,! ,/ATE 
,ITS ,NATURE1 ,OBJECT1 & ,DE/9Y 

#ahdi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] 

,TAGS 3 L\IS BLANC & PI]RE L]\X1 CON/ITUTION ( ! /ATE1 P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 GOV]NM5T & ! /ATE1 =MS ( ! /ATE1 IDEA ( ! /ATE1 LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 TYRANNY ( *AOS1 D5Y ! /ATE1 VOIX DU PEUPLE4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROG] ,H[>D1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y RAIS$ TWO LEAD+ QUE/IONS3 ONE ECONOMIC1 ! QUE/ION ( LABOR & PROP]TY2 ! O!R POLITICAL1 ! QUE/ION ( GOV]NM5T OR ! ,/ATE4 

,ON ! FIR/ ( !SE QUE/IONS ! SOCIALI/IC DEMOCRACY IS SUB/ANTIALLY 9 ACCORD4 ,!Y ADMIT ?AT IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! SEIZURE & DIVISION ( PROP]TY1 OR EV5 ( ITS REPUR*ASE4 ,NEI!R IS IT A QUE/ION ( DI%ONORABLY LEVY+ ADDITIONAL TAXES ON ! WEAL?Y & PROP]TY-HOLD+ CLASSES1 :I*1 :ILE VIOLAT+ ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 W\LD S]VE ONLY TO OV]TURN ! G5]AL ECONOMY & AGGRAVATE ! SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! ECONOMIC RE=M CONSI/S1 ON ! ONE H&1 9 OP5+ USURI\S CR$IT TO COMPETITION & !REBY CAUS+ CAPITAL TO LOSE ITS 9COME1--9 O!R WORDS1 9 ID5TIFY+1 9 EV]Y CITIZ5 TO ! SAME DEGREE1 ! CAPACITY ( ! LABOR] & ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/2 ON ! O!R H&1 9 ABOLI%+ ! :OLE SY/EM ( EXI/+ TAXES1 :I* FALL ONLY ON ! LABOR] & ! POOR MAN1 & REPLAC+ !M ALL BY A S+LE TAX ON CAPITAL1 AS AN 9SURANCE PREMIUM4 

,BY !SE TWO GREAT RE=MS SOCIAL ECONOMY IS RECON/RUCT$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS >E 9V]T$1 & ! PR(ITS1 N[ ASSUR$ TO ! CAPITALI/1 RETURN TO ! LABOR]4 ,COMPETITION1 N[ AN>*ICAL & SUBV]SIVE1 BECOMES EMULATIVE & FRUITFUL2 M>KETS NO LONG] BE+ WANT+1 ! WORK+MAN & EMPLOY]1 9TIMATELY CONNECT$1 HAVE NO?+ MORE TO FE> FROM /AGNATION OR SUSP5SION4 ,A NEW ORD] IS E/ABLI%$ UPON ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS ABOLI%$ OR REG5]AT$4 

,ON ?IS PO9T ! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE IS LAID \T2 ! MEAN+ ( ! MOVEM5T IS KN[N4 ,:ATEV] MODIFICATION MAY APPE> 9 PRACTICE1 ! RE=M WILL BE EFFECT$ ACCORD+ TO !SE PR9CIPLES & ON !SE BASES2 ! ,REVOLUTION HAS NO O!R ISSUE4 ,! ECONOMIC PROBLEM1 !N1 MAY BE CONSID]$ SOLV$4 

,IT IS F> FROM BE+ ! SAME ) ! POLITICAL PROBLEM1--?AT IS1 ) ! DISPOSAL TO BE MADE 9 ! FUTURE1 ( GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE4 ,ON ?IS PO9T ! QUE/ION IS NOT EV5 /AT$2 IT HAS NOT BE5 RECOGNIZ$ BY ! PUBLIC CONSCI5CE & ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! MASSES4 ,! ECONOMIC ,REVOLUTION BE+ ACCOMPLI%$1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 CAN GOV]NM5T1 ! ,/ATE1 CONT9UE TO EXI/8 ,\<T IT TO CONT9UE TO EXI/8 ,?IS NO ONE1 EI!R 9 DEMOCRACY OR \T ( IT1 D>ES TO CALL 9 QUE/ION2 & YET IT IS ! PROBLEM :I*1 IF WE W\LD ESCAPE NEW CATA/ROPHES1 MU/ NEXT BE SOLV$4 

,WE AFFIRM1 !N1 & AS YET WE >E ALONE 9 AFFIRM+1 ?AT ) ! ECONOMIC ,REVOLUTION1 NO LONG] 9 DISPUTE1 ! ,/ATE MU/ 5TIRELY DISAPPE>2 ?AT ?IS DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,/ATE IS ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT & ! RE=M ( TAXATION2 ?AT1 AS AN EFFECT ( ?IS D\BLE 9NOVATION GOV]NM5T BECOMES FIR/ USELESS & !N IMPOSSIBLE2 ?AT 9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS 9 ! SAME CATEGORY ) FEUDAL PROP]TY1 L5D+ AT 9T]E/1 ABSOLUTE & CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ETC41 ALL ( :I* HAVE S]V$ 9 ! $UCATION ( LIB]TY1 BUT :I* FALL & VANI% :5 LIB]TY HAS >RIV$ AT ITS FULLNESS4 ,O!RS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 ! FRONT RANKS ( :OM WE DI/+UI% ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 MA9TA9 ?AT1 AFT] ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONT9UE ! ,/ATE1 BUT 9 AN ORGANIZ$ =M1 FURNI%+ H[EV]1 AS YET NO PR9CIPLE OR PLAN = ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,= !M ! POLITICAL QUE/ION1 9/EAD ( BE+ ANNIHILAT$ BY ID5TIFICATION ) ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION ALWAYS SUBSI/S1 !Y FAVOR AN EXT5SION ( ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! ,/ATE1 ( P[]1 ( AU?ORITY1 ( GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y *ANGE NAMES ONLY2 = EXAMPLE1 9/EAD ( MA/]-,/ATE !Y SAY S]VANT-,/ATE1 AS IF A *ANGE ( WORDS SUFFIC$ TO TRANS=M ?+S6 ,ABOVE ?IS SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T1 AB\T :I* NO?+ IS KN[N1 HOV]S A SY/EM ( RELIGION :OSE DOGMA IS EQUALLY UNKN[N1 :OSE RITUAL IS UNKN[N1 :OSE OBJECT1 ON E>? & 9 HEAV51 IS UNKN[N4 

,?IS1 !N IS ! QUE/ION :I* AT PRES5T DIVIDES ! SOCIALI/IC DEMOCRACY1 N[ 9 ACCORD1 OR NE>LY SO1 ON O!R MATT]S3 ,MU/ ! ,/ATE CONT9UE TO EXI/ AFT] ! QUE/ION ( LABOR & CAPITAL %ALL BE PRACTICALLY SOLV$8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 %ALL WE ALWAYS HAVE1 AS WE HAVE HAD HI!RTO1 A POLITICAL CON/ITUTION AP>T FROM ! SOCIAL CON/ITUTION8 

,WE REPLY 9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,WE MA9TA9 ?AT1 CAPITAL & LABOR ONCE ID5TIFI$1 SOCIETY EXI/S BY ITSELF1 & HAS NO FUR!R NE$ ( GOV]NM5T4 ,WE >E1 !RE=E1 AS WE HAVE MORE ?AN ONCE ANN\NC$1 AN>*I/S4 ,AN>*Y IS ! CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( ADULT SOCIETY1 AS HI]>*Y IS ! CONDITION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY4 ,!RE IS A CONT9UAL PROGRESS 9 HUMAN SOCIETY FROM HI]>*Y TO AN>*Y4 

,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X AFFIRM ! CONTR>Y4 ,9 ADDITION TO !IR CAPACITY ( SOCIALI/S !Y RETA9 ?AT ( POLITICIANS2 !Y >E M5 ( GOV]NM5T & AU?ORITY1 /ATESM54 

,TO SETTLE ! DIFF]5CE1 WE HAVE1 !N1 TO CONSID] ! ,/ATE1 NO LONG] FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! OLD SOCIETY1 :I* NATURALLY & NECESS>ILY PRODUC$ IT1 & :I* APPROA*ES ITS 5D1 BUT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 :I* IS1 OR MU/ BE1 ! RESULT ( ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL & CORRELATIVE RE=MS ( CR$IT & TAXATION4 

,N[ IF WE PROVE ?AT1 FROM ?IS LA/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,/ATE1 CONSID]$ 9 ITS NATURE RE/S ON A ?OR\<LY FALSE HYPO!SIS2 ?AT1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 CONSID]$ 9 ITS OBJECT1 ! ,/ATE F9DS NO EXCUSE = ITS EXI/5CE SAVE 9 A SECOND HYPO!SIS1 EQUALLY FALSE2 ?AT1 F9ALLY1 CONSID]$ 9 ! REASONS = ITS CONT9UANCE1 ! ,/ATE AGA9 CAN APPEAL ONLY TO AN HYPO!SIS AS FALSE AS ! TWO O!RS1--!SE ?REE PO9TS CLE>$ UP1 ! QUE/ION WILL BE SETTL$1 ! ,/ATE WILL BE REG>D$ AS A SUP]FLU\S1 & CONSEQU5TLY H>MFUL & IMPOSSIBLE1 ?+2 GOV]NM5T WILL BE A CONTRADICTION4 

,LET US PROCE$ AT ONCE ) ! ANALYSIS3-- 

,I4 ,( ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 

0,:AT IS ! ,/ATE80 ASKS ,L\IS ,BLANC4 

,& HE REPLIES3-- 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] MON>*ICAL RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ONE MAN1 ! TYRANNY ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] OLIG>*ICAL RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A SMALL NUMB] ( M51 ! TYRANNY ( A FEW4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] >I/OCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A CLASS1 ! TYRANNY ( MANY4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] AN>*ICAL RULE IS ! P[] ( ! FIR/ COM] :O HAPP5S TO BE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! /RONGE/2 IT IS ! TYRANNY ( *AOS4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] DEMOCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 S]V$ BY !IR ELECT1 IT IS ! REIGN ( LIB]TY40 

,( ! TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY ?\S& READ]S ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 P]HAPS !RE >E NOT T5 TO :OM ?IS DEF9ITION ( ! ,/ATE DID NOT SEEM CONCLUSIVE1 & :O DO NOT REPEAT1 AFT] ! MA/]3 ,! ,/ATE IS ! P[] ( ONE1 ( A FEW1 ( MANY1 ( ALL1 OR ( ! FIR/ COM]1 ACCORD+ AS ! WORD ,/ATE IS PREFAC$ BY ONE ( !SE O!R ADJECTIVES1--MON>*ICAL1 OLIG>*ICAL1 >I/OCRATIC1 DEMOCRATIC1 OR AN>*ICAL4 ,! DELEGATES ( ! ,LUXEMB\RG--:O ?9K !MSELVES ROBB$1 IT SEEMS1 :5 ANY ONE ALL[S HIMSELF TO HOLD AN OP9ION DIFF]5T FROM !IRS ON ! MEAN+ & T5D5CIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y--9 A LETT] ?AT HAS BE5 MADE PUBLIC1 HAVE DONE ME ! HONOR TO 9=M ME ?AT !Y REG>D ,L\IS ,BLANC'S ANSW] AS QUITE TRIUMPHANT1 & ?AT ,I CAN SAY NO?+ 9 REPLY4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT NONE ( ! CITIZ5-DELEGATES EV] HAVE /UDI$ ,GREEK4 ,O!RWISE1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE5 ?AT !IR MA/] & FRI5D1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 9/EAD ( DEF9+ ! ,/ATE1 HAS ONLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,FR5* ! ,GREEK WORDS MONOS1 ONE2 ALIGOI1 A FEW2 >I/OI1 ! GREAT2 DEMOS1 ! PEOPLE2 & ! PRIVATIVE A1 :I* MEANS NO4 ,IT IS BY ! USE ( !SE QUALIFY+ T]MS ?AT ,>I/OTLE HAS DI/+UI%$ ! V>I\S =MS ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* IS DESIGNAT$ BY ! WORD >*E1 AU?ORITY1 GOV]NM5T1 ,/ATE4 ,WE ASK P>DON ( \R READ]S1 BUT IT IS NOT \R FAULT IF ! POLITICAL SCI5CE ( ! ,LUXEMB\RG DOES NOT GO BEYOND ETYMOLOGY4 

,& M>K ! >TIFICE6 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 9 HIS TRANSLATION1 ONLY HAD TO USE ! WORD TYRANNY F\R TIMES1 TYRANNY ( ONE1 TYRANNY ( MANY1 ETC41 & TO AVOID IT ONCE1 P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 S]V$ BY !IR ELECT1 TO W9 APPLAUSE4 ,EV]Y /ATE SAVE ! DEMOCRATIC1 ACCORD+ TO ,L\IS ,BLANC1 IS TYRANNY4 ,AN>*Y ESPECIALLY RECEIVES A PECULI> TREATM5T2 IT IS ! P[] ( ! FIR/ COM] :O HAPP5S TO BE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! /RONGE/2 IT IS ! TYRANNY ( *AOS4 ,:AT A MON/] MU/ BE ?IS FIR/ COM]1 :O1 FIR/ COM] ?AT HE IS1 NEV]!LESS HAPP5S TO BE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! /RONGE/1 & :O EX]CISES HIS TYRANNY 9 *AOS6 ,AFT] ?AT :O C\LD PREF] AN>*Y TO ?IS *>M+ GOV]NM5T ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 S]V$ SO WELL1 AS WE KN[1 BY !IR ELECT8 ,H[ OV]:ELM+ IT IS1 TO BE SURE6 AT ! FIR/ BL[ WE F9D \RSELVES FLAT ON ! GR\ND4 ,O RHETORICIAN6 ?ANK ,GOD = HAV+ CREAT$ = Y\R EXPRESS B5EFIT1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 SU* /UPIDITY AS ?AT ( Y\R SO-CALL$ DELEGATES ( ! WORK+ CLASSES2 O!RWISE Y\ W\LD HAVE P]I%$ UND] A /ORM ( HISSES ! FIR/ TIME Y\ T\*$ A P54  

,:AT IS ! ,/ATE8 ,?IS QUE/ION MU/ BE ANSW]$4 ,! LI/ ( ! V>I\S =MS ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* ,L\IS ,BLANC1 AFT] ,>I/OTLE1 HAS PREP>$1 HAS TAU<T US NO?+4 ,AS = ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 IT IS NOT WOR? :ILE TO 9T]ROGATE HIM2 HE W\LD TELL US ?AT ! QUE/ION IS 9CONSID]ATE2 ?AT ! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS EXI/$2 ?AT IT ALWAYS WILL EXI/1--! F9AL REASON ( CONS]VATIVES & OLD WOM54 

,! ,/ATE IS ! ,E,X,T,],N,A,L CON/ITUTION ( ! SOCIAL P[]4  

,BY ?IS EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ITS P[] & SOV]EIGNTY1 ! PEOPLE DOES NOT GOV]N ITSELF2 N[ ONE 9DIVIDUAL1 N[ SEV]AL1 BY A TITLE EI!R ELECTIVE OR H]$IT>Y1 >E *>G$ ) GOV]N+ IT1 ) MANAG+ IT AFFAIRS1 ) NEGOTIAT+ & COMPROMIS+ 9 ITS NAME2 9 A WORD1 ) P]=M+ ALL ! ACTS ( A FA!R ( A FAMILY1 A GU>DIAN1 A MANAG]1 OR A PROXY1 FURNI%$ ) A G5]AL1 ABSOLUTE1 & IRREVOCABLE P[] ( ATTORNEY4 

,?IS EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ! COLLECTIVE P[]1 TO :I* ! ,GREEKS GAVE ! NAME >*E1 SOV]EIGNTY1 AU?ORITY1 GOV]NM5T1 RE/S !N ON ?IS HYPO!SIS3 ?AT A PEOPLE1 ?AT ! COLLECTIVE BE+ :I* WE CALL SOCIETY1 CANNOT GOV]N ITSELF1 ?9K1 ACT1 EXPRESS ITSELF1 UNAID$1 LIKE BE+S 5D[$ ) 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY2 ?AT1 TO DO !SE ?+S1 IT MU/ BE REPRES5T$ BY ONE OR MORE 9DIVIDUALS1 :O1 BY ANY TITLE :ATEV]1 >E REG>D$ AS CU/ODIANS ( ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 & ITS AG5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS HYPO!SIS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! COLLECTIVE P[]1 :I* BELONGS ESS5TIALLY TO ! MASS1 TO EXPRESS ITSELF & ACT DIRECTLY1 )\T ! M$IATION ( ORGANS EXPRESSLY E/ABLI%$ &1 SO TO SPEAK1 PO/$ AD HOC4 ,IT SEEMS1 WE SAY1--& ?IS IS ! EXPLANATION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 ALL ITS V>IETIES & =MS1--?AT ! COLLECTIVE BE+1 SOCIETY1 EXI/+ ONLY 9 ! M9D1 CANNOT MAKE ITSELF FELT SAVE ?R\< MON>*ICAL 9C>NATION1 >I/OCRATIC USURPATION1 OR DEMOCRATIC M&ATE2 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT ALL SPECIAL & P]SONAL MANIFE/ATION IS =BIDD5 IT4 

,N[ IT IS PRECISELY ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! COLLECTIVE BE+1 ( IT LIFE1 ITS ACTION1 ITS UNITY1 ITS 9DIVIDUALITY1 ITS P]SONALITY1--= SOCIETY IS A P]SON1 UND]/&6 JU/ AS 5TIRE HUMANITY IS A P]SON1--IT IS ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! COLLECTIVE HUMAN BE+ ?AT WE D5Y TODAY2 & IT IS = ?AT REASON ?AT WE D5Y ! ,/ATE ALSO1 ?AT WE D5Y GOV]NM5T1 ?AT WE EXCLUDE FROM SOCIETY1 :5 ECONOMICALLY REVOLUTIONIZ$1 EV]Y CON/ITUTION ( ! POPUL> P[]1 EI!R )\T OR )9 ! MASS1 BY H]$IT>Y ROYALTY1 FEUDAL 9/ITUTION1 OR DEMOCRATIC DELEGATION4  

,WE AFFIRM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! PEOPLE1 ?AT SOCIETY1 ?AT ! MASS1 CAN & \<T TO GOV]N ITSELF BY ITSELF2 TO ?+1 ACT1 RISE1 & HALT1 LIKE A MAN2 TO MANIFE/ ITSELF1 9 F9E1 9 ITS PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL 9DIVIDUALITY1 )\T ! AID ( ALL !SE SPOKESM51 :O =M]LY W]E DESPOTS1 :O N[ >E >I/OCRATS1 :O FROM TIME TO TIME HAVE BE5 PRET5D$ DELEGATES1 FAWN]S ON OR S]VANTS ( ! CR[D1 & :OM WE CALL PLA9LY & SIMPLY POPUL> AGITATORS1 DEMAGOGUES4 

,9 %ORT3 

,WE D5Y GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE WE AFFIRM ?AT :I* ! F\ND]S ( ,/ATES HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ 91 ! P]SONALITY & AUTONOMY ( ! MASSES4 

,WE AFFIRM FUR!R ?AT EV]Y CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE HAS NO O!R OBJECT ?AN TO LEAD SOCIETY TO ?IS CONDITION ( AUTONOMY2 ?AT ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ! ,/ATE1 FROM ABSOLUTE MON>*Y TO REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 >E ALL ONLY MIDDLE T]MS1 ILLOGICAL & UN/ABLE POSITIONS1 S]V+ ONE AFT] ANO!R AS TRANSITIONS OR /EPS TO LIB]TY1 & =M+ ! R\NDS ( ! POLITICAL LADD] UPON :I* SOCIETIES M\NT TO SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-POSSESSION4 

,WE AFFIRM1 F9ALLY1 ?AT ?IS AN>*Y1 :I* EXPRESSES1 AS WE N[ SEE1 ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( LIB]TY & ORD] AT :I* HUMANITY CAN >RIVE1 IS ! TRUE =MULA ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! GOAL T[>DS ) ! ,REVOLUTION OR ,FEBRU>Y URGES US2 SO ?AT BETWE5 ! ,REPUBLIC & ! GOV]NM5T1 BETWE5 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ! ,/ATE1 !RE IS A CONTRADICTION4  

,!SE SY/EMATIC AFFIRMATIONS WE E/ABLI% 9 TWO WAYS3 FIR/1 BY ! HI/ORICAL & NEGATIVE ME?OD1 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT NO E/ABLI%M5T ( AU?ORITY1 NO ORGANIZATION ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE FROM )\T1 IS H5CE=? POSSIBLE = US4 ,?IS DEMON/RATION WE COMM5C$ 9 ! 0,CONFESSIONS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/10 9 RECIT+ ! FALL ( ALL ! GOV]NM5TS :I* HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R 9 ,FRANCE = SIXTY YE>S1 DISCOV]+ ! CAUSE ( !IR ABOLITION1 & 9 ! LA/ PLACE SIGNALIZ+ ! EXHAU/ION & DEA? ( AU?ORITY 9 ! CORRUPT$ REIGN ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE1 9 ! 9]T DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & 9 ! 9SIGNIFICANT PRESID5CY ( ,G5]AL ,CAVIGNAC & ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE4  

,WE PROVE \R !SIS1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BY EXPLA9+ H[1 ?R\< ! ECONOMIC RE=M1 ?R\< 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY & ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! PEOPLE PASSES FROM SPONTANEITY TO REFLECTION & CONSCI\SNESS2 ACT1 NO LONG] FROM IMPULSE & 5?USIASM1 BUT ) DESIGN2 MA9TA9S ITSELF )\T MA/]S & S]VANTS1 )\T DELEGATES AS )\T >I/OCRATS1 ABSOLUTELY AS W\LD AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?US1 ! CONCEPTION ( P]SON1 ! IDEA ( ! ME1 BECOMES EXT5D$ & G5]ALIZ$2 AS !RE IS AN 9DIVIDUAL P]SON OR ME1 SO !RE IS A COLLECTIVE P]SON OR ME2 9 ! ONE CASE AS 9 ! O!R WILL1 ACTIONS1 S\L1 SPIRIT1 LIFE1 UNKN[N 9 !IR PR9CIPLE1 9CONCEIVABLE 9 !IR ESS5CE1 RESULT FROM ! ANIMAT+ & VITAL FACT ( ORGANIZATION4 ,! PSY*OLOGY ( NATIONS & ( HUMANITY1 LIKE ! PSY*OLOGY ( MAN1 BECOMES A POSSIBLE SCI5CE4 ,IT WAS ?IS DEMON/RATION ?AT WE REF]R$ TO 9 \R PUBLICATIONS ON CIRCULATION & CR$IT AS WELL AS 9 ! F\RTE5? *APT] ( ! MANIFE/O ( 0,LA ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE0 RELATIVE TO ! CON/ITUTION4 

,SO1 :5 ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X ASSUME ! POSITION ( DEF5D]S ( ! ,/ATE1--?AT IS1 ( ! EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ! PUBLIC P[]1--!Y ONLY REPRODUCE1 9 A V>I$ =M PECULI> TO !MSELVES :I* !Y HAVE NOT YET MADE KN[N1 ?AT OLD FICTION ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 :OSE 9TEGRAL =MULA1 :OSE COMPLETE/ EXPRESSION1 IS /ILL ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,DID WE1 !N1 ACCOMPLI% ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ?IS RETROGRESSIVE CONTRADICTION8 

,IT SEEMS TO US--:AT DO Y\ SAY1 READ]S8--?AT ! QUE/ION BEG9S TO EXHIBIT ITSELF 9 A SOME:AT CLE>] LI<T2 ?AT ! WEAK-M9D$1 AFT] :AT WE HAVE JU/ SAID1 WILL BE ABLE TO =M AN IDEA ( ! ,/ATE2 ?AT !Y WILL UND]/& H[ REPUBLICANS CAN 9QUIRE IF IT IS 9DISP5SABLE1 AFT] AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION :I* *ANGES ALL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 TO MA9TA91 TO PLEASE ! VANITY ( PRET5D$ /ATESM51 & AT A CO/ ( TWO ?\S& MILLIONS P] ANNUM1 ?IS P>ASITIC ORGAN CALL$ GOV]NM5T4 ,& ! HONORABLE DELEGATES ( ! ,LUXEMB\RG1 :O1 BE+ SEAT$ 9 ! >M-*AIRS ( ! PE]AGE1 !RE=E ?9K !MSELVES POLITICIANS1 & CLAIM SO C\RAGE\SLY AN EXCLUSIVE UND]/&+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 D\BTLESS WILL FE> NO LONG] ?AT WE1 9 \R CAPACITY ( ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! /RONGE/1 AFT] HAV+ ABOLI%$ GOV]NM5T1 AS USELESS & TOO CO/LY1 MAY E/ABLI% ! TYRANNY ( *AOS4 ,WE D5Y ! ,/ATE & ! GOV]NM5T2 WE AFFIRM 9 ! SAME BREA? ! AUTONOMY ( ! PEOPLE & ITS MAJORITY4 ,H[ CAN WE BE UPHOLD]S ( TYRANNY1 ASPIRANTS = ! M9I/RY1 COMPETITORS ( ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X8 

,9 TRU?1 WE DO NOT UND]/& ! LOGIC ( \R ADV]S>IES4 ,!Y ACCEPT A PR9CIPLE )\T TR\BL+ !MSELVES AB\T ITS CONSEQU5CES2 !Y APPROVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EQUALITY ( TAXATION :I* ! TAX ON CAPITAL REALIZES2 !Y ADOPT POPUL>1 MUTUAL1 & GRATUIT\S CR$IT1 = ALL !SE T]MS >E SYNONYM\S2 !Y *E] AT ! DE?RONEM5T ( CAPITAL & ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR2 !N1 :5 IT REMA9S TO DRAW ! ANTI-GOV]NM5TAL CONCLUSIONS FROM !SE PREMISES1 !Y PROTE/1 !Y CONT9UE TO TALK ( POLITICS & GOV]NM5T1 )\T 9QUIR+ :E!R GOV]NM5T IS COMPATIBLE ) 9DU/RIAL LIB]TY & EQUALITY2 :E!R !RE IS A POSSIBILITY ( A POLITICAL SCI5CE1 :5 !RE IS A NECESSITY = AN ECONOMIC SCI5CE6 ,PROP]TY !Y ATTACK )\T SCRUPLE1 9 SPITE ( ITS V5]ABLE ANTIQUITY2 BUT !Y B[ BE=E P[] LIKE *UR*-W>D5S BE=E ! HOLY SACRAM5T4 ,GOV]NM5T IS TO !M ! NECESS>Y & IMMUTABLE A PRIORI1 ! PR9CIPLE ( PR9CIPLES1 ! ET]NAL >*EUS4 

,C]TA9LY1 WE DO NOT (F] \R AFFIRMATIONS AS PRO(S2 WE KN[1 AS WELL AS ANY ONE1 ON :AT CONDITIONS A PROPOSITION IS DEMON/RAT$4 ,WE ONLY SAY ?AT1 BE=E PROCE$+ TO A NEW CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 WE MU/ 9QUIRE :E!R1 9 VIEW ( ! ECONOMIC RE=MS :I* ! ,REVOLUTION IMPOSES UPON US1 ! ,/ATE ITSELF %\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$2 :E!R ?IS 5D ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS DOES NOT RESULT FROM ! MEAN+ & BE>+ ( ECONOMIC RE=M4 ,WE ASK :E!R1 9 FACT1 AFT] ! EXPLOSION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! DECL>ATION ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! MASSES1 & ! H5CE=? 9EVITABLE SUBORD9ATION ( P[] TO ! POPUL> WILL1 ANY GOV]NM5T :ATEV] IS /ILL POSSIBLE1 :E!R A GOV]NM5T W\LD NOT BE PLAC$ P]PETUALLY 9 ! ALT]NATIVE EI!R ( SUBMISSIVELY FOLL[+ ! BL9D & CONTRADICTORY 9JUNCTIONS ( ! MULTITUDE1 OR ( 9T5TIONALLY DECEIV+ IT1 AS ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T HAS DONE1 AS DEMAGOGUES 9 ALL AGES HAVE DONE4 ,WE ASK1 AT LEA/1 :I* ( ! V>I\S ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE %\LD BE RETA9$ & /R5G!N$1 :I* ABOLI%$4 ,=1 %\LD WE F9D1 AS MAY /ILL BE EXPECT$1 ?AT1 ( ALL ! PRES5T ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE1 NOT ONE CAN SURVIVE ! ECONOMIC RE=M1 IT W\LD BE QUITE NECESS>Y TO ADMIT1 ON ! /R5G? ( ?IS NEGATIVE DEMON/RATION ?AT1 9 ! NEW CONDITION ( SOCIETY1 ! ,/ATE IS NO?+41 CAN BE NO?+2 9 %ORT1 ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO ORGANIZE DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T1 

,9/EAD ( ?IS POSITIVE1 PRACTICAL1 REALI/IC ANALYSIS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :AT C\RSE DO \R PRET5D$ APO/LES TAKE8 ,!Y GO TO CONSULT ,LYCURGUS1 ,PLATO1 ,ORPHEUS1 & ALL ! MY?OLOGICAL ORACLES2 !Y 9T]ROGATE ! ANCI5T LEG5DS2 !Y APPEAL TO REMOTE/ ANTIQUITY = ! SOLUTION ( PROBLEMS EXCLUSIVELY MOD]N1 & !N GIVE US = ANSW] ! :IMSICAL ILLUM9ATIONS ( !IR BRA94 

,ONCE MORE3 IS ?IS ! SCI5CE ( SOCIETY & ( ! ,REVOLUTION :I* MU/1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS2 A SCI5CE ESS5TIALLY PRACTICAL & IMM$IATELY APPLICABLE2 A SCI5CE EM95TLY TRADITIONAL D\BTLESS1 BUT ABOVE ALL ?OR\<LY PROGRESSIVE1 9 :I* PROGRESS TAKES PLACE ?R\< ! SY/EMATIC NEGATION ( TRADITION ITSELF8 

,I,I4 ,( ! 5D OR OBJECT ( ! ,/ATE4 

,WE HAVE JU/ SE5 ?AT ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE1 CONSID]$ 9 ITS NATURE1 RE/S 5TIRELY ON AN HYPO!SIS :I* IS AT LEA/ D\BTFUL1--?AT ( ! IMP]SONALITY & ! PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL 9]TIA ( ! MASSES4 ,WE %ALL N[ PROVE ?AT ?IS SAME IDEA ( ! ,/ATE1 CONSID]$ 9 ITS OBJECT1 RE/S ON ANO!R HYPO!SIS1 /ILL MORE IMPROBABLE ?AN ! FIR/1--?AT ( ! P]MAN5CE ( ANTAGONISM 9 HUMANITY1 AN HYPO!SIS :I* IS ITSELF A CONSEQU5CE ( ! PRIMITIVE DOGMA ( ! FALL OR ( ORIG9AL S94 

,WE CONT9UE TO QUOTE 0,LE ,N\VEAU ,MONDE30 

0,:AT W\LD HAPP510 ASKS ,L\IS ,BLANC1 0IF WE %\LD LEAVE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T OR ! /RONGE/ TO PLACE OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FACULTIES ( ONE :O IS LESS /RONG OR LESS 9TELLIG5T8 ,LIB]TY W\LD BE DE/ROY$4 

0,H[ PREV5T ?IS CRIME8 ,BY 9T]POS+ BETWE5 OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$ ! :OLE P[] ( ! PEOPLE4 

0,IF ,JAMES OPPRESSES ,PET]1 %ALL ! ?IRTY-F\R MILLIONS ( M5 ( :OM ,FR5* SOCIETY IS COMPOS$ RUN ALL AT ONCE TO PROTECT ,PET]1 TO MA9TA9 LIB]TY8 ,TO PRET5D SU* A ?+ W\LD BE BUFFOON]Y4 

0,H[ !N %ALL SOCIETY 9T]V5E8 

0,?R\< ?OSE :OM IT HAS *OS5 TO ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T IT = ?IS PURPOSE4 

0,BUT !SE ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,A,T,I,V,E,S ( SOCIETY1 !SE S]VANTS ( ! PEOPLE1 :O >E !Y8 ,! ,/ATE4 

0,!N ! ,/ATE IS ONLY SOCIETY ITSELF1 ACT+ AS SOCIETY1 TO PREV5T--:AT8--OPPRESSION2 TO MA9TA9--:AT8--LIB]TY40 

,?AT IS CLE>4 ,! ,/ATE IS A ,R,E,P,R,E,S,5,T,A,T,I,O,N ( SOCIETY1 EXT]NALLY ORGANIZ$ TO PROTECT ! WEAK AGA9/ ! /RONG2 9 O!R WORDS1 TO PRES]VE PEACE BETWE5 DISPUTANTS & MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,L\IS ,BLANC HAS NOT GONE1 F>1 AS WE SEE1 TO F9D ! OBJECT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT CAN BE TRAC$ FROM ,GROTIUS1 ,JU/9IAN1 ,CIC]O1 ETC41 9 ALL ! AU?ORS :O EV] HAVE WRITT5 ON PUBLIC RI<T4 ,IT IS ! ,ORPHIC TRADITION RELAT$ BY ,HORACE3-- 

,SYLVE/RES HOM9ES SAC] 9T]PRESQUE DEORUM4 

,CA$IBUS ET VICTU FO$O DET]RUIT ,ORPHEUS1  

,DICTUS OB HOC L5IRE TIGRES RABIDOSQUE LEONES1  

,DICTUS ET ,AMPHION1 ,!BANAE CONDITOR >CIS1  

,SAXA MOV]E SONO TE/UD9IS1 ET PRECE BL&A  

,DUC]E QUO VELLET4444 

0,! DIV9E ,ORPHEUS1 ! 9T]PRET] ( ! GODS1 CALL$ M5 FROM ! DEP?S ( ! =E/S & FILL$ !M ) A HORROR ( MURD] & ( HUMAN FLE%4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT WAS SAID ( HIM ?AT HE TAM$ LIONS & TIG]S1 AS LAT] IT WAS SAID ( ,AMPHION1 F\ND] ( ,!BES1 ?AT HE MOV$ ! /ONES BY ! S\ND ( HIS LYRE1 & L$ !M :I!R HE WI%$ BY ! *>M ( HIS PRAY]40 

,SOCIALISM1 WE KN[1 DOES NOT REQUIRE ) C]TA9 PEOPLE GREAT EF=TS ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,!Y IMITATE1 FLATLY 5\<1 ! OLD MY?OLOGIES2 !Y COPY ,CA?OLICISM1 :ILE DECLAIM+ AGA9/ IT2 !Y APE P[]1 :I* !Y LU/ AFT]2 !N !Y %\T ) ALL !IR /R5G?3 ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 ,FRAT]NITY2 & ! CIRCLE IS COMPLETE4 ,ONE PASSES = A REVELATOR1 A RE=M]1 A DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL RE/OR]1 ONE IS NAM$ AS A C&IDATE = ! M9I/RY ( PROGRESS1--NAY1 EV5 = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,REPUBLIC6 

,SO1 BY ! CONFESSION ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 P[] IS BORN ( B>B>ISM2 ITS ORGANIZATION BE>S WITNESS TO A /ATE ( F]OCITY & VIOL5CE AMONG PRIMITIVE M51--AN EFFECT ( ! UTT] ABS5CE ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY4 ,TO ?IS SAVAGISM ! ,/ATE HAD TO PUT AN 5D BY OPPOS+ TO ! =CE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL A SUP]IOR =CE CAPABLE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY O!R >GUM5T1 ( RE/RA9+ HIS WILL4 ,! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE SUPPOSES1 !N1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SAID1 A PR(\ND SOCIAL ANTAGONISM1 HOMO HOM9I LUPUS4 ,L\IS ,BLANC HIMSELF SAYS ?IS :51 AFT] HAV+ DIVID$ M5 9TO ! /RONG & ! WEAK1 DISPUT+ ) EA* O!R LIKE WILD BEA/S = !IR FOOD1 HE 9T]POSES BETWE5 !M1 AS A M$IATOR1 ! ,/ATE4 

,!N ! ,/ATE W\LD BE USELESS2 ! ,/ATE W\LD LACK AN OBJECT AS WELL AS A MOTIVE2 ! ,/ATE W\LD HAVE TO TAKE ITSELF AWAY1--IF !RE %\LD COME A DAY :51 FROM ANY CAUSE :ATEV]1 SOCIETY %\LD CONTA9 NEI!R /RONG NOR WEAK1-- ?AT IS1 :5 ! 9EQUALITY ( PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL P[]S C\LD NOT BE A CAUSE ( ROBB]Y & OPPRESSION1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! PROTECTION1 MORE FICTITI\S ?AN REAL BY ! WAY1 ( ! ,/ATE4 

,N[1 ?IS IS PRECISELY ! !SIS ?AT WE MA9TA9 TODAY4 

,! P[] ?AT TEMP]S MORALS1 ?AT GRADUALLY SUB/ITUTES ! RULE ( RI<T = ! RULE ( =CE1 ?AT E/ABLI%ES SECURITY1 ?AT CREATES /EP BY /EP LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 IS1 9 A MU* HI<] DEGREE ?AN RELIGION & ! ,/ATE1 LABOR2 FIR/1 ! LABOR ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY2 NEXT1 SCI5CE1 :I* SPIRITUALIZES IT2 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 >T1 ITS IMMORTAL FL[]4 ,RELIGION BY ITS PROMISES & ITS ?REATS1 ! ,/ATE BY ITS TRIBUNALS & ITS >MIES1 GAVE TO ! S5TIM5T ( JU/ICE1 :I* WAS TOO WEAK AMONG PRIMITIVE M51 ! ONLY SANCTION 9TELLIGIBLE TO SAVAGE M9DS4 ,= US1 :OM 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 LIT]ATURE1 >T1 HAVE CORRUPT$1 AS ,JEAN ,JACQUES SAID1 ?IS SANCTION LIES ELSE:]E2 WE F9D IT 9 ! DIVISION ( PROP]TY1 9 ! MA*9]Y ( 9DU/RY1 9 ! GR[? ( LUXURY1 9 ! OV]RUL+ DESIRE = WELL-BE+1--A DESIRE :I* IMPOSES UPON ALL A NECESSITY ( LABOR4 ,AFT] ! B>B>ISM ( ! E>LY AGES1 AFT] ! PRICE ( CA/E & ! FEUDAL CON/ITUTION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 A LA/ ELEM5T ( SLAV]Y /ILL REMA9$1--CAPITAL4 ,CAPITAL HAV+ LO/ ITS WAY1 ! LABOR]--?AT IS1 ! M]*ANT1 ! ME*ANIC1 ! F>M]1 ! SAVANT1 ! >TI/--NO LONG] NE$S PROTECTION2 HIS PROTECTION IS HIS TAL5T1 HIS KN[L$GE IS HIS 9DU/RY4 ,AFT] ! DE?RONEM5T ( CAPITAL1 ! CONT9UANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 F> FROM PROTECT+ LIB]TY1 CAN ONLY COMPROMISE LIB]TY4 

,HE HAS A SORRY IDEA ( ! HUMAN RACE--( ITS ESS5CE1 ITS P]FECTIBILITY1 ITS DE/9Y--:O CONCEIVE IT AS AN AGGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS NECESS>ILY EXPOS$1 BY ! 9EQUALITY ( PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL =CES1 TO ! CON/ANT DANG] ( RECIPROCAL SPOLIATION OR ! TYRANNY ( A FEW4 ,SU* AN IDEA IS A PRO( ( ! MO/ RETROGRESSIVE PHILOSOPHY2 IT BELONGS TO ?OSE DAYS ( B>B>ISM :5 ! ABS5CE ( ! TRUE ELEM5TS ( SOCIAL ORD] LEFT TO ! G5IUS ( ! LEGISLATOR NO ME?OD ( ACTION SAVE ?AT ( =CE2 :5 ! SUPREMACY ( A PACIFY+ & AV5G+ P[] APPE>$ TO ALL AS ! JU/ CONSEQU5CE ( A PREVI\S DEGRADATION & AN ORIG9AL /A94 ,TO GIVE \R :OLE ?\<T1 WE REG>D POLITICAL & JUDICIAL 9/ITUTIONS AS ! EXOT]IC & CONCRETE =MULA ( ! MY? ( ! FALL1 ! MY/]Y ( R$EMPTION1 & ! SACRAM5T ( P5IT5CE4 ,IT IS CURI\S TO SEE PRET5D$ SOCIALI/S1 5EMIES OR RIVALS ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 COPY+ ALL ?AT !Y BLASPHEME1--! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM 9 POLITICS1 ! DOGMA ( ! FALL 9 RELIGION4 

,S9CE !Y TALK SO MU* ( DOCTR9E1 WE FRANKLY DECL>E ?AT SU* IS NOT \RS4 

,9 \R VIEW1 ! MORAL CONDITION ( SOCIETY IS MODIFI$ & AMELIORAT$ AT ! SAME RATE AS ITS ECONOMIC CONDITION4 ,! MORALITY ( A WILD1 IGNORANT1 & IDLE PEOPLE IS ONE ?+2 ?AT ( AN 9DU/RI\S & >TI/IC PEOPLE ANO!R3 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! SOCIAL GU>ANTEES ?AT PREVAIL AMONG ! =M] >E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT PREVAIL AMONG ! LATT]4 ,9 A SOCIETY TRANS=M$1 ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS NO LONG] EI!R /RONG OR WEAK2 !RE >E ONLY LABOR]S :OSE FACULTIES & MEANS 9CESSANTLY T5D1 ?R\< 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY & ! GU>ANTEE ( CIRCULATION1 TO BECOME EQUALIZ$4 ,9 VA91 TO ASSURE ! RI<T & ! DUTY ( EA*1 DOES ! IMAG9ATION GO BACK TO ?AT IDEA ( AU?ORITY & GOV]NM5T :I* ATTE/S ! PR(\ND DESPAIR ( S\LS LONG T]RIFI$ BY ! POLICE & ! PRIE/HOOD3 ! SIMPLE/ EXAM9ATION ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE SUFFICES TO DEMON/RATE ?AT1 IF 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES1 OPPRESSION1 ROBB]Y1 & MIS]Y >E NOT \R ET]NAL 9H]ITANCE1 ! FIR/ LEPROSY TO BE ]ADICAT$1 AFT] CAPITALI/IC EXPLOITATION1 ! FIR/ PLAGUE TO BE WIP$ \T1 IS ! ,/ATE4 

,SEE1 9 FACT1 BUDGET 9 H&1 :AT ! ,/ATE IS4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! >MY4 ,RE=M]1 DO Y\ NE$ AN >MY TO DEF5D Y\8 ,IF SO1 Y\R IDEA ( PUBLIC SECURITY IS ,CAES>'S & ,NAPOLEON'S4 ,Y\ >E NOT A REPUBLICAN2 Y\ >E A DESPOT4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! POLICE2 CITY POLICE1 RURAL POLICE1 POLICE ( ! WAT]S & =E/S4 ,RE=M]1 DO Y\ NE$ POLICE8 ,!N Y\R IDEA ( ORD] IS ,F\*E'S1 ,GISQUET'S1 ,C>USSIDI]E'S1 & ,M4 ,C>LI]'S4 ,Y\ >E NOT A DEMOCRAT1 Y\ >E A SPY4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! :OLE JUDICIAL SY/EM2 JU/ICES ( ! PEACE1 TRIBUNALS ( FIR/ 9/ANCE1 C\RTS ( APPEAL1 C\RT ( CASSATION1 HI< C\RT1 TRIBUNALS ( EXP]TS1 COMM]CIAL TRIBUNALS1 C\NCIL ( PREFECTS1 ,/ATE C\NCIL1 C\NCILS ( W>4 ,RE=M]1 DO Y\ NE$ ALL ?IS JUDICI>Y8 ,!N Y\R IDEA ( JU/ICE IS ,M4 ,B>O*E'S1 ,M4 ,DUP9'S1 & ,P]R9 ,D&9'S4 ,Y\ >E NOT A SOCIALI/2 Y\ >E A R$-TAPI/4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! TREASURY1 ! BUDGET4 ,RE=M]1 Y\ DO NOT DESIRE ! ABOLITION ( TAXATION8 ,!N Y\R IDEA ( PUBLIC WEAL? IS ,M4 ,?I]S'S :O ?9KS ?AT ! L>GE/ BUDGETS >E ! BE/4 ,Y\ >E NOT AN ORGANIZ] ( LABOR2 Y\ >E AN EXCISEMAN4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! CU/OM-H\SE4 ,RE=M]1 DO Y\ NE$1 = ! PROTECTION ( NATIONAL LABOR1 DIFF]5TIAL DUTIES & TOLL-H\SES8 ,!N Y\R IDEA ( COMM]CE & CIRCULATION IS ,M4 ,F\LD'S & ,M4 ,RO?S*ILD'S4 ,Y\ >E NOT AN APO/LE ( FRAT]NITY2 Y\ >E A ,JEW4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! PUBLIC DEBT1 ! M9T1 ! S9K+ FUND1 ! SAV+S-BANKS1 ETC4 ,RE=M]1 >E !SE ! F\NDATION ( Y\R SCI5CE8 ,!N Y\R IDEA ( SOCIAL ECONOMY IS ?AT ( ,M,M4 ,HUMANN1 ,LACAVE-,LAPLAGNE1 ,G>NI]-,PAGES1 ,PASSY1 ,DUCL]C1 & ! 0,MAN ) ,=TY ,CR[NS40 ,Y\ >E A ,TURC>ET4 

,! ,/ATE--BUT WE MU/ /OP4 ,!RE IS NO?+1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+1 9 ! ,/ATE 1 FROM ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y TO ITS FOOT1 :I* IS NOT AN ABUSE TO BE RE=M$1 A P>ASITE TO BE EXT]M9AT$1 AN 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,& Y\ TALK TO US ( MA9TA9+ ! ,/ATE1 ( EXT5D+ ! FUNCTIONS OR ! ,/ATE1 ( 9CREAS+ ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE6 ,GO TO1 Y\ >E NOT A REVOLUTIONI/2 = ! TRUE REVOLUTIONI/ IS ESS5TIALLY A SIMPLIFI] & A LIB]AL4 ,Y\ >E A MY/IFI]1 A JUGGL]2 Y\ >E A M>PLOT4 

,I,I,I4 ,( AN ULT]IOR DE/9Y ( ! ,/ATE4 

,!RE >ISES 9 FAVOR ( ! ,/ATE A LA/ HYPO!SIS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE1 SAY ! PSEUDO-DEMOCRATS1 HI!RTO HAS P]=M$ ONLY A ROLE ( P>ASITISM & TYRANNY IS NO REASON = D5Y+ IT A NOBL] & MORE HUMANE DE/9Y4 ,! ,/ATE IS DE/9$ TO BECOME ! PR9CIPAL ORGAN ( PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 & CIRCULATION2 ! 9ITIATOR ( LIB]TY & EQUALITY4 

,= LIB]TY & EQUALITY >E ! ,/ATE4 

,CR$IT IS ! ,/ATE4 

,COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURE1 & MANUFACTURES >E ! ,/ATE4 

,CANALS1 RAILROADS1 M9ES1 9SURANCE COMPANIES1 AS WELL AS TOBACCO-%OPS & PO/-(FICES1 >E ! ,/ATE4 

,PUBLIC $UCATION IS ! ,/ATE4 

,! ,/ATE1 9 F9E1 DROPP+ ITS NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES TO CLO! ITSELF ) POSITIVE ONES1 MU/ *ANGE FROM ! OPPRESSOR1 P>ASITE1 & CONS]VATIVE IT EV] HAS BE5 9TO AN ORGANIZ]1 PRODUC]1 & S]VANT4 ,?AT W\LD BE FEUDALISM REG5]AT$1 ! HI]>*Y ( 9DU/RIAL ASSOCIATIONS1 ORGANIZ$ & GRAD$ ACCORD+ TO A POT5T =MULA ! SECRET ( :I* ,PI]RE ,L]\X /ILL HIDES FROM \R SI<T4 

,?US1 ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,/ATE SUPPOSE--= 9 ALL ?IS !Y ONLY GO FROM SUPPOSITION TO SUPPOSITION--?AT ! ,/ATE CAN *ANGE ITS NATURE1 TURN ITSELF >\ND1 SO TO SPEAK2 FROM ,SATAN BECOME AN >*ANGEL2 &1 AFT] HAV+ LIV$ = C5TURIES BY BLOOD & SLAU<T] LIKE A WILD BEA/1 FE$ UPON PLANTS ) ! DE]1 & GIVE SUCK TO ! LAMBS4 ,SU* IS ! TEA*+ ( ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X2 SU*1 AS WE SAID LONG AGO1 IS ! :OLE SECRET ( SOCIALISM4 

0,WE LOVE ! TUTEL>Y1 G5]\S1 DEVOT$ GOV]NM5T1 TAK+ AS ITS MOTTO ?OSE PR(\ND WORDS ( ! GOSPEL1 ',:OSOEV] ( Y\ WILL BE ! *IEFE/1 %ALL BE ! S]VANT ( ALL2' & WE HATE ! DEPRIV$1 CORRUPT+1 OPPRESSIVE GOV]NM5T1 MAK+ ! PEOPLE ITS PREY4 ,WE ADMIRE IT REPRES5T+ ! G5]\S & LIV+ PORTION ( HUMANITY2 WE ABHOR IT :5 IT REPRES5TS ! CADAV]\S PORTION4 ,WE REVOLT AGA9/ ! 9SOL5CE1 USURPATION1 & ROBB]Y 9VOLV$ 9 ! IDEA ( ! ,M,A,/,]-,/,A,T,E2 & WE APPLAUD ?AT :I* IS T\*+1 FRUITFUL1 & NOBLE 9 ! IDEA ( ! ,S,],V,A,N,T-,/,A,T,E4 ,OR BETT]3 !RE IS A BELIEF :I* WE HOLD A ?\S& TIMES DE>] ?AN LIFE1--\R BELIEF 9 ! APPROA*+ & F9AL ,T,R,A,N,S,=,M,A,T,I,O,N ( P[]4 ,?AT IS ! TRIUMPHANT PASSAGE FROM ! OLD WORLD TO ! NEW4 ,ALL ! GOV]NM5T4 ( ,EUROPE RE/ TODAY ON ! IDEA ( !  ,M,A,/,]-,/,A,T,E2 BUT !Y >E DANC+ DESP]ATELY ! DANCE ( ! DEAD40--0,LE ,N\VEAU ,MONDE10 ,NOVEMB] #a#f1 #a#h#d#i4 

,PI]RE ,L]\X IS A ?OR\< BELIEV] 9 !SE IDEAS4 ,:AT HE WI%ES1 :AT HE TEA*ES1 & :AT HE CALLS = IS A REG5]ATION ( ! ,/ATE1--HE HAS NOT TOLD US YET :]EBY & BY :OM ?IS REG5]ATION %\LD BE EFFECT$1--JU/ AS HE WI%ES & CALLS = A REG5]ATION ( ,*RI/IANITY )\T1 AS YET1 HAV+ /AT$ HIS DOGMA & GIV5 HIS CR$O4 

,WE BELIEVE1 9 OPPOSITION TO ,PI]RE ,L]\X & ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ?AT ! !ORY ( ! TUTEL>Y1 G5]\S1 DEVOT$1 PRODUCTIVE1 9ITIATIVE1 ORGANIZ+1 LIB]AL & PROGRESSIVE ,/ATE IS A UTOPIA1 A PURE ILLUSION ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL VISION4 ,PI]RE ,L]\X & ,L\IS ,BLANC SEEM TO US LIKE A MAN :O1 /&+ ABOVE A MIRROR & SEE+ HIS IMAGE REV]S$1 %\LD PRET5D ?AT ?IS IMAGE MU/ BECOME A REALITY SOME DAY & REPLACE 7P>DON US ! EXPRESSION7 HIS NATURAL P]SON4 

,?IS IS :AT SEP>ATES US FROM !SE TWO M51 :OSE TAL5TS & S]VICES1 :ATEV] !Y MAY SAY1 WE HAVE NEV] DREAM$ ( D5Y+1 BUT :OSE /UBBORN HALLUC9ATION WE DEPLORE4 ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! ,S,],V,A,N,T-,/,A,T,E3 TO US IT IS A FLAT CONTRADICTION4 

,S]VANT & MA/]1 :5 APPLI$ TO ! ,/ATE1 >E SYNONYM\S T]MS2 JU/ AS MORE & LESS1 :5 APPLI$ TO EQUALITY1 >E ID5TICAL T]MS4 ,! PROPRIETOR1 BY 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL1 DEM&S MORE ?AN EQUALITY2 COMMUNISM1 BY ! =MULA1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S1 ALL[S LESS ?AN EQUALITY3 ALWAYS 9EQUALITY2 & ?AT IS :Y WE >E NEI!R A COMMUNI/ NOR A PROPRIETOR4 ,LIKEWISE1 :OEV] SAYS MA/]-,/ATE SAYS USURPATION ( ! PUBLIC P[]2 :OEV] SAYS S]VANT-,/ATE SAYS DELEGATION ( ! PUBLIC P[]3 ALWAYS AN ALI5ATION ( ?IS P[]1 ALWAYS A P[]1 ALWAYS AN EXT]NAL1 >BITR>Y AU?ORITY 9/EAD ( ! IMMAN5T1 9ALI5ABLE1 UNTRANSF]ABLE AU?ORITY ( CITIZ5S2 ALWAYS MORE OR LESS ?AN LIB]TY4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT WE >E OPPOS$ TO ! ,/ATE4 

,FUR!R1 TO LEAVE METAPHYSICS & RETURN TO ! FIELD ( EXP]I5CE1 H]E IS :AT WE HAVE TO SAY TO ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X4 

,Y\ PRET5D & AFFIRM ?AT ! ,/ATE1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T1 CAN1 & \<T TO BE1 :OLLY *ANG$ 9 ITS PR9CIPLE1 9 ITS ESS5CE1 9 ITS ACTION1 9 ITS RELATIONS ) CITIZ5S1 AS WELL AS 9 ITS RESULTS ?AT ?US ! ,/ATE1 A BANKRUPT & A C\NT]FEIT]1 %\LD BE ! SOLE S\RCE ( CR$IT2 ?AT = SO MANY C5TURIES AN 5EMY ( KN[L$GE1 & AT ! PRES5T MOM5T /ILL HO/ILE TO PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION & ! LIB]TY ( ! PRESS1 IT IS ITS BUS9ESS TO (FICIALLY PROVIDE = ! 9/RUCTION ( CITIZ5S2 ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ LEFT COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 & ALL ! MA*9]Y ( WEAL? TO DEVELOP !MSELVES )\T ITS AID1 (T5 EV5 9 SPITE ( ITS RESI/ANCE1 IT BELONGS TO IT TO TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! :OLE FIELD ( LABOR AS 9 ! WORLD ( IDEAS1 ?AT1 9 F9E1 ! ET]NAL 5EMY ( LIB]TY1 IT YET \<T1 NOT TO LEAVE LIB]TY TO ITSELF1 BUT TO CREATE & DIRECT LIB]TY4 ,IT IS ?IS M>VEL\S TRANS=MATION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT CON/ITUTES1 9 Y\R OP9ION1 ! PRES5T ,REVOLUTION4 

,!RE LIES UPON Y\1 !N1 ! TW(OLD OBLIGATION3 FIR/1 ( E/ABLI%+ ! TRU? ( Y\R HYPO!SIS BY %[+ ITS TRADITIONAL LEGITIMACY1 EXHIBIT+ ITS HI/ORICAL TITLES1 & DEVELOP+ ITS PHILOSOPHY2 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ( APPLY+ IT 9 PRACTICE4 

,N[1 IT APPE>S ALREADY ?AT BO? !ORY & PRACTICE1 9 Y\R HYPO!SIS1 =MALLY CONTRADICT ! IDEA ITSELF1 & ! FACTS ( ! PA/1 & ! MO/ AU!NTIC T5D5CIES ( HUMANITY4 

,Y\R !ORY1 WE SAY1 9VOLVES A CONTRADICTION 9 ITS T]MS1 S9CE IT PRET5DS TO MAKE LIB]TY A CREATION ( ! ,/ATE1 :ILE ! ,/ATE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS TO BE A CREATION ( LIB]TY4 ,9 FACT1 IF ! ,/ATE IMPOSES ITSELF UPON MY WILL1 ! ,/ATE IS MA/]2 ,I AM NOT FREE2 ! !ORY IS UND]M9$4 

,IT CONTRADICTS ! FACTS ( ! PA/1 S9CE IT IS C]TA91 AS Y\ Y\RSELVES ADMIT1 ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ )9 ! SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ( A POSITIVE1 GOOD1 & BEAUTIFUL *>ACT]1 WAS ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY EXCLUSIVELY1 ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,/ATE1 & ALMO/ ALWAYS 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE2 :I* LEADS DIRECTLY TO ?IS PROPOSITION1 :I* RU9S Y\R SY/EM1 ?AT LIB]TY IS SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF & DOES NOT NE$ ! ,/ATE4 

,F9ALLY1 Y\R !ORY CONTRADICTS ! MANIFE/ T5D5CIES ( CIVILIZATION2 S9CE1 9/EAD ( CONT9UALLY ADD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & DIGNITY BY MAK+ EV]Y HUMAN S\L1 ACCORD+ TO ,KANT'S PRECEPT1 A PATT]N ( 5TIRE HUMANITY1 ONE FACE ( ! COLLECTIVE S\L1 Y\ SUBORD9ATE ! PRIVATE P]SON TO ! PUBLIC P]SON2 Y\ SUBMIT ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! GR\P2 Y\ ABSORB ! CITIZ5 9 ! ,/ATE4 

,IT IS = Y\ TO REMOVE ALL !SE CONTRADICTIONS BY A PR9CIPLE SUP]IOR TO LIB]TY & TO ! ,/ATE4 ,WE1 :O SIMPLY D5Y ! ,/ATE2 :O1 RESOLUTELY1 FOLL[+ ! L9E ( LIB]TY1 REMA9 FAI?FUL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1--IT IS NOT = US TO DEMON/RATE TO Y\ ! FALSITY ( Y\R HYPO!SIS2 WE AWAIT Y\R PRO(S4 ,! MA/]-,/ATE IS LO/2 Y\ >E ) US 9 ADMITT+ IT4 ,AS = ! S]VANT-,/ATE1 WE DO NOT KN[ :AT IT MAY BE2 WE DI/RU/ IT AS SUPREME HYPOCRISY4 ,! S]VANT-,/ATE SEEMS TO US QUITE ! SAME ?+ AS A S]VANT-MI/RESS2 WE DO NOT WI% IT2 ) \R PRES5T LI<T1 WE PREF] TO ESP\SE ,LIB]TY 9 LEGITIMATE M>RIAGE4 ,EXPLA91 !N1 IF Y\ CAN1 :Y1 AFT] HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ! ,/ATE ?R\< LOVE ( ?IS ADOR$ LIB]TY1 WE MU/ N[1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! SAME LOVE1 RETURN TO ! ,/ATE4 ,UNTIL Y\ HAVE SOLV$ ?IS PROBLEM1 WE %ALL CONT9UE TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ALL GOV]NM5T1 ALL AU?ORITY1 ALL P[]2 WE %ALL MA9TA91 ?R\< ALL & AGA9/ ALL1 ! PR]OGATIVE ( LIB]TY4 ,WE %ALL SAY TO Y\3 ,LIB]TY IS1 = US1 A ?+ GA9$2 N[1 Y\ KN[ ! RULE ( LAW3 ,MELIOR E/ CONDITIO POSSID5TIS4 ,PRODUCE Y\R TITLES TO ! REORGANIZATION ( GOV]NM5T2 O!RWISE1 NO GOV]NM5T6 

,TO SUM UP3 

,! ,/ATE IS ! EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ! SOCIAL P[]4 

,! CON/ITUTION SUPPOSES1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ?AT SOCIETY IS A CREATURE ( ! M9D1 DE/ITUTE ( SPONTANEITY1 PROVID5CE1 UNITY1 NE$+ = ITS ACTION TO BE FICTITI\SLY REPRES5T$ BY ONE OR MORE ELECT$ OR H]$IT>Y COMMISSION]S3 AN HYPO!SIS ! FALSITY ( :I* ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE AGREE 9 DEMON/RAT+4 

,! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE SUPPOSES FUR!R1 AS TO ITS OBJECT1 ?AT ANTAGONISM OR A /ATE ( W> IS ! ESS5TIAL & IRREVOCABLE CONDITION ( HUMANITY1 A CONDITION :I* NECESSITATES1 BETWE5 ! WEAK & ! /RONG1 ! 9T]V5TION ( A CO]CIVE P[] TO PUT AN 5D TO !IR /RUGGLES BY UNIV]SAL OPPRESSION ,WE MA9TA9 ?AT1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! MISSION ( ! ,/ATE IS 5D$2 ?AT1 BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 9DU/RIAL SOLID>ITY1 ! DESIRE = WELL-BE+1 & ! EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL & TAXATION1 LIB]TY & JU/ICE OBTA9 SUR] GU>ANTEES ?AN ANY ?AT EV] W]E AF=D$ !M BY RELIGION & ! ,/ATE4 

,AS = UTILIT>IAN TRANS=MATION ( ! ,/ATE1 WE CONSID] IT AS A UTOPIA CONTRADICT$ AT ONCE BY GOV]NM5TAL TRADITION1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY1 & ! SPIRIT ( ! H5CE=? ADMITT$ ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 WE SAY ?AT TO LIB]TY ALONE IT W\LD BELONG TO REORGANIZE P[]1 :I* IS EQUIVAL5T AT PRES5T TO ! COMPLETE EXCLUSION ( P[]4 

,AS A RESULT1 EI!R NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 OR NO MORE GOV]NM5T2 SU* IS \R SOLUTION ( ! POLITICAL PROBLEM4 

,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E TRANSLATION 

,! ,/,A,T,E 

,TRANSLAT$ BY ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E 

,L\IS ,BLANC ASKS HIMSELF1 ,:AT ,IS ! ,/ATE8 

,& HE ANSW]S HIMSELF ?US3 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] MON>*ICAL RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ONE P]SON ONLY1 ! TYRANNY ( A S+LE MAN4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] OLIG>*ICAL RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A FEW M51 ! TYRANNY ( C]TA9 ONES4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] >I/OCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A CLASS1 ! TYRANNY ( SEV]AL P]SONS4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] AN>*ICAL RULE IS ! P[] ( ! FIR/ COM] :O HAPP5S TO BE ! /RONG] & MORE 9TELLIG5T2 IT IS TYRANNY 9 *AOS4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] DEMOCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ! :OLE PEOPLE1 S]V$ BY ELECT DELEGATES3 IT IS ! REIGN ( LIB]TY40 

,AMONG ,L\IS ,BLANC'S TW5TY-FIVE ?\S&1 OR ?IRTY ?\S&1 READ]S1 P]HAPS !RE >E NOT T5 TO :OM ?IS DEF9ITION DOES NOT APPE> TO BE RIGOR\SLY DEMON/RATIVE1 & :O DO NOT REPEAT1 AFT] ! MA/]3--! ,/ATE IS ! P[] ( ONE1 ( SEV]AL1 ( MANY1 ( ALL OR ( ! FIR/ COM]1 ACCORD+ TO ! QUALIFICATION ( ! WORD ,/ATE BY ! ADJECTIVES MON>*IAL1 OLIG>*ICAL1 >I/OCRATIC1 DEMOCRATIC1 OR AN>*ICAL4 

,L\IS ,BLANC'S READ]S W]E NEV]1 WE PRESUME1 TAU<T ,GREEK4 ,O!RWISE !Y W\LD KN[ ?AT !IR FRI5D & LEAD]1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 SIMPLY TRANSLATES ! ,GREEK WORDS MONOS1 ONE2 ALIGOI1 C]TA9 ONES2 >I/OI1 ! UPP] CRU/2 DEMOS1 ! PEOPLE2 & A1 :I* SIMPLY MEANS NO4 ,N[ M>K ! >TIFICE6 ,L\IS ,BLANC F9DS IT SUFFICI5T1 9 HIS TRANSLATION TO EMPLOY ! WORD TYRANNY F\R TIMES1 TYRANNY ( A S+LE P]SON1 TYRANNY ( SEV]AL1 ETC4 & TO SUPPRESS IT ONCE1 P[] ( ! PEOPLE S]V$ BY ITS ELECT DELEGATES1 TO OBTA9 UNIV]SAL APPLAUSE4 ,EV]Y ,/ATE ?AT IS NOT DEMOCRATIC IS ACCORD+ TO ,L\IS ,BLANC1 TYRANNY4 ,BUT AN>*Y IS S+L$ \T TO BE TREAT$ ) SPECIAL SEV]ITY2 IT IS ! P[] ( ! FIR/-COM] :O HAPP5S TO BE ! /RONG] & MORE 9TELLIG5T3 IT IS TYRANNY 9 *AOS4 ,:AT AN 9TOL]ABLE BEA/ ?AT FIR/-COM] MU/ BE1 :O FIR/-COM] AS HE IS F9DS HIMSELF TO BE ! /RONGE/ & MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 & :O EX]CISES HIS TYRANNY 9 *AOS6 ,:O1 AFT] ?IS1 WILL PREF] AN>*Y TO ! AMIABLE GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 S]V$ SO WELL 7AS WE KN[ BY PA9FUL EXP]I5CE7 BY ITS ELECT$ DELEGATES8 ,?IS IS TRIUMPHANT6 ,H]E WE >E1 ALL ( US1 KNOCK$ FLAT AT ! FIR/ LICK6 "9 "9 "9 ,:AT IS ! ,/ATE8 ,! QUE/ION MU/ BE ANSW]$4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! ,E,X,T,],I,O,R CON/ITUTION ( ! SOCIAL P[]4 ,BY ?IS EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ITS P[] & SOV]EIGNTY1 ! PEOPLE NEV] GOV]NS ITSELF4 ,SOMETIMES AN 9DIVIDUAL1 SOMETIMES SEV]AL 9DIVIDUALS1 EI!R BY ELECTIVE OR BY H]$IT>Y TITLE1 GOV]N ! PEOPLE1 & ) SU* RESPONSIBILITY TO ! PEOPLE AS WE >E P]FECTLY AW>E FROM \R EXP]I5CE4 ,! ,GREEKS CALL$ ?IS EXT]IOR CON/ITUTION ( ! PEOPLE >*E1 PR9CIPALITY1 AU?ORITY1 GOV]NM5T4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS >*E IS LOGICALLY GR\ND$ ON ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! PEOPLE--! COLLECTIVE 5TITY ?AT IS CALL$ SOCIETY--CAN NEI!R GOV]N ITSELF1 OR ?+1 ACT1 OR EXPRESS ITSELF1 FROM ITS [N SPONTANEITY2 ?AT IS REQUIRES1 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY DO EI!R ( !SE ?+S1 TO BE REPRES5T$ BY ONE OR MORE 9DIVIDUALS1 CLO!D ) ELECTIVE OR H]$IT>Y AU?ORITY1 :O MAY ACT AS DEPOSITORIES ( ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE1 OR AS ITS AG5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 ! COLLECTIVE SOCIETY IS AN AB/RACT 5TITY ONLY1 )\T P[] TO MANIFE/ ITSELF DIRECTLY1 & :I* MU/1 9 ORD] TO R5D] ITSELF EFFICACI\S1 9C>NATE ITSELF 9 A MON>*Y1 9 AN >I/OCRATIC USURPATION1 OR 9 A DEMOCRATIC M&ATE4 

,N[1 IT IS PRECISELY ?IS NOTION ( A COLLECTIVE 5TITY1 ( ITS LIFE1 ( ITS ACTIVITY1 ( ITS UNITY1 ( ITS 9DIVIDUALITY1 ( ITS P]SONALITY1--DO Y\ HE> ?AT1--:I* CAUSE US TO REPUDIATE ! ,/ATE1 TO REPUDIATE ! GOV]NM5T1 TO REPUDIATE ALL 9C>NATION ( ! POPUL> P[]1 \TSIDE ! MASS1 :E!R H]$IT>Y ROYALTIES1 FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS1 OR DEMOCRATIC DELEGATIONS4 

,WE AFFIRM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! PEOPLE1 ?AT SOCIETY1 ?AT ! MASS1 CAN & \<T TO GOV]N ITSELF1 & TO ?9K1 ACT1 RISE UP1 & /&1 LIKE A S+LE MAN1 )\T ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ANY ( ?OSE APPLIANCES :I* =M]LY W]E DESPOTIC1 :I* N[ >E >I/OCRATIC1 & :I*1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 HAVE BE5 PRET5D$ DELEGATES1 OR REPRES5TATIVES1 TOOLS OR S]VANTS ( ! ,CR[N4 ,!SE LA/ WE SIMPLY *>ACT]IZE AS AGITATORS ( ! PEOPLE1 OR DEMAGOGUES1 

,9 TWO WORDS3 

,WE REPUDIATE BO? ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE WE AFFIRM 7:AT NO ,/ATESMAN EV] YET BELIEV$ OR AFFIRM$7 ! SPONTANEITY & SELF-ACTION ( ! MASSES4 

,WE GO !RE=E1 = AN>*Y1 :I* EXPRESSES1 AS IT IS EVID5T FROM :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 ! HI<E/ LIMIT ( LIB]TY & ORD] TO :I* HUMANITY CAN ATTA94 ,A,N,>,*,Y ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE BY ITSELF1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( K+S1 >I/OCRATS1 OR DEMAGOGUES2 SELF-GOV]NM5T IS ! TRUE =MULA ( ! ,REPUBLIC4--,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE1 ,DEC4 #c #ahdi 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,VOIX DU ,PEUPLE1 ( ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#d#i1 BY ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]47 

,FROM 3 PR\DHONLIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,DECEMB] #c1 #ahdi 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bag 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/