,! ,SPIRIT ( ,HORSEP[] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,IL PROGRAMMA COMUNI/A1 NO4 #e1 #a#i#e#c1 
,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4GEOCITIES4COM_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/,LOBBY_/#c#i#i_/BORDIGA4HTML4 7NO LONG] AVAILABLE7 
,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND54 7#b#c7 
,PRO(READ3 ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN4 7,SEPTEMB] #b#a#i7 

,! MA9 AIM ( \R CONSID]ATIONS ( V>I\S SUBJECTS - :I* MAKES IT 9DISP5SABLE TO CONT9UALLY REPEAT ! FACTS REMEMB]$ FROM BASIC 0!OREMS01 EV5 BETT] IF IT'S ) ! SAME WORDS & PHRASES - IS ! CRITICISM ( ! FR5ZY >\ND ! 0UN=ESE50 & DE=M$ =MS ( V]Y MOD]N CAPITALISM :I* SUPPOS$LY COMPEL A RECONSID]ATION ( ! BASES ( ! 0P]SPECTIVE0 & ?US ( ! M>XI/ ME?OD ITSELF4 

,?IS FALSE POSITION CAN EASILY BE RELAT$ TO ! REFUSAL TO RECOGNIZE1 OR EV5 ) A TOTAL IGNORANCE (1 ! ESS5TIAL \TL9ES ( \R DOCTR9E & ITS BASIC PO9TS4 

,! :OLE DISCUSSION N[ UND]WAY ON REVOLUTION>Y =MS 9 ,RUSSIA & ,*9A BOILS D[N TO ! JUDGM5T TO BE MADE ( ! HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! 0APPE>ANCE0 ( 9DU/RIALISM & ME*ANIZATION 9 HUGE >EAS ( ! WORLD PREVI\SLY DOM9AT$ BY L&$ & PRECAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 

,CON/RUCT+ 9DU/RIALISM & ME*ANIZ+ ?+S IS SUPPOS$LY ! SAME AS BUILD+ SOCIALISM :5EV] C5TRAL & 0NATIONAL0 PLANS >E MADE4 ,?IS IS ! MI/AK5 !SIS4 

,CLASSICALLY1 M>XISM HI/ORICALLY ID5TIFIES ME*ANIZATION ) CAPITALISM4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! EMPLOYM5T ( ME*ANICAL =CES 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & 9 A SOCIALI/ ONE IS NOT QUANTITATIVE1 IT DOES NOT LIE 9 ! FACT ?AT TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T PASSES FROM RE/RICT$ CIRCLES TO A COMPLETE CIRCLE4 ,IT IS QUALITATIVE & CONSI/S 9 ! TOTAL OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/ *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! USE ( MA*9ES BY HUMAN SOCIETY1 SOME?+ MU* MORE ?OR\<GO+ & :I* CONSI/S 9 A 0RELATION%IP BETWE5 M50 9 OPPOSITION TO ! CURS$ 0FACTORY SY/EM0 & ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,?REE HI/ORICAL =MS3 9DU/RIALISM 9 AUTONOM\S 5T]PRISES1 9DU/RIALISM 9 9CREAS+LY CONC5TRAT$ 5T]PRISES & !N COMMONLY MANAG$ 5T]PRSIES1 SOCIALISM2 ALL ?REE W]E =ESE5 & DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X 0FROM ! V]Y />T04 ,NO?+ HAS OCCURR$ :I* WAS UN=ESE5 & :I* LIES BEYOND ! B\NDS ( ! ANALYSIS :I* \TL9$ ?IS ONCE & = ALL4 ,DAMN ?OSE :O TALK AB\T DOGMAS4 ,!RE HAS YET TO BE A R5EGADE :O DID NOT USE ?IS WORD4 ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG COMP>$ IT ) 0C[ %IT04 ,WELL1 BON APETIT6 

,YE/]DAY 

,MAN & ! MA*9E 

,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL1 ONE ( ! PROPHETS ( CAPITAL1 /AT$ 9 HIS CLASSIC ',PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY' 7,LONDON1 #a#h#b#a7 ?AT IT REMA9$ TO BE SE5 IF ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS HAD LI<T5$ ! LABOR ( ANY HUMAN BE+4 ,M>X SETS \T FROM ?IS QUOTATION 9 HIS /UDY ( ME*ANIZATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! FIELD ( ! SOCIAL SCI5CES ! DISCUSSION BEGAN ) A RADICAL %IFT+ ( ! WAY ! >GUM5TS W]E =MULAT$4 ,! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ! MA*9E WAS A BLESS+ OR A CURSE W\LD AT BE/ REMA9 A NICE !ME = LIT]ATURE4 ,M>X CONC5TRATES ON & IMM$IATELY ORI5TATES ! QUE/ION TO ! CAPITALI/ USE ( MA*9ES4 ,SU* A USE IS 9 NO WAY AIM$ AT ! R$UCTION ( ! LABOR ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 0,LIKE EV]Y O!R 9/RUM5T = 9CREAS+ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 MA*9]Y IS 9T5D$ TO *EAP5 COMMODITIES &1 BY %ORT5+ ! P>T ( ! WORK+ DAY 9 :I* ! WORK] WORKS = HIMSELF1 TO L5G!N ! O!R P>T1 ! P>T HE GIVES TO ! CAPITALI/ = NO?+40 ,?IS RIGOR\S DEF9ITION 7AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,CAPITAL1 ,VOLUME ,I1 ,*APT] #a#e7 AS EV] CONTA9S )9 IT1 & ONE CAN EASILY SEE ?IS1 ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4 ,WILL WE DO )\T MA*9ES & SO PUNI% !M = P]=M+ SU* SW9DLES8 ,! OPPOSITE IS ! CASE3 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD WE WILL USE !M AS & :5 WE CAN SO AS TO RAISE PRODUCTION CO/S & TO R$UCE ! AM\NT ( TIME 9 :I* ! WORK] WORKS = ! CAPITALI/1 & !N LAT] 0TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( LABOR01 BUT NOT 9 ORD] TO HAVE LUNATIC QUANTITIES ( PRODUCTS1 BUT SO AS TO USE LESS LABOR4 

,ALWAYS TE/+ ! ANTI-METAPHYSICAL ME?OD1 ! FOOTNOTE ON ?IS PAGE IS DELI<TFUL ON ! SUBJECT ( LI<T5+ ! LABOR ( :I* P>TICUL> HUMAN BE+4 

0,MILL %\LD HAVE SAID1 '( ANY HUMAN BE+ NOT F$ BY O!R PEOPLE'S LABOR'1 = !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT MA*9]Y HAS GREATLY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( DI/+UI%$ IDL]S40 .<#a.> 

,SO IF ! !SIS ?AT 0MA*9ES W]E 9DISP5SABLE = >RIV+ AT ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION0 IS M>XI/1 ! COMMONPLACE ( ! M>XI/ APOLOGY = MOD]N ME*ANIZATION IS ! EFFECT ( A BANAL & IMPOT5T READ+4 

,M>X /AT$ ?AT ! />T+ PO9TS ( 0! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION0 9 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION >E LABOR P[] 9 MANUFACTUR+ & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9 L>GE FACTORIES4 ,LABOR P[] IS ! WORK]S1 :I* EV5 9 MANUFACTUR+ TAKE UP TOOLS & ?US HAVE 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR4 ,LET US PATI5TLY FOLL[ ! TEXT 9 ! 0ANALYSIS0 ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! NEW 9/RUM5T ( LABOR :I* WE CAN CALL ! MA*9E4 ,WE COME TO UND]/& ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS OCCURR+ BE=E ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ?AT IS1 :5 ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR WAS PREVAL5TLY A H& TOOL & NOT A MA*9E1 DET]M9$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( LABOR P[] 7( WORK]S7 & POLITICAL RELATIONS :I* W]E NECESS>ILY & PR$ICTABLY DIFF]5T TO ?OSE ( ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS 7,RUSSIA1 ,*9A7 ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 9 :I* ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR IS ME*ANICAL ON A GIGANTIC SCALE4 ,!Y NEV]!LESS REMA9 HI/ORICALLY CAPITALI/ & B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS4 ,AN ORGY ( ME*ANIZATION IS ONE ?+1 0! BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM0 ANO!R4 ,EV5 9 !SE CASES - LET US JUMP AHEAD A LITTLE - ! >RIVAL ( ! MA*9E-GOD 9EVITABLY BR\<T ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM ( 0FACTORY AUTOCRACY0 & ! WOR%IP ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS HI/ORICALLY GO+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO ?AT TO BE TAK5 BY ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION :I* WE AWAIT1 AS DID ,M>X1 ) ! SAME =MS :I* WE F9D DESCRIB$ 9 \R ,BIBLE - ,CAPITAL4 ,BL9D RAGE ( EV]Y B\RGEOIS 0FREE SPIRIT06 

,?AT PROGRESS MADE 9 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR IS AVAILABLE TO ALL ABOVE & BEYOND FRONTI]S & A S]IES ( G5]ATIONS IS NOT \R PRECI\S DISCOV]Y4 ,SCI5CE BELONGS TO ALL1 BUT TODAY ONLY TO ALL ! CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,ONLY TOMORR[ WILL IT BELONG TO ALL ! HUMAN SPECIES1 ( ! ANTI-,MILL K9D4 

,A FOOTNOTE3 

0,SCI5CE1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 CO/S ! CAPITALI/ 'NO?+'1 A FACT ?AT BY NO MEANS PREV5TS HIM FROM EXPLOIT+ IT4 ',ALI5' SCI5CE IS 9CORPORAT$ BY CAPITAL JU/ AS 'ALI5' LABOR IS4 ,BUT 'CAPITALI/' .<9 QUOTATION M>KS 9 ! ORIG9AL.> APPROPRIATION & 'P]SONAL' APPROPRIATION1 :E!R ( SCI5CE OR ( MAT]IAL WEAL?1 >E TOTALLY DIFF]5T ?+S40 .<#b.> 

,LITTLE M51 ?9K IT OV] = =TY M9UTES4 ,M>X PROV$ ! !SIS ) ! FACT ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/1 ! EXPROPRIATOR & EXPLOIT]1 IS1 9 MANY CASES1 A COMPLETE & UTT] IDIOT :5 IT COMES D[N TO TE*NICAL QUE/IONS4 ,WE W\LD LIKE TO 9VITE Y\ NO LONG] TO BE SURPRIS$ BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 IF 9 ,RUSSIA !RE IS NO LONG] ANY 787 P]SONAL APPROPRIATION ( O!RS' LABOR 7WEAL?71 ?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE IS NOT ! FULL CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATION ( IT1 ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ /ATE HAV+ OBVI\SLY BE5 ABLE TO APPROPRIATE = NO?+ WE/]N SCI5CE4 ,IT !RE=E HAD AT ITS DISPOSAL ALL ! ME*ANICAL & TE*NICAL 9V5TIONS & ?US C\LD LEAP OV] ! LONG DEVELOPM5T LEAD+ FROM ! >TISAN'S WORK%OP ?R\< 9DEP5D5T SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY2 BUT IT DID NOT SIMULTANE\SLY MAKE ! FANCIFUL LEAP OV] ! CAPITALI/ HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT HAD ,M>X IMAG9$ ?IS LEAP TO HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE8 ,YES1 GIV5 ! CONDITION ?AT ! UNIT$ 0ANATIONAL0 REVOLUTION>Y =CES HAD AVAILABLE COMP>ABLE T]RITORIES1 ONE ( FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIALISM 7E4G4 ,G]MANY71 ! O!R ( AS YET UNDEVELOP$ 9DU/RIALISM 7E4G4 ,RUSSIA74 ,LACK+ ?IS P>TICUL> RELATION1 !RE MU/ 9T]V5E A P]IOD ( CAPITALISM'S GR[?1 PRES5T+ ITSELF MORE AS AN ADVANCE 9 GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE ?AN 9 ! SUCCESSION ( TIME1 AS A CONQUE/ MORE 9 QUANTITY ?AN 9 QUALITY OR 9 ! *A9 ( EVOLUTIVE /AGES4 

,WORK & ,5]GY 

,LET US RETURN TO ! LITTLE DOCTR9E4 ,9 AN ORGANISM LIKE ! ,ROMAN *UR* ?AT HAS REA*$ TWO ?\S& YE>S 7BY N[ WE DO NOT ?9K WE WILL GET RID ( IT E>LI]71 ! 9FALLIBLE POPE TEA*ES NO?+1 ! P>I% PRIE/ TEA*ES EV]Y?+4 ,LAU< IF Y\ LIKE1 IDIOT1 !RE IS NO?+ TO LAU< AB\T4 

,M>X />T$ TO DEF9E ! MA*9E ) CONCEPTS FROM PHYSICS & W5T ON TO HI/ORICAL ONES1 :I* >E USEFUL 9 UNRAVEL+ ! HUGE 5IGMA ( ! MAN-MA*9E RELATION%IP4 

,! ME*ANICAL !ORY ( ! SIMPLE MA*9E DEALS ) ?OSE 9/RUM5TS OR DEVICES ?AT MODIFY 9TO A MORE CONV5I5T =M ! 5]GY APPLI$ TO !M BY AN AG5T1 :I* MAY ALSO BE ! H& ( MAN3 !Y DO NOT PRODUCE NEW 5]GY BUT M]ELY RETURN :AT IS PUT 9TO !M4 ,!Y >E ! LEV]1 W$GE1 PULLEY ETC4 ,A MAN CANNOT %IFT A ROCK WEI<+ A TON ) HIS [N /R5G?1 BUT HE CAN IF HE TAKES A LONG LEV] TO IT4 ,HE CANNOT SPLIT IT 9TO SMALL] P>TS ?AT CAN BE LIFT$1 BUT IF HE CAN USE A W$GE DRIV5 9 ) HAMM] BL[S HE CAN4 

,SOCIALLY ONE CAN SAY ?AT A SIMPLE MA*9E IS ONE ON :I* ONE CANNOT BASE BUS9ESS4 ,CLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY KN[S ?AT LABOR IS VALUE4 ,LABOR 7! QUANTITY ( LABOR7 IS ! SAME ?+ AS ME*ANICAL 5]GY4 ,! PHYSICI/ SAYS3 =CE TIMES DI/ANCE 7MOVEM5T ( ! ROCK7 GIVES US 5]GY4 ,! ECONOMI/ SAYS3 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S MULTIPLI$ BY !IR LABOR TIME GIVES US VALUE4 ,SO AS LONG AS WE USE ONLY ! MUSCLE P[] ( WORK]S 9 PRODUCTION1 ! SIMPLE MA*9ES - TO :I* CAN CORRECTLY BE ADD$ BO? SOCIALLY & ME*ANICALLY ! TOOLS :I* ! 9DEP5D5T >TISAN H&LES - NO?+ *ANGES4 ,) ! LEV]1 ?AT MAN MOVES ! ROCK T5 MET]S 9 EI<T H\RS3 EI<T WORK]S )\T A LEV] W\LD HAVE ROLL$ IT ! SAME DI/ANCE 9 AN H\R4 

,ME*ANICALLY ONE C\LD SAY ?AT ! COMP\ND MA*9E1 MEAN+ A GREAT] OR LESS] COMPLEX ( SIMPLE MA*9ES 7:EELS1 LEV]S1 COGS ETC471 DOES NOT PROVIDE NEW 5]GY1 :ILE MOTOR MA*9ES1 :I* TRANS=M ! HEAT ( FUEL & O!R =MS ( 5]GY 9TO ME*ANICAL 5]GY DO SO4 ,N[ IT W\LD BE TO MAKE A PRES5T ( VALUE TO P]MIT ! ELIM9ATION ( SO MU* LABOR ?AT HAS TO BE P]=M$ PHYSICALLY BY M54 ,BUT IT W\LD BE SO ONLY ) COMMUNI/ ME*ANIZATION3 9 CAPITALI/ ME*ANIZATION1 ! 5]GY RELATION1 :I* IS PHYSICALLY TRUE1 IS SOCIALLY 9CORRECT4 

,AS LONG AS ME*ANICAL 5]GY IS 9TRODUC$ SO AS TO PRODUCE MORE COMMODITIES & NOT TO EMPLOY LESS HUMAN TIME 9 LABOR1 WE HAVE TO SAY ?AT ! TRANSITION1 :ATEV] ! IDEOLOGICAL & JURIDICAL PRES5TATION1 IS A CAPITALI/ PROCESS4 

,SO ,M>X DEF9$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TOOL ( ! CRAFTSMAN'S SOCIAL P]IOD & ! MA*9E ( ! CAPITALI/ P]IOD NOT ON ! BASIS ( ! USE ( MUSCLE P[] SUB/ITUT$ BY O!R 5]GY1 BUT BY NAM+ AS MA*9ES 9 A SOCIAL S5SE NOT ONLY ! MOTOR MA*9ES ( ! V>I\S CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIES & FACTORIES1 BUT ALSO ! TRANSMITT]S ( 5]GY 7A S]IES ( SIMPLE MA*9ES ?AT ADD NO 5]GY7 & ! WORK+ MA*9ES APPLI$ TO ! RAW MAT]IAL TO BE TRANS=M$ & :I* VULG> TE*NOLOGY CALLS MA*9E TOOLS 7LA!1 PRESS1 PUN* ETC474 ,MOREOV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY REA*$ ! PHASE ( ME*ANIZATION EV5 :5 ! NEW WORK+ MA*9ES >E NOT YET SET 9 MOTION BY ME*ANICAL 5]GY1 BUT BY HUMAN MUSCLE P[]3 CRANK & P$AL DRIV5 MA*9ES4 

,IF IT W]E NOT SO1 ,M>X SAID1 WE %\LD HAVE TO SAY ?AT ! MA*9E DRIV5 BY NON-HUMAN 5]GY EXI/$ LONG BE=E ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY4 

,MAN1 9 FACT LE>N$ V]Y SOON H[ TO ADOPT O!R NATURAL 5]GY4 ,A SIMPLE TWO-OX PL[ IS NO LONG] A TOOL1 BUT A PROP] MA*9E :I* ALL[S A MAN TO PL[ A GREAT] >EA ?AN ?AT HE CAN DIG OV] ) A SPADE4 

,BUT !N1 ,M>X SAID1 ,CLAUSS5'S CIRCUL> LOOM1 ) :I* A S+LE WORK] WEAVES N9ETY-SIX PICKS A M9UTE1 ?\< US$ BY A MOD]N1 NOT A PRIMITIVE1 MAN1 W\LD BE A TOOL AS IT IS SET 9 MOTION BY H&1 JU/ AS IS ,WYATT'S SP9N+ MA*9E4 ,!Y BECAME MA*9ES ONLY FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! =M] WAS SET 9 MOTION BY A MOTOR & ! LATT]1 AS FROM #a#g#c#e1 BY 444 A DONKEY4 

,! ANIMAL WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ NATURAL 5]GY S\RCES US$ BY MAN TO HELP 9 PRODUCTION1 & FROM E>LIE/ TIMES4 ,BUT !RE W]E O!RS TOO3 ! W9D & RUNN+ WAT]4 

,ONE CANNOT !RE=E CALL !SE SPORADIC & SCATT]$ CASES ( ! USE ( ME*ANICAL 5]GY1 9/EAD ( HUMAN MUSCLE P[]1 CAPITALI/ ME*ANIZATION1 BUT 9/EAD ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! MA*9E TOOL :I* LONG PREC$$ ?AT ( ! ME*ANICAL MOTOR 7! /EAM 5G9E74 

0,IT IS ?IS LA/ P>T ( ! MA*9]Y1 ! TOOL OR WORK+ MA*9E1 ) :I* ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY BEGAN4 ,& TO ?IS DAY IT CON/ANTLY S]VES AS ! />T+-PO9T :5EV] A H&ICRAFT OR A MANUFACTURE IS TURN$ 9TO AN 9DU/RY C>RI$ ON BY MA*9]Y40.<#c.> 

,LET US TAKE A /EP BACK4 ,) ! TRADE1 ?AT IS1 ) ! 9DEP5D5T1 ISOLAT$ >TISAN WORK]1 WE >E 9 PRECAPITALISM1 9 ! GUILD-FEUDAL REGIME4 ,) MANUFACTURE1 WE HAVE ALREADY >RIV$ AT FULL CAPITALISM4 ,! CONDITIONS NOT$ HAVE 9 FACT BE5 REALIZ$3 CONC5TRATION ( A MASS ( WORK]S1 CAPITAL 9 ! H&S ( A MA/] :O CAN R5T BUILD+S1 ACQUIRE MAT]IALS & PAY WAGES4 ,EV5 BE=E ME*ANIZATION1 SIMPLE MANUFACTURE HAS *ANG$ TO ORGANIZ$ MANUFACTURE ) ! TE*NICAL DIVISION ( LABOR AMONG V>I\S OP]ATIONS :I*1 EV5 ) SIMPLE H& TOOLS1 >E C>RI$ \T BY DIFF]5T CRAFTSM5 ON ! UNCONTE/ABLE ORD] ( ! 'MA/]'4 ,?IS NAME FROM ! TIME ( SLAV]Y IS REBORN1 IGNOBLY SUB/ITUT+ ! LESS HATEFUL 0,SIR04 ,! ,SIR WAS A LIV+ & FI<T+ KNI<T1 A HUMAN BE+1 ! MA/] 9 ! 5D BECOMES A MON/R\S AUTOMATON4 

,! FACTORY AUTOCRAT 

,WE READ 9 ,M>X NOT AN APOLOGY1 BUT AN IMPLACABLE 9DICTM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY SY/EM4 ,! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 AS LONG AS !Y C\LD BE H&L$ BY A S+LE CRAFTSMAN'S H&1 W]E ALSO1 OH MOD]N IDEALI/ S9S1 ( HIS M9D & A BIT ( HIS HE>T4 

,TODAY ! CRAFTSMAN'S TOOL HAS BE5 SUB/ITUT$ BY ! MA*9E TOOL4 ,M>X SAID3 

0,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! MA*9E DOES NOT DRIVE \T ! TOOL4 ,RA!R DOES ! TOOL EXP& & MULTIPLY1 *ANG+ FROM A DW>F IMPLEM5T ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM TO ! IMPLEM5T ( A ME*ANISM CREAT$ BY MAN4 ,CAPITAL N[ SETS ! WORK] TO WORK1 NOT ) A MANUAL TOOL1 BUT ) A MA*9E :I* ITSELF H&LES ! TOOLS0 .<#d.> 

,! HUGE GR[? 9 ! P[] ( HUMAN LABOR IS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! DEGRADATION1 NOT ! UPLIFT+1 ( ! WORK+ MAN4 ,! ,J5NY ,MULE WAS ! NAME GIV5 TO A SP9N+ MA*9E ) 9NUM]ABLE SP9DLES4 ,) TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS 9 #a#h#f#c1 ?ANKS TO A MOTOR ( B>ELY ONE HORSE-P[]1 TWO & A HALF WORK]S W]E 5\< = #de ROTAT+ SP9DLES & PRODUC$ #c1#f#f#f P\NDS ( SPUN COTTON A WEEK4 ,) A H& SP9N+-:EEL1 ! SAME AM\NT ( COTTON W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ #b#g1 H\RS 9/EAD ( #a#e3 PRODUCTIVITY ROSE #ah FOLD6 ,WE CANNOT FOLL[ & DEVELOP !SE COMP>ISONS ,M>X MADE H]E1 APPLY+ !M1 = EXAMPLE1 TO CALCULAT+ H[ MANY NAVVIES >E REPLAC$ BY DIGG+ & ROLL+ MA*9ES IMPORT$ H]E BY ! ,AM]ICANS AFT] ! W> TO CON/RUCT ROADS4 

,DR4 ,URE GIVES US TWO DEF9ITIONS ( ! FACTORY4 ,ON ! ONE H& HE DESCRIBES IT AS3 

0'COMB9$ COOP]ATION ( MANY ORD]S ( WORK PEOPLE1 ADULT & Y\NG1 9 T5D+ ) ASSIDU\S SKILL A SY/EM ( PRODUCTIVE MA*9ES CONT9U\SLY IMPELL$ BY A C5TRAL P[]' 7PRIME MOV]70 

& ON ! O!R H& AS3 

0'A VA/ AUTOMATON COMPOS$ ( V>I\S ME*ANICAL & 9TELLECTUAL ORGANS1 ACT+ 9 UN9T]RUPT$ CONC]T = ! PRODUCTION ( A COMMON OBJECT1 ALL ( !M BE+ SUBORD9ATE TO A SELF-REGULAT$ MOV+ =CE'40 .<#e.> 

,M>X %[S ?AT3 

0! SECOND IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ITS USE BY CAPITAL & !RE=E ( ! MOD]N FACTORY SY/EM40 .<#f.> 

,! FIR/ C\LD1 H[EV]1 CORRESPOND TO \R PROGRAM3 0! COMB9$ COLLECTIVE WORK]1 OR ! SOCIAL LABOR BODY1 APPE>S AS ! DOM9ANT SUBJECT1 & ! ME*ANICAL AUTOMATON AS ! OBJECT40 

,BUT TODAY 9/EAD 

0! AUTOMATON ITSELF IS ! SUBJECT1 & ! WORK]S >E M]ELY CONSCI\S ORGANS1 CO-ORD9AT$ ) ! UNCONSCI\S ORGANS ( ! AUTOMATON0 

,HAVE Y\ HE>D1 Y\ LIB]AL LIB]ATORS ( BODIES1 SPIRITS & CONSCI5CES1 :O ACCUSE US ( AUTOMATIZ+ LIFE68 

0,URE !RE=E PREF]S TO PRES5T ! C5TRAL MA*9E FROM :I* ! MOTION COMES AS NOT ONLY AN AUTOMATON BUT AN AUTOCRAT4 ',9 !SE SPACI\S HALLS ! B5IGNANT P[] ( /EAM SUMMONS >\ND HIM HIS MYRIADS ( WILL+ M5IALS'40 

,DOESN'T ! C5TRALITY ( ! CONCEPT %[ = ! HUNDR$? TIME ?AT IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( DESCRIB+ CAPITALISM1 AS EV5 ,/AL9 PRET5DS1 BUT ( DISCOV]+ ! SOCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL HAVE TO DO AWAY )8 ,H]E >E O!R PASSAGES4 

0,9 H&ICRAFTS & MANUFACTURE1 ! WORK] MAKES USE ( A TOOL2 9 ! FACTORY ! MA*9E MAKES USE ( HIM 444 ,9 MANUFACTURE ! WORK]S >E P>TS ( A LIV+ ME*ANISM4 ,9 ! FACTORY WE HAVE A LIFELESS ME*ANISM :I* IS 9DEP5D5T ( ! WORK]S1 :O >E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO IT AS ITS LIV+ APP5DAGES40 .<#g.> 

,A FUR!R COMP>ISON ( ,F\RI]'S ( ! FACTORY ) A MITIGAT$ JAIL1 :I* ! *APT] CLOSES )1 RECALLS ?AT 9 ! GALLEY .<#h.>1 ! R[]S W]E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! %IP1 *A9$ = LIFE TO !IR B5*ES3 !Y HAD TO R[ OR S9K ) IT4 

0,EV]Y K9D ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION.<OR EV5 MANUFACTURE.>1 9 SO F> AS IT IS NOT ONLY A LABOR-PROCESS1 BUT ALSO A PROCESS ( CREAT+ SURPLUS-VALUE1 HAS ?IS 9 COMMON1 ?AT IT IS NOT ! WORK] ?AT EMPLOYS ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR ?AT EMPLOY ! WORK] .<PROGRAM3 ! COLLECTIVE SOCIALI/-WORK] WILL HIMSELF DOM9ATE ! 9/RUM5TS ( HIS WORK6.>4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY 9 ! FACTORY SY/EM ?AT ?IS 9V]SION = ! FIR/ TIME ACQUIRES TE*NICAL & PALPABLE REALITY4 ,BY MEANS ( ITS CONV]SION 9TO AN AUTOMATON1 ! 9/RUM5T ( LABOR CONFRONTS ! LABOR]1 DUR+ ! LABOR-PROCESS1 9 ! %APE ( CAPITAL1 ( DEAD LABOR1 ?AT DOM9ATES1 & PUMPS DRY1 LIV+ LABOR-P[]40 .<#i.> 

,A COLD DESCRIPTION1 IS IT NOT1 Y\ B& ( VULG> FALSIFI]S8 

,! PHYSICAL P]SON ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MA/] IS ?US NOT REQUIR$1 & BIT BY BIT HE DISAPPE>S 9TO ! PORES ( %>E CAPITAL1 ( MANAGEM5T BO>DS1 ( /ATE-RUN BO>DS1 ( ! POLITICAL /ATE1 :I* HAS BECOME 7S9CE A LONG TIME AGO7 5TREPR5EUR & MANUFACTUR]1 & 9TO ! V]Y LATE/ VILE =M ( ! /ATE :I* PRET5DS TO BE 0! WORK]S !MSELVES0 & ?US IS ABLE TO TIE !M TO ! FEET ( ! S9I/] /EEL AUTOMATONS4 

,FACTORY DESPOTISM3 ONLY ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION WILL TE> IT UP BY ! ROOTS :5 !RE IS NO LONG] 9TOXICAT+ 9VOLVEM5T 9 0/RUGGLES = POLITICAL FRE$OM0 & SIMIL> POPUL> MIRAGES1 D5\NC$ 9 B\RGEOIS 9DU/RIALISM FROM ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 ACCOMPANI$ BY REAL CLASS REVOLUTIONS1 BUT MADE UP ) /9K+ DEMOCRATIC R\GE4 ,NOT A SYLLABLE IS TO BE T\*$ ( ! S5T5CE ?AT WE HAVE HAD READY =MULAT$ = N9ETY YE>S1 & :I* UN=TUNATELY IS /ILL NOT READY TO BE C>RI$ \T4 

0444 UNACCOMPANI$ BY EI!R ?AT DIVISION ( RESPONSIBILITY O!RWISE SO MU* APPROV$ ( BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 OR ! /ILL MORE APPROV$ REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM4 ,?IS CODE IS M]ELY ! CAPITALI/ C>ICATURE ( ! SOCIAL REGULATION ( ! LABOR PROCESS :I* BECOMES NECESS>Y 9 COOP]ATION ON A L>GE SCALE & 9 ! EMPLOYM5T 9 COMMON ( 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & ESPECIALLY ( MA*9]Y4 ,! OV]SE]'S BOOK ( P5ALTIES REPLACES ! SLAVE-DRIV]'S LA%40 .<#a.> 

,! LATE/ LIB]AL PHANTASMS2 AUTOCRACY & DICTATOR%IP1 09 LIFE0 & NOT 9 ! PALLID LEGAL LIE1 DID NOT BEG9 AGA9 ) ,MUSSOL9I1 ,HITL]1 ,FRANCO444 NOT EV5 ) ,/AL9 & HIS PROCONSULS1 NOT EV5 ) ,TRUMAN1 ,EIS5H[] & ! /UPID SLAVES ( ,UNIT$ ,EUROPE3 !Y >E A TE*NICAL FACT L9K$ TO ! BEAT ( HUGE C5TRAL G5]ATORS TURN+ ON ! BANKS ( ! ,HUDSON1 ,?AMES1 ,MOSC[ & ! ,PE>L ,RIV]4 

,MA*9E & REVOLUTION 

,BUT 0! MA*9E IS 9NOC5T ( ! MIS]Y IT BR+S ) IT04 ,H]E A M>VEL\S PAGE %[S ! /UPIDITY ( ! (FICIAL ECONOMI/S :O1 BE+ UNABLE TO EXPLA9 ! HUGE ANTAGONISMS SPR++ FROM ! USE ( MA*9ES1 PRET5D TO IGNORE !M & CLOSE !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT3 

0444 MA*9]Y 9 ITSELF %ORT5S ! H\RS ( LABOR1 BUT :5 EMPLOY$ BY CAPITAL IT L5G!NS !M 444 9 ITSELF IT LI<T5S LABOR1 BUT :5 EMPLOY$ BY CAPITAL IT HEI<T5S ITS 9T5SITY 444 9 ITSELF IT IS A VICTORY ( MAN OV] ! =CES ( NATURE1 BUT 9 ! H&S ( CAPITAL IT MAKES MAN A SLAVE ( ?OSE =CES 444 9 ITSELF IT 9CREASES ! WEAL? ( ! PRODUC]S1 BUT 9 ! H&S ( CAPITAL IT MAKES !M 9TO PAUP]S 444 ,!RE=E :OEV] REVEALS ! REAL SITUATION ) ! CAPITALI/ EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y DOES NOT WANT MA*9]Y TO BE EMPLOY$ AT ALL1 & IS AN 5EMY ( SOCIAL PROGRESS60 .<#a#a.> 

,! MA*9E1 :I* 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ COLLECTIVITY WILL BE A S\RCE ( WELLBE+ & RE/1 BECOMES A KILL] 9 ! H&S ( CAPITAL4 ,WE DO NOT CONDEMN ! MA*9E = ?IS4 

,H]E ,M>X QUOTES A *>ACT] FROM ,*>LES ,DICK5S'S FAM\S NOVEL ,OLIV] ,TWI/4 ,IT IS ! SELF-DEF5SE ( ! GREAT ROGUE ,BILL ,SYKES3 

0,G5TLEM5 ( ! JURY1 NO D\BT ! ?ROAT ( ?IS COMM]CIAL TRAVEL] HAS BE5 CUT4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT MY FAULT1 IT IS ! FAULT ( ! KNIFE4 ,MU/ WE1 = SU* A TEMPOR>Y 9CONV5I5CE1 ABOLI% ! USE ( ! KNIFE8 ,ONLY CONSID]6 ,:]E W\LD AGRICULTURE & TRADE BE )\T ! KNIFE8 ,IS IT NOT AS SALUT>Y 9 SURG]Y1 AS IT IS SKILL$ 9 ANATOMY8 ,& A WILL+ ASSI/ANT AT ! FE/IVE TABLE8 ,IF Y\ ABOLI% ! KNIFE - Y\ HURL US BACK 9TO ! DEP?S ( B>B>ISM40 .<#a#b.> 

,NO4 ,WE WILL NOT FALL BACK 9TO TOTAL B>B>ISM & SU* A RISK DOES NOT WORRY US4 ,WE WILL M]ELY TAKE FROM Y\R H&S ! H&LE ( ! KNIFE-MA*9E4 

,! MA*9E WILL BE PRECI\S TOMORR[ 9 A NON-M]CANTILE MODE ( PRODUCTION & ITS APPE>ANCE HAS BE5 EQUALLY PRECI\S 9 FACT = ! REVOLUTION>Y ANTAGONISMS :I* IT CREAT$ BETWE5 CAPITAL & ! PROLET>IAT4 

0,!RE IS ALSO NO D\BT ?AT ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y F]M5TS :OSE GOAL .<! PROGRAM1 Y\ DEAF ONES.> IS ! ABOLITION ( ! OLD DIVISION ( LABOR /& 9 DIAMETRICAL CONTRADICTION ) ! CAPITALI/ =M ( PRODUCTION1 & ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! WORK]S :I* CORRESPONDS TO ?AT =M4 ,H[EV]1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( A GIV5 HI/ORICAL =M ( PRODUCTION IS ! ONLY HI/ORICAL WAY 9 :I* IT CAN BE DISSOLV$ & !N RECON/RUCT$ ON A NEW BASIS40 .<#a#c.> 

,/ILL ANO!R 9VECTIVE AGA9/ 0! DIVISION ( LABOR0 :I* COMMUNISM WILL BURY4 ,DIALECTICALLY IT WAS WISE AT ! TIME ( ! GUILDS3 NEC SUTOR ULTRA CREPIDAM1 COBBL] /ICK TO Y\R LA/6 ,BUT3 

0',NEC SUTOR ULTRA CREPIDAM'1 A PHRASE :I* WAS ! ABSOLUTE SUMMIT ( H&ICRAFT WISDOM1 BECAME %E] NONS5SE FROM ! MOM5T :5 ! WAT*MAK] ,WATT 9V5T$ ! /EAM-5G9E1 ! B>B] ,>KWRI<T ! ?RO/LE0 .<#a#d.> 

,& IT IS ALSO ) A BATTLE CRY ?AT WE CLOSE ?IS P>T ( ,M>X'S WORK AFT] ! DETAIL$ EXAM9ATION ( ! SOCIAL LEGISLATION ON WORK & ! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY3 

0IS TO 9CREASE ! AN>*Y & ! PRON5ESS TO CATA/ROPHE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS A :OLE1 ! 9T5SITY ( LABOR .<,/AKHANOV6 ,/AKHANOV6.>1 & ! COMPETITION ( MA*9]Y ) ! WORK]4 ,BY ! DE/RUCTION ( SMALL-SCALE & DOME/IC 9DU/RIES IT DE/ROYS ! LA/ RESORTS ( ! 'R$UNDANT POPULATION'1 !REBY REMOV+ :AT WAS PREVI\SLY A SAFETY-VALVE = ! :OLE SOCIAL ME*ANISM4 ,BY MATUR+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & ! SOCIAL COMB9ATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 IT MATURES ! CONTRADICTIONS & ANTAGONISMS ( ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ?AT PROCESS1 & !REBY RIP5S BO? ! ELEM5TS = =M+ A NEW SOCIETY & ! =CES T5D+ T[>DS ! OV]?R[ ( ! OLD ONE40 .<#a#e.> 

,TODAY 

,FROM HORSEP[] TO ! KIL[ATT 

,M>X FULLY E/ABLI%$1 ON ! BASIS ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL ELEM5TS ( HIS TIME1 ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION ( ME*ANICAL MOTIVE P[] 7BETT]1 5]GY7 ACCEL]ATES ! CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 9TO HUGE FACTORIES & ?AT ! FACTORY LABOR LEGISLATION ITSELF ACT$ 9 ?IS WAY3 

0444 ?US >TIFICIALLY RIP5 ! MAT]IAL ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = ! CONV]SION ( ! MANUFACTUR+ SY/EM 9TO ! FACTORY SY/EM1 YET AT ! SAME TIME1 BECAUSE !Y MAKE IT NECESS>Y TO LAY \T A GREAT] AM\NT ( CAPITAL1 !Y HA/5 ! DECL9E ( ! SMALL MA/]S1 & ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL40 .<#a#f.> 

,WE HAVE CIT$ MANY TIMES ! FAM\S PASSAGE FROM ! *APT]S ON ACCUMULATION1 :I* IS ILLU/RAT$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ! TE*NICAL MODIFICATIONS OCCURR+ 9 /EEL MAK+3 

0,9 ANY GIV5 BRAN* ( 9DU/RY C5TRALIZATION W\LD REA* ITS EXTREME LIMIT IF ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS 9VE/$ !RE W]E FUZ$ 9TO A S+LE CAPITAL4 ,9 A GIV5 SOCIETY ?IS LIMIT W\LD BE REA*$ ONLY :5 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL CAPITAL WAS UNIT$ 9 ! H&S ( EI!R A S+LE CAPITALI/ OR A S+LE CAPITALI/ COMPANY40 .<#a#g.> 

,5GELS TRANSPOS$ ?IS P]SPECTIVE TO ! TRU/S1 ! MONOPOLIES & ! /ATE MANAG]S 9 A NO LESS NOTORI\S MANN]4 

,IF ! COMMODITY LAWS !MSELVES1 CONFLU5T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 PROVID$ ,M>X ) ! BASIS ( ! DEMON/RATION1 FULLY CONFIRM$ BY HI/ORY1 ( GIGANTIC CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION 9 COLOSSAL AM\NTS1 ! NEW TE*NICAL =MS ( PRODUC+ MOTOR P[] HAVE AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE4 

,AS LONG AS WE >E REF]R+ TO ! /EAM 5G9E1 ! FIR/ CASE ( L>GE SCALE EMPLOYM5T ( ME*ANICAL P[] 9 PRODUCTION1 WE SEE ?AT ! BE/ SOLUTION IS AUTONOMY = EA* FACTORY TO PRODUCE ! AM\NT ( 5]GY REQUIR$4 ,! P[] /ATION *ANG$ EV]Y?+1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! MASSIVE EXTRACTION ( FOSSIL FUEL1 MADE IMPOS+ 9 TURN BO? BY MA*9ES & BY ! CAPITALI/ =M ( M9E MANAGEM5T 7ONCE IT WAS L>GELY /ATE [N$74 ,BE=E !N ! CO/ P] HORSEP[] CLE>LY BECAME DECREAS+LY SMALL AS ! BOIL] BECAME 9CREAS+LY L>GE1 & ?US !RE IS ANO!R REASON = ! SMALL FACTORY TO BE SUBJECT$ TO ! L>GE ONE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NO ORGANIZATIONAL L9K WAS IMPOS$ BETWE5 FACTORIES AS ALL C\LD GET COAL ON ! 0OP5 M>KET04 

,ALL ?IS *ANG$ 5ORM\SLY ) ! PROGRESS ( ELECTRO-ME*ANIZATION4 ,! ADVANTAGE ( MAK+ 5]GY 9TO A COMMODITY BECAME DECISIVE ) ! CREATION ( A TRANSMITT$ ELECTRICAL SUPPLY4 ,EV]Y FACTORY N[ T5DS NOT TO PRODUCE1 BUT TO BUY ITS 5]GY4 

,URE'S C5TRAL MOTOR C\LD CONTROL ! WORK+ MA*9ES ALONG ) ! M5 MADE SLAVES TO !M1 BUT )9 A SMALL RADIUS3 ?AT ALL[$ BY TRANSMISSION BY MEANS ( 0SIMPLE ME*ANISMS0 - PULLEYS1 BELTS1 CONICAL GE>S 444 ,NO ONE HAD EV5 ?\<T IT USEFUL TO DI/RIBUTE /EAM UND] PRESSURE TO O!R MA*9ES ?R\< LONG DUCTS1 ! HUGE HEAT LOSS MAK+ SU* A SY/EM UNECONOMICAL4 

,LET US (F] AN EXAMPLE3 SUPPOS+ NATURAL ME?ANE GAS HAD BE5 F\ND BE=E ! DISCOV]Y ( DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY & ELECTRICAL CURR5T4 ,?IS1 TOO IS A FOSSIL FUEL ( ORGANIC ORIG91 LIKE ! SOLID & LIQUID ONES4 ,BUT1 UNLIKE !M 7! LIQUID ONE CAN BE PIP$ AS A COMMODITY1 BUT NOT AS A FUEL1 = TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC REASONS71 IT CAN BE DI/RIBUT$ ?R\< A MA9S SY/EM4 ,FROM ?IS FACT W\LD HAVE EM]G$ ! NE$ = A CLOSE ORGANIZATIONAL L9K BETWE5 ALL ! FACTORIES F$ BY A S+LE DI/RIBUTION SY/EM4 

,9 FACT1 ! 5]GY CONSUM$ BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY CAN NO LONG] BE V>I$ AT ! WILL ( ! LOCAL MANAGEM5T AS IT C\LD CAUSE ! S+LE P[] /ATION TO RUN \T ( 5]GY OR TO HAVE TO 0?R[ IT AWAY04 ,9/EAD1 ! CAPITALI/ ) ! FACTORY BAS$ ON AUTONOM\S MOTIVE P[] C\LD CUT \T BURN]S & BOIL]S AT HIS PLEASURE1 OR 9/ALL O!RS TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION4 

,AS ! :OLE PLAN ( EMPLOY+ WORK]S1 ! SLAVES ( ! MA*9E TOOLS1 DEP5DS ON ?AT ( ! 5]GY PROVID$1 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL 9DU/RIAL ME*ANISM FALLS 9TO L9E ) !SE NEW NORMS1 IT L9KS UP1 C5TRALIZES & SUBORD9ATES ITSELF TO AN 9F9ITY ( RULES4 

,PLANN+ IS NOT SOCIALI/6 

,SU* AN ADAPTATION TO1 & ! DISCIPL9E (1 G5]AL NETWORKS IS NOT A *ANGE 9 ! HI/ORICAL TYPE ( PRODUCTION3 ! FACTORY IS /ILL ! FACTORY1 ! WORK] IS /ILL ! WAGE-LABOR]1 ! COMPULSION ( ! FACTORY AUTOMATONS 9CREASES RA!R ?AN DIM9I%ES4 ,! G5]AL NORMS FROM :I* ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( SPECIAL LAWS EM]G$ IS NOT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS USELESS = ! READ] IMM]S$ 9 MOD]N LIFE TO EXT5D ! COMP>ISON ( MOTIVE P[] = FACTORIES & PLANTS ?AT PRODUCE MANUFACTUR$ GOODS TO ! ?\S& O!R COMMUNICATION1 TRANSPORT1 & ALL TYPES ( S]VICE NETWORKS4 

,EV5 ANTIQUITY ADM9I/]$ MOTORS ?AT W]E NOT AUTONOM\S4 ,! DOME/ICAT$ ANIMAL WAS UND\BT$LY AUTONOM\S & ! F>M OR SMALL-HOLD+ WAS ALL ! /RONG] = ! NUMB] ( HORSES OR OX5 IT POSSESS$4 ,! W9DMILL WAS AUTONOM\S1 BUT1 H[EV]1 DEP5D$ ON NATURE'S :IM4 

,NOT AUTONOM\S1 AT LEA/ NOT OV] A LONG TRACT ( ! SAME WAT] C\RSE - RIV] OR 09DU/RIAL CANAL0 - WAS ! WAT] MILL4 ,& H]E LAWS ( V]Y OLD /ATES PROVID$ A CLE> DISCIPL9E SO ?AT NO ONE C\LD MODIFY ! LAY \T ( WEIRS TO CONSUME MORE HYDRAULIC 5]GY ?AN ! GR9D/ONE1 = EXAMPLE1 UP OR D[N /REAM4 ,A S5T5CE OR A COMMISSION ABOLI%+ PRIVILEGES 9 ,CALABRIA 9 #aha /AT$ 9T] ALIA3 0,ALL CAN 9/ALL HYDRAULIC MA*9]Y AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT CAUSE ANY DAMAGE & LOSS TO PREVI\SLY EXI/+ HYDRAULIC MA*9ES40 

,GIAC*9O ,MURAT'S .<#a#h.> REGIME WAS EXTREMELY LIB]AL4 ,IMAG9E A MOD]N REGIME AS LIB]AL AS ?IS ?AT SAYS3 ANYONE IS FREE TO 9/ALL ELECTRICAL MA*9]Y & TO PLUG IT 9TO ! FIR/ ELECTRICAL CABLE ?AT COMES TO H&6 

,9 ALL P]IODS1 !N1 PUBLIC AU?ORITY HAS HAD TO REGULATE & CO-ORD9ATE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES & 5]GY S\RCES1 ALL ! MORE SO :5 !IR DEP5D5CE ON A S+LE NETWORK1 ON ! SAME MAT]IAL FL[ ( 5]GY PROVISION1 BECAME TE*NICALLY 9EVITABLE2 & !RE IS A FULL P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! FL[ FROM A C]TA9 HEAD ( WAT] & ?AT ( ELECTRONS FROM A CONDUCTOR AT A GIV5 VOLTAGE4 

,& N[ !N1 =GETT+ = A MOM5T ! UNFOLD+ ( P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL EPISODES & ! NAMES ( ! M]C5>IES1 LET US ASK \RSELVES :AT A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 P[] :I* HAD TO 9DU/RIALIZE A /ILL BACKW>D C\NTRY W\LD DO4 ,NATURALLY IT W\LD NOT AWAIT ! REPETITION ( A SL[ DEVELOPM5T FROM GUILDS LACK+ WORK COOP]ATION TO MANUFACTURE )\T MA*9E TOOLS TO ! FACTORY ) MA*9E TOOLS BUT )\T /EAM 5G9ES TO L>GE SCALE 9DU/RY ) ITS [N BOIL]4 ,IT W\LD PASS DIRECTLY TO ! BUILD+ ( ELECTRICAL P[] /ATIONS1 &1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 HYDROELECTRIC ONES1 US+ ! MOD]N ME?ODS ( APPLI$ SCI5CE TO CONTROL WAT]1 CREAT+ HEADS ( WAT] LAT] TO BE DI/RIBUT$ 9 GIV5 AM\NTS1 CLE>LY FIX$ 9 A PLAN ( ! PROJECT1 TO 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES ?AT W]E TO PRODUCE MANUFACTUR$ GOODS = CONSUMPTION4 

,! SAME M]CANTILE MOTIVE AS ?AT ( COMPETITION ON ! WORLD M>KET 9 ! ACQUISITION ( :AT IS 9DISP5SABLE = SU* PLANT ?US OP]ATES = ! SUPPOS$ AU?ORITY BECAUSE EV]Y O!R WAY W\LD BE MORE CO/LY & W\LD IMPLY GREAT] FUND+ & USE ( SAV+S 0ON IMPORTS04 

,! PRET5D$ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM & ! ONE :I* DEVELOP$1 LET US SAY1 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY & ,AM]ICA1 ?US DO NOT CONSI/ 9 & DO NOT MEAN A /EP T[>DS A DIFF]5T SOCIAL =M :I* ESCAPES FROM ! DESPOTIC FACTORY SY/EM & ! SOCIAL DIVISION ( LABOR & ! FRANTIC WORK 9T5SITY1 BUT 9/EAD CONSI/ 9 ! MO/ RAPID & DIRECT WAY ( >RIV+ AT ?IS V]Y SY/EM4 

,HI/ORY IS !RE TO TELL US ?AT ON #b#b-#b#i ,DECEMB] #aiba AT ! ,EI<? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOVIETS1 ! F\NDATIONS W]E LAID = PLANN$ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ADOPT+ ! ELECTRIFICATION PROGRAM ( :I*1 IT IS NOT$1 ,L59 WAS A *IEF PROPON5T4 

,?\<T & HI/ORY 

,DESPITE ! AVAILABILITY TO MAN ( NEW P[]FUL MEANS PROVID$ BY ! DOM9ATION ( ELECTRICAL 5]GY1 ! SOCIAL LAW ( TRANSITION FROM ONE TYPE ( PRODUCTION TO ANO!R HAS NOT BE5 BROK54 ,AUTONOM\S OR C5TRALLY PLANN$1 /EAM OR ELECTRIFI$1 ! PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM UND] CON/RUCTION 9 ! ,U,S,S,R IS CAPITALI/4 

,CAN ! DISCOV]IES ( PURE & APPLI$ SCI5CE EM]G+ FROM ! HUMAN BRA9 *ANGE & =M ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY8 ,WE CAN ASK \RSELVES IF ! =M ( ATOMIC P[]1 GIV5 ?AT 9 A H&FUL ( MAT]IAL :I* IS N[ 9]T !RE LIE MILLIONS MORE HORSE P[] & KIL[ATTS ?AN 9 ! 5TIRE C\RSE ( A HUGE RIV]1 P]MITS ! RETURN TO LOCAL AUTONOM\S FACTORIES & TO ! 0LIB]AL0 ECONOMY1 ) AN ANALOG\S HUMAN IDEOLOGY4 ,?AT CANNOT HAPP5 &1 BESIDES1 ! MEANS TO UNLEA% SU* AN ]UPTION ( 5]GY1 BREAK+ OP5 ! FIR/ NUCLEI1 CONSI/S 9 5]GY FROM AN ELECTRO-ME*ANICAL S\RCE AT SU* A VOLTAGE1 A ?\S& TIMES HI<] ?AN ?OSE ( ! 9DU/RIAL MOTOR :I* 5SLAVES HUMAN >MS & BRA9S1 ?AT NO GR\P ( CAPITALI/S1 BUT ONLY ! POLITICAL /ATE CAN PUT IT 9 PLACE4 .<#a#i.> 

,AN IMM5SE PA? LEADS FROM ! MODE/ HORSE1 FIR/ A BEA/ ( BURD51 !N ?R\< HORSE P[]1 :I* TURN$ ! SP9N+ MA*9E1 TO ! MILLIONS ( VOLTS 9 ! HUGE 0CYCLOTRON04 ,BUT ,M>X HAD ALREADY RECALL$ 9 ! SECTION WE'VE /UDI$ ?AT ,DESC>TES & ,BACON1 = :OM WORK ANIMALS W]E 0MA*9ES0 & :O W]E IDEOLOGICAL PRECURSORS ( CAPITALISM1 MA9TA9$ ?AT 0ALT]$ ME?ODS ( ?\<T W\LD RESULT 9 AN ALT]ATION 9 ! %APE ( PRODUCTION1 & PRACTICAL SUBJUGATION ( NATURE BY MAN04 ,DESC>TES 9 HIS ,DISC\RS SUR LA ME?ODE MAKES ! PROPHECY ?AT3 

09 PLACE ( ! SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY TAU<T 9 ! S*OOLS1 ONE CAN F9D A PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY BY :I*1 GIV5 ?AT WE KN[ ! P[]S & ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( FIRE WAT]1 AIR1 ! />S 444 AS WELL & AS ACCURATELY AS WE KN[ ! V>I\S TRADES ( \R CRAFTSM51 WE %ALL BE ABLE TO EMPLOY !M 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! LATT] TO ALL ?OSE USES TO :I* !Y >E ADAPT$ 4440 !REBY CONTRIBUT+ 0TO ! P]FECTION ( HUMAN LIFE40 .<#b.> 

,FROM ,M>X ONW>DS1 WE HAVE PLAC$ SU* A REALIZATION AT ! 5D ( ! DIFFICULT HI/ORICAL C\RSE1 BUT WE DO NOT MA9TA9 ?AT ! CREATIVE =CES ( ?\<T G5]ATE NEW PRODUCTIVE =CES1 RA!R ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T & CONFLICT ( SOCIAL PROCESSES >E REFLECT$ 9 ! CONQUE/S ( ?\<T4 

,IT IS !RE=E USELESS TO USE ! WILL1 DREAM OR ILLUSION OR ! HUNDR$ WAYS ( DE=M+ ?\<T & OP9ION TO *ANGE ! NAME ( ! FACT & ( ! 9EXORABLE PROCESS1 & TO PRET5D ?AT M]ELY BY EXPLOIT+ ! 0ME*ANICAL 9TELLIG5CE0 ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 AS AN OB$I5T ,C>TESIAN PUPIL :O GOES FUR!R ?AN HIS MA/]1 ONE CAN SUCCE$ 9 ID5TIFY+ A SY/EM ( CAPITALI/ COMPRESSION ( MAN & LABOR ) ! P]FECTION ( LIFE4 ,= ?IS - AT ! PRES5T MOM5T 9 HI/ORY - ! WORK ( ! M9D IS 9ADEQUATE1 & 9/EAD ONE NE$S ANO!R SOCIAL W>1 CONDUCT$ BY M5 AGA9/ M51 CLASSES AGA9/ CLASSES4 

"9 "9 "9 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,CAPITAL1 ,VOL4 ,I1 P4 #d#i#b4 

.<#b.> IBID41 P4 #e#h4 

.<#c.> IBID41 P4 #d#i#d4 

.<#d.> IBID41 P4 #e#i4 

.<#e.> IBID41 P4 #e#d#d4 

.<#f.> IBID41 P4 #e#d#e4 

.<#g.> IBID41 P4 #e#d#h4 

.<#h.> ,GAL]A MEANS BO? GALLEY & PRISON4 

.<#i.> IBID41 P4 #e#d#h4 

.<#a.> IBID41 P4 #e#e4 

.<#a#a.> IBID41 P4 #e#f#i4 

.<#a#b.> IBID41 P4 #efi 7QUOT+ ,DICK5S74 

.<#a#c.> IBID41 P4 #f#a#i4 

.<#a#d.> IBID41 P4 #f#a#i4 

.<#a#e.> IBID41 P4 #f#c#e4 

.<#a#f.> IBID41 P4 #f#g4 

.<#a#g.> IBID41 P4 #g#g#i4 

.<#a#h.> ,MURAT 9TRODUC$ ,NAPOLEONIC LEGISLATION TO ,S\!RN ,ITALY4 

.<#a#i.> ,PUBLI%]'S NOTE3 ,?IS PASSAGE SEEMS TO CONFUSE NUCLE> FISSION 9 A REACTOR -- BR\<T AB\T BY BR++ TOGE!R A L>GE QUANTITY ( NATURALLY FISSILE MAT]IAL 7,URANIUM-#b#c#e OR ,PLUTONIUM7 9 A SMALL SPACE SO AS TO CREATE A 0*A9 REACTION0 -- ) ! %ATT]+ ( ATOMIC NUCLEI :I* CAN BE C>RI$ \T BY ACCEL]AT+ P>TICLES 9 A CYCLOTRON US+ V]Y HI< VOLTAGES1 BUT ! COMM5TS AB\T ! HUGE 9VE/M5T REQUIR$ TO E/ABLI% IT >E CORRECT4 

.<#b.> IBID41 P4 #e#a#c4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,SPIRIT ( ,HORSEP[] -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SPIRIT ( ,HORSEP[] -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/