,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f 
,PROVOCATION ,TO ,VIOL5CE ,& ,! ,P>TICIPATION ,( ,POLICE ,(FICIALS ,9 ,CRIME 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,DIE ,KUN/MAS*9E1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,A PA9FULLY PROM95T FEATURE ( PRES5T-DAY ,RUSSIAN LIFE IS ! FREQU5CY ( PROVOCATON TO VIOL5CE BY ! SECRET AG5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS ATTA9$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEVELOPM5T DUR+ ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 S9CE PUBLIC MONEY IS LAVI%$ UPON ! ?REE OR F\R DIFF]5T & RIVAL SECTIONS ( ! ,/ATE'S SECRET POLICE 3 AS ALSO HAS ! P>TICIPATION ( V>I\S POLICE (FIC]S 9 ALL K9DS ( CRIME1 ( :I* MANY /RIK+ 9/ANCES HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ ( LATE4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS1 ?AT DEA? S5T5CES >E CONT9UALLY PRON\NC$ UPON Y\NG & 9EXP]I5C$ M5 :O HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S PLOTS BY ! SECRET AG5TS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS HAS DEVELOP$ LATELY 9TO A WIDELY-SPREAD SY/EM AMONG ! SECRET AG5TS & ! POLICE (FIC]S = ATTA9+ PROMOTION & RECEIV+ H&SOME MONEY REW>DS4 

,EV]Y ONE HAS BE5 HE>+ LATELY ( A C]TA9 ,AZEFF1 :O WAS = SIXTE5 YE>S AN AG5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! *IEF ORGANIZ] ( ACTS ( T]RORISM AMONG ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 9CLUD+ ! MURD] ( ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,S]GIUS1 ,G5]AL ,BOGDANOVIT* AT ,UFA1 & ( SEV]AL PLOTS :I* HE D5\NC$ AT ! LA/ MOM5T AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,TREP(F1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,JU/ICE ,S*EGLOVIT(F1 ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,NI*OLAS1 & ! ,CZ>4 

,AZEFF BEGAN AS AN 9=M] 9 #a#i#b4 ,?IS IS (FICIALLY /AT$ 9 ! ACT ( ACCUSATION AGA9/ ,M4 ,LOPUKH9 7=M]LY HEAD ( ! ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T1 :O HAD CONFIRM$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN REFUGEE1 ,BURTSEFF1 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#h1 ?AT ,AZEFF REALLY WAS A PAID AG5T ( ! POLICE74 ,9 #aid ,AZEFF1 ALREADY !N 9 ! S]VICE ( ! POLICE & 9 REGUL> RELATIONS ) ,RAT*KOVSKY1 ! EX-HEAD ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE ABROAD1 ORGANIZ$ ! MURD] ( ! !N OMNIPOT5T >*-REACTION>Y ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 :O HAD DISMISS$ ,RAT*KOVSKY1 & 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#e1 ! SAME ,AZEFF WAS ! ORGANIZ] ( ! MURD] ( ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,SEGIUS4 

,NOT ONLY IS ?IS OP5LY /AT$ BY ! HEADS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BUT !SE TWO EV5TS W]E PRECISELY :AT GA9$ ,AZEFF ! ABSOLUTE CONFID5CE ( ! P>TY2 & IT ?US APPE>S ?AT ONE DEP>TM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE--! ,OKHRANA1 :OSE SPECIAL FUNCTION IS ! PROTECTION ( ! ,CZ>--DID NOT HESITATE TO SACRIFICE ,VON ,PLEHVE A ,GR& ,DUKE 9 ORD] TO RETA9 !IR TRU/$ AG5T 9 ! C5T] ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 

,ALL ?IS MI<T APPE> 9CR$IBLE1 BUT ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE HAD ALREADY 9AUGURAT$ SU* A POLICY 9 #a#h#h#a4 

,:51 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 A SPECIAL POLICE WAS ORGANIZ$ UND] ! NAME ( ,OKHRANA 7,PROTECTION71 = ! P]SONAL PROTECTION ( ! ,CZ>1 ! HEAD ( ?AT SPECIAL POLICE--,COLONEL ,SUDEYK9--5T]+ 9TO RELATIONS ) ONE ( ! T]RORI/S1 ,DEGAEFF1 S]I\SLY 9VIT$ HIM TO 9DUCE ! T]RORI/S ( ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE TO KILL ! !N ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,C\NT ,TOL/OY1 & ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,VLADIMIR1 & AFT]W>DS TO BETRAY ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,AFT] ?AT ,SUDEYK91 HAV+ ?US PROV$ ! 9CAPACITY ( ! ORD9>Y SECRET POLICE TO PROTECT SU* HI< P]SONAGES1 & HIS [N CLEV]NESS 9 DISCOV]+ ! GUILTY P]SONS1 W\LD HIMSELF BE NOM9AT$ ! HEAD ( ALL ! POLICE ) DICTATORIAL RI<TS1 LIKE ,C\NT ,LORIS ,MELIK(F UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 & HE W\LD SECURE A GOOD PLACE = HIS ACCOMPLICE ,DEGAEFF4 

,RAT*KOVSKY & ,AZEFF CONT9U$ ! ,SUDEYK9 TRADITION4 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! ,CZ>1 ! ,OKHRANA ALL[$ ,AZEFF TO IMPORT 9TO ,RUSSIA REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE PR9T$ ABROAD1 TO ORGANIZE WORK%OPS = FABRICAT+ BOMBS1 OCCASIONALLY SUPPLY+ SOME MONEY = ?AT2 !Y ALL[$ HIM ALSO TO ORGANIZE PLOTS AGA9/ ,M9I/]S1 ,GR& ,DUKES1 & ! ,CZ> HIMSELF4 ,ALL ?IS TIME !IR DIABOLIC POLICY WAS C>EFULLY TO PROTECT ! T]RORI/S M>K$ \T BY ,AZEFF AGA9/ AN OCCASIONAL >RE/ BY SOME O!R SECTION ( ! POLICE1 SO AS TO HAVE !M >RE/$ BY NOBODY BUT ! ,OKHRANA1 JU/ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! PLOT WAS GO+ TO BE EXECUT$4 ,!Y MI<T ?US BE SURE ( ! NECESS>Y EFFECT BE+ PRODUC$ ON ! ,CZ>1 & ! VICTIMS MI<T BE IMM$IATELY HANG$1 BE=E !Y HAD TIME TO MAKE COMPROMIS+ REVELATIONS ?AT W\LD GIV5 A CLUE TO ! ,OKHRANA CONSPIRACY4 

,EV5 ESCAPES W]E SKILLFULLY ORGANIZ$ :5 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! ,OKHRANA & ITS AG5T1 ,AZEFF1 TO SP>E SOME ACTIVE FI<T+ LEAD]1 ONLY TO H& HIM OV] LAT] ON TO A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL TO BE HANG$ 9 TW5TY-F\R H\RS4 ,AFT] ?AT !Y P>AD$ AS ! REAL DEF5D]S ( AUTOCRACY 2 !Y OBTA9$ CONSID]ABLE REW>DS 9 MONEY1 PROV$ ! NECESSITY ( ! ,OKHRANA1 OBTA9$ GRANTS = IT1 & MA9TA9$ ! 0,RE9=C$ ,OKHRANA10 ) ITS D\BLE PAY TO ALL ITS (FIC]S & (FICIALS1 & ITS 0EXTRAORD9>Y SUPPLEM5T>Y BUDGET10 FROM YE> TO YE>4 

,9 ORD] TO MAKE SURE ( IT1 !Y ALSO PR9T$ A SPECIAL PAP]1 ! ,TS>SKIY ,LI/OK 7! ,CZ>'S ,LEAFLET71 = ! P]SONAL P]USAL ( ! ,CZ> 7ONE ( ! NUMB]S ( ?IS PAP]1 OBTA9$ FROM ! G5D>M]IE ,>*IVES1 WAS REPRODUC$ LATELY BY ,BURTSEFF 9 HIS REVIEW1 ,BYLOYE71 EV]Y REPORT AB\T ! ACTIVITY ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S & EV]Y >RE/ ( REVOLUTIONI/S BE+ RECORD$ !RE = ! ,CZ>1 :O READ IT ) GREAT 9T]E/--EV]Y?+ BE+ DONE TO CONFIRM HIM 9 ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( MA9TA9+ ! /ATE ( SIEGE4 

,?\S&S ( M5 >E ?US SACRIFIC$ EV]Y YE>1 ONLY TO PROVIDE ! AG5TS PROVOCATEURS ( ! ,OKHRANA ) PL5TY ( MONEY4 

,BUT ,AZEFF WAS NOT AN EXCEPTION4 ,! LATE ,M4 ,P]GAM5T COMMUNICAT$ 9 ,M>* LA/ 7TO ! ,NOVOYE ,VREMYA7 SOME FACTS FROM HIS POLITICAL EXP]I5CE AS A LAWY]1 & !SE ?R[ SOME LI<T ON ! WIDESPREAD SY/EM ( PROVOCATION US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN SECRET POLICE4 ,9 ONE CASE AN AG5T PROVOCATEUR AT ,VILNA1 DRESS$ 9 A SOLDI]'S UNI=M1 COMPLA9$ TO SOME Y\NG BOYS & GIRLS ( ! BAD TREATM5T HE HAD RECEIV$ FROM HIS (FIC]S4 ,HE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! Y\NG PEOPLE %\LD KILL ! (FIC]S1 & (F]$ !M EXPLOSIVES = ! PURPOSE4 ,HAPPILY1 !Y MI/RU/$ HIM1 & DID NOT FOLL[ HIS ADVICE4 

,AT A ,C\RT ,M>TIAL AT ,VLADIMIR1 9 ,FEBRU>Y LA/1 IT WAS PROV$ ?AT ,LIEUT5ANT-,COLONEL ,ZAV>NITSKY1 HEAD ( ! SECRET POLICE ( ?IS CITY1 HAD S5T ?REAT5+ LETT]S1 REVOLUTION>Y PROCLAMATIONS1 DRAW+S ( BOMBS1 & EV5 REAL BOMBS1 TO ALL ! AU?ORITIES1 9CLUD+ HIMSELF4 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL :I* TOOK PLACE AT ,CRAC[1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( AN ACCUSATION BR\<T BY ,BURTSEFF AGA9/ ,MISS ,BRZOZ[SKI ( BELONG+ TO ! SECRET POLICE1 ONE ( ! LAWY]S SAID ?AT 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL& HE HAD SEV]AL TIMES SE5 AG5TS PROVOCATEURS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = MURD]S !Y HAD ORGANIZ$1 & KN[N !M TO BE LIB]AT$ AFT]W>DS & TO APPE> AS WITNESSES 9 O!R TRIALS4#a 

,DUR+ ! LA/ TWO OR ?REE YE>S ! NEWSPAP]S MADE KN[N SEV]AL 9/ANCES 9 ,S\?-,WE/]N ,RUSSIA :]E ! POLICE ( ! T[NS HAVE ORGANIZ$ !IR [N B&S ( SO-CALL$ 0EXPROPRIATORS40 ,UND] PRET5SE ( BE+ REVOLUTIONI/S :O WANT ! MONEY = REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES1 !SE B&S EXTORT$ MONEY FROM WEAL?Y PEOPLE UND] M5ACE ( DEA?4 ,9 ONE OR TWO ( SU* CASES ! FACT WAS E/ABLI%$ BE=E ! ,C\RTS1 & ! RESPECTIVE HEADS ( ! POLICE W]E DISMISS$4 

,QUITE LATELY A B& ( SO-CALL$ EXPROPRIATORS WAS >RE/$ AT ,TIFLIS1 & IT APPE>$ ?AT ITS HEADQU>T]S W]E AT (FICE ( ! SECRET POLICE ( ?AT CITY4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ! HEAD ( ?IS (FICE1 A C]TA9 ,MAT*ANSKY1 & ?REE ( HIS SUBORD9ATES W]E >RE/$1 :ILE ! HEAD ( ! POLICE1 ,TSIKHOTSKY1 5D$ HIS LIFE BY SUICIDE4 ,9=MATION AB\T ?IS B& HAV+ BE5 GIV5 TO ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES BY A Y\NG MAN NAM$ ,SAP>(1 :O HAD 5T]$ ! SECRET POLICE ) ! 9T5TION ( F9D+ \T ! C5T] ( ! B& ( EXPROPRIATORS1 ?IS Y\NG MAN WAS ASSAIL$ 9 ! /REET BY TWO M5 ON ,M>* #a#b? LA/ & KILL$4 

,F9ALLY1 WE HAVE ! ,MEMOIRS ( ! G5D>ME ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY1 P>T ( :I* APPE>$ LA/ ,JUNE 9 A ,KIEFF PAP]1 & WAS REPR9T$ 9 ! ,RUSSKIYA ,V$OMO/I4 ,M4 ,KOROL5KO1 ! WELL-KN[N AU?OR1 V\*ES = !IR AU!NTICITY4 ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY1 IT APPE>S1 WAS P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y PLANS = KILL+ ,BOGDANOVIT*1 GOV]NOR ( ,UFA4 ,OV] & OV] AGA9 HE HAD REPORT$ ?IS PLOT TO ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR1 ,VON ,PLEHVE1 :OSE ORD]S 9 REPLY W]E1 0,DO NOT HURRY40 ,?IS W5T ON TILL ,BOGDANOVIT* WAS KILL$ BY M5 S5T = ?AT PURPOSE BY ,AZEFF1 AG5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,ALL !SE FACTS HAVE BE5 RELAT$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN DAILY ,PRESS1 & WIDELY CIRCULAT$ ?R\< ALL ! LEAD+ PAP]S ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ! PROV9CES1 9CLUD+ ! SEMI(FICIAL PAP]1 ,NOVOYE ,VREMYA4 ,NONE ( ?OSE FACTS HAS BE5 CONTRADICT$ & 9 NO CASE HAS ! ACCURACY ( ! /ATEM5TS EV5 BE5 CONTE/$4 

,MANY MORE SIMIL> FACTS1 COLLECT$ = US 9 ! C\RSE ( \R 9QUIRY1 MI<T BE ADD$ TO ILLU/RATE ! ROLE ( ! POLICE AG5TS 9 MANY AFFAIRS BR\<T BE=E ! ,C\RTS ,M>TIAL = ! LA/ TWO YE>S4 

,?US1 ?REE M5--,JOLPEZ91 ,BORIS(F1 & ,MATROS(F--ACCUS$ ( AN >M$ RAID ON ,YAS9SKY'S FACTORY1 CAME BE=E ! ,C\RT ,M>TIAL AT ,MOSC[4 ,JOLPEZ9 HAD ALREADY TWICE BE5 S5T5C$ TO DEA? = >M$ ROBB]IES1 9 :I*1 AS HE /AT$ AT ! TRIAL1 HE HAD P>TICIPAT$ AS AN AG5T ( ! SECRET POLICE--PROVOCATION BE+ HIS OBJECT4 ,= ! RAID ON ! FACTORY ,BORIS(F & ,JOLPEZ9 W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA?--?IS LA/ = ! ?IRD TIME4#b 

,AT ,SEVA/OPOL ! AG5TS ( ! SECRET POLICE ALL[$ !MSELVES FULL LIB]TY ( ACTION AS AG5TS PROVOCATEURS4 ,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f1 SOME %OTS W]E FIR$ AT A PATROL4 ,:5 ?OSE :O HAD %OT W]E >RE/$1 !Y W]E F\ND TO BE LOCAL SPIES4 ,!REUPON ,ADMIRAL ,SKRYDL(F ORD]$ F\R 0AG5TS0 TO BE EXPELL$ FROM ! =TRESS 2 BUT HE HAD NOT ! C\RAGE TO MOLE/ ! PR9CIPAL ONE4#c 

,AT ,KALUGA#d FIVE M5 W]E BR\<T BE=E A JUDGE ON A *>GE ( HAV+ ROBB$ A %OP4 ,IT WAS PROV$ BY WITNESSES ?AT ! 9/IGATOR ( ! \TRAGE WAS ONE ,BROVTSEFF1 A LAD ( #a#i1 :O WAS ! P]SONAL AG5T ( ,CAPTA9 ,NIKI=(F1 HEAD ( ! LOCAL POLICE4 ,! ROBB]Y WAS COMMITT$ ON ,M>* #i?1 & M>TIAL LAW WAS TO BE DISCONT9U$ ON ,M>* #c?4 ,IT WAS %[N ?AT ! REVOLV] US$ BY ,BROVTSEFF HAD BE5 GIV5 HIM BY ,NIKI=(F1 :O HAD PROMIS$ HIM FULL IMMUNITY FROM PUNI%M5T4 ,:5 >RE/$1 ,BROVTSEFF S5T ,NIKI=(F ! FOLL[+ TELEGRAM 3 0,NIKOLAY ,MITR(ANOVIT*6 ,Y\ PROMIS$ ME FULL IMMUNITY1 & N[ ,I AM >RE/$40 ,! JURY REFUS$ TO GIVE A V]DICT1 & 9SI/$ ?AT A FUR!R 9QUIRY %\LD BE MADE1 & ! JUDGE MADE AN ORD] ACCORD+LY4 

,AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG#e ! POLICE W]E 9=M$ ?AT AMONG ! SECRET POLICE W]E SEV]AL P]SONS BELONG+ TO REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 :O HAD TAK5 P>T 9 MANY ROBB]IES4 ,?IS 9=MATION WAS CONFIRM$1 & ON ,JANU>Y #d? AN AG5T ( ! SECRET S]VICE ( ,M4 ,RAT*KOVSKY WAS >RE/$1 TOGE!R ) SOME O!RS4 

,9 ,KIEFF1 BY A M]E *ANCE1 ! CELEBRAT$ CASE KN[N AS ! 0,ASLANIADE0 WAS BR\<T TO LI<T4#f ,A :OLE S]IES ( SUSPICI\S ACTS ( ! SECRET POLICE 9 ,KIEFF W]E ACCID5TALLY DISCOV]$4 ,WELL-KN[N ?IEVES CAU<T R$-H&$ HAD BE5 LET \T ( PRISON BY ! DIRECTOR ( ! SECRET POLICE1 ,ASLAN(F1 ON ! M]E ASSURANCE ( AN HOTEL PORT] ?AT !Y W]E 0ALL RI<T40 ,! P]SONS :O HAD CAU<T ! ?IEVES HAD BE5 ?REAT5$ BY ,ASLAN(F ) PROSECUTION = DEFAMATORY ACCUSATIONS4 ,CRIM9ALS HAD FREQU5TLY ESCAP$ FROM PRISON ) ! HELP ( ! SECRET POLICE4 ,IT WAS PROV$ ?AT SECRET H\SES ( VISE :I* ! AU?ORITIES HAD ORD]$ TO BE CLOS$ HAD CONT9U$ TO FL\RI% ) ! FULL KN[L$GE ( ! POLICE4 ,AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! CONDUCT ( ! SECRET POLICE WAS ORD]$ BY ! ,GOV]NOR & IS N[ GO+ ON4 ,SO F> TWO POLICEM5 HAVE BE5 DIS*>G$ BY WAY ( SCAPEGOATS4 ,! NEWSPAP] ,KIEVLIAN9 /ATES ?AT ,ASLAN(F IS RESIGN+4 

,!RE IS NO NE$ TO GIVE FUR!R 9/ANCES :I* PROVE 9 :AT H&S ! LIB]TY & ! LIFE ( CITIZ5S >E PLAC$4 

   

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,NOVOYE ,VREMYA1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #a#i#i4  

#b,TOV>IS*1 ,NO4 #c#f#f1 ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#i#g4 

#c,PUT1 ,NO4 #e#f1 ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #a#i#f4 

#d,RUSSKOE ,SLOVO1 ,NO4 #b#a#f1 ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #aig 2 ,TOV>41 ,NO4 #c#h#b4 

#e,IBID41 ,NO4 #g1 ,JANU>Y #i1 #a#i#h4 

#f,RYET*1 ,NO4 #h#e1 ,APRIL #i1 #a#i#h4 

7,S\RCE3 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ME?U5 @& ,CO41 #a#i#i4 #d? ,$47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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