,! ,/ATE 

#aiah 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE 

,TAGS 3 AMBITI\S LEAD]S ( ! F9ANCIAL CLASSES1 DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY1 IDEAL ( ! /ATE1 HEAL? ( ! /ATE1 SANCTITY ( ! /ATE1 MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 F\ND]S ( ! CON/ITUTION1 RELATION ( /ATES1 MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T1 P>LIAM5T OR CONGRESS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,B]NT ,RO/AD1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,I4 

,TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS ( ! CLASSES :I* CONSID] !MSELVES SIGNIFICANT ! W> BR\<T A S5SE ( ! SANCTITY ( ! ,/ATE :I*1 IF !Y HAD HAD TIME TO ?9K AB\T IT1 W\LD HAVE SEEM$ A SUDD5 & SURPRIS+ ALT]ATION 9 !IR HABITS ( ?\<T4 ,9 TIMES ( PEACE1 WE USUALLY IGNORE ! ,/ATE 9 FAVOR ( P>TISAN POLITICAL CONTROV]SIES1 OR P]SONAL /RUGGLES = (FICE1 OR ! PURSUIT ( P>TY POLICIES4 ,IT IS ! ,GOV]NM5T RA!R ?AN ! ,/ATE ) :I* ! POLITICALLY M9D$ >E CONC]N$4 ,! ,/ATE IS R$UC$ TO A %AD[Y EMBLEM :I* COMES TO CONSCI\SNESS ONLY ON OCCASIONS ( PATRIOTIC HOLIDAY4 

,GOV]NM5T IS OBVI\SLY COMPOS$ ( COMMON & UNSANCTIFI$ M51 & IS ?US A LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( CRITICISM & EV5 CONTEMPT4 ,IF Y\R [N P>TY IS 9 P[]1 ?+S MAY BE ASSUM$ TO BE MOV+ SAFELY 5\<2 BUT IF ! OPPOSITION IS 91 !N CLE>LY ALL SAFETY & HONOR HAVE FL$ ! ,/ATE4 ,YET Y\ DO NOT PUT IT TO Y\RSELF 9 QUITE ?AT WAY4 ,:AT Y\ ?9K IS ONLY ?AT !RE >E RASCALS TO BE TURN$ \T ( A V]Y PRACTICAL MA*9]Y ( (FICES & FUNCTIONS :I* Y\ TAKE = GRANT$4 ,:5 WE SAY ?AT ,AM]ICANS >E LAWLESS1 WE USUALLY MEAN ?AT !Y >E LESS CONSCI\S ?AN O!R PEOPLES ( ! AUGU/ MAJE/Y ( ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE AS IT /&S BEH9D ! OBJECTIVE GOV]NM5T ( M5 & LAWS :I* WE SEE4 ,9 A REPUBLIC ! M5 :O HOLD (FICE >E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! MASS4 ,V]Y FEW ( !M POSSESS ! SLI<TE/ P]SONAL DIGNITY ) :I* !Y C\LD 5D[ !IR POLITICAL ROLE2 EV5 IF !Y EV] ?\<T ( SU* A ?+4 ,& !Y HAVE NO CLASS DI/9CTION TO GIVE !M GLAM\R4 ,9 A REPUBLIC ! ,GOV]NM5T IS OBEY$ GRUMBL+LY1 BECAUSE IT HAS NO B$AZZLEM5TS OR SANCTITIES TO GILD IT4 ,IF Y\ >E A GOOD OLD-FA%ION$ DEMOCRAT1 Y\ REJOICE AT ?IS FACT1 Y\ GLORY 9 ! PLA9NESS ( A SY/EM :]E EV]Y CITIZ5 HAS BECOME A K+4 ,IF Y\ >E MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ Y\ BEMOAN ! PASS+ ( DIGNITY & HONOR FROM AFFAIRS ( ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE1 ! DEMOCRAT DOES NOT 9 ! LEA/ TREAT HIS ELECT$ CITIZ5 ) ! RESPECT DUE TO A K+1 NOR DOES ! SOPHI/ICAT$ CITIZ5 PAY TRIBUTE TO ! DIGNITY EV5 :5 HE F9DS IT4 ,! REPUBLICAN ,/ATE HAS ALMO/ NO TRAPP+S TO APPEAL TO ! COMMON MAN'S EMOTIONS4 ,:AT IT HAS >E ( MILIT>Y ORIG91 & 9 AN UNMILIT>Y ]A SU* AS WE HAVE PASS$ ?R\< S9CE ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 EV5 MILIT>Y TRAPP+S HAVE BE5 SC>CELY SE54 ,9 SU* AN ]A ! S5SE ( ! ,/ATE ALMO/ FADES \T ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M54 

,) ! %OCK ( W>1 H[EV]1 ! ,/ATE COMES 9TO ITS [N AGA94 ,! ,GOV]NM5T1 ) NO M&ATE FROM ! PEOPLE1 )\T CONSULTATION ( ! PEOPLE1 CONDUCTS ALL ! NEGOTIATIONS1 ! BACK+ & FILL+1 ! M5ACES & EXPLANATIONS1 :I* SL[LY BR+ IT 9TO COLLISION ) SOME O!R ,GOV]NM5T1 & G5TLY & IRRESI/IBLY SLIDES ! C\NTRY 9TO W>4 ,= ! B5EFIT ( PR\D & HAU<TY CITIZ5S1 IT IS =TIFI$ ) A LI/ ( ! 9TOL]ABLE 9SULTS :I* HAVE BE5 HURL$ T[>D US BY ! O!R NATIONS2 = ! B5EFIT ( ! LIB]AL & B5EFIC5T1 IT HAS A CONV9C+ SET ( MORAL PURPOSES :I* \R GO+ TO W> WILL A*IEVE2 = ! AMBITI\S & AGGRESSIVE CLASSES1 IT CAN G5TLY :ISP] ( A BIGG] ROLE 9 ! DE/9Y ( ! WORLD4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT1 EV5 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! BUS9ESS ( DECL>+ W> IS !ORETICALLY 9 ! H&S ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 NO LEGISLATURE HAS EV] BE5 KN[N TO DECL9E ! REQUE/ ( AN ,EXECUTIVE1 :I* HAS CONDUCT$ ALL =EIGN AFFAIRS 9 UTT] PRIVACY & IRRESPONSIBILITY1 ?AT IT ORD] ! NATION 9TO BATTLE4 ,GOOD DEMOCRATS >E WONT TO FEEL ! CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A ,/ATE 9 :I* ! POPUL> ,P>LIAM5T OR ,CONGRESS DECL>ES W>1 & ! ,/ATE 9 :I* AN ABSOLUTE MON>* OR RUL+ CLASS DECL>ES W>4 ,BUT1 PUT TO ! /]N PRAGMATIC TE/1 ! DIFF]5CE IS NOT /RIK+4 ,9 ! FREE/ ( REPUBLICS AS WELL AS 9 ! MO/ TYRANNICAL ( EMPIRES1 ALL =EIGN POLICY1 ! DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS :I* PRODUCE OR =E/ALL W>1 >E EQUALLY ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! ,EXECUTIVE P>T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & >E EQUALLY EXPOS$ TO NO *ECK :ATEV] FROM POPUL> BODIES1 OR ! PEOPLE VOT+ AS A MASS !MSELVES4 

,! MOM5T W> IS DECL>$1 H[EV]1 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 ?R\< SOME SPIRITUAL AL*EMY1 BECOME CONV9C$ ?AT !Y HAVE WILL$ & EXECUT$ ! DE$ !MSELVES4 ,!Y !N1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW MALCONT5TS1 PROCE$ TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE REGIM5T$1 CO]C$1 D]ANG$ 9 ALL ! 5VIRONM5TS ( !IR LIVES1 & TURN$ 9TO A SOLID MANUFACTORY ( DE/RUCTION T[>D :ATEV] O!R PEOPLE MAY HAVE1 9 ! APPO9T$ S*EME ( ?+S1 COME )9 ! RANGE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T'S DISAPPROBATION4 ,! CITIZ5 ?R[S (F HIS CONTEMPT & 9DIFF]5CE TO ,GOV]NM5T1 ID5TIFIES HIMSELF ) ITS PURPOSES1 REVIVES ALL HIS MILIT>Y MEMORIES & SYMBOLS1 & ! ,/ATE ONCE MORE WALKS1 AN AUGU/ PRES5CE1 ?R\< ! IMAG9ATIONS ( M54 ,PATRIOTISM BECOMES ! DOM9ANT FEEL+1 & PRODUCES IMM$IATELY ?AT 9T5SE & HOPELESS CONFUSION BETWE5 ! RELATIONS :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL BE>S & %\LD BE> T[>D ! SOCIETY ( :I* HE IS A P>T4 

,! PATRIOT LOSES ALL S5SE ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,/ATE1 NATION1 & GOV]NM5T4 ,9 \R QUIET] MOM5TS1 ! ,NATION OR ,C\NTRY =MS ! BASIC IDEA ( SOCIETY4 ,WE ?9K VAGUELY ( A LOOSE POPULATION SPREAD+ OV] A C]TA9 GEOGRAPHICAL PORTION ( ! E>?'S SURFACE1 SPEAK+ A COMMON LANGUAGE1 & LIV+ 9 A HOMOG5E\S CIVILIZATION4 ,\R IDEA ( ,C\NTRY CONC]NS ITSELF ) ! NONPOLITICAL ASPECTS ( A PEOPLE1 ITS WAYS ( LIV+1 ITS P]SONAL TRAITS1 ITS LIT]ATURE & >T1 ITS *>ACT]I/IC ATTITUDES T[>D LIFE4 ,WE >E ,AM]ICANS BECAUSE WE LIVE 9 A C]TA9 B\ND$ T]RITORY1 BECAUSE \R ANCE/ORS HAVE C>RI$ ON A GREAT 5T]PRISE ( PIONE]+ & COLONIZATION1 BECAUSE WE LIVE 9 C]TA9 K9DS ( COMMUNITIES :I* HAVE A C]TA9 LOOK & EXPRESS !IR ASPIRATIONS 9 C]TA9 WAYS4 ,WE CAN SEE ?AT \R CIVILIZATION IS DIFF]5T FROM CONTIGU\S CIVILIZATIONS LIKE ! ,9DIAN & ,MEXICAN4 ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( \R C\NTRY =M A C]TA9 NETWORK :I* AFFECTS US VITALLY & 9TRIGUES \R ?\<TS 9 A WAY ?AT !SE O!R CIVILIZATIONS DO NOT4 ,WE >E A P>T ( ,C\NTRY1 = BETT] OR = WORSE4 ,WE HAVE >RIV$ 9 IT ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( PHYSIOLOGICAL LAWS1 & NOT 9 ANY WAY ?R\< \R [N *OICE4 ,BY ! TIME WE HAVE REA*$ :AT >E CALL$ YE>S ( DISCRETION1 ITS 9FLU5CES HAVE MOLD$ \R HABITS1 \R VALUES1 \R WAYS ( ?9K+1 SO ?AT H[EV] AW>E WE MAY BECOME1 WE NEV] REALLY LOSE ! /AMP ( \R CIVILIZATION1 OR C\LD BE MI/AK5 = ! *ILD ( ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,\R FEEL+ = \R FELL[ C\NTRYM5 IS ONE ( SIMIL>ITY OR ( M]E ACQUA9TANCE4 ,WE MAY BE 9T5SELY PR\D ( & CONG5IAL TO \R P>TICUL> NETWORK ( CIVILIZATION1 OR WE MAY DETE/ MO/ ( ITS QUALITIES & RAGE AT ITS DEFECTS4 ,?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT WE >E 9EXTRICABLY B\ND UP 9 IT4 ,! ,C\NTRY1 AS AN 9ESCAPABLE GR\P 9TO :I* WE >E BORN1 & :I* MAKES US ITS P>TICUL> K9D ( A CITIZ5 ( ! WORLD1 SEEMS TO BE A FUNDAM5TAL FACT ( \R CONSCI\SNESS1 AN IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM ( SOCIAL FEEL+4 

,N[ ?IS FEEL+ = C\NTRY IS ESS5TIALLY NONCOMPETITIVE2 WE ?9K ( \R [N PEOPLE M]ELY AS LIV+ ON ! E>?'S SURFACE ALONG ) O!R GR\PS1 PLEASANT OR OBJECTIONABLE AS !Y MAY BE1 BUT FUNDAM5TALLY AS %>+ ! E>? ) !M4 ,9 \R SIMPLE CONCEPTION ( C\NTRY !RE IS NO MORE FEEL+ ( RIVALRY ) O!R PEOPLES ?AN !RE IS 9 \R FEEL+ = \R FAMILY4 ,\R 9T]E/ TURNS )9 RA!R ?AN )\T1 IS 9T5SIVE & NOT BELLIG]5T4 ,WE GR[ UP & \R IMAG9ATIONS GRADUALLY /AKE \T ! WORLD WE LIVE 91 !Y NE$ NO GREAT] CONSCI\S SATISFACTION = !IR GREG>I\S IMPULSES ?AN ?IS S5SE ( A GREAT MASS ( PEOPLE TO :OM WE >E MORE OR LESS ATTUN$1 & 9 :OSE 9/ITUTIONS WE >E FUNCTION+4 ,! FEEL+ = C\NTRY W\LD BE AN UN9FLATABLE MAXIMUM W]E IT NOT = ! IDEAS ( ,/ATE & ,GOV]NM5T :I* >E ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,C\NTRY IS A CONCEPT ( PEACE1 ( TOL]ANCE1 ( LIV+ & LETT+ LIVE4 ,BUT ,/ATE IS ESS5TIALLY A CONCEPT ( P[]1 ( COMPETITION3 IT SIGNIFIES A GR\P 9 ITS AGGRESSIVE ASPECTS4 ,& WE HAVE ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ BORN NOT ONLY 9TO A C\NTRY BUT 9TO A ,/ATE1 & AS WE GR[ UP WE LE>N TO M+LE ! TWO FEEL+S 9TO A HOPELESS CONFUSION4 

,! ,/ATE IS ! C\NTRY ACT+ AS A POLITICAL UNIT1 IT IS ! GR\P ACT+ AS A REPOSITORY ( =CE1 DET]M9] ( LAW1 >BIT] ( JU/ICE4 ,9T]NATIONAL POLITICS IS A P[] POLITICS BECAUSE IT IS A RELATION ( ,/ATES & ?AT IS :AT ,/ATES 9FALLIBLY & CALAMIT\SLY >E1 HUGE AGGREGATIONS ( HUMAN & 9DU/RIAL =CE ?AT MAY BE HURL$ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 W>4 ,:5 A C\NTRY ACTS AS A :OLE 9 RELATION TO ANO!R C\NTRY1 OR 9 IMPOS+ LAWS ON ITS [N 9HABITANTS1 OR 9 CO]C+ OR PUNI%+ 9DIVIDUALS OR M9ORITIES1 IT IS ACT+ AS A ,/ATE4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,AM]ICA AS A C\NTRY IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,AM]ICA AS A ,/ATE4 ,9 ONE CASE IT IS ! DRAMA ( ! PIONE]+ CONQUE/ ( ! L&1 ( ! GR[? ( WEAL? & ! WAYS 9 :I* IT WAS US$1 ( ! 5T]PRISE ( $UCATION1 & ! C>RY+ \T ( SPIRITUAL IDEALS1 ( ! /RUGGLE ( ECONOMIC CLASSES4 ,BUT AS A ,/ATE1 ITS HI/ORY IS ?AT ( PLAY+ A P>T 9 ! WORLD1 MAK+ W>1 OB/RUCT+ 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 PREV5T+ ITSELF FROM BE+ SPLIT TO PIECES1 PUNI%+ ?OSE CITIZ5S :OM SOCIETY AGREES >E (F5SIVE1 & COLLECT+ MONEY TO PAY = ALL4 

,GOV]NM5T ON ! O!R H& IS SYNONYM\S ) NEI!R ,/ATE NOR ,NATION4 ,IT IS ! MA*9]Y BY :I* ! NATION1 ORGANIZ$ AS A ,/ATE1 C>RIES \T ITS ,/ATE FUNCTIONS4 ,GOV]NM5T IS A FRAMEWORK ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( LAWS1 & ! C>RY+ \T ( ! PUBLIC =CE4 ,GOV]NM5T IS ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE PUT 9TO PRACTICAL OP]ATION 9 ! H&S ( DEF9ITE1 CONCRETE1 FALLIBLE M54 ,IT IS ! VISIBLE SIGN ( ! 9VISIBLE GRACE4 ,IT IS ! WORD MADE FLE%4 ,& IT HAS NECESS>ILY ! LIMITATIONS 9H]5T 9 ALL PRACTICALITY4 ,GOV]NM5T IS ! ONLY =M 9 :I* WE CAN 5VISAGE ! ,/ATE1 BUT IT IS BY NO MEANS ID5TICAL ) IT4 ,?AT ! ,/ATE IS A MY/ICAL CONCEPTION IS SOME?+ ?AT MU/ NEV] BE =GOTT54 ,ITS GLAM\R & ITS SIGNIFICANCE L+] BEH9D ! FRAMEWORK ( ,GOV]NM5T & DIRECT ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,W>TIME BR+S ! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE \T 9TO V]Y CLE> RELIEF1 & REVEALS ATTITUDES & T5D5CIES ?AT W]E HIDD54 ,9 TIMES ( PEACE ! S5SE ( ! ,/ATE FLAGS 9 A REPUBLIC ?AT IS NOT MILIT>IZ$4 ,= W> IS ESS5TIALLY ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE IS ?AT )9 ITS T]RITORY ITS P[] & 9FLU5CE %\LD BE UNIV]SAL4 ,AS ! ,*UR* IS ! M$IUM = ! SPIRITUAL SALVATION ( MAN1 SO ! ,/ATE IS ?\<T ( AS ! M$IUM = HIS POLITICAL SALVATION4 ,ITS IDEALISM IS A RI* BLOOD FL[+ TO ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! BODY POLITIC4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY 9 W> ?AT ! URG5CY = UNION SEEMS GREATE/1 & ! NECESSITY = UNIV]SALITY SEEMS MO/ UNQUE/ION$4 ,! ,/ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! H]D TO ACT (F5SIVELY OR DEF5SIVELY AGA9/ ANO!R H]D SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,! MORE T]RIFY+ ! OCCASION = DEF5SE1 ! CLOS] WILL BECOME ! ORGANIZATION & ! MORE CO]CIVE ! 9FLU5CE UPON EA* MEMB] ( ! H]D4 ,W> S5DS ! CURR5T ( PURPOSE & ACTIVITY FL[+ D[N TO ! L[E/ LEVELS ( ! H]D1 & TO ITS REMOTE BRAN*ES4 ,ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY >E L9K$ TOGE!R AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE TO ?IS C5TRAL PURPOSE ( MAK+ A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE OR MILIT>Y DEF5SE1 & ! ,/ATE BECOMES :AT 9 PEACETIMES IT HAS VA9LY /RUGGL$ TO BECOME--! 9EXORABLE >BIT] & DET]M9ANT ( M5'S BUS9ESSES & ATTITUDES & OP9IONS4 ,! SLACK IS TAK5 UP1 ! CROSS-CURR5TS FADE \T1 & ! NATION MOVES LUMB]+LY & SL[LY1 BUT ) EV] ACCEL]AT$ SPE$ & 9TEGRATION1 T[>DS ! GREAT 5D1 T[>DS ?AT PEACEFULNESS ( BE+ AT W>1 ( :I* ,L4 ,P4 ,JACKS HAS SPOK5 SO UN=GETTABLY4 

,! CLASSES :I* >E ABLE TO PLAY AN ACTIVE & NOT M]ELY A PASSIVE ROLE 9 ! ORGANIZATION = W> GET A TREM5D\S LIB]ATION ( ACTIVITY & 5]GY4 ,9DIVIDUALS >E JOLT$ \T ( !IR OLD R\T9E1 MANY ( !M >E GIV5 NEW POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY1 NEW TE*NIQUES MU/ BE LE>N$4 ,WE>+ HOME TIMES >E BROK5 & WOM5 :O W\LD HAVE REMA9$ ATTA*$ ) 9FANTILE BONDS >E LIB]AT$ = S]VICE OV]SEAS4 ,A VA/ S5SE ( REJUV5ESC5CE P]VADES ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES1 A S5SE ( NEW IMPORTANCE 9 ! WORLD4 ,OLD NATIONAL IDEALS >E TAK5 \T1 RE-ADAPT$ TO ! PURPOSE & US$ AS ! UNIV]SAL T\*/ONES1 OR MOLDS 9TO :I* ALL ?\<T IS P\R$4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 :O 9 PEACETIMES HAD NO LIV+ FRAGM5T ( ! ,/ATE BECOMES AN ACTIVE AMATEUR AG5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 REPORT+ SPIES & DISLOYALI/S1 9 RAIS+ ,GOV]NM5T FUNDS1 OR 9 PROPAGAT+ SU* MEASURES AS >E CONSID]$ NECESS>Y BY (FICIALDOM4 ,M9ORITY OP9ION1 :I* 9 TIMES ( PEACE WAS ONLY IRRITAT+ & C\LD NOT BE DEALT ) BY LAW UNLESS IT WAS CONJO9$ ) ACTUAL CRIME1 BECOMES ) ! \TBREAK ( W>1 A CASE = \TLAWRY4 ,CRITICISM ( ! ,/ATE1 OBJECTIONS TO W>1 LUKEW>M OP9IONS CONC]N+ ! NECESSITY OR ! BEAUTY ( CONSCRIPTION1 >E MADE SUBJECT TO F]OCI\S P5ALTIES1 F> EXCE$+ .<9.> SEV]ITY ?OSE AFFIX$ TO ACTUAL PRAGMATIC CRIMES4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S1 & ! PULPITS & ! S*OOLS1 BECOMES ONE SOLID BLOCK4 ,LOYALTY1 OR RA!R W> OR?ODOXY1 BECOMES ! SOLE TE/ = ALL PR(ESSIONS1 TE*NIQUES1 OCCUPATIONS4 ,P>TICUL>LY IS ?IS TRUE 9 ! SPH]E ( ! 9TELLECTUAL LIFE4 ,!RE ! SMALLE/ TA9T IS HELD TO SPREAD OV] ! :OLE S\L1 SO ?AT A PR(ESSOR ( PHYSICS IS IPSO FACTO DISQUALIFI$ TO TEA* PHYSICS OR HOLD HONORABLE PLACE 9 A UNIV]SITY--! REPUBLIC ( LE>N+--IF HE IS AT ALL UNS\ND ON ! W>4 ,EV5 M]E ASSOCIATION ) P]SONS ?US TA9T$ IS CONSID]$ TO DISQUALIFY A TEA*]4 ,ANY?+ P]TA9+ TO ! 5EMY BECOMES TABOO4 ,HIS BOOKS >E SUPPRESS$ :]EV] POSSIBLE1 HIS LANGUAGE IS =BIDD54 ,HIS >TI/IC PRODUCTS >E CONSID]$ TO CONVEY 9 ! SUBTLE/ SPIRITUAL WAY TA9TS ( VA/ POISON TO ! S\L ?AT P]MITS ITSELF TO 5JOY !M4 ,SO 5EMY MUSIC IS SUPPRESS$1 & 5]GETIC MEASURES ( OPPROBRIUM TAK5 AGA9/ ?OSE :OSE >TI/IC CONSCI5CES >E NOT READY TO P]=M SU* AN ACT ( SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,! RAGE = LOYAL CON=MITY WORKS IMP>TIALLY1 & (T5 9 DIAMETRIC OPPOSITION TO O!R OR?ODOXIES & TRADITIONAL CON=MITIES OR IDEALS4 ,! TRIUMPHANT OR?ODOXY ( ! ,/ATE IS %[N AT ITS APEX P]HAPS :5 ,*RI/IAN PREA*]S LOSE !IR PULPITS = TAK+ 9 MORE OR LESS LIT]AL T]MS ! ,S]MON ON ! ,M\NT1 & ,*RI/IAN ZEALOTS >E S5T TO PRISON = TW5TY YE>S = DI/RIBUT+ TRACTS :I* >GUE ?AT W> IS UNSCRIPTURAL4 

,W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT AUTOMATICALLY SETS 9 MOTION ?R\<\T SOCIETY ?OSE IRRESI/IBLE =CES = UNI=MITY1 = PASSIONATE COOP]ATION ) ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 CO]C+ 9TO OB$I5CE ! M9ORITY GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :I* LACK ! L>G] H]D S5SE4 ,! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T SETS & 5=CES ! DRA/IC P5ALTIES4 ,! M9ORITIES >E EI!R 9TIMIDAT$ 9TO SIL5CE1 OR BR\<T SL[LY >\ND BY SUBTLE PROCESS ( P]SUASION :I* MAY SEEM TO !M REALLY TO BE CONV]T+ !M4 ,( C\RSE1 ! IDEAL ( P]FECT LOYALTY1 P]FECT UNI=MITY IS NEV] REALLY ATTA9$4 ,! CLASSES UPON :OM ! AMATEUR WORK ( CO]CION FALLS >E UNWE>I$ 9 !IR ZEAL1 BUT (T5 !IR AGITATION1 9/EAD ( CONV]T+ M]ELY S]VES TO /IFF5 !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,M9ORITIES >E R5D]$ SULL51 & SOME 9TELLECTUAL OP9ION BITT] & SATIRICAL4 ,BUT 9 G5]AL1 ! NATION 9 W>TIME ATTA9S A UNI=MITY ( FEEL+1 A HI]>*Y ( VALUES CULM9AT+ AT ! UNDISPUT$ APEX ( ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 :I* C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE PRODUC$ ?R\< ANY O!R AG5CY ?AN W>4 ,O!R VALUES SU* AS >TI/IC CREATION1 KN[L$GE1 REASON1 BEAUTY1 ! 5HANCEM5T ( LIFE1 >E 9/ANTLY & ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY SACRIFIC$1 & ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES :O HAVE CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES ! AMATEUR AG5TS ( ! ,/ATE1 >E 5GAG$ NOT ONLY 9 SACRIFIC+ !SE VALUES = !MSELVES BUT 9 CO]C+ ALL O!R P]SONS 9TO SACRIFIC+ !M4 

,W>--OR AT LEA/ MOD]N W> WAG$ BY A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AGA9/ A P[]FUL 5EMY--SEEMS TO A*IEVE = A NATION ALMO/ ALL ?AT ! MO/ 9FLAM$ POLITICAL IDEALI/ C\LD DESIRE4 ,CITIZ5S >E NO LONG] 9DIFF]5T TO !IR ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT EA* CELL ( ! BODY POLITIC IS BRIMM+ ) LIFE & ACTIVITY4 ,WE >E AT LA/ ON ! WAY TO FULL REALIZATION ( ?AT COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY 9 :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL SOMEH[ CONTA9S ! VIRTUE ( ! :OLE4 ,9 A NATION AT W>1 EV]Y CITIZ5 ID5TIFIES HIMSELF ) ! :OLE & FEELS IMM5SELY /R5G!N$ 9 ?AT ID5TIFICATION4 ,! PURPOSE & DESIRE ( ! COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY LIVE 9 EA* P]SON :O ?R[S HIMSELF :OLE-HE>T$LY 9TO ! CAUSE ( W>4 ,! IMP$+ DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ALMO/ BLOTT$ \T4 ,AT W>1 ! 9DVIDUAL BECOMES ALMO/ ID5TICAL ) HIS SOCIETY4 ,HE A*IEVES A SUP]B SELF-ASSURANCE1 AN 9TUITION ( ! RI<TNESS ( ALL HIS IDEAS & EMOTIONS1 SO ?AT 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( OPPON5TS OR H]ETICS HE IS 9V9CIBLY /RONG2 HE FEELS BEH9D HIM ALL ! P[] ( ! COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL AS SOCIAL BE+ 9 W> SEEMS TO HAVE A*IEV$ ALMO/ HIS APO!OSIS4 ,NOT = ANY RELIGI\S IMPULSE C\LD ! ,AM]ICAN NATION HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ TO %[ SU* DEVOTION 5 MASSE1 SU* SACRIFICE & LABOR4 ,C]TA9LY NOT = ANY SECUL> GOOD1 SU* AS UNIV]SAL $UCATION OR ! SUBJUGATION ( NATURE1 W\LD IT HAVE P\R$ =? ITS TREASURE & ITS LIFE1 OR W\LD IT HAVE P]MITT$ SU* /]N CO]CIVE MEASURES TO BE TAK5 AGA9/ IT1 SU* AS CONSCRIPT+ ITS MONEY & ITS M54 ,BUT = ! SAKE ( A W> ( (F5SIVE SELF-DEF5SE1 UND]TAK5 TO SUPPORT A DIFFICULT CAUSE TO ! SLOGAN ( DEMOCRACY1 IT W\LD REA* ! HI<E/ LEVEL EV] KN[N ( COLLECTIVE EF=T4 

,= !SE SECUL> GOODS1 CONNECT$ ) ! 5HANCEM5T ( LIFE1 ! $UCATION ( M5 & ! USE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE TO REALIZE REASON & BEAUTY 9 ! NATION'S COMMUNAL LIV+1 >E ALI5 TO \R TRADITIONAL IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) W>1 = IT IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! COLLECTIVE COMMUNITY :5 IT ACTS 9 A POLITICAL MANN]1 & TO ACT 9 A POLITICAL MANN] T[>DS A RIVAL GR\P HAS MEANT1 ?R\<\T ALL HI/ORY--W>4 

,!RE IS NO?+ 9VIDI\S 9 ! USE ( ! T]M1 H]D1 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS M]ELY AN ATTEMPT TO R$UCE CLOS] TO FIR/ PR9CIPLES ! NATURE ( ?IS 9/ITUTION 9 ! %AD[ ( :I* WE ALL LIVE1 MOVE & HAVE \R BE+4 ,E?NOLOGI/S >E G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY MADE ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE AS ! HUMAN PACK & NOT AS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS OR C\PLES4 ,! H]D IS 9 FACT ! ORIG9AL UNIT1 & ONLY AS IT WAS DIFF]5TIAT$ DID P]SONAL 9DIVIDUALITY DEVELOP4 ,ALL ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TRIBES ( M5 >E %[N TO LIVE 9 V]Y COMPLEX BUT V]Y RIGID SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :]E OPPORTUNITY = 9DIVIDUATION IS SC>CELY GIV54 ,!SE TRIBES REMA9 /RICTLY ORGANIZ$ H]DS1 & ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M & ! MOD]N ,/ATE IS ONE ( DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION & V>IETY ( ORGANIZATION1 & NOT ( K9D4 

,PSY*OLOGI/S RECOGNIZE ! GREG>I\S IMPULSE AS ONE ( ! /RONGE/ PRIMITIVE PULLS WIH* KEEPS TOGE!R ! H]DS ( ! DIFF]5T SPECIES ( HI<] ANIMALS4 ,MANK9D IS NO EXCEPTION4 ,\R PUGNACI\S EVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY HAS PREV5T$ ! IMPULSE FROM EV] DY+ \T4 ,?IS GREG>I\S IMPULSE IS ! T5D5CY TO IMITATE1 TO CON=M TO COALESCE TOGE!R1 NAD IS MO/ P[]FUL :5 ! H]D BELIEVES ITSELF ?REAT5$ ) ATTACK4 ,ANIMALS CR[D TOGE!R = PROTECTION1 & M5 BECOME MO/ CONSCI\S ( !IR COLLECTIVITY AT ! ?REAT ( W>4 ,CONSCI\SNESS ( COLLECTIVITY BR+S CONFID5CE & A FEEL+ ( MASS$ /R5G?1 :I* 9 TURN >\SES PUGNACITY & ! BATTLE IS ON4 ,9 CIVILIZ$ MAN1 ! GREG>I\S IMPULSE ACTS NOT ONLY TO PRODUCE CONC]T$ ACTION = DEF5SE1 BUT ALSO TO PRODUCE ID5TITY ( OP9ION4 ,S9CE ?\<T IS A =M ( BEHAVIOR1 ! GREG>I\S IMPULSE FLOODS UP 9TO ITS REALMS & DEM&S ?AT S5SE ( UNI=M ?\<T :I* W>TIME PRODUCES SO SUCCESSFULLY4 ,& IT IS 9 ?IS FLOOD+ ( ! CONSCI\S LIFE ( SOCIETY ?AT GREG>I\SNESS WORKS ITS HAVOC4 

,= JU/ AS 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES ! SEX-9/9CT IS 5ORM\SLY OV]-SUPPLI$ = ! REQUIREM5TS ( HUMAN PROPAGATION1 SO ! GREG>I\S IMPULSE IS 5ORM\SLY OV]-SUPPLI$ = ! WORK ( PROTECTION :I* IT IS CALL$ UPON TO P]=M4 ,IT W\LD BE QUITE 5\< IF WE W]E GREG>I\S 5\< TO 5JOY ! COMPANION%IP ( O!RS1 TO BE ABLE TO COOP]ATE ) !M1 & TO FEEL A SLI<T MALAISE AT SOLITUDE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 ?IS IMPULSE IS NOT CONT5T ) ?OSE REASONABLE & HEAL?FUL DEM&S1 BUT 9SI/S ?AT LIKE M9D$NESS %ALL PREVAIL EV]Y:]E1 9 ALL DEP>TM5TS ( LIFE1 SO ?AT ALL HUMAN PROGRESS1 ALL NOVELTY1 & NONCON=MITY MU/ BE C>RI$ AGA9/ ! RESI/ANCE ( ?IS TYRANNICAL H]D-9/9CT :I* DRIVES ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO OB$I5CE & CON=MITY ) ! MAJORITY4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ MOD]N & 5LI<T5$ SOCIETIES ?IS IMPULSE %[S LITTLE SIGN ( ABAT+4 ,AS IT IS DRIV5 BY 9EXORABLE ECONOMIC DEM& \T ( ! SPH]E ( UTILITY1 IT SEEMS TO FA/5 ITSELF EV] MORE FI]CELY 9 ! REALM ( FEEL+ & OP9ION1 SO ?AT CON=MITY COMES TO BE A ?+ AGGRESSIVELY DESIR$ & DEM&$4 

,! GREG>I\S IMPULSE KEEPS ITS HOLD ALL ! MORE VIRUL5TLY BECAUSE :5 ! GR\P IS 9 MOTION OR IS TAK+ ANY POSITIVE ACTION1 ?IS FEEL+ ( BE+ ) & SUPPORT$ BY ! COLLECTIVE H]D V]Y GREATLY FE$S ?AT WILL TO P[]1 ! N\RI%M5T ( :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL ORGANISM SO CON/ANTLY DEM&S4 ,Y\ FEEL P[]FUL BY CON=M+1 & Y\ FEEL =LORN & HOPELESS IF Y\ >E \T ( ! CR[D4 ,:ILE EV5 IF Y\ DO NOT GET ANY ACCESS TO P[] BY ?9K+ & FEEL+ JU/ AS EV]YBODY ELSE 9 Y\R GR\P DOES1 Y\ GET AT LEA/ ! W>M FEEL+ ( OB$I5CE1 ! SOO?+ IRRESPONSIBILITY ( PROTECTION4 

,JO9+ AS IT DOES TO !SE V]Y VIGOR\S T5D5CIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL--! PLEASURE 9 P[] & ! LPEASURE ( OB$I5EC--?IS GREG>I\S IMPULSE BECOMES IRRESI/IBLE 9 SOCIETY4 ,W> /IMULATES IT TO ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE DEGREE1 S5D+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ITS MY/]I\S H]D-CURR5T ) ITS 9FLATIONS ( P[] & OB$I5CE TO ! F>!/ REA*ES ( ! SOCIETY1 TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & LITTLE GR\P ?AT CAN POSSIBLY BE AFFECT$4 ,& IT IS !SE IMPULSES :I* ! ,/ATE--! ORGANIZATION ( ! 5TIRE H]D1 ! 5TIRE COLLECTIVITY--IS F\ND$ ON & MAKES USE (4 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! FEEL+ T[>DS ! ,/ATE A L>GE ELEM5T ( PURE FILIAL MY/ICISM4 ,! S5SE ( 9SECURITY1 ! DESIRE = PROTECTION1 S5DS ONE'S DESIRE BACK TO ! FA!R & MO!R1 ) :OM IS ASSOCIAT$ ! E>LIE/ FEEL+S ( PROTECTION4 ,IT IS NOT = NO?+ ?AT ONE'S ,/ATE IS /ILL ?\<T ( AS ,FA!R OR ,MO!RL&1 ?AT ONE'S RELATION T[>DS IT IS CONCEIV$ 9 T]MS ( FAMILY AFFECTION4 ,! W> HAS %[N ?AT NO:]E UND] ! %OCK ( DANG] HAVE !SE PRIMITIVE *ILDLIKE ATTITUDES FAIL$ TO ASS]T !MSELVES AGA91 AS MU* 9 ?IS C\NTRY AS ANY:]E4 ,IF WE HAVE NOT ! 9T5SE ,FA!R-S5SE ( ! ,G]MAN :O WOR%IPS HIS ,VAT]L&1 AT LEA/ 9 ,UNCLE ,SAM WE HAVE A SYMBOL ( PROTECT+1 K9DLY AU?ORITY1 & 9 ! MANY ,MO!R-PO/]S ( ! ,R$ ,CROSS1 WE SEE H[ EASILY 9 ! MORE T5D] FUNCTIONS ( W> S]VICE1 ! RUL+ ORGANIZATION IS CONCEIV$ 9 FAMILY T]MS4 ,A PEOPLE AT W> HAVE BECOME 9 ! MO/ LIT]AL S5SE OB$I5T1 RESPECTFUL1 TRU/FUL *ILDR5 AGA91 FULL ( ?AT NAIVE FAI? 9 ! ALL-WISDOM & ALL-P[] ( ! ADULT :O TAKES C>E ( !M1 IMPOSES HIS MILD BUT NECESS>Y RULE UPON !M & 9 :OM !Y LOSE !IR RESPONSIBILITY & ANXIETIES4 ,9 ?IS RECRUDESC5CE ( ! *ILD1 !RE IS GREAT COM=T1 & A C]TA9 9FLUX ( P[]4 ,ON MO/ PEOPLE ! /RA9 ( BE+ AN 9DEP5D5T ADULT WEI<S HEAVILY1 & UPON NONE MORE ?AN ?OSE MEMB]S ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES :O HAVE BEQUEA!D TO !M OR HAVE ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( GOV]N+4 ,! ,/ATE PROVIDES ! CONV5I5TE/ ( SYMBOLS UND] :I* ?OSE CLASSES CAN RETA9 ALL ! ACTUAL PRAGMATIC SATISFACTION ( GOV]N+1 BUT CAN RID !MSELVES ( ! PSY*IC BURD5 ( ADUL?OOD4 ,!Y CONT9UE TO DIRECT 9DU/RY & GOV]NM5T & ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY PRETTY MU* AS BE=E1 BUT 9 !IR [N CONSCI\S EYES & 9 ! EYES ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 !Y >E TURN$ FROM !IR SELFI% & PR$ATORY WAYS1 & HAVE BECOME LOYAL S]VANTS ( SOCIETY1 OR SOME?+ GREAT] ?AN !Y--! ,/ATE4 ,! MAN :O MOVES FROM ! DIRECTION ( A L>GE BUS9ESS 9 ,NEW ,YORK TO A PO/ 9 ! W> MANAGEM5T 9DU/RIAL S]VICE 9 ,WA%+TON DOES NOT APP>5TLY ALT] V]Y MU* HIS P[] OR HIS ADM9I/RATIVE TE*NIQUE4 ,BUT PSY*ICALLY1 :AT A TRANS=MATION HAS OCCURR$6 ,HE IS NOT N[ ONLY ! P[] BUT ! GLORY6 ,& HIS S5SE ( SATISFACTION IS PROPORTIONAL NOT TO ! G5U9E AM\NT ( P]SONAL SACRIFICE ?AT MAY BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! *ANGE BUT TO ! EXT5T TO :I* HE RETA9S ! 9DU/RIAL PR]OGATIVES & S5SE ( COMM&4 

,FROM MEMB]S ( ?IS CLASS A C]TA9 9SUP]ABLE 9DIGNATION >ISES IF ! *ANGE FROM PRIVATE 5T]PRISE TO ,/ATE S]VICE 9VOLVES ANY REAL LOSS ( P[] & P]SONAL PRIVILEGE4 ,IF !RE IS TO BE ANY PRAGMATIC SACRIFICE1 LET IT BE1 !Y FEEL1 ON ! FIELD ( HONOR1 9 ! TRADITIONALLY ACCLAIM$ DEA?S BY BATTLE1 9 ?AT DET\R TO SUICIDE1 AS ,NIETZS*E CALLS W>4 ,! ,/ATE 9 W>TIME SUPPLIES SATISFACTION = ?IS V]Y REAL CRAV+1 BUT ITS *IEF VALUE IS ! OPPORTUNITY IT GIVES = ?IS REGRESSION TO 9FANTILE ATTITUDES4 ,9 Y\R REACTION TO AN IMAG9$ ATTACK ON Y\R C\NTRY OR AN 9SULT TO ITS GOV]NM5T1 Y\ DRAW CLOS] TO ! H]D = PROTECTION1 Y\ CON=M 9 WORD & DE$1 & Y\ ACT TOGE!R4 ,& Y\ FIX Y\R ADOR+ GAZE UPON ! ,/ATE1 ) A TRULY FILIAL LOOK1 AS UPON ! ,FA!R ( ! FLOCK1 ! QUASI-P]SONAL SYMBOL ( ! /R5G? ( ! H]D1 & ! LEAD] & DET]M9ANT ( Y\R DEF9ITE ACTION & IDEAS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+-CLASSES1 ?AT PORTION AT LEA/ :I* DOES NOT ID5TIFY ITSELF ) ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES & SEEK TO IMITATE IT & RISE TO IT1 >E NOTORI\SLY LESS AFFECT$ BY ! SYMBOLISM ( ! ,/ATE1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 >E LESS PATRIOTIC ?AN ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES4 ,= !IRS IS NEI!R ! P[] NOR ! GLORY4 ,! ,/ATE 9 W>TIME DOES NOT (F] !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO REGRESS1 =1 NEV] HAV+ ACQUIR$ SOCIAL ADUL?OOD1 !Y CANNOT LOSE IT4 ,IF !Y HAVE BE5 DRILL$ & REGIM5T$1 AS BY ! 9DU/RIAL REGIME ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 !Y GO \T DOCILELY 5\< TO DO BATTLE = !IR ,/ATE1 BUT !Y >E ALMO/ 5TIRELY )\T ?AT FILIAL S5SE & EV5 )\T ?AT H]D-9TELLECT S5SE :I* OPREATES SO P[]FULLY AMONG !IR BETT]S4 ,!Y LIVE HABITUALLY 9 AN 9DU/RIAL S]FDOM1 BY :I* ?\< NOM9ALLY FREE1 !Y >E 9 PRACTICE AS A CLASS B\ND TO A SY/EM ( A MA*9E-PRODUCTION1 ! IMPLEM5TS ( :I* !Y DO NOT [N1 & 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( :OSE PRODUCT !Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ VOICE1 EXCEPT :AT !Y CAN OCCASIONALLY EX]T BY A VEIL$ 9TIMIDATION :I* DRAWS SLI<TLY MORE ( ! PRODUCT 9 !IR DIRECTION4 ,FROM SU* S]FDOM1 MILIT>Y CONSCRIPTION IS NOT SO GREAT A *ANGE4 ,BUT 9TO ! MILIT>Y 5T]PRISE !Y GO1 NOT ) ?OSE HURRAHS ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES :OSE 9/9CTS W> SO P[]FULLY FE$S1 BUT ) ! SAME APA?Y ) :I* !Y 5T] & CONT9UE 9 ! 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE4 

,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 W> CAN BE CALL$ ALMO/ AN UPP]-CLASS SPORT4 ! NOVEL 9T]E/S & EXCITEM5TS IT PROVIDES1 ! 9FLATIONS ( P[]1 ! SATISFACTION IT GIVES TO ?OSE V]Y T5ACI\S HUMAN IMPULSES--GREG>I\SNESS & P>5T-REGRESSION--5D[ IT ) ALL ! QUALITIES ( A LUXURI\S COLLECTIVE GAME :I* IS FELT 9T5SELY JU/ 9 PROPORTION TO ! S5SE ( SIGNIFICANT RULE ! P]SON HAS 9 ! CLASS-DIVISION ( SOCIETY4 ,A C\NTRY AT W>--P>TICUL>LY \R [N C\NTRY AT W>--DOES NOT ACT AS A PURELY HOMOG5\S H]D4 ,! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES HAVE ALL ! H]D-FEEL+ 9 ALL ITS PRIMITIVE 9T5SITY1 SO ?AT ?IS FEEL+ DOES NOT FL[ FREELY )\T IMP$IM5T ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE NATION4 ,A MOD]N C\NTRY REPRES5TS A LONG HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL PROCESS ( DISAGGREGATION ( ! H]D4 ,! NATION AT PEACE IS NOT A GR\P1 IT IS A NETWORK ( MYRIADS ( GR\PS REPRES5T+ ! COOP]ATION & SIMIL> FEEL+ ( M5 ON ALL SORTS ( PLANES & 9 ALL SORTS ( HUMAN 9T]E/S & 5T]PRISES4 ,9 EV]Y MOD]N 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY1 !RE >E P>ALLEL PLANES ( ECONOMIC CLASSES ) DIV]G5T ATTITUDES & 9/ITUTIONS & 9T]E/S--B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAT--) !IR MANY SUBDIVISIONS ACCORD+ TO P[] & FUNCTION1 & EV5 !IR 9T]WEAV+1 SU* AS ?OSE MORE HI<LY SKILL$ WORK]S :O HABITUALLY ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! [N+ & SIGNIFICANT CLASSES & /RIVE TO RAISE !MSELVES TO ! B\RGEOIS LEVEL1 IMITAT+ !IR CULTURAL /&>DS & MANN]S4 ,!N !RE >E RELIGI\S GR\PS ) A C]TA9 DEF9ITE1 ?\< WEAK5+ S5SE ( K9%IP1 & !RE >E ! P[]FUL E?NIC GR\PS :I* BEHAVE ALMO/ AS CULTURAL COLONIES 9 ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 CL++ T5ACI\SLY TO LANGUAGE & HI/ORICAL TRADITION1 ?\< !IR H]DI%NESS IS USUALLY F\ND$ ON CULTURAL RA!R ?AN ,/ATE SYMBOLS4 ,!RE >E C]TA9 VAGUE SECTIONAL GR\PS4 ,ALL !SE SMALL SECTS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 CLASSES1 LEVELS1 9T]E/S1 MAY ACT AS FOCI = H]D-FEEL+S4 ,!Y 9T]SECT & 9T]WEAVE1 & ! SAME P]SON MAY BE A MEMB] ( SEV]AL DIFF]5T GR\PS LY+ AT DIFF]5T PLANES4 ,DIFF]5T OCCASIONS WILL SET (F HIS H]D-FEEL+ 9 ONE DIRECTION OR ANO!R4 ,9 A RELIGI\S CRISIS HE WILL BE 9T5SELY CONSCI\S ( ! NECESSITY ?AT HIS SECT--OR SUB-H]D--MAY PREVAIL2 9 A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN1 ?AT HIS P>TY %ALL TRIUMPH4 

,TO ! SPREAD ( H]D-FEEL+1 !RE=E1 ALL !SE SMALL] H]DS (F] RESI/ANCE4 ,TO ! SPREAD ( ?AT H]D-FEEL+ :I* >ISES FROM ! ?REAT ( W>1 & :I* W\LD NORMALLY 9VOLVE ! 5TIRE NATION1 ! ONLY GR\PS :I* MAKE S]I\S RESI/ANCE >E ?OSE1 ( C\RSE1 :I* CONT9UE TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! O!R NATION FROM :I* !Y OR !IR P>5TS HAVE COME4 ,9 TIMES ( PEACE !Y >E = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES CITIZ5S ( !IR NEW C\NTRY4 ,!Y KEEP ALIVE !IR E?NIC TRADITIONS MORE AS A LUXURY ?AN ANY?+4 ,9DE$ !SE TRADITIONS T5D RAPIDLY TO DIE \T EXCEPT :]E !Y CONNECT ) SOME /ILL UNRESOLV$ NATIONALI/IC CAUSE ABROAD1 ) SOME /RUGGLE = FRE$OM1 OR SOME IRR$5TISM4 ,IF !Y >E CONSCI\SLY OPPOS$ BY A TOO 9VIDI\S POLICY ( ,AM]ICANISM1 !Y T5D TO BE /R5G!N$4 ,& 9 TIME ( W>1 !SE E?NIC ELEM5TS :I* HAVE ANY TRADITIONAL CONNECTION ) ! 5EMY1 EV5 ?\< MO/ ( ! 9DIVIDUALS MAY HAVE LITTLE REAL SYMPA?Y ) ! 5EMY'S CAUSE1 >E NATURALLY LUKEW>M TO ! H]D-FEEL+ ( ! NATION :I* GOES BACK TO ,/ATE TRADITIONS 9 :I* !Y HAVE NO %>E4 ,BUT TO ! NATIVES IMBU$ ) ,/ATE-FEEL+1 ANY SU* RESI/ANCE OR APA?Y IS 9TOL]ABLE4 ,?IS H]D-FEEL+1 ?IS NEWLY AWAK5$ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,/ATE1 DEM&S UNIV]SALITY4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES1 :O FEEL MO/ 9T5SELY ?IS ,/ATE-COMPULSION1 DEM& A ONE HUNDR$ P] C5T ,AM]ICANISM1 AMONG ONE HUNDR$ P] C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,! ,/ATE IS A JEAL\S ,GOD & WILL BROOK NO RIVALS4 ,ITS SOV]EIGNTY MU/ P]VADE EV]YONE & ALL FEEL+ MU/ BE RUN 9TO ! /]EOTYP$ =MS ( ROMANTIC PATRIOTIC MILIT>ISM :I* IS ! TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION ( ! ,/ATE H]D-FEEL+4 

,?US >ISES CONFLICT )9 ! ,/ATE4 ,W> BECOMES ALMO/ A SPORT BETWE5 ! HUNT]S & ! HUNT$4 ,! PURSUIT ( 5EMIES )9 \TWEI<S 9 PSY*IC ATTRACTIV5ESS ! ASSAULT ON ! 5EMY )\T4 ,! :OLE T]RIFIC =CE ( ! ,/ATE IS BR\<T TO BE> AGA9/ ! H]ETICS4 ,! NATION BOILS ) A SL[ 9SI/5T FEV]4 ,A :ITE T]RORISM IS C>RI$ ON BY ! ,GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ALL PACIFI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 5EMY ALI5S1 & A MILD] UN(FICIAL P]SECUTION AGA9/ ALL P]SONS OR MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$ AS CONNECT$ ) ! 5EMY4 ,W>1 :I* %\LD BE ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE1 UNIFIES ALL ! B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS & ! COMMON PEOPLE1 & \TLAWS ! RE/4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ?AT %[S MORE RESI/ANCE TO ?IS UNIFICATION IS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 PSY*ICALLY \T ( ! CURR5T4 ,ITS VANGU>D AS ! ,I4,W4,W4 IS REMORSELESSLY PURSU$1 9 SPITE ( ! PRO( ?AT IT IS A SYMPTOM1 NOT A CAUSE1 & ITS PROSECUTION 9CREASES ! DISAFFECTION ( LABOR & 9T5SIFIES ! FRICTION 9/EAD ( LESS5+ IT4 

,BUT ! EMOTIONS ?AT PLAY >\ND ! DEF5SE ( ! ,/ATE DO NOT TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! PRAGMATIC RESULTS4 ,A NATION AT W>1 L$ BY ITS SIGNIFICANT CLASSES1 IS 5GAG$ 9 LIB]AT+ C]TA9 ( ITS IMPULSES :I* HAVE HAD ALL TOO LITTLE EX]CISE 9 ! PA/4 ,IT IS GETT+ C]TA9 SATISFACTIONS & ! ACTUAL CONDUCT ( ! W> OR ! CONDITION ( ! C\NTRY >E REALLY 9CID5TAL TO ! 5JOYM5T ( NEW =MS ( VIRTUE & P[] & AGGRESSIV5ESS4 ,IF IT C\LD BE %[N CONCLUSIVELY ?AT ! P]SECUTION ( SLI<TLY DISAFFECT$ ELEM5TS ACTUALLY 9CREAS$ 5ORM\SLY ! DIFFICULTIES ( PRODUCTION & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! W> TE*NIQUE1 IT W\LD BE F\ND ?AT PUBLIC POLICY W\LD SC>CELY *ANGE4 ,! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES MU/ HAVE !IR PLEASURE 9 HUNT+ D[N & *A/IS+ EV]Y?+ ?AT !Y FEEL 9/9CTIVELY TO BE NOT IMBU$ ) ! CURR5T ,/ATE-5?USIASM1 ?\< ! ,/ATE ITSELF BE ACTUALLY IMP$$ 9 ITS EF=TS TO C>RY \T ?OSE OBJECTS = :I* !Y >E PASSIONATELY CONT5D+4 ,! BE/ PRO( ( ?IS IS ?AT ) A PURSUIT ( PLOTT]S ?AT HAS CONT9U$ ) CEASELESS VIGILANCE EV] S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> 9 ,EUROPE1 ! CONCRETE CRIMES UNE>!D & PUNI%$ HAVE BE5 FEW] ?AN ?OSE PROSECUTIONS = ! M]E CRIME ( OP9ION OR ! EXPRESSION ( S5TIM5TS CRITICAL ( ! ,/ATE OR ! NATIONAL POLICY4 ,! PUNI%M5T = OP9ION HAS BE5 F> MORE F]OCI\S & UN9T]MITT5T ?AN ! PUNI%M5T ( PRAGMATIC CRIME4 ,UNIMPEA*ABLE ,ANGLO-,SAXON-,AM]ICANS :O W]E FRE] ( PACIFI/ OR SOCIALI/ UTT]ANCE ?AN ! ,/ATE-OBSESS$ RUL+ PUBLIC OP9ION1 RECEIV$ HEAVI] P5ALTIES1 & EV5 GREAT] OPPROBRIUM1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ?AN ! DEF9ITELY HO/ILE ,G]MAN PLOTT]4 ,A PUBLIC OP9ION :I*1 ALMO/ )\T PROTE/1 ACCEPTS AS JU/1 ADEQUATE1 BEAUTIFUL1 DES]V$1 & 9 FITT+ H>MONY ) IDEALS ( LIB]TY & FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 A S5T5CE ( TW5TY YE>S 9 PRISON = M]E UTT]ANCES1 NO MATT] :AT !Y MAY BE1 %[S ITSELF TO BE SUFF]+ FROM A K9D ( SOCIAL D]ANGEM5T ( VALUES1 A SORT ( SOCIAL NEUROSIS1 ?AT DES]VES ANALYSIS & COMPREH5SION4 ,ON \R 5TRANCE 9TO ! W> !RE W]E MANY P]SONS :O PR$ICT$ EXACTLY ?IS D]ANGEM5T ( VALUES1 :O FE>$ LE/ DEMOCRACY SUFF] MORE AT HOME FROM AN ,AM]ICA AT W> ?AN C\LD BE GA9$ = DEMOCRACY ABROAD4 ,?AT FE> HAS BE5 AMPLY JU/IFI$4 ,! QUE/ION :E!R ! ,AM]ICAN NATION W\LD ACT LIKE AN 5LI<T5$ DEMOCRACY GO+ TO W> = ! SAKE ( HI< IDEALS1 OR LIKE A ,/ATE-OBSESS$ H]D1 HAS BE5 DECISIVELY ANSW]$4 ,! RECORD IS WRITT5 & CANNOT BE ]AS$4 ,HI/ORY WILL DECIDE :E!R ! T]RORIZATION ( OP9ION1 & ! REGIM5TATION ( LIFE WAS JU/IFI$ UND] ! MO/ IDEALI/IC ( DEMOCRATIC ADM9I/RATIONS4 ,IT WILL SEE ?AT :5 ! ,AM]ICAN NATION HAD O/5SIBLY A *ANCE TO CONDUCT A GALLANT W>1 ) SCRUPUL\S REG>D TO ! SAFETY ( DEMOCRATIC VALUES AT HOME1 IT *OSE RA!R TO ADOPT ALL ! MO/ OBNOXI\S & CO]CIVE TE*NIQUES ( ! 5EMY & ( ! O!R C\NTRIES AT W>1 & TO RIVAL 9 9TIMIDATION & F]OCITY ( PUNI%M5T ! WOR/ GOV]NM5TAL SY/EMS ( ! AGE4 ,= ITS =M] UNCONSCI\SNESS & DISRESPECT ( ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 ! NATION APP>5TLY PAID ! P5ALTY 9 A VIOL5T SW+ TO ! O!R EXTREME4 ,IT ACT$ SO EXACTLY LIKE A H]D 9 ITS IRRATIONAL CO]CION ( M9ORITIES ?AT !RE IS NO >TIFICIALITY 9 9T]PRET+ ! PROGRESS ( ! W> 9 T]MS ( H]D PSY*OLOGY4 ,IT UNWITT+LY BR\<T \T 9TO ! /RONGE/ RELIEF ! TRUE *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,/ATE & ITS 9TIMATE ALLIANCE ) W>4 ,IT PROVID$ = ! 5EMIES ( W> & ! CRITICS ( ! ,/ATE ! MO/ TELL+ >GUM5TS POSSIBLE4 ,! NEW PASSION = ! ,/ATE IDEAL UNWITT+LY SET 9 MOTION & 5C\RAG$ =CES ?AT ?REAT5 V]Y MAT]IALLY TO RE=M ! ,/ATE4 ,IT HAS %[N ?OSE :O >E REALLY DET]M9$ TO 5D W> ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT ! M]E SIMPLE ONE ( F9I%+ A W> ?AT WILL 5D W>4 

,= W> IS A COMPLICAT$ WAY 9 :I* A NATION ACTS1 & IT ACTS SO \T ( A SPIRITUAL COMPULSION :I* PU%ES IT ON P]HAPS AGA9/ ALL ITS 9T]E/S1 ALL ITS REAL DESIRES1 & ALL ITS REAL S5SE ( VALUES4 ,IT IS ,/ATES ?AT MAKE W>S & NOT NATIONS1 & ! V]Y ?\<T & ALMO/ NECESSITY ( W> IS B\ND UP ) ! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE4 ,NOT = C5TURIES HAVE NATIONS MADE W>2 9 FACT ! ONLY HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE ( NATIONS MAK+ W> IS ! GREAT B>B>IAN 9VASIONS 9TO ,S\!RN ,EUROPE1 9VASIONS ( ,RUSSIA FROM ! ,EA/1 & P]HAPS ! SWEEP ( ,ISLAM ?R\< ,NOR!RN ,AFRICA 9TO ,EUROPE AFT] ,MOHAMM$'S DEA?4 ,& ! MOTIVATIONS = SU* W>S W]E EI!R ! RE/LESS EXPANSION ( MIGRATORY TRIBES OR ! FLAME ( RELIGI\S FANATICISM4 ,P]HAPS !SE GREAT MOVEM5TS C\LD SC>CELY BE CALL$ W>S AT ALL1 = W> IMPLIES AN ORGANIZ$ PEOPLE DRILL$ & L$2 9 FACT1 IT NECESSITATES ! ,/ATE4 ,EV] S9CE ,EUROPE HAS HAD ANY SU* ORGANIZATION1 SU* HUGE CONFLICTS BETWE5 NATIONS--NATIONS1 ?AT IS1 AS CULTURAL GR\PS--HAVE BE5 UN?9KABLE4 ,IT IS PREPO/]\S TO ASSUME ?AT = C5TURIES 9 ,EUROPE !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 ANY POSSIBILITY ( A PEOPLE 5 MASSE--) !IR [N LEAD]S1 & NOT ) ! LEAD]S ( !IR DULY CON/ITUT$ ,/ATE--RIS+ UP & OV]FL[+ !IR BORD]S 9 A W> RAID UPON A NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE4 ,! W>S ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y >MIES ( ,FRANCE W]E CLE>LY 9 DEF5SE ( AN IMP]IL$ FRE$OM1 & MOREOV]1 !Y W]E CLE>LY DIRECT$ NOT AGA9/ O!R PEOPLES1 BUT AGA9/ ! AUTOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS ?AT W]E COMB9+ TO CRU% ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?REE IS NO 9/ANCE 9 HI/ORY ( G5U9ELY NATIONAL W>4 ,!RE >E 9/ANCES ( NATIONAL DEF5SES1 AMONG PRIMITIVE CIVILIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,BALKAN PEOPLES1 AGA9/ 9TOL]ABLE 9VASION BY NEI<BOR+ DESPOTS OR OPPRESSION4 ,BUT W>1 AS SU*1 CANNOT OCCUR EXCEPT 9 A SY/EM ( COMPET+ ,/ATES1 :I* HAVE RELATIONS ) EA* O!R ?R\< ! *ANNELS ( DIPLOMACY4 

,W> IS A FUNCTION ( ?IS SY/EM ( ,/ATES1 & C\LD NOT OCCUR EXCEPT 9 SU* A SY/EM4 ,NATIONS ORGANIZ$ = 9T]NAL ADM9I/RATION1 NATIONS ORGANIZ$ AS A F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNITIES1 NATIONS ORGANIZ$ 9 ANY WAY EXCEPT ?AT ( A POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION ( A DYNA/Y OR ! RE=M$ DESC5DANT ( A DYNA/Y1 C\LD NOT POSSIBLY MAKE W> UPON EA* O!R4 ,!Y W\LD NOT ONLY HAVE NO MOTIVE = CONFLICT1 BUT !Y W\LD BE UNABLE TO MU/] ! CONC5TRAT$ =CE TO MAKE W> EFFECTIVE4 ,!RE MI<T BE ALL SORTS ( AMATEUR M>AUD+1 !RE MI<T BE GU]RILLA EXP$ITIONS ( GR\P AGA9/ GR\P1 BUT !RE C\LD NOT BE ?AT T]RIBLE W> 5 MASSE ( ! NATIONAL /ATE1 ?AT EXPLOITATION ( ! NATION 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT ABUSE ( ! NATIONAL LIFE & RES\RCE 9 ! FR5ZI$ MUTUAL SUICIDE :I* IS MOD]N W>4 

,IT CANNOT BE TOO FIRMLY REALIZ$ ?AT W> IS A FUNCTION ( ,/ATES & NOT ( NATIONS1 9DE$ ?AT IT IS ! *IEF FUNCTION ( ,/ATES4 ,W> IS A V]Y >TIFICIAL ?+4 ,IT IS NOT ! NAIVE SPONTANE\S \TBUR/ ( H]D PUGNACITY2 IT IS NO MORE PRIM>Y ?AN IS =MAL RELIGION4 ,W> CANNOT EXI/ )\T A MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T1 & A MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T CANNOT EXI/ )\T A ,/ATE ORGANIZATION4 ,W> HAS AN IMMEMORIAL TRADITION & H]$ITY ONLY BECAUSE ! ,/ATE HAS A LONG TRADITION & H]$ITY4 ,BUT !Y >E 9SEP>ABLY & FUNCTIONALLY JO9$4 ,WE CANNOT CRUSADE AGA9/ W> )\T CRUSAD+ IMPLICITLY AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,& WE CANNOT EXPECT1 OR TAKE MEASURES TO 5SURE1 ?AT ?IS W> IS A W> TO 5D W>1 UNLESS AT ! SAME TIME WE TAKE MEASURES TO 5D ! ,/ATE 9 ITS TRADITIONAL =M4 ,! ,/ATE IS NOT ! NATION1 & ! ,/ATE CAN BE MODIFI$ & EV5 ABOLI%$ 9 ITS PRES5T =M1 )\T H>M+ ! NATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ) ! PASS+ ( ! DOM9ANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 ! G5U9E LIFE-5HANC+ =CES ( ! NATION WILL BE LIB]AT$4 ,IF ! ,/ATE'S *IEF FUNCTION IS W>1 !N ! ,/ATE MU/ SUCK \T ( ! NATION A L>GE P>T ( ITS 5]GY = PURELY /]ILE PURPOSES ( DEF5SE & AGGRESSION4 ,IT DEVOTES TO WA/E OR TO ACTUAL DE/RUCTION AS MU* AS IT CAN ( ! VITALITY ( ! NATION4 ,NO ONE WILL D5Y ?AT W> IS A VA/ COMPLEX ( LIFE-DE/ROY+ & LIFE-CRIPPL+ =CES4 ,IF ! ,/ATE'S *IEF FUNCTION IS W>1 !N IT IS *IEFLY CONC]N$ ) COORD9AT+ & DEVELOP+ ! P[]S & TE*NIQUES :I* MAKE = DE/RUCTION4 ,& ?IS MEANS NOT ONLY ! ACTUAL & POT5TIAL DE/RUCTION ( ! 5EMY1 BUT ( ! NATION AT HOME AS WELL4 ,= ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A ,/ATE 9 A SY/EM ( ,/ATES MEANS ?AT ! NATION LIES ALWAYS UND] A RISK ( W> & 9VASION1 & ! CALL+ AWAY ( 5]GY 9TO MILIT>Y PURSUITS MEANS A CRIPPL+ ( ! PRODUCTIVE & LIFE-5HANC+ PROCESS ( ! NATIONAL LIFE4 

,ALL ?IS ORGANIZ+ ( DEA?-DEAL+ 5]GY & TE*NIQUE IS NOT A NATURAL BUT A V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$ PROCESS4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 MOD]N NATIONS1 BUT ALSO ALL ?R\< ! C\RSE ( MOD]N ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 IT C\LD NEV] EXI/ )\T ! ,/ATE4 ,= IT MEETS ! DEM&S ( NO O!R 9/ITUTION1 IT FOLL[S ! DESIRES ( NO RELIGI\S1 9DU/RIAL1 POLITICAL GR\P4 ,IF ! DEM& = MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION & A MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T SEEMS TO COME NOT FROM ! (FIC]S ( ! ,/ATE BUT FROM ! PUBLIC1 IT IS ONLY ?AT IT COMES FROM ! ,/ATE-OBSESS$ PORTION ( ! PUBLIC1 ?OSE GR\PS :I* FEEL MO/ KE5LY ! ,/ATE IDEAL4 ,& 9 ?IS C\NTRY WE HAVE HAD EVID5CE ALL TOO 9DUBITABLE AB\T H[ P[]LESS ! PACIFICALLY M9D$ (FIC]S ( ! ,/ATE MAY BE 9 ! FACE ( A ,/ATE-OBSESSION ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES4 ,IF A P[]FUL SECTION ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES FEELS MORE 9T5SELY ! ATTITUDES ( ! ,/ATE1 !N !Y WILL MO/ 9FALLIBLY MOLD ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 TIME TO !IR WI%ES1 BR+ IT BACK TO ACT AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! ,/ATE :I* IT PRET5DS TO BE4 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY WE HAVE SE5 GR\PS ?AT W]E MORE LOYAL ?AN ! ,K+--MORE PATRIOTIC ?AN ! ,GOV]NM5T--! ,UL/]ITES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ! ,JUNK]S 9 ,PRUSSIA1 L',ACTION ,FRANCAISE 9 ,FRANCE1 \R PATRIOTE]S 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!SE GR\PS EXI/ TO KEEP ! /E]+ :EEL ( ! ,/ATE /RAI<T1 & !Y PREV5T ! NATION FROM EV] VE]+ V]Y F> FROM ! ,/ATE IDEAL4 

,MILIT>ISM EXPRESSES ! DESIRES & SATISFIES ! MAJOR IMPULSE ONLY ( ?IS CLASS4 ,! O!R CLASSES1 LEFT TO !MSELVES1 HAVE TOO MANY NECESSITIES & 9T]E/S & AMBITIONS1 TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) SO EXP5SIVE & DE/RUCTIVE A GAME4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE-OBSESS$ GR\P IS EI!R ABLE TO GET CONTROL ( ! MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE OR TO 9TIMIDATE ?OSE 9 CONTROL1 SO ?AT IT IS ABLE ?R\< ! USE ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE TO REGIM5T ! O!R GRUDG+ & RELUCTANT CLASSES 9TO A MILIT>Y PROGRAM4 ,/ATE IDEALISM P]COLATES D[N ?R\< ! /RATA ( SOCIETY1 CAPTUR+ GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS JU/ 9 PROPORTION TO ! PRE/IGE ( ?IS DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,SO ?AT WE HAVE ! H]D ACTUALLY /RUNG ALONG BETWE5 TWO EXTREMES1 ! MILIT>I/IC PATRIOTS AT ONE 5D1 :O >E SC>CELY DI/+UI%ABLE 9 ATTITUDE & ANIMUS FRMO ! MO/ REACTION>Y ,B\RBONS ( AN ,EMPIRE1 & UNSKILL$ LABOR GR\PS1 :I* 5TIRELY LACK ! ,/ATE S5SE4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE ACTS AS A :OLE1 & ! CLASS ?AT CONTROLS GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y CAN SW+ ! EFFECTIVE ACTION ( ! H]D AS A :OLE4 ,! H]D IS NOT ACTUALLY A :OLE1 EMOTIONALLY4 ,BUT BY AN +5I\S MIXTURE ( CAJOL]Y1 AGITATION1 9TIMIDATION1 ! H]D IS LICK$ 9TO %APE1 9TO AN EFFECTIVE ME*ANICAL UNITY1 IF NOT 9TO A SPIRITUAL :OLE4 ,M5 >E TOLD SIMULTANE\SLY ?AT !Y WILL 5T] ! MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T ( !IR [N VOLITION1 AS !IR SPL5DID SACRIFICE = !IR C\NTRY'S WELF>E1 & ?AT IF !Y DO NOT 5T] !Y WILL BE HUNT$ D[N & PUNI%$ ) ! MO/ HORRID P5ALTIES2 & UND] A MO/ 9DESCRIBABLE CONFUSION ( DEMOCRATIC PRIDE & P]SONAL FE> !Y SUBMIT TO ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR LIVELIHOOD IF NOT !IR LIVES1 9 A WAY ?AT W\LD =M]LY HAVE SEEM$ TO !M SO OBNOXI\S AS TO BE 9CR$IBLE4 

,9 ?IS GREAT H]D-MA*9]Y1 DISS5T IS LIKE S& 9 ! BE>+S4 ,! ,/ATE IDEAL IS PRIM>ILY A SORT ( BL9D ANIMAL PU% T[>DS MILIT>Y UNITY4 ,ANY 9T]F]5CE ) ?AT UNITY TURNS ! :OLE VA/ IMPULSE T[>DS CRU%+ IT4 ,DISS5T IS SPE$ILY \TLAW$1 & ! ,GOV]NM5T1 BACK$ BY ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES & ?OSE :O 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 H[EV] SMALL1 ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) !M1 PROCE$S AGA9/ ! \TLAWS1 REG>DLESS ( !IR VALUE TO O!R 9/ITUTIONS ( ! NATION1 OR ( ! EFFECT ?AT !IR P]SECUTION MAY HAVE ON PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,! H]D BECOMES DIVID$ 9TO ! HUNT]S & ! HUNT$1 & W>-5T]PRISE BECOMES NOT ONLY A TE*NICAL GAME BUT A SPORT AS WELL4 

,IT MU/ NEV] BE =GOTT5 ?AT NATIONS DO NOT DECL>E W> ON EA* O!R1 NOR 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE IS IT NATIONS ?AT FI<T EA* O!R4 ,MU* HAS BE5 SAID TO ! EFFECT ?AT MOD]N W>S >E W>S ( :OLE PEOPLES & NOT ( DYNA/IES4 ,BECAUSE ! 5TIRE NATION IS REGIM5T$ & ! :OLE RES\RCES ( ! C\NTRY >E LEVI$ ON = W>1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT IS ! C\NTRY1 \R C\NTRY :I* IS FI<T+1 & ONLY AS A ,/ATE W\LD IT POSSIBLY FI<T4 ,SO1 LIT]ALLY1 IT IS ,/ATES :I* MAKE W> ON EA* O!R & NOT PEOPLES4 ,GOV]NM5TS >E ! AG5TS ( ,/ATES1 & IT IS ,GOV]NM5TS :I* DECL>E W> ON EA* O!R1 ACT+ TRUE/ TO =M 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! GREAT ,/ATE IDEAL :I* !Y REPRES5T4 ,!RE IS NO CASE KN[N 9 MOD]N TIMES ( ! PEOPLE BE+ CONSULT$ 9 ! 9ITIATION ( A W>4 ,! PRES5T DEM& = DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY 9DICATES H[ COMPLETELY1 EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ( MOD]N NATIONS1 =EIGN POLICY HAS BE5 ! SECRET PRIVATE POSSESSION ( ! EXECUTIVE BRAN* ( ,GOV]NM5T4 

,H[EV] REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE ,P>LIAM5TS & ,CONGRESSES MAY BE 9 ALL ?AT CONC]NS ! 9T]NAL ADM9I/RATION ( A C\NTRY'S POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS IT HAS NEV] BE5 POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! POPUL> BODY ACT$ EXCEPT AS A :OLLY ME*ANICAL RATIFI] ( ! ,EXECUTIVE'S WILL4 ,! =MALITY BY :I* ,P>LIAM5TS & ,CONGRESSES DECL>E W> IS ! M]E/ TE*NICALITY4 ,BE=E SU* A DECL>ATION CAN TAKE PLACE1 ! C\NTRY WILL HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO ! V]Y BR9K ( W> BY ! =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,EXECUTIVE4 ,A LONG S]IES ( /EPS ON ! D[NW>D PA?1 EA* ONE MORE FATALLY COMMITT+ ! UNSUSPECT+ C\NTRY TO A W>LIKE C\RSE ( ACTION WILL HAVE BE5 TAK5 )\T EI!R ! PEOPLE OR ITS REPRES5TATIVES BE+ CONSULT$ OR EXPRESS+ ITS FEEL+4 ,:5 ! DECL>ATION ( W> IS F9ALLY DEM&$ BY ! ,EXECUTIVE1 ! ,P>LIAM5T OR ,CONGRESS C\LD NOT REFUSE IT )\T REV]S+ ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 )\T REPUDIAT+ :AT HAS BE5 REPRES5T+ ITSELF 9 ! EYES ( ! O!R /ATES AS ! SYMBOL & 9T]PRET] ( ! NATION'S WILL & ANIMUS4 ,TO REPUDIATE AN ,EXECUTIVE AT ?AT TIME W\LD BE TO PUBLI% TO ! 5TIRE WORLD ! EVID5CE ?AT ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 GROSSLY DECEIV$ BY ITS [N ,GOV]NM5T1 ?AT ! C\NTRY ) AN ALMO/ CRIM9AL C>ELESSNESS HAD ALL[$ ITS ,GOV]NM5T TO COMMIT IT TO GIGANTIC NATIONAL 5T]PRISES 9 :I* IT HAD NO HE>T4 ,9 SU* A CRISIS1 EV5 A ,P>LIAM5T :I* 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ,/ATES REPRES5TS ! COMMON MAN & NOT ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES :O MO/ /RONGLY *]I% ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 WILL *E]FULLY SU/A9 ! =EIGN POLICY :I* IT UND]/&S EV5 LESS ?AN IT W\LD C>E = IF IT UND]/OOD1 & WILL VOTE ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY = AN 9CALCULABLE W>1 9 :I* ! NATION MAY BE BR\<T WELL NI< TO RU94 ,?AT IS :Y ! REF]5DUM :I* WAS ADVOCAT$ BY SOME PEOPLE AS A TE/ ( ,AM]ICAN S5TIM5T 9 5T]+ ! W> WAS CONSID]$ EV5 BY ?\<TFUL DEMOCRATS TO BE SOME?+ SUBTLY IMPROP]4 ,! DIE HAD BE5 CA/4 ,POPUL> :IM C\LD D]ANGE & BUNGLE MON/R\SLY ! MAJE/IC M>* ( ,/ATE POLICY 9 ITS NEW CRUSADE = ! PEACE ( ! WORLD4 ,! IRRESI/IBLE ,/ATE IDEAL GOT HOLD ( ! B[ELS ( M54 ,:]EAS UP TO ?IS TIME1 IT HAD BE5 IRREPROA*ABLE TO BE NEUTRAL 9 WORD & DE$1 = ! =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,/ATE HAD SO DECID$ IT1 H5CE=? IT BECAME ! MO/ >RANT CRIME TO REMA9 NEUTRAL4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,WE/1 :I* HAD BE5 SODD5LY PACIFI/IC 9 \R DAYS ( NEUTRALITY1 BECAME 9 A FEW MON?S JU/ AS SODD5LY BELLICOSE1 & 9 ITS ZEAL = WIT*-BURN+ & ITS SC5T = 5EMIES )9 GAVE PREC$5CE TO NO SECTION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! H]D-M9D FOLL[$ FAI?FULLY ! ,/ATE-M9D &1 ! AGITATION = A REF]5DUM BE+ SOON =GOTT51 ! C\NTRY FELL 9TO ! UNIV]SAL CONCLUSION ?AT1 S9CE ITS ,CONGRESS HAD =MALLY DECL>$ ! W>1 ! NATION ITSELF HAD 9 ! MO/ SOLEMN & UNIV]SAL WAY DEVIS$ & BR\<T ON ! 5TIRE AFFAIR4 

,OPPRESSION ( M9ORITIES BECAME JU/IFI$ ON ! PLEA ?AT ! LATT] W]E P]V]SELY RESI/+ ! RATIONALLY CON/RUCT$ & SOLEMNLY DECL>$ WILL ( A MAJORITY ( ! NATION4 ,! H]D COALESC5CE ( OP9ION :I* BECAME 9EVITABLE ! MOM5T ! ,/ATE HAD SET FL[+ ! W> ATTITUDES BECAME 9T]PRET$ AS A PREW> POPUL> DECISION1 & DIS9CL9ATION TO B[ TO ! H]D WAS TREAT$ AS A MON/R\SLY ANTISOCIAL ACT4 ,SO ?AT ! ,/ATE1 :I* HAD VIGOR\SLY RESI/$ ! IDEA ( A REF]5DUM & CLUNG T5ACI\SLY &1 ( C\RSE1 ) 5TIRE SUCCESS TO ITS AUTOCRATIC & ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY1 HAD ! PLEASURE ( SEE+ ! C\NTRY1 )9 A FEW MON?S1 GIV5 OV] TO ! RETROSPECTIVE IMPRESSION ?AT A G5U9E REF]5DUM HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,:5 ONCE A C\NTRY HAS LAPP$ UP !SE ,/ATE ATTITUDES1 ITS MEMORY FADES2 IT CONCEIVES ITSELF NOT AS M]ELY ACCEPT+1 BUT ( HAV+ ITSELF WILL$1 ! :OLE POLICY & TE*NIQUE ( W>4 ,! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES1 ) !IR TRAIL+ SATELLITES1 ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! ,/ATE1 SO ?AT :AT ! ,/ATE1 ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 HAS WILL$1 ?IS MAJORITY CONCEIVES ITSELF TO HAVE WILL$4 

,ALL ( :I* GOES TO %[ ?AT ! ,/ATE REPRES5TS ALL ! AUTOCRATIC1 >BITR>Y1 CO]CIVE1 BELLIG]5T =CES )9 A SOCIAL GR\P1 IT IS A SORT ( COMPLEXUS ( EV]Y?+ MO/ DI/A/EFUL TO ! MOD]N FREE CREATIVE SPIRIT1 ! FEEL+ = LIFE1 LIB]TY1 & ! PURSUIT ( HAPP9ESS4 ,W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ONLY :5 ! ,/ATE IS AT W> DOES ! MOD]N SOCIETY FUNCTION ) ?AT UNITY ( S5TIM5T1 SIMPLE UNCRITICAL PATRIOTIC DEVOTION1 COOP]ATION ( S]VICES1 :I* HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE LOV]4 ,) ! RAVAGES ( DEMOCRATIC IDEAS1 H[EV]1 ! MOD]N REPUBLIC CANNOT GO TO W> UND] ! OLD CONCEPTIONS ( AUTOCRACY & DEA?-DEAL+ BELLIG]5CY4 ,IF A SUCCESSFUL ANIMUS = W> REQUIRES A R5AISSANCE ( ,/ATE IDEALS1 !Y CAN ONLY COME BACK UND] DEMOCRATIC =MS1 UND] ?IS RETROSPECTIVE CONVICTION ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY1 DEMOCRATIC DESIRE = W>1 & P>TICUL>LY ( ?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ! DEMOCRACY ) ! ,/ATE4 ,H[ UNREG5]ATE ! ANCI5T ,/ATE MAY BE1 H[EV]1 IS 9DICAT$ BY ! LAWS AGA9/ S$ITION1 & BY ! ,GOV]NM5T'S UNRE=M$ ATTITUDE ON =EIGN POLICY4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ DEM&S ( ! MORE F>SEE+ DEMOCRATS 9 ! DEMOCRACIES ( ! ,ALLIANCE WAS ?AT SECRET DIPLOMACY MU/ GO4 ,! W> WAS SE5 TO HAVE BE5 MADE POSSIBLE BY A WEB ( SECRET AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ,/ATES1 ALLIANCES ?AT W]E MADE BY ,GOV]NM5TS )\T ! %AD[ ( POPUL> SUPPORT OR EV5 POPUL> KN[L$GE1 & VAGUE1 HALF-UND]/OOD COMMITM5TS ?AT SC>CELY REA*$ ! /AGE ( A TREATY OR AGREEM5T1 BUT :I* PROV$ B9D+ 9 ! EV5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 SAID !SE DEMOCRATIC ?9K]S1 W> CAN SC>CELY BE AVOID$ UNLESS ?IS POISON\S UND]GR\ND SY/EM ( SECRET DIPLOMACY IS DE/ROY$1 ?IS SY/EM BY :I* A NATION'S P[]1 WEAL?1 & MANHOOD MAY BE SIGN$ AWAY LIKE A BLANK *ECK TO AN ALLI$ NATION TO BE CA%$ 9 AT SOME FUTURE CRISIS4 ,AGREEM5TS :I* >E TO AFFECT ! LIVES ( :OLE PEOPLES MU/ BE MADE BETWE5 PEOPLES & NOT BY ,GOV]NM5TS1 OR AT LEA/ BY !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! FULL GL>E ( PUBLICITY & CRITICISM4 

,SU* A DEM& = DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY SEEM$ AXIOMATIC4 ,EV5 IF ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 SWUNG 9TO W> BY /EPS TAK5 SECRETLY & ANN\NC$ TO ! PUBLIC ONLY AFT] !Y HAD BE5 CONSUMMAT$1 IT WAS FELT ?AT ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,/ATE T[>D =EIGN POLICY WAS ONLY A RELIC ( ! BAD OLD DAYS & MU/ BE SUP]S$$ 9 ! NEW ORD]4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,PRESID5T HIMSELF1 ! LIB]AL HOPE ( ! WORLD1 HAD DEM&$1 9 ! EYES ( ! WORLD1 OP5 DIPLOMACY1 AGREEM5TS FREELY & OP5LY >RIV$ AT4 ,DID ?IS MEAN A G5U9E TRANSF]5CE ( P[] 9 ?IS MO/ CRUCIAL ( ,/ATE FUNCTIONS FROM ,GOV]NM5T TO PEOPLE8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,:5 ! QUE/ION REC5TLY CAME TO A *ALL5GE 9 ,CONGRESS1 & ! IMPLICATIONS ( OP5 DISCUSSION W]E SOME:AT SPECIFICALLY DISCUSS$1 & ! DESIRABILITIES FRANKLY COMM5D$1 ! ,PRESID5T LET HIS DISAPPROVAL BE KN[N 9 NO UNC]TA9 WAY4 ,NO ONE EV] ACCUS$ ,MR4 ,WILSON ( NOT BE+ A ,/ATE IDEALI/1 & :5EV] DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS SWUNG IDEALS TOO F> \T ( ! ,/ATE ORBIT1 HE C\LD BE C\NT$ ON TO REACT VIGOR\SLY4 ,H]E WAS A CLE> CASE ( CONFLICT BETWE5 DEMOCRATIC IDEALISM & ! V]Y CRUX ( ! CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE4 ,H[EV] UN?9K+LY HE MI<T HAVE BE5 L$ ON TO 5C\RAGE OP5 DIPLOMACY 9 HIS LIB]ALIZ+ PROGRAM1 :5 ITS IMPLICATION WAS MADE VIVID TO HIM1 HE BETRAY$ H[ M]E A TOOL ! IDEA HAD BE5 9 HIS M9D TO ACC5TUATE ,AM]ICA'S R$EEM+ ROLE4 ,NOT 9 ANY S5SE AS A S]I\S PRAGMATIC TE*NIQUE HAD HE ?\<T ( A G5U9ELY OP5 DIPLOMACY4 ,& H[ C\LD HE8 ,= ! LA/ /RON<OLD ( ,/ATE P[] IS =EIGN POLICY4 ,IT IS 9 =EIGN POLICY ?AT ! ,/ATE ACTS MO/ CONC5TRAT$LY AS ! ORGANIZ$ H]D1 ACTS ) FULLE/ S5SE ( AGGRESSIVE-P[]1 ACTS ) FREE/ >BITR>9ESS4 ,9 =EIGN POLICY1 ! ,/ATE IS MO/ ITSELF4 ,/ATES1 ) REF]5CE TO EA* O!R1 MAY BE SAID TO BE 9 A CONT9UAL /ATE ( LAT5T W>4 ,! >M$ TRUCE1 A PHRASE SO FAMILI> BE=E #a#i#a#d1 WAS AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( ! NORMAL RELATION ( ,/ATES :5 !Y >E NOT AT W>4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT TOO MU* TO SAY ?AT ! NORMAL RELATION ( ,/ATES IS W>4 ,DIPLOMACY IS A DISGUIS$ W>1 9 :I* ,/ATES SEEK TO GA9 BY B>T] & 9TRIGUE1 BY ! CLEV]NESS ( WITS1 ! OBJECTIVES :I* !Y W\LD HAVE TO GA9 MORE CLUMSILY BY MEANS ( W>4 ,DIPLOMACY IS US$ :ILE ! ,/ATES >E RECUP]AT+ FROM CONFLICTS 9 :I* !Y HAVE EXHAU/$ !MSELVES4 ,IT IS ! :E$L+ & ! B>GA9+ ( ! WORN-\T BULLIES AS !Y RISE FROM ! GR\ND & SL[LY RE/ORE !IR /R5G? TO BEG9 FI<T+ AGA94 ,IF DIPLOMACY HAD BE5 A MORAL EQUIVAL5T = W>1 A HI<] /AGE 9 HUMAN PROGRESS1 AN 9E/IMABLE MEANS ( MAK+ WORDS PREVAIL 9/EAD ( BL[S1 MILIT>ISM W\LD HAVE BROK5 D[N & GIV5 PLACE TO IT4 ,BUT S9CE IT IS A M]E TEMPOR>Y SUB/ITUTE1 A M]E APPE>ANCE ( W>'S 5]GY UND] ANO!R =M1 A SURROGATE EFFECT IS ALMO/ EXACTLY PROPORTION$ TO ! >M$ =CE BEH9D IT4 ,:5 IT FAILS1 ! REC\RSE IS IMM$IATE TO ! MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE :OSE ?9LY VEIL$ >M IT HAS BE54 ,A DIPLOMACY ?AT WAS ! AG5CY ( POPUL> DEMOCRATIC =CES 9 !IR NON-,/ATE MANIFE/ATIONS W\LD BE NO DIPLOMACY AT ALL4 ,IT W\LD BE NO BETT] ?AN ! ,RAILWAY OR ,$UCATION COMMISSIONS ?AT >E S5T FROM ONE C\NTRY TO ANO!R ) RATIONAL CON/RUCTIVE PURPOSE4 ,! ,/ATE1 ACT+ AS A DIPLOMATIC-MILIT>Y IDEAL1 IS ET]NALLY AT W>4 ,JU/ AS IT MU/ ACT >BITR>ILY & AUTOCRATICALLY 9 TIME ( W>1 IT MU/ ACT 9 TIME ( PEACE 9 ?IS P>TICUL> ROLE :]E IT ACTS AS A UNIT4 ,UNIFI$ CONTROL IS NECESS>ILY AUTOCRATIC CONTROL4 

,DEMOCRATIC CONTROL ( =EIGN POLICY IS !RE=E A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,OP5 DISCUSSION DE/ROYS SWIFTNESS & C]TA9TY ( ACTION4 ,! GIANT ,/ATE IS P>ALYZ$4 ,MR4 ,WILSON RETA9S HIS FULL IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE DESIRES TO ELIM9ATE W>4 ,HE WI%ES TO MAKE ! WORLD SAFE = DEMOCRACY AS WELL AS SAFE = DIPLOMACY4 ,:5 ! TWO >E 9 CONFLICT1 HIS CLE> POLITICAL 9SI<T1 HIS IDEALISM ( ! ,/ATE1 TELLS HIM ?AT IT IS ! NAIV] DEMOCRATIC VALUES ?AT MU/ BE SACRIFIC$4 ,! WORLD MU/ PRIM>ILY BE MADE SAFE = DIPLOMACY4 ,! ,/ATE MU/ NOT BE DIM9I%$4 

,:AT IS ! ,/ATE ESS5TIALLY8 ,! MORE CLOSELY WE EXAM9E IT1 ! MORE MY/ICAL & P]SONAL IT BECOMES4 ,ON ! ,NATION WE CAN PUT \R H& AS A DEF9ITE SOCIAL GR\P1 ) ATTITUDES & QUALITIES EXACT 5\< TO MEAN SOME?+4 ,ON ! ,GOV]NM5T WE CAN PUT \R H& AS A C]TA9 ORGANIZATION ( RUL+ FUNCTIONS1 ! MA*9]Y ( LAWMAK+ & LAW-5=C+4 ,! ,ADM9I/RATION IS A RECOGNIZABLE GR\P ( POLITICAL FUNCTION>IES1 TEMPOR>ILY 9 *>GE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE /&S AS AN IDEA BEH9D !M ALL1 ET]NAL1 SANCTIFI$1 & FROM IT ,GOV]NM5T & ,ADM9I/RATION CONCEIVE !MSELVES TO HAVE ! BREA? ( LIFE4 ,EV5 ! NATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 TIMES ( W>--OR AT LEA/1 ITS SIGNIFICANT CLASSES--CONSID]S ?AT IT D]IVES ITS AU?ORITY & ITS PURPOSE FROM ! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE4 ,NATION & ,/ATE >E SC>CELY DIFF]5TIAT$1 & ! CONCRETE1 PRACTICAL1 APP>5T FACTS >E SUNK 9 ! SYMBOL4 ,WE REV]5CE NOT \R C\NTRY BUT ! FLAG4 ,WE MAY CRITICIZE EV] SO SEV]ELY \R C\NTRY1 BUT WE >E DISRESPECTFUL TO ! FLAG AT \R P]IL4 ,IT IS ! FLAG & ! UNI=M ?AT MAKE M5'S HE>T BEAT HI< & FILL !M ) NOBLE EMOTIONS1 NOT ! ?\<T ( & PI\S HOPES = ,AM]ICA AS A FREE & 5LI<T5$ NATION4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! OBJECT ( EMOTION IS ! SAME1 BECAUSE ! FLAG IS ! SYMBOL ( ! NATION1 SO ?AT 9 REV]5C+ ! ,AM]ICAN FLAG WE >E REV]5C+ ! NATION4 ,= ! FLAG IS NOT A SYMBOL ( ! C\NTRY AS A CULTURAL GR\P1 FOLL[+ C]TA9 IDEALS ( LIFE1 BUT SOLELY A SYMBOL ( ! POLITICAL ,/ATE1 9SEP>ABLE FROM ITS PRE/IGE & EXPANSION4 ,! FLAG IS MO/ 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) MILIT>Y A*IEVEM5T1 MILIT>Y MEMORY4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! C\NTRY NOT 9 ITS 9T5SIVE LIFE1 BUT 9 ITS F>-FLUNG *ALL5GE TO ! WORLD4 ,! FLAG IS PRIM>ILY ! BANN] ( W>2 IT IS ALLI$ ) PATRIOTIC AN!M & HOLIDAY4 ,IT RECALLS OLD M>TIAL MEMORIES4 ,A NATION'S PATRIOTIC HI/ORY IS SOLELY ! HI/ORY ( ITS W>S1 ?AT IS1 ( ! ,/ATE 9 ITS HEAL? & GLORI\S FUNCTION+4 ,SO 9 RESPOND+ TO ! APPEAL ( ! FLAG1 WE >E RESPOND+ TO ! APPEAL ( ! ,/ATE1 TO ! SYMBOL ( ! H]D ORGANIZ$ AS AN (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE BODY1 CONSCI\S ( ITS PR[ESS & ITS MY/ICAL H]D /R5G?4 

,EV5 ?OSE AU?ORITIES 9 ! PRES5T ,ADM9I/RATION1 TO :OM HAS BE5 GRANT$ AUTOCRATIC CONTROL OV] OP9ION1 FEEL1 ?\< !Y >E SC>CELY ABLE TO PHILOSOPHIZE OV]1 ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,IT HAS BE5 AU?ORITATIVELY DECL>$ ?AT ! HORRID P5ALTIES AGA9/ S$ITI\S OP9ION MU/ NOT BE CON/RU$ AS 9HIBIT+ LEGITIMATE1 ?AT IS1 P>TISAN CRITICISM ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,A DI/9CTION IS MADE BETWE5 ! ,ADM9I/RATION & ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS QUITE ACCURATELY SUGGE/$ BY ?IS ATTITUDE ?AT ! ,ADM9I/RATION IS A TEMPOR>Y B& ( P>TISAN POLITICIANS 9 *>GE ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,GOV]NM5T1 C>RY+ \T ! MY/ICAL POLICIES ( ,/ATE4 ,! MANN] 9 :I* !Y OP]ATE ?IS MA*9]Y MAY BE FREELY DISCUSS$ & OBJECT$ TO BY !IR POLITICAL OPPON5TS4 ,! ,GOV]NM5TAL MA*9]Y MAY ALSO BE LEGITIMATELY ALT]$1 9 CASE ( NECESSITY4 ,:AT MAY NOT BE DISCUSS$ OR CRITICIZ$ IS ! MY/ICAL POLICY ITSELF OR ! MOTIVES ( ! ,/ATE 9 9AUGURAT+ SU* A POLICY4 ,! ,PRESID5T1 IT IS TRUE1 HAS MADE C]TA9 P>TISAN DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 C&IDATES = (FICE ON ! GR\ND ( SUPPORT OR NONSUPPORT ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION1 BUT :AT HE MEANS WAS REALLY SUPPORT OR NONSUPPORT ( ! ,/ATE POLICY AS FAI?FULLY C>RI$ \T BY ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,C]TA9 ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION MEASURES W]E DEVIS$ DIRECTLY TO 9CREASE ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE1 SU* AS ! ,CONSCRIPTION & ! ,ESPIONAGE LAWS4 ,O!RS W]E CONC]N$ M]ELY ) ! MA*9]Y4 ,TO OPPOSE ! FIR/ WAS TO OPPOSE ! ,/ATE & WAS !RE=E NOT TOL]ABLE4 ,TO OPPOSE ! SECOND WAS TO OPPOSE FALLIBLE HUMAN JUDGM5T1 & WAS !RE=E1 ?\< TO BE DEPRECIAT$1 NOT TO BE :OLLY 9T]PRET$ AS POLITICAL SUICIDE4 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,GOV]NM5T & ,/ATE1 H[EV]1 HAS NOT BE5 SO C>EFULLY OBS]V$4 ,9 TIME ( W> IT IS NATURAL ?AT ,GOV]NM5T AS ! SEAT ( AU?ORITY %\LD BE CONFUS$ ) ! ,/ATE OR ! MY/IC S\RCE ( AU?ORITY4 ,Y\ CANNOT V]Y WELL 9JURE A MY/ICAL IDEA :I* IS ! ,/ATE1 BUT Y\ CAN V]Y WELL 9T]F]E ) ! PROCESSES ( ,GOV]NM5T4 ,SO ?AT ! TWO BECOME ID5TIFI$ 9 ! PUBLIC M9D1 & ANY CONTEMPT = OR OPPOSITION TO ! WORK+S ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,GOV]NM5T IS CONSID]$ EQUIVAL5T TO CONTEMPT = ! SACR$ ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE1 IT IS FELT1 IS BE+ 9JUR$ 9 ITS FAI?FUL SURROGATE1 & PUBLIC EMOTION RALLIES PASSIONATELY TO DEF5D IT4 ,IT EV5 MAKES ANY CRITICISM ( ! =M ( ,GOV]NM5T A CRIME4 

,! 9EXTRICABLE UNION ( MILIT>ISM & ! ,/ATE IS BEAUTIFULLY %[N BY ?OSE LAWS :I* EMPHASIZE 9T]F]5CE ) ! ,>MY & ,NAVY AS ! MO/ CULPABLE ( S$ITI\S CRIMES4 ,PRAGMATICALLY1 A CASE ( CAPITALI/IC SABOTAGE1 OR A /RIKE 9 W> 9DU/RY W\LD SEEM TO BE F> MORE DANG]\S TO ! SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( ! W> ?AN ! ISOLAT$ & 9EFFECTUAL EF=TS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL TO PREV5T RECRUIT+4 ,BUT 9 ! TRADITION ( ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 SU* 9DU/RIAL 9T]F]5CE ) NATIONAL POLICY IS NOT ID5TIFI$ AS A CRIME AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,IT MAY BE GRUMBL$ AGA9/2 IT MAY BE SE5 QUITE RATIONALLY AS AN IMP$IM5T ( ! UTMO/ GRAVITY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT FELT 9 ?OSE OBSCURE SEATS ( ! H]D M9D :I* DICTATE ! ID5TITY ( CRIME & FIX !IR PROPORTIONAL PUNI%M5TS4 ,>MY & ,NAVY1 H[EV]1 >E ! V]Y >MS ( ! ,/ATE2 9 !M FL[S ITS MO/ PRECI\S LIFEBLOOD4 ,TO P>ALYZE !M IS TO T\* ! V]Y ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,& ! MAJE/Y ( ! ,/ATE IS SO SACR$ ?AT EV5 TO ATTEMPT SU* A P>ALYZES IS A CRIME EQUAL TO A SUCCESSFUL /RIKE4 ,! WILL IS DEEM$ SUFFICI5T4 ,EV5 ?\< ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS EF=T TO IMP$E RECRUIT+ %\LD UTT]LY & LAM5TABLY FAIL1 HE %ALL BE 9 NO WISE SP>$4 ,LET ! WRA? ( ! ,/ATE DESC5D UPON HIM = HIS IMPIETY6 ,EV5 IF HE DOES NOT TRY ANY OV]T ACTION1 BUT M]ELY UTT]S S5TIM5TS ?AT MAY 9CID5TALLY 9 ! MO/ 9DIRECT WAY CAUSE SOMEONE TO REFRA9 FROM 5LI/+1 HE IS GUILTY4 ,! GU>DIANS ( ! ,/ATE DO NOT ASK :E!R ANY PRAGMATIC EFFECT FL[$ \T ( ?IS EVIL WILL OR DESIRE4 ,IT IS 5\< ?AT ! WILL IS PRES5T4 ,FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S 9 PRISON IS NOT DEEM$ TOO MU* = SU* SACRILEGE4 

,SU* ATTITUDES & SU* LAWS1 :I* AFFRONT EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN REASON1 >E NO ACCID5T1 NOR >E !Y ! RESULT ( HY/]IA CAUS$ BY ! W>4 ,!Y >E CONSID]$ JU/1 PROP]1 BEAUTIFUL BY ALL ! CLASSES :I* HAVE ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 & !Y EXPRESS ONLY AN EXTREME ( HEAL? & VIGOR 9 ! REACTION ( ! ,/ATE TO ITS NON-FRI5DS4 

,SU* ATTITUDES >E 9EVITABLE AS >IS+ FROM ! DEVOTEES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,= ! ,/ATE IS A P]SONAL AS WELL AS A MY/ICAL SYMBOL1 & IT CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY TRAC+ ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG94 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE IS NOT ! RATIONAL & 9TELLIG5T PRODUCT ( MOD]N M5 DESIR+ TO LIVE H>MONI\SLY TOGE!R ) SECURITY ( LIFE1 PROP]TY1 & OP9ION4 ,IT IS NOT AN ORGANIZATION :I* HAS BE5 DEVIS$ AS PRAGMATIC MEANS TO A DESIR$ SOCIAL 5D4 ,ALL ! IDEALISM ) :I* WE HAVE BE5 9/RUCT$ TO 5D[ ! ,/ATE IS ! FRUIT ( \R RETROSPECTIVE IMAG9ATIONS4 ,:AT IT DOES = US 9 ! WAY ( SECURITY & B5EFIT ( LIFE1 IT DOES 9CID5TALLY AS A BYPRODUCT & DEVELOPM5T ( ITS ORIG9AL FUNCTIONS1 & NOT BECAUSE AT ANY TIME M5 OR CLASSES 9 ! FULL POSSESSION ( !IR 9SI<T & 9TELLIG5CE HAVE DESIR$ ?AT IT BE SO4 ,IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT ?AT WE %\LD OCCASIONALLY LIFT ! 9CORRIGIBLE VEIL ( ?AT EX PO/ FACTO IDEALISM BY :I* WE ?R[ A GLAM\R ( RATIONALIZATION OV] :AT IS1 & PRET5D 9 ! EC/ASIES ( SOCIAL CONCEIT ?AT WE HAVE P]SONALLY 9V5T$ & SET UP = ! GLORY ( ,GOD & MAN ! HO>Y 9/ITUTIONS :I* WE SEE >\ND US4 ,?+S >E :AT !Y >E1 & COME D[N TO US ) ALL !IR ?ICK 5CRU/ATIONS ( ]ROR & MALEVOL5CE4 ,POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY CAN DELI<T US ) FANTASY & CONV9CE US :O NE$ ILLUSION TO LIVE ?AT ! ACTUAL IS A FAIR & APPROXIMATE COPY--FULL ( FAIL+S1 ( C\RSE1 BUT APPROXIMATELY S\ND & S9C]E--( ?AT IDEAL SOCIETY :I* WE CAN IMAG9E \RSELVES AS CREAT+4 ,FROM ?IS IT IS A /EP TO ! TACIT ASSUMPTION ?AT WE HAVE SOMEH[ HAD A H& 9 ITS CREATION & >E RESPONSIBLE = ITS MA9T5ANCE & SANCTITY4 

,NO?+ IS MORE OBVI\S1 H[EV]1 ?AN ?AT EV]Y ONE ( US COMES 9TO SOCIETY AS 9TO SOME?+ 9 :OSE CREATION WE HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ H&4 ,WE HAVE NOT EV5 ! ADVANTAGE ( CONSCI\SNESS BE=E WE TAKE UP \R C>E]S ON E>?4 ,BY ! TIME WE F9D \RSELVES H]E WE >E CAU<T 9 A NETWORK ( CU/OMS & ATTITUDES1 ! MAJOR DIRECTIONS ( \R DESIRES & 9T]E/S HAVE BE5 /AMP$ ON \R M9DS1 & BY ! TIME WE HAVE EM]G$ FROM TUTELAGE & REA*$ ! YE>S ( DISCRETION :5 WE MI<T CONCEIVABLY ?R[ \R 9FLU5CE TO ! RE%AP+ ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 MO/ ( US HAVE BE5 SO MOLD$ 9TO ! SOCIETY & CLASS WE LIVE 9 ?AT WE >E SC>CELY AW>E ( ANY DI/9CTION BETWE5 \RSELVES AS JUDG+1 DESIR+ 9DIVIDUALS & \R SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,WE HAVE BE5 KNEAD$ SO SUCCESSFULLY ?AT WE APPROVE ( :AT \R SOCIETY APPROVES1 DESIRE :AT \R SOCIETY DESIRES1 & ADD TO ! GR\P \R [N PASSIONATE 9]TIA AGA9/ *ANGE1 AGA9/ ! EF=T ( REASON1 & ! ADV5TURE ( BEAUTY4 

,EV]Y ONE ( US1 )\T EXCEPTION1 IS BORN 9TO A SOCIETY ?AT IS GIV51 JU/ AS ! FAUNA & FLORA ( \R 5VIRONM5T >E GIV54 ,SOCIETY & ITS 9/ITUTIONS >E1 TO ! 9DIVIDUAL :O 5T]S IT1 AS MU* NATURALI/IC PH5OM5A AS IS ! WEA!R ITSELF4 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NO NATURAL SANCTITY 9 ! ,/ATE ANY MORE ?AN !RE IS 9 ! WEA!R4 ,WE MAY B[ D[N BE=E IT1 JU/ AS \R ANCE/ORS B[$ BE=E ! SUN & MOON1 BUT IT IS ONLY BECAUSE SOME?+ 9 US UNREG5]ATE F9DS SATISFACTION 9 SU* AN ATTITUDE1 NOT BECAUSE !RE IS ANY?+ 9H]5TLY REV]5TIAL 9 ! 9/ITUTION WOR%IP$4 ,ONCE ! ,/ATE HAS BEGUN TO FUNCTION1 & A L>GE CLASS F9DS ITS 9T]E/ & ITS EXPRESSION ( P[] 9 MA9TA9+ ! ,/ATE1 ?IS RUL+ CLASS MAY COMPEL OB$I5CE FROM ANY UN9T]E/$ M9ORITY4 ,! ,/ATE ?US BECOMES AN 9/RUM5T BY :I* ! P[] ( ! :OLE H]D IS WIELD$ = ! B5EFIT ( A CLASS4 ,! RUL]S SOON LE>N TO CAPITALIZE ! REV]5CE :I* ! ,/ATE PRODUCES 9 ! MAJORITY1 & TURN IT 9TO A G5]AL RESI/ANCE T[>D A LESS5+ ( !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,! SANCTITY ( ! ,/ATE BECOMES ID5TIFI$ ) ! SANCTITY ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 & ! LATT] >E P]MITT$ TO REMA9 9 P[] UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT 9 OBEY+ & S]V+ !M1 WE >E OBEY+ & S]V+ SOCIETY1 ! NATION1 ! GREAT COLLECTIVITY ( ALL ( US4 

,I,I4 

,AN ANALYSIS ( ! ,/ATE W\LD TAKE US BACK TO ! BEG9N+S ( SOCIETY1 TO ! COMPLEX ( RELIGI\S & P]SONAL & H]D-IMPULSES :I* HAS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 SO MANY =MS4 ,:AT WE >E 9T]E/$ 9 IS ! ,AM]ICAN ,/ATE AS IT BEHAVES & AS ,AM]ICANS BEHAVE T[>DS IT 9 ?IS TW5TIE? C5TURY1 & TO UND]/& ?AT WE HAVE TO GO NO FUR!R BACK ?AN ! E>LY ,5GLI% MON>*Y ( :I* \R ,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC IS ! DIRECT DESC5DANT4 ,H[ /RAI<T & TRUE IS ?AT L9E ( DESC5T ALMO/ NOBODY REALIZES4 ,?OSE P]SONS :O BELIEVE 9 ! %>PE/ DI/9CTION BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & MON>*Y CAN SC>CELY APPRECIATE H[ A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION MAY GO ?R\< SO MANY TRANS=MATIONS & YET REMA9 ! SAME4 ,YET A SWIFT GLANCE MU/ %[ US ?AT 9 ALL ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,5GLI% MON>*Y1 ) ALL ITS BROAD5+S & ITS REVOLUTIONS1 & EV5 ) ITS JUMP ACROSS ! SEA 9TO A COLONY :I* BECAME AN 9DEP5D5T NATION & !N A P[]FUL ,/ATE1 ! SAME ,/ATE FUNCTIONS & ATTITUDES HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ ESS5TIALLY UN*ANG$4 ,! *ANGES HAVE BE5 *ANGES ( =M & NOT ( 9N] SPIRIT1 & ! BOA/$ EXT5SION ( DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 NOT A PROCESS BY :I* ! ,/ATE WAS ESS5TIALLY ALT]$ TO MEET ! %IFT+ ( CLASSES1 ! EXT5SION ( KN[L$GE1 ! NE$S ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT A M]E ELA/IC EXPANSION BY :I* ! OLD SPIRIT ( ! ,/ATE EASILY ABSORB$ ! NEW & ADJU/$ ITSELF SUCCESSFULLY TO ITS EXIG5CIES4 ,NEV] ONCE HAS IT BE5 S]I\SLY %AK54 ,ONLY ONCE OR TWICE HAS IT BE5 S]I\SLY *ALL5G$1 & EA* TIME IT HAS SPE$ILY RECOV]$ ITS EQUILIBRIUM & PROCE$$ ) ALL ITS ATTITUDES & FAI?S RE9=C$ BY ! DI/URBANCE4 

,! MOD]N DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 9 ?IS LI<T1 IS !RE=E NO BRI<T & RATIONAL CREATION ( A NEW DAY1 ! POLITICAL =M UND] :I* GREAT PEOPLES >E TO LIVE HEAL?FULLY & FREELY 9 A MOD]N WORLD1 BUT ! LA/ DECREPIT SCION ( AN ANCI5T & HO>Y /OCK1 :I* HAS BECOME SO EXHAU/$ ?AT IT SC>CELY RECOGNIZES ITS [N ANCE/OR1 DOES1 9 FACT1 REPUDIATE HIM :ILE IT CL+S T5ACI\SLY TO ! >*AIC & IRRELEVANT SPIRIT ?AT MADE ?AT ANCE/OR P[]FUL1 & RESI/S ! NEW BOTTLES = ! NEW W9E ?AT ITS HEAL? AS A MOD]N SOCIETY SO DESP]ATELY NE$S4 ,SO SWEEP+ A CONCLUSION MI<T HAVE BE5 D\BT$ CONC]N+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,/ATE HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! W>1 :I* HAS PROVID$ A LONG & BEAUTIFUL S]IES ( EXAMPLES ( ! T5ACITY ( ! ,/ATE IDEAL & ITS HOLD ON ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES ( ! ,AM]ICAN NATION4 ,W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! ,/ATE & IT IS DUR+ W> ?AT ONE BE/ UND]/&S ! NATURE ( ?AT 9/ITUTION4 ,IF ! ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY DUR+ W>TIME HAS ACT$ ) AN ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE TRU5ESS TO =M1 IF IT HAS RESURRECT$ ) AN ALMO/ JOYFUL FURY ! SOMNOL5T ,/ATE1 WE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! TRADITION FROM ! PA/ HAS BE5 UNBROK51 & ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC IS ! DIRECT DESC5DANT ( ! ,5GLI% ,/ATE4 

,& :AT WAS ! NATURE ( ?IS E>LY ,5GLI% ,/ATE8 ,IT WAS FIR/ ( ALL A M$IEVAL ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 >IS+ \T ( ! FEUDAL *AOS1 :I* HAD REPRES5T$ ! FIR/ EF=T AT ORD] AFT] ! TURBUL5T ASSIMILATION ( ! 9VAD+ B>B>IANS BY ! ,*RI/IANIZ+ ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION4 ,! FEUDAL LORD EVOLV$ \T ( ! 9VAD+ W>RIOR :O HAD SEIZ$ OR BE5 GRANT$ L& & HELD IT1 S\LS & USUFRUCT !RE(1 AS FIEF TO SOME HI<] LORD :OM HE AID$ 9 W>4 ,HIS [N S]FS & VASSALS W]E EX*ANG+ FAI?FUL S]VICE = ! PROTECTION :I* ! W>RIOR ) HIS ORGANIZ$ B& C\LD GIVE !M4 ,:]E AN 9VAD+ *IEFTA9 RETA9$ HIS P[] OV] HIS LESS] LIEUT5ANTS A PETTY K+DOM W\LD >ISE1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 & A RE/LESS & AMBITI\S K+ MI<T EXT5D HIS P[] OV] HIS NEI<BORS & CONSOLIDATE ! PETTY K+DOMS ONLY TO FALL BE=E ! >M$ P[] ( AN 9VAD] LIKE ,WILLIAM ! ,CONQU]OR1 :O W\LD BR+ ! :OLE REALM UND] HIS HEEL4 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE BEG9S :5 A PR9CE SECURES ALMO/ UNDISPUT$ SWAY OV] FAIRLY HOMOG5E\S T]RITORY & PEOPLE & /RIVES TO =TIFY HIS P[] & MA9TA9 ! ORD] ?AT WILL CONDUCE TO ! SAFETY & 9FLU5CE ( HIS HEIRS4 ,! ,/ATE 9 ITS 9CEPTION IS PURE & UNDILUT$ MON>*Y2 IT IS >M$ P[]1 CULM9AT+ 9 A S+LE HEAD1 B5T ON ONE PRIM>Y OBJECT1 ! R$UC+ TO SUBJECTION1 TO UNCONDITIONAL & UNQUALIFI$ LOYALTY ( ALL ! PEOPLE ( A C]TA9 T]RITORY4 ,?IS IS ! PRIM>Y /RIV+ ( ! ,/ATE1 & IT IS A /RIV+ ?AT ! ,/ATE NEV] LOSES1 ?R\< ALL ITS MYRIAD TRANS=MATIONS4 

,:5 ! SUBJUGATION WAS ONCE ACQUIR$1 ! MOD]N ,/ATE HAD BEGUN4 ,9 ! ,K+1 ! SUBJECTS F\ND !IR PROTECTION & !IR S5SE ( UNITY4 ,FROM HIS SIDE1 HE WAS A R$\BTABLE1 AMBITI\S1 & /IFF-NECK$ W>RIOR1 GETT+ ! SUPREME MA/]Y :I* HE CRAV$4 ,BUT FROM !IRS1 HE WAS A SYMBOL ( ! H]D1 ! VISIBLE EMBLEM ( ?AT SECURITY :I* !Y NE$$ & = :I* !Y DREW GREG>I\SLY TOGE!R4 ,S]FS & VILLA9S1 :OSE SAFETY UND] !IR PETTY LORDS HAD BE5 RUDELY %ATT]$ 9 ! CON/ANT CONFLICTS = SUPREMACY1 N[ DREW A NEW BREA? UND] ! SUPREMACY ?AT WIP$ \T ?IS LOCAL AN>*Y4 ,K+ & PEOPLE AGRE$ 9 ! ?IR/ = ORD]1 & ORD] BECAME ! FIR/ HEAL+ FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ORD]1 ! ,K+ NE$$ (FIC]S ( JU/ICE2 ! OLD CRUDE GR\P-RULES = DISP5S+ JU/ICE HAD TO BE CODIFI$1 A SY/EM ( =MAL LAW WORK$ \T4 ,! ,K+ NE$$ M9I/]S1 :O W\LD C>RY \T HIS WILL1 EXT5SIONS ( HIS [N P[]1 AS A MA*9E EXT5DS ! P[] ( A MAN'S H&4 ,SO ! ,/ATE GREW AS A GRADUAL DIFF]5TIATION ( ! ,K+'S ABSOLUTE P[]1 F\ND$ ON ! DEVOTION ( HIS SUBJECTS & HIS CONTROL ( A MILIT>Y B&1 SWIFT & SURE TO SMITE4 ,GRATITUDE = PROTECTION & FE> ( ! /RONG >M SUFFIC$ TO PRODUCE ! LOYALTY ( ! C\NTRY TO ! ,/ATE4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,/ATE1 !N1 IS ! EF=T TO MA9TA9 !SE P]SONAL PR]OGATIVES ( P[]1 ! EF=T TO CONV]T MORE & MORE 9TO /ABLE LAW ! RULES ( ORD]1 ! CONDITIONS ( PUBLIC V5GEANCE1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CLASSES1 ! POSSESSION ( PRIVILEGE4 ,IT WAS AN EF=T TO CONV]T :AT WAS AT FIR/ >BITR>Y USURPATION1 A P]FECTLY APP>5T USE ( UNJU/IFI$ =CE1 9TO ! TAK5 = GRANT$ & ! DIV9ELY E/ABLI%$4 ,! ,/ATE MOVES 9EVITABLY ALONG ! L9E FROM MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP TO ! DIV9E RI<T ( ,K+S4 ,:AT HAD TO BE AT FIR/ RAWLY IMPOS$ BECOMES ?R\< SOCIAL HABIT TO SEEM ! NECESS>Y1 ! 9EVITABLE4 ,! MOD]N UNQUE/ION+ ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,/ATE COMES \T ( LONG & TURBUL5T C5TURIES :5 ! ,/ATE WAS *ALL5G$ & HAD TO FI<T ITS WAY TO PREVAIL4 ,! ,K+'S E/ABLI%M5T ( P]SONAL P[]--:I* WAS ! E>LY ,/ATE--HAD TO CONT5D ) ! IMPUD5CE ( HO/ILE B>ONS1 :O SAW TOO CLE>LY ! ADV5TITI\S ORIG9 ( ! MON>*Y & FELT NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD NOT !MSELVES REIGN4 ,FEUDS BETWE5 ! ,K+ & HIS RELATIVES1 QU>RELS OV] 9H]ITANCE1 QU>RELS OV] ! DEVOLUTION ( PROP]TY1 ?REAT5$ CON/ANTLY ! EXI/5CE ( ! NEW MON>*ICAL ,/ATE4 ,! ,K+'S WILL TO P[] NECESSITAT$ = ITS ABSOLUTE SATISFACTION UNIV]SALITY ( POLITICAL CONTROL 9 HIS DOM9IONS1 JU/ AS ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* CLAIM$ UNIV]SALITY ( SPIRITUAL CONTROL OV] ! :OLE WORLD4 ,& JU/ AS RIVAL POPES W]E ! 9EVITABLE PRODUCT ( SU* A PRET5SION ( SOV]EIGNTY1 RIVAL K+S & PR9CES CONT5D$ = ?AT DAZZL+ JEWEL ( UNDISPUT$ P[]4 

,NOT UNTIL ! ,TUDOR REGIME WAS !RE 9 ,5GL& AN IRRESPONSIBLE P]SONAL MON>*Y ON ! L9ES ( ! E>LY ,/ATE IDEAL1 GOV]N+ A FAIRLY WELL ORGANIZ$ & PROSP]\S NATION4 ,! ,/U>TS W]E NOT ONLY TOO WEAK-M9D$ TO 9H]IT ! FRUITION ( ,WILLIAM ! ,CONQU]OR'S LABORS1 BUT !Y MADE ! FATAL MI/AKE ( BR++ \T TO PUBLIC VIEW & PHILOSOPHY ! IDEA ( ,DIV9E ,RI<T IMPLICIT 9 ! ,/ATE1 & ?IS AT A TIME :5 A NEW CLASS ( C\NTRY G5TRY & BUR<]S W]E ATTA9+ WEAL? & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS BACK$ BY ! ZEAL ( A !OCRATIC & 9DIVIDUALI/IC RELIGION4 ,CROMWELL MI<T C]TA9LY1 IF HE HAD CONT9U$ 9 P[]1 REVIS$ ! IDEAL ( ! ,/ATE1 P]HAPS UTT]LY TRANS=M$ IT1 DE/ROY+ ! CONCEPTS ( P]SONAL P[] & UNIV]SAL SOV]EIGNTY1 SUB/ITUT+ A SORT ( ,GOV]NM5T ( ,PRESBYT]IAN ,SOVIETS UND] ! TUTELAGE ( A CELE/IAL ,CZ>4 ,BUT ! ,RE/ORATION BR\<T BACK ! OLD ,/ATE UND] A PECULI>LY FRIVOL\S =M4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! M]E/ *ANGE ( MON>*S AT ! BEHE/ ( A ,PROTE/ANT MAJORITY :I* 9SI/$ ON GU>ANTEES AGA9/ RELIGI\S RELAPSE4 ,! 9TR9SIC NATURE ( ! MON>*Y AS ! SYMBOL ( ! ,/ATE WAS NOT 9 ! LEA/ ALT]$4 ,9 PLACE ( ! 9EPT MON>* :O C\LD NOT LEAD ! ,/ATE 9 P]SON OR CONC5TRATE 9 HIMSELF ! ROYAL PR]OGATIVES1 A COT]IE ( C\RTI]S MANAG$ ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT !IR DIRECTION WAS CONSI/5TLY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! MON>* & ( ! TRADITIONAL IDEAL1 SO ?AT ! CURR5T ( ! ,5GLI% ,/ATE WAS NOT BROK54 

,! BOA/$ ,5GLI% ,P>LIAM5T ( ,LORDS & COMMON]S POSSESS$ AT NO TIME ANY VITALITY :I* WEAK5$ OR ?REAT5$ TO WEAK5 ! ,/ATE IDEAL4 ,ITS ORIG9AL PURPOSE WAS M]ELY TO FACILITATE ! RAIS+ ( ! ,K+'S REV5UES4 ,! NOBLES RESPOND$ BETT] :5 !Y SEEM$ TO BE GIV+ !IR CONS5T4 ,!IR %>E 9 ACTUAL GOV]NM5T WAS SUBJECTIVE1 BUT ! EXI/5CE ( ,P>LIAM5T S]V$ TO APPEASE ANY RE/IV5ESS AT ! AUTOCRACY ( ! ,K+4 ,! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES C\LD SC>CELY REBEL :5 !Y HAD ! PRIVILEGE ( GIV+ CONS5T TO ! ,K+'S MEASURES4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS \TLET = ! REBELLI\S SPIRIT ( A P[]FUL LORD 9 PRIVATE REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,K+4 ,! ONLY ,P>LIAM5T ?AT S]I\SLY TRI$ TO GOV]N \TSIDE ( & AGA9/ ! ,K+'S WILL PRECIPITAT$ A CIVIL W> ?AT 5D$ ) ! EFFECTUAL SUBMISSION ( ,P>LIAM5T TO A MORE C>ELESS & CORRUPT AUTOCRACY ?AN HAD YET BE5 KN[N4 ,BY ! TIME ( ,GEORGE ,I,I,I ,P>LIAM5T WAS MORIBUND1 UTT]LY UNREPRES5TATIVE EI!R ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS CLASSES OR ( PEASANTS & LABOR]S1 A M]E FRIVOL\S P>ODY ( A LEGISLATURE1 DESPIS$ BO? BY ,K+ & PEOPLE4 ,! ,K+ WAS MO/ EFFECTIVELY ! ,/ATE & HIS M9I/]S ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS RUN 9 T]MS ( HIS P]SONAL :IM1 BY M5 :OSE ONLY 9T]E/ WAS P]SONAL 9TRIGUE4 ,GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 = LONG :AT IT HAS NEV] CEAS$ TO BE--A S]IES ( B]?S & EMOLUM5TS 9 ,>MY1 ,NAVY & ! DIFF]5T DEP>TM5TS ( ,/ATE1 = ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 

,! ,/ATE ( ,GEORGE ,I,I,I WAS AN EXAMPLE ( ! MO/ >*AIC IDEAL ( ! ,5GLI% ,/ATE1 ! PURE1 P]SONAL MON>*Y4 ,! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE HAD FALL5 9TO ! AGE-LONG TRADITION ( LOYALTY TO ! CR[N4 ,! CLASSES ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 RE/IVE = POLITICAL P[] W]E PLACAT$ BY A %[ ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T & ! LUCRATIVE SUPPLY ( (FICES4 ,DISCONT5T %[$ ITSELF ONLY 9 ?OSE FEW 5LI<T5$ ELEM5TS :I* C\LD NOT REFRA9 FROM IRONY AT ! %E] IRRATIONALITY ( A ,/ATE MANAG$ ON ! OLD H]OIC L9ES = SO GROTESQUE A SOV]EIGN & BY SO GROTESQUE A SUCCESSION ( C\RTI]-M9I/]S4 ,SU* DISCONT5T C\LD BY NO MEANS MU/] SUFFICI5T =CE = A REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ,REVOLUTION :I* WAS DUE CAME 9 ,AM]ICA :]E EV5 ! V]Y OBVI\SLY %AD[Y PIGM5T ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION WAS D5I$ ! COLONI/S4 ,ALL ?AT WAS VITAL 9 ! POLITICAL ?\<T ( ,5GL& SUPPORT$ ! ,AM]ICAN COLONI/S 9 !IR RESI/ANCE TO ! OBNOXI\S GOV]NM5T ( ,GEORGE ,I,I,I4 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION BEGAN ) C]TA9 LAT5T HOPES ?AT IT MI<T TURN 9TO A G5U9E BREAK ) ! ,/ATE IDEAL4 ,! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE ANN\NC$ DOCTR9ES ?AT W]E UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE NOT ONLY ) ! C5TURY-OLD CONCEPTION ( ! ,DIV9E ,RI<T ( ,K+S1 BUT ALSO ) ! ,DIV9E ,RI<T ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IF ALL GOV]NM5TS D]IVE !IR AU?ORITY FROM ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$1 & IF A PEOPLE IS 5TITL$1 AT ANY TIME ?AT IT BECOMES OPPRESSIVE1 TO OV]?R[ IT & 9/ITUTE ONE MORE NE>LY CON=MABLE TO !IR 9T]E/S & IDEALS1 ! OLD IDEA ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,/ATE IS DE/ROY$4 ,! ,/ATE IS R$UC$ TO ! HOMELY WORK ( AN 9/RUM5T = C>RY+ \T POPUL> POLICIES4 ,IF REVOLUTION IS JU/IFIABLE A ,/ATE MAY EV5 BE CRIM9AL SOMETIMES 9 RESI/+ ITS [N EXT9CTION4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE IS NO M]E PHRASE4 ,IT IS A DIRECT *ALL5GE TO ! HI/ORIC TRADITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,= IT IMPLIES ?AT ! ULTIMATE SANCTITY RESIDES NOT 9 ! ,/ATE AT ALL OR 9 ITS AG5T1 ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT 9 ! NATION1 ?AT IS1 9 ! C\NTRY VIEW$ AS A CULTURAL GR\P & NOT SPECIFICALLY AS A K+-DOM9AT$ H]D4 ,! ,/ATE !N BECOMES A M]E 9/RUM5T1 ! S]VANT ( ?IS POPUL> WILL1 OR ( ! CON/RUCTIVE NE$S ( ! CULTURAL GR\P4 ,! ,REVOLUTION HAD 9 IT1 !RE=E1 ! MAK+S ( A V]Y D>+ MOD]N EXP]IM5T--! F\ND+ ( A FREE NATION :I* %\LD USE ! ,/ATE TO EFFECT ITS VA/ PURPOSES ( SUBDU+ A CONT95T JU/ AS ! COLONI/S' >MIES HAD US$ >MS TO DETA* !IR SOCIETY FROM ! IRRESPONSIBLE RULE ( AN OV]SEAS K+ & HIS FRIVOL\S M9I/]S4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,/ATE MI<T HAVE 5D$ 9 #aggf AS F> AS ! ,AM]ICAN COLONIES W]E CONC]N$1 & ! MOD]N NATION :I* IS /ILL /RIV+ TO MAT]IALIZE ITSELF HAVE BE5 BORN4 

,= A:ILE IT SEEM$ ALMO/ AS IF ! ,/ATE WAS DEAD4 ,BUT M5 :O >E FRE$ R>ELY KN[ :AT TO DO ) !IR LIB]TY4 ,9 EA* COLONY ?AT FATAL SE$ ( ! ,/ATE HAD BE5 S[N2 IT C\LD NOT DISAPPE>4 ,RIVAL PRE/IGE & 9T]E/S BEGAN TO MAKE !MSELVES FELT4 ,FE> ( =EIGN ,/ATES1 ECONOMIC DI/RESS1 DISCORD BETWE5 CLASSES1 ! 9EVITABLE PHYSICAL EXHAU/ION & PRO/RATION ( IDEALISM :I* FOLL[S A PROTRACT$ W>--ALL COMB9$ TO PUT ! RESPONSIBLE CLASSES ( ! NEW ,/ATES 9TO ! MOOD = A REGRESSION TO ! ,/ATE IDEAL4 ,O/5SIBLY !RE IS NO REASON :Y ! M]E LACK ( A C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE %\LD HAVE DE/ROY$ ! POSSIBILITY ( PROGRESS 9 ! NEW LIB]AT$ ,AM]ICA1 PROVID$ ! 9T]-/ATE JEAL\SY & RIVALRY C\LD HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,BUT !RE W]E NO LEAD]S = ?IS ANTI-,/ATE NATIONALISM4 ,! S5TIM5TS ( ! ,DECL>ATION REMA9$ M]E S5TIM5TS4 ,NO CON/RUCTIVE POLITICAL S*EME WAS BUILT ON !M4 ,! ,/ATE IDEAL1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD AMBITI\S LEAD]S ( ! F9ANCIAL CLASSES1 :O SAW 9 ! EXCESSIVE DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! ,CONF$]ATION TOO MU* OPPORTUNITY = ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY BY ! DEMOCRATIC L[]-CLASS ELEM5TS4 ,!Y W]E M5AC$ BY IMP]IALI/IC P[]S )\T & BY DEMOCRACY )94 ,?R\< !IR FE> ( ! =M] !Y T5D$ TO EXAGG]ATE ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! LATT]4 ,!RE WAS NO 9CL9ATION TO MAKE ! ,/ATE A S*OOL :]E DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5TS C\LD BE WORK$ \T AS !Y %\LD BE4 ,!Y W]E UNWILL+ TO GIVE RECON/RUCTION ! T]M ?AT MI<T HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO BUILD UP ?IS TRULY DEMOCRATIC NATIONALISM4 ,SIX %ORT YE>S IS A %ORT TIME TO RECON/RUCT AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY DEVA/AT$ BY A SIX YE>S' W>4 ,! POPUL> ELEM5TS 9 ! NEW ,/ATES HAD ONLY TO %[ !IR TURBUL5CE2 !Y W]E GIV5 NO TIME TO GR[4 ,! AMBITI\S LEAD]S ( ! F9ANCIAL CLASSES GOT A CONV5TION CALL$ TO DISCUSS ! CONTROV]SIES & MALADJU/M5TS ( ! ,/ATES1 :I* W]E MAK+ !M CLAMOR = A REVISION ( ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION1 & !N1 BY ONE ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL C\PS D'ETAT 9 HI/ORY1 TURN$ !IR ASSEMBLY 9TO ! MANUFACTURE ( A NEW GOV]NM5T ON ! /RONGE/ L9ES ( ! OLD ,/ATE IDEAL4 

,?IS NEW CON/ITUTION1 MANUFACTUR$ 9 SECRET SESSION BY ! LEAD]S ( ! PROP]TI$ & RUL+ CLASSES1 WAS !N SUBMITT$ TO AN APPROVAL ( ! ELECTORS :I* ONLY BY ! MO/ EXP]T MANIPULATION WAS OBTA9$1 BUT :I* WAS SUFFICI5T TO OV]RIDE ! 9DIGNANT UND]CURR5T ( PROTE/ FROM ?OSE POPUL> ELEM5TS :O SAW ! FRUITS ( ! ,REVOLUTION SLIPP+ AWAY FROM !M4 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE W\LD HAVE KILL$ IT =EV]4 ,HAD ! LIB]AT$ COLONIES HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( ! ,FR5* EXP]I5CE BE=E !M1 ! PROMULGATION ( ! ,CON/ITUTION W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE BE5 FOLL[$ BY A NEW REVOLUTION1 AS V]Y NE>LY HAPP5$ LAT] AGA9/ ,WA%+TON & ! ,F$]ALI/S4 ,BUT ! IRONIC 9EPTITUDE ( ,FATE PUT ! MA*9]Y ( ! NEW ,F$]ALI/ CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T 9 OP]ATION JU/ AT ! MOM5T ?AT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BEGAN1 & BY ! TIME ?OSE GREAT WAVES ( ,JACOB9 FEEL+ REA*$ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! NEW ,F$]ALI/ ,/ATE WAS FIRMLY 5\< ON ITS C\RSE TO WEA!R ! GALE & ! TURMOIL4 

,! NEW ,/ATE WAS !RE=E NOT ! HAPPY POLITICAL SYMBOL ( A UNIT$ PEOPLE1 :O 9 ORD] TO =M A MORE P]FECT UNION1 ETC41 BUT ! IMPOSITION ( A ,/ATE ON A LOOSE & GR[+ NATIONALISM1 :I* WAS 9 A CONDITION ( UN/ABLE EQUILIBRIUM & NE$$ P]HAPS ONLY TO BE F]TILIZ$ FROM ABROAD TO DEVELOP A G5U9E POLITICAL EXP]IM5T 9 DEMOCRACY4 ,! PREAMBLE TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 AS WAS SOON %[N 9 ! HO/ILE POPUL> VOTE & LAT] 9 ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,F$]ALI/S1 WAS A PI\S HOPE RA!R ?AN ACTUALITY1 A BLESS$NESS TO BE REALIZ$ :5 BY ! =CE ( GOV]NM5T PRESSURE1 ! CREATION ( IDEALISM1 & M]E SOCIAL HABIT1 ! POPULATION %\LD BE WELD$ & KNEAD$ 9TO A ,/ATE4 ,?AT ?IS IS :AT HAS ACTUALLY HAPP5$1 IS SE5 9 ! FACT ?AT ! SOME:AT %OCK+LY UNDEMOCRATIC ORIG9S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,/ATE HAVE BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY GLOSS$ OV] & ! UNVEIL+ IS BITT]LY RES5T$1 BY NONE SO BITT]LY AS ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES :O HAVE BE5 MO/ 9DU/RI\S 9 CULTIVAT+ PATRIOTIC MY? & LEG5D4 ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY1 AS F> AS IT HAS 5T]$ 9TO ! G5]AL POPUL> EMOTION1 RUNS ALONG ?IS L9E4 ,! ,COLONIES >E FRE$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION FROM A TYRANN\S ,K+ & BECOME FREE & 9DEP5D5T ,/ATES2 !RE FOLL[ SIX YE>S ( IMPOT5T PEACE1 DUR+ :I* ! ,COLONIES QU>REL AMONG !MSELVES & REVEAL ! HOPELESS WEAKNESS ( ! PR9CIPLE UND] :I* !Y >E WORK+ TOGE!R2 9 DESP]ATION ! PEOPLE !N CREATE A NEW 9/RUM5T1 & LAUN* A FREE & DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 :I* WAS & REMA9S--ESPECIALLY S9CE IT )/OOD ! %OCK ( CIVIL W>--! MO/ P]FECT =M ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T KN[N TO MAN1 P]FECTLY ADEQUATE TO BE PROMULGAT$ AS AN EXAMPLE 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY TO ALL PEOPLE1 & TO BE SPREAD BY PROPAG&A1 &1 IF NECESS>Y1 ! SWORD1 9 ALL UNREG5]ATELY ,IMP]IAL REGIONS4 ,MOD]N HI/ORIANS REVEAL ! AV[$LY UNDEMOCRATIC P]SONNEL & OP9IONS ( ! ,CONV5TION4 ,!Y %[ ?AT ! MEMB]S NOT ONLY HAD AN UNCONSCI\S ECONOMIC 9T]E/ BUT A FRANK POLITICAL 9T]E/ 9 F\ND+ A ,/ATE :I* %\LD PROTECT ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES AGA9/ ! HO/ILITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y %[ H[1 FROM ONE PO9T ( VIEW1 ! NEW GOV]NM5T BECAME ALMO/ A ME*ANISM = OV]COM+ ! REPUDIATION ( DEBTS1 = PUTT+ BACK 9TO !IR PLACE A F>M] & SMALL TRAD] CLASS :OM ! UNSETTL$ TIMES ( RECON/RUCTION HAD ?REAT5$ TO LIB]ATE1 = REE/ABLI%+ ON ! SECURE/ BASIS ( ! SANCTITY ( PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 !IR CLASS-SUPREMACY M5AC$ BY A DEMOCRACY ?AT HAD DRUNK TOO DEEPLY AT ! F\NT ( ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ALL ?IS MAKES LITTLE IMPRESSION ON ! O!R LEG5D ( ! POPUL> M9D1 BECAUSE IT DI/URBS ! S5SE ( ! SANCTITY ( ! ,/ATE & IT IS ?IS ROCK TO :I* ! H]D-WI% MU/ CL+4 

,EV]Y LITTLE S*OOL BOY IS TRA9$ TO RECITE ! WEAKNESSES & 9EFFICI5CIES ( ! ,>TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION4 ,IT IS TAK5 AS AXIOMATIC ?AT UND] !M ! NEW NATION WAS FALL+ 9TO AN>*Y & WAS ONLY SAV$ BY ! WISDOM & 5]GY ( ! ,CONV5TION4 ,!SE HAPLESS ,>TICLES HAVE HAD TO BE> ! 9FAMY CA/ UPON ! UNTRI$ BY ! RADIANTLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,! NATION HAD TO BE /RONG TO REPEL 9VASION1 /RONG TO PAY TO ! LA/ LOV$ COPP] P5NY ! DEBTS ( ! PROP]TI$ & ! PROVID5T ONES1 /RONG TO KEEP ! UNPROP]TI$ & IMPROVID5T FROM EV] US+ ! GOV]NM5T TO SECURE !IR [N PROSP]ITY AT ! EXP5SE ( MONEY$ CAPITAL4 ,UND] ! ,>TICLES ! NEW ,/ATES W]E OBVI\SLY TRY+ TO RECON/RUCT !MSELVES 9 AN AL>M+ T5D]NESS = ! COMMON MAN IMPOV]I%$ BY ! W>4 ,NO ONE SUGGE/S ?AT ! ANXIETY ( ! LEAD]S ( ! H]ET(ORE UNQUE/ION$ RUL+ CLASSES DESIR$ ! REVISION ( ! ,>TICLES & LABOR$ SO WEI<TILY OV] A NEW 9/RUM5T NOT BECAUSE ! NATION WAS FAIL+ UND] ! ,>TICLES1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS SUCCE$+ ONLY TOO WELL4 ,)\T 9T]V5TION FROM ! LEAD]S1 RECON/RUCTION ?REAT5$ 9 TIME TO TURN ! NEW NATION 9TO AN AGR>IAN & PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PR$ICT :AT W\LD HAVE MAT]IALIZ$ 9TO A =M ( SOCIETY V]Y MU* MODIFI$ FROM ! ANCI5T ,/ATE4 ,ALL WE KN[ IS ?AT AT A TIME :5 ! CURR5T ( POLITICAL PROGRESS WAS 9 ! DIRECTION ( AGR>IAN & PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY1 A =CE HO/ILE TO IT GRIPP$ ! NATION & IMPOS$ UPON IT A P[]FUL =M AGA9/ :I* IT WAS NEV] TO SUCCE$ 9 DO+ MORE ?AN BL9DLY /RUGGLE4 ,! LIB]AT+ VIRUS ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS DEF9ITELY EXPUNG$1 & H5CE=? IF IT WORK$ AT ALL IT HAD TO WORK AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! >M$ & RESPECTABLE P[] ( ! NATION4 

,! PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 SEAT$ FIRMLY 9 ! SADDLE BY !IR ,CON/ITUTIONAL C\P D'ETAT HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 NEV] LO/ !IR ASC5DANCY4 ,! P>TICUL> GR\P ( ,F$]ALI/S :O 5G9E]$ ! NEW MA*9]Y & 5JOY$ ! PRIVILEGE ( SETT+ IT 9 MOTION W]E TURN$ \T 9 A DOZ5 YE>S BY ! ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY :OM !IR MANN] HAD SO DEEPLY (F5D$4 ,BUT ! ,JEFF]SONIAN DEMOCRACY NEV] MEANT 9 PRACTICE ANY MORE ?AN ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! RULE ( ! C\NTRY G5TLEM5 = ! RULE ( ! T[N CAPITALI/4 ,! TRUE HO/ILITY BETWE5 !IR 9T]E/S WAS SMALL AS COMP>$ ) ! HO/ILITY ( BO? T[>DS ! COMMON MAN4 ,:5 BO? W]E SWEPT AWAY BY ! IRRUPTION ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRACY UND] ,&REW ,JACKSON & ! RULE ( ! COMMON MAN APPE>$ = A :ILE 9 ITS LEA/ DESIRABLE =MS1 IT WAS COMP>ATIVELY EASY = ! TWO PROP]TI$ CLASSES TO =M A TACIT COALITION AGA9/ !M4 ,! NEW ,WE/ A*IEV$ AN EXT5SION ( SUFFRAGE & A JOVIAL S5SE ( HAV+ COME POLITICALLY 9TO ITS [N1 BUT ! RULE ( ! ANCI5T CLASSES WAS NOT S]I\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,!IR SQUABBLES OV] A T>IFF W]E FAMILY AFFAIRS1 = ! T>IFF C\LD NOT MAT]IALLY AFFECT ! COMMON MAN ( EI!R ,EA/ OR ,WE/4 ,! ,EA/]N & ,NOR!RN CAPITALI/S SOON SAW ! ADVANTAGE ( SUPPORT+ ,S\!RN C\NTRY G5TLEMAN SLAVE-P[] AS AGA9/ ! FREE-SOIL PIONE]4 ,BAD G5]AL%IP ON ! P>T ( ?IS COALITION ALL[$ A ,WE/]N FREE-SOIL M9ORITY ,PRESID5T TO SLIP 9TO (FICE & BR\<T ON ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* SMA%$ ! SLAVE P[] & LEFT ,NOR!RN CAPITAL 9 UNDISPUT$ POSSESSION ( A FIELD AGA9/ :I* ! PIONE] C\LD MAKE ONLY SPORADIC & 9EFFECTIVE REVOLTS4 

,FROM ! ,CIVIL ,W> TO ! DEA? ( ,M>K ,HANNA1 ! PROP]TI$ CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL CLASSES RAN A TRIUMPHAL C>E] 9 POSSESSION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AT V>I\S TIMES1 AS 9 #a#h#i#f1 ! C\NTRY HAD TO BE SAV$ = !M FROM DISILLUSION$1 REBELLI\S HORDES ( SMALL F>M]S & TRAD]S & DEMOCRATIC IDEALI/S1 :O HAD 9 ! OV]FL[ ( PROSP]ITY BE5 SQUEEZ$ D[N 9TO ! SMALL 5D ( ! HORN4 ,BUT EXCEPT = !SE OCCASIONAL M5ACES1 BUS9ESS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AGGRESSIVE EXPANSIONI/ CAPITALISM1 HAD NE>LY =TY YE>S 9 :I* TO DIRECT ! ,AM]ICAN REPUBLIC AS A PRIVATE PRES]VE1 OR LABORATORY1 EXP]IM5T+1 DEVELOP+1 WA/+1 SUBJUGAT+1 TO ITS HE>T'S CONT5T1 9 ! MID/ ( A VA/ SOMNOL5CE ( COMPLAC5CY SU* AS HAS NEV] BE5 SE5 & CONTRA/ /RANGELY ) ! SPIRITUAL DISS5T & CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T :I* W5T ON AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,5GL& & ! ,CONT95T4 

,?AT ]A 5D$ 9 #aid LIKE ! CRACK ( DOOM1 :I* WOKE A :OLE PEOPLE 9TO A MOD]N DAY :I* !Y HAD OV]SLEPT1 & = :I* !Y HAD BECOME ACUTELY & PA9FULLY AW>E ( ! EVILS ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y HAD SLUMB]$ & !Y SNAT*$ AT ONE AFT] ! O!R IDEA1 PROGRAM1 MOVEM5T1 IDEAL1 TO UPLIFT !M \T ( ! SL\< 9 :I* !Y HAD SLEPT4 ,! GLORY ( ?OSE %9+ FIGURES--CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY--W5T \T 9 A SULFURIC GLOOM4 ,! HEAD ( ! ,/ATE1 :O MADE UP 9 DOGMATISM :AT HE LACK$ 9 PHILOSOPHY1 9CREAS$ ! CONFUSION BY REVIV+ ! ,T5 ,COMM&M5TS = POLITICAL PURPOSES1 & BELABOR+ ! WICK$ ) !M4 ,! ,AM]ICAN WORLD TOSS$ 9 A /ATE ( D\BT1 ( REAWAK5$ SOCIAL CONSCI5CE1 ( PRAGMATIC EF=T = ! SALVATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES--ANNOY$1 BEWILD]$1 H>ASS$--PRET5D$ ) MU* BEMOAN+ ?AT !Y W]E LOS+ !IR GRIP ON ! ,/ATE4 ,!IR 9SPIR$ PROPHETS UTT]$ SOLEMN W>N+S AGA9/ POLITICAL NOVELTY & ! AB&ONM5T ( ! TRI$ & TE/$ FRUITS ( EXP]I5CE4 

,!SE CLASSES ACTUALLY HAD LITTLE TO FE>4 ,A POLITICAL SY/EM :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( PROP]TY BY !IR [N SPIRITUAL & ECONOMIC ANCE/ORS1 :I* HAD BECOME +RA9$ 9 ! C\NTRY'S LIFE ?R\< A FUNCTION ( #ab YE>S1 :I* WAS BUTTRESS$ BY A LEGAL SY/EM :I* W5T BACK )\T A BREAK TO ! E>LY ,5GLI% MON>*Y WAS NOT LIKELY TO CRUMBLE BE=E ! ANG] ( A FEW MUCK-RAK]S1 ! DISILLUSIONM5T ( A FEW RADICAL SOCIOLOGI/S1 OR ! ASSAULTS ( PROLET>IAN M9ORITIES4 ,?OSE :O BID$ !IR TIME ?R\< ! ,TAFT 9T]REGNUM1 :I* M]ELY CONT9U$ ! ,PRESID5CY UNTIL !RE C\LD BE F\ND A /ATESMAN TO FILL IT1 W]E REW>D$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( ! EXIG5CY ( ! W>1 9 :I* BUS9ESS ORGANIZATION WAS IMP]ATIVELY NE$$4 ,!Y W]E ?US ABLE TO MAKE A NEAT & ALMO/ NOISELESS COALITION ) ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,! MASS ( ! WORRI$ MIDDLE CLASSES1 RIDDL$ BY ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN FAIL+S1 :I* AT TIMES EXT5D$ ALMO/ TO A SKEPTICISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,/ATE ITSELF1 W]E ONLY TOO GLAD TO S9K BACK TO A GLORIFICATION ( ! ,/ATE IDEAL1 TO FEEL AB\T !M 9 W>1 ! OLD PROTECT+ >MS1 TO RETURN TO ! OLD PRIMITIVE ROBU/ S5SE ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS MAT*LESS VIRTUE1 HONOR & BEAUTY1 DRIV+ AWAY ALL ! F\L OLD D\BTS & DISMAYS4 

,?AT ! SAME CLASS :I* IMPOS$ ITS CON/ITUTION ON ! NASC5T PROLET>IAN & AGR>IAN DEMOCRACY HAS MA9TA9$ ITSELF TO ?IS DAY 9DICATES H[ SLI<T WAS ! REAL EFFECT ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,:5 ?AT POLITICAL *ANGE WAS CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A M]E TRANSF] ( RUL+-CLASS P[] ACROSS ! SEAS1 OR RA!R ?AT A RUL+ COMM]CIAL CLASS 9 ! COLONIES HAD BE5 ABLE TO REMOVE ?R\< A W> F\<T L>GELY BY ! MASSES A VEXATI\S OV]LORD%IP ( ! IRRESPONSIBLE COT]IES ( M9I/]S ?AT SURR\ND$ ,GEORGE ,I,I,I4 ,! COLONIES M]ELY EX*ANG$ A SY/EM RUN 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! OV]SEAS TRADE ( ,5GLI% WEAL? = A SY/EM RUN 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ,NEW ,5GL& & ,PHILADELPHIA M]*AN?OOD1 & LAT] ( ,S\!RN SLAVOCRACY4 ,! D>+ 9NOVATION ( GETT+ RID ( A K+ & SETT+ UP A K+LESS ,/ATE DID NOT APP>5TLY IMPRESS ! H>D HEAD$ F>M]S & SMALL TRAD]S ) AS MU* =CE AS IT HAS !IR PATRIOTIC DEF5D]S4 ,! ANIMUS ( ! ,CONV5TION WAS SO OBVI\SLY MON>*ICAL ?AT ANY EXECUTIVE !Y DEVIS$ C\LD BE ONLY A V]Y ?9LY DISGUIS$ K+4 ,! COMPROMISE BY :I* ! PRESID5CY WAS CREAT$ PROV$ BUT TO BE ! MEANS BY :I* V]Y NE>LY ! :OLE MASS ( TRADITIONAL ROYAL PR]OGATIVES WAS BR\<T OV] & LODG$ 9 ! NEW /ATE4 

,! ,PRESID5T IS AN ELECT$ K+1 BUT ! FACT ?AT HE IS ELECT$ HAS PROV$ TO BE ( F> LESS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! C\RSE ( POLITICAL EVOLUTION ?AN ! FACT ?AT HE IS PRAGMATICALLY A K+4 ,IT WAS ! 9T5TION ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ?AT HE BE ELECT$ BY A SMALL BODY ( NOTABLES1 REPRES5T+ ! RUL+ PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 :O C\LD *ECK HIM UP EV]Y F\R YE>S 9 A NEW ELECTION4 ,?IS WAS NO 9NOVATION4 ,K+S HAVE (T5 BE5 SELECT$ ?IS WAY 9 ,EUROPEAN HI/ORY1 & ! ,ROMAN ,EMP]OR WAS REGUL>LY *OS5 BY ELECTION4 ,?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,PRESID5T'S T]M WAS LIMIT$ M]ELY %[S ! CONFID5CE :I* ! F\ND]S FELT 9 ! BUTTRESS+ =CE ( !IR 9/RUM5T4 ,HIS ELECTION W\LD NEV] PASS \T ( ! H&S ( ! NOTABLES1 & SO ! (FICE W\LD BE GU>ANTE$ TO BE HELD BY A FAI?FUL REPRES5TATIVE ( UPP]-CLASS DEM&S4 ,:AT HE WAS MO/ OBVI\SLY TO REPRES5T WAS ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT BODY :I* ELECT$ HIM1 & NOT ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE :O W]E /ILL DIS5FRAN*IZ$4 ,= ! NEW ,/ATE />T$ ) NO ,QUIXOTIC BELIEF 9 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,! PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS :I* W]E 9 EFFECT 9 EV]Y COLONY W]E CONT9U$4 ,GOV]NM5T WAS FRANKLY A FUNCTION ( ?OSE :O HELD A CONCRETE 9T]E/ 9 ! PUBLIC WEAL1 9 ! %APE ( VISIBLE PROP]TY4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = ! SECURITY ( PROP]TY RI<TS C\LD SAFELY LIE ONLY ) ?OSE :O HAD SOME?+ TO SECURE4 ,! /AKE 9 ! COMMONWEAL? :I* ?OSE :O HELD (FICE MO/ POSSESS WAS OBVI\SLY L>G]4 

,ONE ( ! L>G] ]RORS ( POLITICAL 9SI<T :I* ! SAGE F\ND]S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION COMMITT$ WAS TO ASSUME ?AT ! 5FRAN*IS$ WAT*DOGS ( PROP]TY & ! PUBLIC ORD] W\LD REMA9 A HOMOG5E\S CLASS4 ,WA%+TON1 ACT+ /RICTLY AS ! M\?PIECE ( ! UNIFI$ ,/ATE IDEAL1 DEPRECAT$ ! GR[? ( P>TIES & FACTIONS :I* HORRIDLY KEEP ! ,/ATE 9 TURBUL5CE OR ?REAT5 TO R5D] IT ASUND]4 ,BUT ! MON>*ICAL & REPRESSIVE POLICIES ( ,WA%+TON'S [N FRI5DS PROMPTLY G5]AT$ AN OPPOSITION DEMOCRATIC P>TY REPRES5T+ ! L&$ 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & ! P>TY SY/EM WAS FA/5$ ON ! C\NTRY4 ,BY ! TIME ! ELECTORATE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 R$UC+ ! ELECTORAL COLLEGE TO A M]E RECORD] ( ! POPUL> VOTE1 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 HAD BROAD5$ ! CLASS ( NOTABLES TO ! :OLE PROP]TY-HOLD+ ELECTORATE1 ! P>TIES W]E FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ TO C>RY ON ! SELECTIVE & REF9+ & SECUR+ WORK ( ! ELECTORAL COLLEGE4 ,! P>TY LEAD]%IP !N BECAME1 & HAS REMA9$ EV] S9CE1 ! NUCLEUS ( NOTABLES :O DET]M9E ! PRESID5CY4 ,! ELECTORATE HAV+ WON AN APP>5TLY DEMOCRATIC VICTORY 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NOTABLES1 F9DS ITSELF R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( M]E RATIFICATION OR SELECTION BETWE5 TWO OR ?REE C&IDATES1 9 :OSE *OICE !Y HAVE ONLY A NOM9AL %>E4 ,! ELECTORAL COLLEGE :I* /OOD BETWE5 EV5 ! PROP]TI$ ELECTORATE & ! EXECUTIVE ) ! PR]OGATIVES ( A K+1 GAVE PLACE TO A BODY :I* WAS JU/ AS G5U9ELY A B> TO DEMOCRATIC EXPRESSION1 & F> LESS RESPONSIBLE = ITS ACTS4 ,! NUCLEUS ( P>TY C\NCILS :I* BECAME1 AFT] ! R$UCTION ( ! ,ELECTORAL ,COLLEGE1 ! REAL *OOS]S ( ! ,PRESID5TS1 W]E UN(FICIAL1 QUASI-ANONYM\S1 UTT]LY UN*ECK$ BY ! POPULACE :OSE RUL]S !Y *OSE4 ,MORE OR LESS SELF-*OS51 OR *OS5 BY LOCAL GR\PS :OM !Y DOM9AT$1 !Y PROVID$ A F> MORE SECURE GU>ANTEE ?AT ! ,/ATE %\LD REMA9 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ?AN ! OLD ELECTORAL COLLEGE4 ,! P>TY C\NCILS C\LD BE LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ 5TIRELY \TSIDE ( ! GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION1 )\T OV]SI<T BY ! ,/ATE OR *ECK FROM ! ELECTORATE4 ,!Y C\LD BE COMPOS$ ( ! LEAD]S ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES !MSELVES OR !IR LIEUT5ANTS1 :O C\LD RETA9 !IR P[] 9DEF9ITELY1 OR AT LEA/ UNTIL !Y W]E UNSEAT$ BY RIVALS )9 ! SAME *>M$ DOMA94 ,!Y W]E AT LEA/ 5TIRELY SAFE FROM ATTACK BY ! (FICIALLY CON/ITUT$ ELECTORATE1 :O1 AS ! P>TY SY/EM BECAME MORE & MORE FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 F\ND !Y C\LD VOTE ONLY ON SLATES SET UP = !M BY UNKN[N C\NCILS BEH9D AN IMPOS+ & ALL-P[]FUL ,P>TY4 

,AS SOON AS ?IS SY/EM WAS ORGANIZ$ 9TO A HI]>*Y EXT5D+ FROM NATIONAL D[N TO /ATE & C\NTY POLITICS1 IT BECAME P]FECTLY SAFE TO BROAD5 ! ELECTORATE4 ,! CLAMORS ( ! UNPROP]TI$ OR ! LESS PROP]TI$ TO %>E 9 ! SELECTION ( !IR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T C\LD BE GRACI\SLY ACC$$ TO )\T 5DANG]+ 9 ! LEA/ ! SUPREMACY ( ?OSE CLASSES :I* ! F\ND]S HAD MEANT TO BE SUPREME4 ,! M9ORITY W]E N[ EV5 MORE EFFECTUALLY PROTECT$ FROM ! MAJORITY ?AN UND] ! OLD SY/EM1 H[EV] 9DIRECT ! ELECTION MI<T BE4 ,! ELECTORATE WAS N[ R$UC$ TO A RATIFI] ( SLATES1 BO? ( :I* W]E PL$G$ TO UPP]-CLASS DOM9ATION2 ! ELECTORATE C\LD HAVE ! FREE/1 MO/ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 = ANY MASS-DESIRE = POLITICAL *ANGE1 ANY DET]M9$ WILL TO %IFT ! CLASS BALANCE1 W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO REGI/] ITSELF ?R\< ! P>TY MA*9]Y4 ,IT C\LD MAKE NO FRONTAL ATTACK ON ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,& ! P>TY MA*9]Y WAS DIRECTLY DEVIS$ TO ABSORB & NEUTRALIZE ?IS POPUL> %OCK1 H&+ \T TO ! DISGRUNTL$ ELECTORATE A DISGUIS$ /ONE :5 IT ASK$ = POLITICAL BREAD1 & EFFECTUALLY SMA%+ ANY ?IRD P>TY :I* EV] AV>ICI\SLY TRI$ TO REA* GOV]NM5T EXCEPT ?R\< ! REGUL> TWO-P>TY SY/EM4 

,! P>TY SY/EM SUCCE$$1 ( C\RSE1 BEYOND ! WILDE/ DREAMS ( ITS CREATORS4 ,IT RELEGAT$ ! F\ND]S ( ! ,CON/ITUTION TO ! ROLE ( DOCTR9AIRE !ORI/S1 POLITICAL AMATEURS4 ,JU/ BECAUSE IT GREW UP SL[LY TO MEET ! NE$S ( AMBITI\S POLITICIANS & WAS NOT IMPOS$ BY RUL+-CLASS FIAT1 AS WAS ! ,CON/ITUTION1 DID IT HAVE A *ANCE TO BECOME ASSIMILAT$1 WORK$ 9TO ! POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE & 9/9CT ( ! PEOPLE1 & BE ADOPT$ GLADLY & UNIV]SALLY AS A G5U9E POLITICAL =M1 EXPRESSIVE BO? ( POPUL> NE$ & RUL+-CLASS DEM&4 ,IT SATISFI$ ! POPUL> DEM& = DEMOCRACY4 ,! 5ORM\S S5SE ( VICTORY :I* FOLL[$ ! SWEEP+ AWAY ( PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS ( SUFFRAGE1 ! TANGIBLE EVID5CE ?AT N[ EV]Y CITIZ5 WAS P>TICIPAT+ 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 & ?AT ! 5TIRE MANHOOD DEMOCRACY WAS N[ SELF-GOV]N+1 CREAT$ A MOOD ( POLITICAL COMPLAC5CY ?AT LA/$ UN9T]RUPT$LY 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! P>TY SY/EM WAS ?US ! MEANS ( REMOV+ POLITICAL GRIEVANCE FROM ! GREAT] P>T ( ! POPULACE1 & ( GIV+ TO ! RUL+ CLASSES ! HIDD5 BUT G5U9E P]MAN5CE ( CONTROL :I* ! ,CON/ITUTION HAD TRI$ OP5LY TO GIVE !M4 ,IT SUPPLEM5T$ & REPAIR$ ! 9EPTITUDES ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,IT BECAME ! UN(FICIAL BUT REAL GOV]NM5T1 ! 9/RUM5T :I* US$ ! ,CON/ITUTION AS ITS 9/RUM5T4 

,ONLY 9 TWO CASES DID ! P>TY SY/EM SEEM TO LOSE ITS GRIP1 WAS IT ?R[N (F BASE BY ! 9CEPTION ( A NEW P>TY FROM )\T--9 ! ELECTIONS ( ,JACKSON & ,L9COLN4 ,JACKSON CAME 9 AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( A NEW DEMOCRATIC ,WE/ :I* HAD NO TRADITION ( SUFFRAGE QUALIFICATIONS1 & ,L9COLN AS A M9ORITY C&IDATE 9 A TIME ( FACTIONAL SECTIONAL /RIFE4 ,BUT ! DISCOMFITURE ( ! P>TY POLITICIANS WAS %ORT4 ,! P>TY SY/EM PROV$ P]FECTLY CAPABLE ( ASSIMILAT+ BO? ( !SE NEW MOVEM5TS4 ,JACKSON'S 9SURRECTION WAS SOON CAPTUR$ BY ! OLD MA*9]Y & F$ ! SLAVOCRACY1 & ,L9COLN'S P>TY BECAME ! PROP]TY ( ! NEW BONANZA CAPITALISM4 ,NEI!R ,JACKSON NOR ,L9COLN MADE ! SLI<TE/ DEFLECTION 9 ! TRIUMPHAL M>* ( ! P>TY-SY/EM4 ,9 PRACTICALLY NO O!R CONTE/S HAS ! ELECTORATE HAD = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES A *OICE EXCEPT BETWE5 TWO C&IDATES1 ID5TICAL AS F> AS !IR POLITICAL ROLE W\LD BE AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SIGNIFICANT CLASSES 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,CAMPAIGNS SU* AS ,BRYAN'S1 :]E ONE ( ! P>TIES IS CAPTUR$ BY AN ELEM5T :I* SEEKS A REAL TRANSF]5CE ( P[] FROM ! SIGNIFICANT TO ! LESS SIGNIFICANT CLASSES1 SPLIT ! P>TY1 & SPORADIC ?IRD P>TY ATTACKS M]ELY ?R[ ! SCALE ONE WAY OR ! O!R BETWE5 ! BIG P>TIES1 OR1 IF ?REAT5+ 5\<1 PRODUCE A VIRTUAL COALITION AGA9/ !M4 

7,S\RCE3 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE LEFT AN UNF9I%$1 UNPAG9AT$ DRAFT ( ,! ,/ATE :5 HE DI$ DUR+ ! FLU P&EMIC ( #a#i#a#h4 ,! DRAFT WAS PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY1 ) SOME MAT]IAL 9CORRECTLY ORD]$1 9 ,UNTIMELY ,PAP]S 7#a#i#a#i74 ,?IS $ITION FOLL[S ! CORRECT$ ORD]+ US$ 9 MO/ PR9T$ $ITIONS ( ,B\RNE'S WORK47 

,FROM 3 FAIR-USE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiag 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #d1 #bag 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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