,SECTION #e #ahhgahhg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ,TEXT 3 ,PHOTO BY SECORLEW1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,) !SE ELEM5TS - LIB]TY1 ORGANIZATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE BY ! ,TRADES 7GUILDS71 =EIGN TRADE H&L$ BY ! :OLE CITY & NOT BY 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! PUR*ASE ( PROVISIONS BY ! CITY = RESALE TO ! CITIZ5S AT CO/ PRICE - ) SU* ELEM5TS1 ! T[NS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES = ! FIR/ TWO C5TURIES ( !IR FREE EXI/5CES BECAME C5T]S ( WELL-BE+ = ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 C5T]S ( WEAL? & CULTURE1 SU* AS WE HAVE NOT SE5 S9CE4 ,ONE HAS BUT TO CONSULT ! DOCUM5TS :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO COMP>E ! RATES AT :I* WORK WAS REMUN]AT$ & ! CO/ ( PROVISIONS - ,ROG]S HAS DONE ?IS = ,5GL& & A GREAT NUMB] ( ,G]MAN WRIT]S = ,G]MANY - TO LE>N ?AT ! LABOR ( AN >TISAN & EV5 ( A SIMPLE DAY-LABOR] WAS PAID AT A RATE NOT ATTA9$ 9 \R TIME1 NOT EV5 BY ! ELITE AMONG WORK]S4 ,! ACC\NT BOOKS ( COLLEGES ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,OX=D 7:I* COV] SEV5 C5TURIES BEG9N+ AT ! TWELF?7 & ( SOME ,5GLI% L&$ E/ATES1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( A L>GE NUMB] ( ,G]MAN & ,SWISS T[NS1 >E !RE TO BE> WITNESS4 ,IF ONE ALSO CONSID]S ! >TI/IC F9I% & AM\NT ( DECORATIVE WORK ! CRAFTSMAN ( ?AT P]IOD PUT 9TO NOT ONLY ! OBJECTS ( >T HE PRODUC$1 BUT ALSO 9TO ! SIMPLE/ ( H\SEHOLD UT5SILS - A RAIL+1 A C&LE/ICK1 A PIECE ( POTT]Y - ONE REALI/S ?AT HE DID NOT KN[ :AT IT MEANT TO BE HURRI$ 9 HIS WORK1 OR OV]WORK$ AS IS ! CASE 9 \R TIME2 ?AT HE C\LD =GE1 SCULPT1 WEAVE1 OR EMBROID] AS ONLY A V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( WORK]->TI/S AMONG US CAN MANAGE N[ADAYS4 ,F9ALLY1 IF ONE RUNS ?R\< ! LI/ ( DONATIONS MADE TO ! *UR*ES & ! COMMUNAL H\SES ( ! P>I%1 ! GUILD OR ! CITY1 BO? 9 WORKS ( >T - DECORATIVE PANELS1 SCULPTURES1 WR\* & 9V5TION :I* MANIFE/$ ITSELF & ( ! BREA? ( FRE$OM :I* 9SPIR$ !IR WORKS1 ! FEEL+ ( BRO!RLY SOLID>ITY ?AT GREW UP 9 ?OSE GUILDS 9 :I* M5 ( ! SAME TRADE W]E UNIT$1 NOT SIMPLY = COMM]CIAL & TE*NICAL REASONS1 BUT BY BONDS ( SOCIABILITY & BRO!RHOOD4 ,WAS IT NOT 9 FACT ! RULE ( ! GUILD ?AT TWO BRO!RS %\LD SIT AT ! B$SIDE ( EA* SICK BRO!R - A CU/OM :I* C]TA9LY4 REQUIR$ DEVOTION 9 ?OSE TIMES ( CONTAGI\S DISEASES & ! PLAGUE - & TO FOLL[ HIM AS F> AS ! GRAVE1 & !N LOOK AFT] HIS WID[ & *ILDR58 ,ABJECT POV]TY1 MIS]Y1 UNC]TA9TY ( ! MORR[ = ! MAJORITY1 & ! ISOLATION ( POV]TY1 :I* >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( \R MOD]N CITIES1 W]E QUITE UNKN[N 9 ?OSE 'FREE OASES1 :I* EM]G$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY AMID ! FEUDAL JUNGLE'4 ,9 ?OSE CITIES1 %ELT]$ BY !IR CONQU]$ LIB]TIES1 9SPIR$ BY ! SPIRIT ( FREE AGREEM5T & ( FREE 9ITIATIVE1 A :OLE NEW CIVILIZATION GREW UP & FL\RI%$ 9 A WAY UNP>ALLEL$ TO ?IS DAY4 ,ALL MOD]N 9DU/RY COMES TO US FROM !SE CITIES4 ,9 ?REE C5TURIES1 9DU/RIES & ! >TS ATTA9$ SU* P]FECTION ?AT \R C5TURY HAS ONLY BE5 ABLE TO SURPASS !M 9 SPE$ ( PRODUCTION1 BUT R>ELY 9 QUALITY1 & V]Y R>ELY 9 ! 9TR9SIC BEAUTY ( ! PRODUCT4 ,ALL ! >TS WE SEEK 9 VA9 TO REVIVE N[ - ! BEAUTY ( A ,RAPHAEL1 ! /R5G? & BOLDNESS ( A ,MI*ELANGELO1 ! >T & SCI5CE ( A ,LEON>DO DA ,V9CI1 ! POETRY & LANGUAGE ( A ,DANTE1 & NOT LEA/1 ! >*ITECTURE TO :I* WE [E ! CA!DRALS ( ,LAON1 ,RHEIMS1 ,COLOGNE1 ,PISA1 ,FLOR5CE - AS ,VICTOR ,HUGO SO WELL PUT IT 0LE PEUPLE 5 FUT LE MA@58ON0 7!Y W]E BUILT BY ! PEOPLE7 - ! TREASURES ( %E] BEAUTY ( ,FLOR5CE & ,V5ICE1 ! T[N HALLS ( ,BREM5 & ,PRAGUE1 ! T[]S ( ,NUREMB]G & ,PISA1 & SO ON AD 9F9ITUM1 ALL WAS ! PRODUCT ( ?AT AGE4 ,DO Y\ WI% TO MEASURE ! PROGRESS ( ?AT CIVILIZATION AT A GLANCE8 ,!N COMP>E ! DOME ( ,/ ,M>K 9 ,V5ICE ) ! RU/IC >* ( ! ,NORMANS2 ! PA9T+S ( ,RAPHAEL ) ! EMBROID]Y ( ! ,BAYEUX ,TAPE/RIES2 9/RUM5TS ( MA!MATIC2 & PHYSICS1 & ! CLOCKS ( ,NUREMB]G ) ! H\R-GLASSES ( ! PREC$+ C5TURIES2 ! RI* LANGUAGE ( A ,DANTE ) HIS UNC\? ,LAT9 ( ! T5? C5TURY4 ,A NEW WORLD WAS BORN BETWE5 ! TWO6 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ?AT O!R GLORI\S P]IOD - ONCE MORE ( FREE CITIES - ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 NEV] HAD HUMANITY MADE SU*2 GIANT /EP =W>D4 ,NEV]1 9 ! SPACE ( TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES1 HAD ,MAN UND]GONE SU* F>-REA*+ *ANGES1 NOR SO EXT5D$ HIS P[] OV] ! =CES ( ,NATURE4 ,Y\ >E P]HAPS ?9K+ ( ! CIVILIZATION & PROGRESS ( \R C5TURY :I* COMES 9 = SO MU* BOA/+8 ,BUT 9 EA* ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS IT IS ONLY ! *ILD ( ! CIVILIZATION ?AT GREW UP ) ! FREE COMMUNES4 ,ALL ! GREAT DISCOV]IES MADE BY MOD]N SCI5CE - ! COMPASS1 ! CLOCK1 ! WAT*1 PR9T+1 M>ITIME DISCOV]IES1 GUNP[D]1 ! LAWS ( GRAVITATION1 ATMOSPH]IC PRESSURE ( :I* ! /EAM 5G9E IS A DEVELOPM5T1 ! RUDIM5TS ( *EMI/RY1 ! SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ALREADY \TL9$ BY ,ROG] ,BACON & APPLI$ 9 ,ITALIAN UNIV]SITIES - :]E DO ALL !SE ORIG9ATE IF NOT 9 ! FREE CITIES1 9 ! CIVILIZATION :I* WAS DEVELOP$ UND] ! PROTECTION ( COMMUNAL LIB]TIES8 ,IT WILL P]HAPS BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ,I AM =GETT+ ! 9T]NAL CONFLICTS1 ! DOME/IC /RUGGLES1 ) :I* ! HI/ORY ( !SE COMMUNES IS FILL$1 ! /REET RIOTS1 ! BITT] W>S WAG$ AGA9/ ! LORDS1 ! 9SURRECTION ( ! 'Y\NG >TS' AGA9/ ! 'OLD >TS'1 ! BLOOD SPILL$ 9 ?OSE /RUGGLES & 9 ! REPRISALS ?AT FOLL[$4 ,NO1 9 FACT ,I =GET NO?+4 ,BUT LIKE ,LEO & ,BOTTA - ! TWO HI/ORIANS ( M$IEVAL ,ITALY - & ,SISMONDI1 ,F]R>I1 ,G9O ,CAPPONI & SO MANY O!RS1 ,I SEE ?AT ?OSE /RUGGLES W]E ! V]Y GU>ANTEE ( A FREE LIFE 9 ! FREE CITY4 ,I P]CEIVE A R5EWAL1 A NEW IMPETUS T[>DS PROGRESS AFT] EA* ( ?OSE /RUGGLES4 ,AFT] HAV+ REC\NT$ 9 DETAIL !SE /RUGGLES & CONFLICTS1 & HAV+ MEASUR$ ALSO ! GREATNESS ( ! PROGRESS A*IEV$ :ILE BLOOD WAS BE+ %$ 9 ! /REETS2 WELL-BE+ ASSUR$ = ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 & CIVILIZATION R5EW$ - ,LEO & ,BOTTA CONCLUD$ ) ?IS IDEA :I* IS SO JU/ & ( :I* ,I AM FREQU5TLY REM9D$4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO SEE IT 5GRAV$ 9 ! M9DS ( EV]Y MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y3 0,A COMMUNE - !Y SAID - DOES NOT REPRES5T ! PICTURE ( A MORAL :OLE1 DOES NOT APPE> UNIV]SAL 9 ITS MANN] ( BE+1 AS ! HUMAN M9D ITSELF1 EXCEPT :5 IT HAS ADMITT$ CONFLICT1 OPPOSITION40 ,YES1 CONFLICT1 FREELY DEBAT$1 )\T AN \TSIDE =CE1 ! ,/ATE1 ADD+ ITS IMM5SE WEIM HAS BE5 DONE BY IMPOS+ PEACE1 BECAUSE ONE L9K$ TOGE!R OPPOSITES 9 SEEK+ TO CREATE A G5]AL POLITICAL ORD] & SACRIFIC$ 9DIVIDUALITIES & SMALL ORGANISMS1 9 ORD] TO ABSORB !M 9 A VA/ COLORLESS & LIFELESS :OLE4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! COMMUNES - SO LONG AS !Y DID NOT !MSELVES SEEK TO BECOME ,/ATES & TO IMPOSE >\ND !M 0SUBMISSION 9 A VA/ COLORLESS & LIFELESS :OLE0 - = ?IS REASON !Y GREW & GA9$ A NEW LEASE ( LIFE FROM EA* /RUGGLE1 & BLOSSOM$ TO ! CLATT] ( SWORDS 9 ! /REETS2 :]EAS TWO C5TURIES LAT] ?AT SAME CIVILIZATION COLLAPS$ 9 ! WAKE ( W>S FA!R$ BY ! ,/ATES4 ,9 ! COMMUNE1 ! /RUGGLE WAS = ! CONQUE/ & DEF5SE ( ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 = ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE = ! RIS HAD AS !IR OBJECTIVE ! DE/RUCTION ( !SE LIB]TIES1 ! SUBMISSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! ANNIHILATION ( ! FREE CONTRACT1 & ! UNIT+ ( M5 9 A UNIV]SAL SLAV]Y TO K+1 JUDGE & PRIE/ - TO ! ,/ATE4 ,!RE9 LIES ALL ! DIFF]5CE4 ,!RE >E /RUGGLES & CONFLICTS :I* >E DE/RUCTIVE4 ,& !RE >E O!RS :I* DRIVE HUMANITY =W>DS4 7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/