ ) CL>ITY 
9 REG>D TO ! AIMS1 ! POSSIBILITIES & ! MEAN+ ( SU* ACTIONS4 ,!ORY 
MU/ GO H& 9 H& ) PRACTICE1 !ORY :I* TRANS=MS BL9D ACTS TO 
CONSCI\S ONES & SPREADS LI<T OV] ! PA?4 

,! ,NEW ,SOLUTION 

0,MAT]IAL =CE CAN ONLY BE BROK5 BY MAT]IAL =CE4 ,BUT EV5 !ORY 
BECOMES MAT]IAL =CE :5 IT TAKES HOLD ON ! MASSES40 7,M>X47 ,! 
G]MS ( ?IS !ORY1 ?IS NEW WEAPON1 W]E ALREADY AT H& 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! 
=M] PRACTICE ( IMP]IALISM & MASS ACTION4 ,N[ ! WORLD W> HAS BR\<T 
MU* NEW 9SI<T & HAS %AK5 M9DS \T ( ! SLEEP ( TRADITION4 ,N[ IS ! 
TIME TO GA!R TOGE!R EV]Y?+ 9 ! WAY ( NEW IDEAS1 NEW SOLUTIONS1 NEW 
PROPOSITIONS1 TO 9SPECT !M1 TO PROVE !M1 TO CL>IFY !M BY MEANS ( 
DISCUSSION & ?US TO MAKE !M ( S]VICE 9 ! NEW /RUGGLE4 

,AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( NEW QUE/IONS LIE BE=E US4 ,FIR/ ( ALL ! QUE/ION 
( IMP]IALISM1 ITS ECONOMIC ROOTS1 ITS CONNECTION ) ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL1 
PROCUR+ ( RAW MAT]IAL1 ITS EFFECT UPON POLITICS1 GOV]NM5T & BUREAUCRACY1 
ITS P[] UPON ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!N ?OSE QUE/IONS :I* RELATE TO ! 
PROLET>IAT1 ! CAUSES ( !IR WEAKNESS1 !IR PSY*OLOGY & ! PH5OM5A ( 
SOCIAL-IMP]IALISM & SOCIAL-PATRIOTISM4 ,ADD$ TO !SE >E ! QUE/IONS ( 
PROLET>IAN TACTICS1 ! SIGNIFICANCE & POSSIBILITIES ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 
( MASS ACTIONS1 ( LABOR UNION TACTICS1 RE=MS & IMM$IATE DEM&S1 ! 
SIGNIFICANCE & ! FUTURE ROLE ( ORGANIZATION2 ALSO ! QUE/IONS ( 
NATIONALISM1 ( MILIT>ISM & COLONIAL POLICIES4 

,UPON MANY ( !SE QUE/IONS ! OLD ,SOCIALISM HAD SETTL$ ANSW]S1 :I* HAD 
ALREADY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO =MULAS -- BUT ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! SECOND 
,9T]NATIONALE EV5 ITS =MULAS HAVE GONE BY ! BO>D4 ,9 ! OLD RULES & 
IDEAS ( ! PRE-IMP]IALI/IC ]A ! PROLET>IAT CAN F9D NO GUIDES = ITS 
ACTIONS UND] NEW CONDITIONS4 ,NOR CAN ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES FURNI% IT 
) A FIRM FOO?OLD4 ,!Y HAVE 9 ! GREAT MAJORITY SURR5D]$ TO 
IMP]IALISM2 ! CONSCI\S1 ACTIVE OR PASSIVE1 SUPPORT ( W> POLICIES BY ! 
P>TY & LABOR UNION REPRES5TATIVES HAS DUG TOO DEEP TO MAKE POSSIBLE A SIMPLE 
RETURN TO ! OLD PREBELLUM PO9T ( VIEW4 

,?IS SUPPORT ( IMP]IALISM 9 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT & VITAL PHASES 
*>ACT]IZES !SE WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 NO MATT] H[ /RONGLY !Y 
SUBSCRIBE TO ! OLD SOCIALI/ SOLUTIONS & COMBAT ! MO/ 9TIMATE EFFECTS ( 
IMP]IALISM4 ,= 9 ?IS WAY !Y COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! NECESS>ILY 
REVOLUTION>Y AIMS ( ! PROLET>IAT & >E !MSELVES =C$ 9TO A DIFFICULT 
CRISIS ( !IR [N4 ,BETWE5 ?OSE :O W\LD MAKE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY A TOOL 
( IMP]IALISM & ?OSE :O WANT TO SEE IT A WEAPON ( REVOLUTION NO UNITY IS 
POSSIBLE ANY LONG]4 

,! TASK ( ELUCIDAT+ ?OSE PROBLEMS ( (F]+ SOLUTIONS1 ( =MULAT+ 
! PROP] DIRECTION = ! NEW /RUGGLE1 FALLS TO ?OSE :O HAVE NOT ALL[$ 
!MSELVES TO BE MISL$ BY W> CONDITIONS & :O HAVE HELD FA/ TO 
9T]NATIONALISM & ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS !IR WEAPON WILL BE ,M>XISM4 
,M>XISM1 REG>D$ BY ! !ORETICIANS ( ,SOCIALISM AS ! ME?OD TO EXPLA9 ! 
PA/ & ! PRES5T & 9 !IR H&S DEGRAD$ MORE & MORE 9TO A DRY 
DOCTR9E ( ME*ANICAL FATALISM1 AGA9 IS TO COME 9TO ITS BIR?RI<T AS A 
!ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTS4 0,! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 9T]PRET$ ! WORLD 
9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]+ WAYS3 ! REAL NECESSITY IS TO ALT] IT40 ,AS A 
LIVE REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD ?IS SORT ( ,M>XISM AGA9 BECOMES ! MO/ SOLID 
PR9CIPLE1 ! %>PE/ 9TELLECTUAL WEAPON ( ,SOCIALISM4 

,!RE IS NO MORE PRESS+ TASK ?AN ?IS ELUCIDATION ( ! NEW PROBLEMS4 ,= 
IT IS A LIFE & DEA? QUE/ION = ! PROLET>IAT -- & H5CE = ! 
5TIRE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY -- ?AT IT %\LD SEE ITS WAY1 CLE> & 
BRI<T1 BE=E LEAD+ TO NEW HEI<TS4 ,& !RE >E NO QUE/IONS ( ! FUTURE 
:OSE SOLUTION CAN BE PO/PON$ UNTIL WE CAN ONCE MORE DISCUSS !M 9 PEACE & 
QUIETNESS4 ,!Y >E NOT CAPABLE ( PO/PONEM5T4 ,EV5 DUR+ ! W> & AFT] 
ITS CONCLUSION !Y =M ! MO/ IMPORTANT & IMM$IATE VITAL QUE/IONS = 
! WORK+ CLASS ( ALL NATIONS4 

,WORK]S' ,*IEF ,5EMY 

,NOT M]ELY ! IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 :I* EV]Y:]E IS ! K]NEL ( ! 
OBJECT ( /RUGGLE1 :E!R & H[ ! PROLET>IAT CAN EM]GE1 HA/5 ! 5D 
( ! W> & 9FLU5CE ! T]MS ( PEACE4 ,AT ! CONCLUSION ( ! W> ! 
IMM5SE ECONOMIC %ATT]+ ( ! WORLD WILL FIR/ BE FELT 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 
:51 ) ! CONDITION ( G5]AL EXHAU/ION1 LACK ( CAPITAL & UNEMPLOYM5T 
9DU/RY MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ ANEW1 :5 ! FE>FUL DEBTS ( ALL NATIONS 
NECESSITATE COLOSSAL TAXES & /ATE SOCIALISM1 ! MILIT>IZATION ( 
AGRICULTURAL PURSUITS1 AS ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES4 ,!N 
! PROBLEM MU/ BE MET ) OR )\T !ORY2 BUT !N ! LACK ( !ORETICAL 
9SI<T WILL 5TAIL ! MO/ DISA/R\S ]RORS4 

,!RE LIES ! GREATE/ TASK ( \R J\RNAL3 BY DISCUSSION & ELUCIDATION ( 
!SE QUE/IONS IT WILL SUPPORT ! MAT]IAL /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ 
IMP]IALISM4 ,AS AN ORGAN ( DISCUSSION & ELUCIDATION IT IS AT ! SAME TIME AN 
ORGAN ( BATTLE -- ! PUBLI%] & ! CONTRIBUTORS TO ! J\RNAL HAVE 
! COMMON WILL TO GIVE BATTLE1 ! SAME PO9T ( VIEW 9 REG>D TO !SE *IEF 
QUE/IONS ( ! PRACTICE TO BE ADOPT$ AT ?IS TIME4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IMP]IALISM1 ! *IEF 5EMY ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE IS ONLY MADE POSSIBLE BY A SIMULTANE\S 
REL5TLESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ! =M] ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 
:I* W\LD B9D ! PROLET>IAT TO ! *>IOT ( IMP]IALISM2 ALSO ! OP5 
IMP]IALISM :I* HAS BECOME ! M]E AG5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ?AT SOCIAL 
PATRIOTISM ( ALL %ADES :I* W\LD GLOSS OV] UNDISPUTABLE ANTAGONISMS & 
W\LD ROB ! PROLET>IAT ( ! %>PE/ WEAPONS 9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
IMP]IALISM4 ,! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL WILL ONLY BE MADE 
POSSIBLE BY AN ABSOLUTE BREAK ) SOCIAL-PATRIOTISM4 

,) ?IS KN[L$GE WE /& UPON ! SAME GR\ND AS ! LEFT W+ ( ! 
,ZIMM]WALD ,CONF]5CE4 ,! PR9CIPLES PUT =? BY ?IS GR\P ( 9T]NATIONAL 
SOCIALI/S AS !IR AIM1 \R J\RNAL WILL SUPPORT BY !ORETICAL WORK2 BY ! 
MO/ 9T5SE /RUGGLE AGA9/ SOCIAL PATRIOTISM1 BY M]CILESS ANALYSIS ( ! 
]RORS ( ! OLD REVISIONISM & ! RADICAL SOCIALISM TO PAVE ! WAY = ! 
NEW ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT RECOGNIZES ! WEAKNESSES & MI/AKES ( 
! OLD PO9TS ( VIEW1 ! PRACTICAL COLLAPSE ( :I* IT IS N[ SUFF]+ 
FROM1 IT WILL GA9 ! =ESI<T = ! NEW /RUGGLE & ! NEW ,SOCIALISM4 
-- ,FROM ,! ,9T]NATIONALI/4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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