,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,RUNDS*AU1 ,SEPTEMB] #aica 

,TRANSLAT$ BY ,K>L-,HE9Z ,OTTO1 ,&REW ,GILES-,PET]S1 & ,HE9Z ,S*UTTE 

,S\RCE3 ,CLASS ,AGA9/ ,CLASS2 

,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,ZDRAVKO ,SAVESKI1 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#i2 

,I  

,! LA/ =EIGN M9I/] ( ! FALL5 ,SPANI% MON>*Y1 ,C\NT 
,ROMANONES1 REPORTS ?AT ! OV]P[]+ VICTORY ( ! REPUBLICAN 
P>TIES 7:O 9 ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ( ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#c#a1 OBTA9$ ! 
OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( VOTES 9 ALMO/ ALL - #dg \T ( #e#a6 - 
PROV9CIAL CAPITALS7 & ! FALL ( ! ,B\RBON MON>*Y :I* 
RESULT$ 9 A FEW H\RS 0WAS A SURPRISE = ALL40 ,& ,LEON ,ROLL91 
CORRESPOND5T ( 0,NEW ,EUROPE10 :O IS FAMILI> ) ! MO/ 9TIMATE 
SECRETS ( ! ,SPANI% OPPOSITION1 HAS EXPLICITLY CONFIRM$ IT4 ,IT WAS 
A SURPRISE = ! K+1 :O HAD WANT$ !SE ELECTIONS 0S9C]ISMIS0 
7MO/ S9C]ELY7 7& HAD AT ! SAME TIME PROVID5TLY TRANSF]R$ ! 
GREATE/ P>T ( HIS =TUNE ACROSS ! BORD]72 IT WAS A SURPRISE = 
! ,EUROPEAN PRESS :I* /ILL A FEW WEEKS AGO HAD CELEBRAT$ ! LA/ 
,SPANI% AUTOCRAT DUR+ HIS %ORT VISIT TO ,P>IS & ,LONDON AS ! 
0FIR/ POLITICIAN ( ,SPA940 ,& IT WAS A SURPRISE ALSO = ! 
VICTORI\S OPPOSITIONALI/S !MSELVES :O HAD ONLY C\NT$ ON VICTORY 
9 ! BIG CITIES & ALREADY HAD PREP>$ = NEW REVOLUTION>Y 
ACTION4 

,9/EAD ( ?IS1 9 ONE BL[ ! :OLE OLD ORD] COLLAPS$ )\T 
ANY ATTEMPT AT RESI/ANCE4 ,! HI!RTO MO/ RELIABLE PILL>S ( ! 
MON>*Y1 ! >MY & ! *UR*1 AB&ON$ ! K+ ALMO/ 
IMM$IATELY & PUT !MSELVES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! P]SECUT$ 
EMIGRES1 ! S5T5C$ TRAITORS ( YE/]DAY :O =M$ 
! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T ( TODAY4 ,!Y (F]$ ! NEW GOV]NM5T 
! SAME TRADITIONAL LOYALTY & FIDELITY ) :I* ALREADY 9 #a#h#h1 
AFT] ! ABDICATION ( ,F]D9& ,V,I,I 5=C$ BY A ,NAPOLEON1 A 
DEPUTATION ( ! GR&EES ( ,SPA9 ADDRESS$ ! NEW ,K+ ,JOSEPH PUT 
ON ! ?RONE BY ,NAPOLEON3 0,SIRE1 ! GR&EES ( ,SPA9 HAVE AT ALL 
TIMES BE5 FAM\S = !IR LOYALTY TO !IR SOV]EIGN1 & Y\R 
MAJE/Y WILL ALSO F9D 9 !M ! SAME FIDELITY & DEVOTION40 ,! 
9FAM\S *IEF ( ! MON>*I/ ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO1 DID ! 
SAME4 ,?IS G5]AL1 :O HAD *ANG$ OV] TO ! REPUBLIC FROM ! 
MON>*Y IMM$IATELY AFT] ITS FALL & WAS RECEIV$ ) OP5 >MS BY 
! NEW REPUBLICAN P[] HOLD]S1 IS ! SAME P]SON :O LAT] AT ! 
TIME ( ! ,C>TES ELECTIONS SUPPRESS$1 9 ! NAME ( ! 
REPUBLICAN-CONS]VATIVE ,9T]IOR ,M9I/] ,MAURA1 ! ALLEG$ CONSPIRACY 
( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y H]O ,RAMON ,FRANCO1 & A MON? AFT] ?AT 
! REAL G5]AL /RIKE & 9SURRECTION ( ! URBAN & RURAL WORK]S 
9 ,SEVILLE & ,&ALUSIA4 ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO US$ SU* BRUTAL MEASURES 
?AT ! CONS]VATIVE ,5GLI% 0,DAILY ,MAIL0 CONGRATULAT$ ! 
REVOLUTION>Y ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T = ITS /R5G? ( *>ACT] PROV5 
ON ?IS OCCASION4 

,BUT ALL ( ?IS WAS /ILL 9 ! FUTURE 9 ! BEAUTIFUL SPR+ DAYS 
( ,APRIL4 ,?IS REVOLUTION ( ,APRIL1 #a#i#c#a1 WAS LAT] GLORI\SLY 
*>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS LEAD]S & EYEWITNESSES AS MORE A FIE/A ?AN A 
FI<T4 ,?IS WAS 9DE$ = ! ,SPA9 ( TODAY ! 0BEAUTIFUL 
REVOLUTION10 FOLL[+ ! DESCRIPTION BY ,K>L ,M>X ( ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ EV5 9 ! SAME YE> BY ! 
SOCIAL CATA/ROPHE ( ! ,JUNE DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT & ON 
,DECEMB] #b1 #a#h#e#a1 BY ! C\P D'ETAT ( ! ?IRD ,NAPOLEON4 ,9 ,M>X'S 
WELL-KN[N *>ACT]IZATION1 WRITT5 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! PREVI\S 
C5TURY = REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE1 IT WAS 0! BEAUTIFUL REVOLUTION1 ! 
REVOLUTION ( UNIV]SAL SYMPA?Y1 BECAUSE ! CONFLICTS :I* ]UPT$ 
9 ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! MON>* W]E UND]DEVELOP$ & SLUMB]$ 
SIDE BY SIDE1 BECAUSE ! SOCIAL W>1 :I* =M$ ITS BACKGR\ND1 HAD 
ONLY DEVELOP$ 9 A L(TY EXI/5CE1 ! EXI/5CE ( ! PHRASE1 ( 
WORDS40.<#a.> 

,9DE$ IT IS /RIK+ H[ LITTLE1 9 !SE FIR/ MON?S BETWE5 ! 
MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ( ,APRIL & ! MEET+ ( ! CON/ITU5T 
ASSEMBLY 7,CORTES7 9 ,JULY1 ! NEWLY =M$ PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 SO 
APTLY DESIGNAT$ BY ! 0,ECONOMI/0 AS 0REPUBLICAN-CONS]VATIVE & 
MOD]ATE SOCIALI/10 WAS CONC]N$ ) ! SOCIAL & CLASS DEM&S ( 
! PROLET>IAT :I* REQUIR$ ACUTE1 PRACTICAL IMM$IATE FULFILLM5T4 
,!RE IS A /RIK+ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO LA/ ,EUROPEAN 
REVOLUTIONS1 :I* W]E UNLEA%$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag ?R\< ! CRISIS 
( ! WORLD W>1 & 9 ,SPA9 ?R\< ! NEW 0PEACEFUL0 WORLD 
ECONOMIC CRISIS :I* HAS OV]TAK5 ! WORLD S9CE ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b#i4 
,?IS DIFF]5CE IS P>TLY EXPLA9$ BY ! BASICALLY *ANG$ G5]AL 
,EUROPEAN SITUATION ( TODAY COMP>$ ) ! ONE ( #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b4 ,IT 
DEP5DS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ON ! ?OR\<LY PECULI> *>ACT] ( ! 
,SPANI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* IS NOT NEW BUT HAS ALREADY DEVELOP$ 
= ! PA/ SIXTY YE>S4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE WAS NEV] & DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ?IS 
DAY PRACTICALLY ANY ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,NEI!R >E !RE SIGNS ?AT SU* 
A P>TY MI<T EM]GE 9 ! NE> FUTURE4 ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 ! 
AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 VEGETAT+ 9 9DESCRIBABLE POV]TY 9 ,&ALUSIA 
& ,E/REMADURA1 & ! P]MAN5TLY OV]WORK$ PEASANTS ( ,GALICIA & 
,A/URIAS1 GA9+ FROM !IR T9Y P>CELS ( L& A MIS]ABLE SUPPORT 
& ! HAT$ R5T 70FU]O07 = AN UNKN[N L&[N]1 LI/5$ 
ATT5TIVELY :5 !Y HE>D AB\T ! DIVID+ UP ( ! AGRICULTURAL 
SOIL 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,BUT ALL ?IS TODAY IS LONG GONE4 ,:AT APPE>S 
TODAY UND] ! NAME ( 0COMMUNISM0 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 
,SPA9 IS1 AS ! ,C>TES ELECTIONS ( ,JUNE #bh %\LD HAVE PROV5 EV5 TO 
! =EIGN D\BT]S1 /ILL ONLY ! %AD[ ( A %AD[4 ,!RE >E BUT 
?REE WEAK ,COMMUNI/ SECTS1 :I* >E FI<T+ MORE AMONG !MSELVES1 
& ) ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,SPANI% 
PROLET>IAT1 ?AN ) ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 5EMY4 ,( !SE1 ONE FOLL[S 
! ORD]S ( ,/AL91 ! SECOND ?OSE ( ,TROTSKY1 :ILE ! ?IRD 
GR\P ALONE1 ! ,CATALONIAN ,F$]ALI/ ,COMMUNI/S L$ BY ! ,SPANI>D 
,MAUR91 CAN BE LOOK$ UPON AS A RELATIVELY HOMEGR[N PRODUCT ( ! 
,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,NONE ( !SE ?REE DIRECTIONS EX]TS AN 
EFFECTIVE PRACTICAL 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,NONE 
( !M IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,CORTES EV5 BY ONE S+LE DEPUTY4 

,H[EV]1 ! TWO BRAN*ES ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO BE F\ND 9 
,SPA9 :I* >E ALSO /RONG SOCIAL =CES HAVE NOT 9 !SE FIR/ 
MON?S DIMM$ ! HAPPY SPR+ MORN+ ( ! Y\NG ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 
?R\< AN ALL TOO RADICAL M\NT+ ( !IR P>TICUL> CLASS DEM&S4 
,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ONE ( !SE TWO DIRECTIONS1 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC RE=MI/ P>TY & UNION MOVEM5T1 HAS REFUS$ TO RAISE 
!SE RADICAL DEM&S 9 ! LI<T ( ITS :OLE /ATESMANLIKE & 
/ATE-MA9TA9+ TRADITION1 =M$ ALREADY DUR+ ! PRE-W> P]IOD4 
,BUT IT MU/ APPE> /RANGE & SURPRIS+1 TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE = 
! O!R DIRECTION1 ! SYNDICALI/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 NOT TO 
HAVE RAIS$ RADICAL DEM&S1 9 ! LI<T ( ! :OLE HI/ORICAL 
*>ACT] ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 0,IF ONE LOOKS AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 
S\? ( ! ,PYR5EES ONLY FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ?REATS IT CONTA9S TO 
SOCIAL PEACE1 !N ! DANG] DOES NOT APPE> TO COME SO MU* FROM 
SOCIALISM AS FROM AN>*ISM2 ( C\RSE LESS UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL =M 
:I* IT /ILL HAD A FEW YE>S AGO1 & 9 ! PLATONIC !ORIES TO 
:I* SOME SURVIVORS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL MAY /ILL COMMIT !MSELVES1 
& NOT EV5 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL DE$S ( A NUMB] ( FANATICS1 BUT 
RA!R FROM ! NEW PO9T ( VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM ?R\< 
:I* IT CAN REORGANIZE ITSELF40 

,?IS HI/ORICAL PROGNOSIS1 :I* WAS PUT =W>D BY ! B\RGEOIS 
SOCIAL POLITICIAN ,ANGEL ,M>VAUD 9 #a#i#a1 HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ BY ! REAL 
DEVELOPM5T TO A SURPRIS+ DEGREE4 ,TODAY1 AFT] TW5TY YE>S ( 
FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,SPANI% SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* FROM ITS 
BEG9N+ REPRES5T$ A T5D5CY ( /ATE PRES]VATION1 & AFT] ! 
SUCCESS ACCEL]AT$ BY ! W> ( ! SAME /ATE MA9TA9+ T5D5CY 
9 ALL O!R ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES ALSO1 ! ,SPANI% 
SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY /&S1 9 SPITE ( ITS EXTREMELY SMALL NUMB] 
( MEMB]S1 ) ITS #ac M&ATES AS ! /RONGE/ P>TY 9 ! 
CON/ITU5T NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 7,C>TES74 ,) ITS ?REE M9I/]S IT IS 
DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! NEW B\RGEOIS-REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5TAL 
P[]1 & EV5 )9 ?IS GOV]N+ COALITION1 IT IS ONLY /ILL 
=MALLY ON ! LEFT W+1 :ILE 9 ACTUAL FACT1 H[EV]1 IT IS MU* 
MORE ON ! RI<T4 ,IT /&S TO ! RI<T ( ! RADICAL 
B\RGEOIS-REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY :I* IS REPRES5T$ 9 ! PRES5T 
CAB9ET BY ! =EIGN M9I/] ,L]R\X4 ,& IT /&S F> TO ! RI<T 
( ! F$]ALI/ REPUBLICAN P>TIES 9 ,CATALONIA1 ,&ALUSIA1 & 
,GALICIA1 9 P>TICUL> TO ! RI<T ( ! POPUL>-F$]ALI/ P>TY ( 
! ,CATALONIAN /ATE PRESID5T ,MACIA1 :O /ILL TO ?IS DAY OPPOSES 9 
HIS >EA ALL DEMAGOGICAL 9/RUCTIONS ( ! ,MADRID GU>DIANS ( ORD] 
) A /IFF-NECK$ & SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE4 

,! MO/ GL>+ ILLU/RATION ( ?IS *>ACT] ( TODAY'S ,SPANI% 
GOV]N+ SOCIALI/S IS PROVID$ BY ! FACT ?AT ITS LEAD]1 ,L>GO 
,CABALL]O1 ! PRES5T REPUBLICAN LABOR M9I/] & AT ! SAME TIME 
*AIRMAN ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,TRADE ,UNION 7,U,G,T71 POSSESSES 
! DUBI\S FAME ?AT HE HAD ALREADY UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE 
,RIV]A P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T AS A /ATE C\NCILOR4 ,AT A TIME 
:5 ! :OLE RADICAL B\RGEOISIE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 & ! 
REVOLUTION>Y P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS F\<T ) ALL MEANS ! 
UNCON/ITUTIONAL REGIME ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 & EV5 ! LIB]AL & 
CONS]VATIVE EX-M9I/] FROM ! PRE-DICTATOR%IP P]IOD BOYCOTT$ ! 
DICTATOR & ALL HIS UND]TAK+S1 !RE WAS A ,SPANI% P>TY LOYAL TO 
! GOV]NM5T1 & ?AT WAS ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,!Y 
SUPPORT$ EV5 ! SO-CALL$ JO9T COMMITTEES 7A K9D ( >BITRATION 
COMMITTEE7 :I* HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ BY ! DICTATOR 9 IMITATION ( 
,MUSSOL9I'S LABOR-*>T]1 & US$ ! ?US CREAT$ 9DIRECT 
GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION = ! CO]C$ =MATION ( A FACTUAL 
MONOPOLY B5EFIT+ !SE HI!RTO RELATIVELY WEAK TRADE UNIONS 9 
!IR FI<T TO ELIM9ATE ! SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS PROHIBIT$ & 
PROSECUT$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP4 

,! FALL ( ! DICTATOR%IP & ! MON>*Y DID LIKEWISE *ANGE 
?IS CONDITION V]Y LITTLE & NOT AT ALL TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y SECTION ( WORK]S4 ,! 0JO9T-COMMITTEES0 ( ! 
DICTATOR >E /ILL RETA9$ BY ! REPUBLIC UN*ANG$ TODAY1 AS >E ! 
DIRECT MEASURES ( REPRESSION :I* ! PRES5T 0REVOLUTION>Y0 
GOV]NM5T APPLIES TO /RIK+ SYNDICALI/ WORK]S ?R\< ! 
,SANJURJOS & ,PI/OL]OS !Y 9H]IT$ FROM ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT 
!Y S]VE MU* LESS ! G5]AL PURPOSE ( A 0DEF5SE ( ! /ATE0 
?AN ! MU* MORE PALPABLE TASK ( /R5G!N+ ! RE=MI/ TRADE 
UNIONS ( ! REPUBLICAN M9I/] ( LABOR ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :O IS ALSO 
A RE=MI/ TRADE UNION SECRET>Y1 ?R\< ! R5EW$ SUPPRESSION ( 
! SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T74 

,! AV]SION ( ! PRES5T ,SPANI% SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY TO 
5]GETICALLY PURSUE ANY REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN CLASS DEM&S GOES 
SO F> ?AT ! P>TY CONSID]$ !IR VICTORY 9 ! ,CORTES ELECTIONS 
AS BE+ MO/ 9OPPORTUNE4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) A SECRET PLAN ( ! 
COALITION P>TIES1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E MEANT TO BE ! OPPOSITION 
9 ! CON/ITUT+ ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY-N[ ?IS ROLE WILL P]HAPS BE 
TAK5 ON BY ! RI<T W+ AFT] SOME TIME4 ,! SOCIALI/S W\LD HAVE 
RA!R NOT BE5 FUR!R P>TICIPANTS 9 A B\RGEOIS COALITION 
GOV]NM5T = A CONSID]ABLE P]IOD S9CE BY NATURE ! FRE%LY 
TURN$-OV] REVOLUTION>Y GR\ND CALLS = A NEW POSITION+ ( 
SOCIETAL =CES AT GREAT SPE$4 ,N[1 H[EV]1 AFT] !IR SURPRIS+LY 
L>GE ELECTORAL VICTORY1 !Y HAD TO BE SATISFI$ ) ANN\NC+ !IR 
CATEGORICAL REJECTION ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T :ILE 
SIMULTANE\SLY DIRECT+ ! ?REE SOCIALI/ M9I/]S TO REMA9 ON 
!IR PO/S UNTIL ! F9AL PROMULGATION ( ! NEW CON/ITUTION4 ,9 
FACT !Y CAN C\NT !MSELVES LUCKY 9 NOT HAV+ GA9$ ! ABSOLUTE 
MAJORITY 9 ! ELECTIONS1 = ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 !IR SOCIALI/ 
TALK & B\RGEOIS DE$S W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* MORE EMB>RASS+4 ,& 
! PRESSURE ( ! MASSES TO P>T COMPANY ) ! B\RGEOIS 
POLITICIANS & FOLL[ ! C\RSE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS W\LD HAVE ASSAIL$ !M ) MU* GREAT] =CE4 

,! TACTICS EMPLOY$ BY ! O!R L9E ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' 
MOVEM5T W]E F> MORE NOTEWOR?Y ?AN ?IS 0MOD]ATE0 BE>+ ( ! 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS DUR+ ! 9ITIAL DEVELOPM5TAL PHASE ( ! ,SPANI% 
REVOLUTION N[ ALREADY COM+1 OR SO IT SEEMS1 TO AN 5D4 ,ANYONE :O 9 
!SE WEEKS SP5T SOME TIME AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,SPA9 
& OBS]V$ NOT ONLY !IR !ORETICAL PROGRAMS1 BUT MORE SO !IR 
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES & ACTUAL /ANCE T[>D ! NEW SITUATION BR\<T 
AB\T BY ! ,APRIL REVOLUTION1 C\LD NOT HELP CONSID]+ ! FOLL[+ 
IMPRESSIONS3 P]HAPS !RE WAS A NEWLY F\ND$ CONSCI\SNESS ( P[]1 
OR AS ,I W\LD RA!R SUPPOSE1 ! NEWLY WON FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T WAS 
NAIVELY SE5 AS A NEW ]A ?AT W\LD CONT9UE UNDI/URB$ AFT] SO MANY 
YE>S ( OPPRESSION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ?IS :OLE GREAT MASS ( WORK]S1 
AFT] SIXTY YE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & DIRECT ACTION1 & A 
REC5T EI<T-YE> P]IOD ( IMM5SELY ACCEL]AT$ P[]FUL OPPRESSION 
FROM :I* !Y >OSE TO A NEW LIFE1 WAS1 NONE!LESS1 /ILL 
FANATICALLY B\ND TO !IR OLD REVOLUTION>Y GOALS EV5 TODAY4 ,AL?\< 
!Y W]E /ILL 9DEP5D5T1 ACTIVE1 & PREP>$ = ANY SACRIFICE1 AT 
?IS ONE HI/ORICAL MOM5T !Y NEV] ?\<T TO WAGE FROM ! 
BEG9N+ ! 0OP5 W>F>E0 AGA9/ ?IS NEW REPUBLICAN /ATE ?AT 
!Y !ORETICALLY DECL>$ AGA9/ EV]Y =M ( /ATE1 ) !IR 
TRADITIONAL VIGOR OR ) /ILL 9CREAS$ SEV]ITY AT ! 5D4 ,! 
B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC CORRESPOND$ 9 NO WAY TO !IR PROGRAMMATICAL 
DEM&S2 IT ONLY PROVID$ ! MOM5T>Y RELEASE FROM AN IMM5SE 
PRESSURE & COMPLIANCE ) SOME SMALL BUT HUMANLY PRACTICAL & 
IMPORTANT WI%ES SU* AS ! FREE+ ( !IR PRISON]S1 A PAUSE = 
BREA? 9 ! NEV]-5D+ P]SECUTION & A P>TIAL RECOGNITION ( 
!IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?US ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S DID NOT IMM$IATELY 
OPPOSE ! NEW REPUBLIC 9 A HO/ILE MANN]1 BUT W]E FIR/ & 
=EMO/ CONC]N$ ) CONSOLIDAT+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y MASS 
ORGANIZATION1 ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T1 :I* HAD1 AFT] ALMO/ COMPLETE 
DE/RUCTION1 9 LESS ?AN TWO MON?S GA9$ A /R5G? ( #f1 
MEMB]S & WAS /ILL RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ ITS MEMB]S1 AS WELL AS 
LOOK+ AFT] ALL O!R POSSIBLE C5T]S1 SO AS TO FA%ION A REALLY 
FREE & AUTONOM\S WORK]'S LIFE 9 ACCORD ) !IR CONCEPT4 ,:5 9 
MID-,JUNE !Y GA!R$ 9 ,MADRID #dcb DELEGATES FROM ALL P>TS ( ,SPA91 
REPRES5T+ 9DU/RIAL & RURAL WORK]S1 = !IR FIR/ NATIONAL 
CONGRESS1 !Y AFFIRM$ !IR TRADITIONAL PR9CIPLES & EXPRESSLY 
/AT$ ?AT ?IS CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 0REG>DS & WILL RELATE TO ! 
CON/ITUT+ ,CORTES AS IT W\LD TO EV]Y OPPRESS+ P[]40 ,AT ! SAME 
TIME1 H[EV]1 !Y PUT =W>D A PLAN ( M9IMUM DEM&S :I* !Y 
DIRECT$ TO ?IS SAME ,CORTES1 CONC]N+ ?OSE >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE 
!Y CONSID]$ AT ?IS TIME AS MO/ IMPORTANT1 NAMELY3 $UCATION & 
! S*OOL SY/EM 70AS LONG AS ! /ATE EXI/S1 ONE HAS TO DEM& ?AT 
! EVIL ( ANALPHABETISM BE ELIM9AT$6071 ! FRE$OM ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 ! RI<T ( COALITION & 
/RIKE1 ! ELIM9ATION ( UNEMPLOYM5T 9 CITY & C\NTRY1 & ! 
BREAK+ ( ! N>R[ B\RGEOIS PROP]TY CONCEPTS :]E !Y H9D] 
! FULFILLM5T ( !SE PRODUCTIVE DEM&S4 

,ONE NOTICES AT FIR/ SI<T ?AT AMONG !SE DEM&S !RE IS NOT ONE 
:I* C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 MANAG$ BY A RADICAL B\RGEOIS & DEMOCRATIC 
REVOLUTION ?AT WAS TRUE TO ITS [N PR9CIPLES4 ,9 FACT1 !RE WAS NOT 
ONE DEM& ?AT HAS NOT BE5 RECOGNIZ$ EV5 BY ! LIB]AL MON>*I/S 
( ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y REGIME AS !ORETICALLY JU/IFIABLE4 ,BUT 
NEV]!LESS1 AT ?IS H\R NOT A S+LE ONE ( !SE DEM&S HAS BE5 
FULFILL$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 NOR IS !IR FULFILLM5T BE+ 
S]I\SLY CONSID]$4 ,! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 A<A/ AT A DEF9ITE 
& IMM$IATE BREAK ) ! OLD P[]S1 ALREADY DUR+ ITS FIR/ H\R 
WAS CONC]N$ TO AGA9 FETT]1 9 CONC]T ) !SE OLD P[]S1 AS 
QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 ?IS FRE$OM-MOVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 
CREAT$ UNAVOIDABLY 9 ! MOVEM5T ( VIOL5T OV]?R[4 ,IT TOOK 
ADVANTAGE ( ! /RIKE ( TELEPHONE WORK]S1 BEG9N+ ON ,JULY #f? 9 
,B>CELONA AS1 AT FIR/1 A M]E TRADE UNION MATT]1 LAT] FOLL[$ BY 
/RIKES ( SOLID>ITY 9 ! REMA9+ P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 TO PROVOKE 
! UPRIS+ 9 ,SEVILLE & ! :OLE ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,IT !N PUT D[N 
?IS MOVEM5T ) BRUTAL =CE & ON ,JULY #b#d1 #a#i#c#a1 ULTIMATELY 
PROHIBIT$ BY DECREE ! SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ALL ( ,SPA91 & 
!REBY PUT ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 0\TSIDE ! LAW40 ,) ?IS 
COMPLETE RETURN TO ! ME?ODS ( ! OLD MILIT>I/-REACTION>Y SY/EM 
( SUPPRESSION1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T ( ! NEW ,SPANI% /ATE 
HAS1 AS IT WI%$ & 9T5D$1 PREV5T$ ! ONGO+ T5D5CIES ( A 
PROLET>IAT DISSATISFI$ ) ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,!REBY & AT 
! SAME TIME1 IT ALSO IMP$$ IMM5SELY ! PROGRESS T[>D ?OSE 
IMM$IATE TASKS RECOGNIZ$ BY ITSELF1 & :I* >E REG>D$ TODAY1 BY 
! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ALL CLASSES ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 AS NOT 
PO/PONABLE4 

,I,I 

,! IMM$IATE TASKS ( ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 >E 
ABOVE ALL ! FOLL[+3 7#a7 CREATION ( A NEW =M ( /ATE :I* WILL 
AT ONCE MA9TA9 A L>GE UNI=M ECONOMIC >EA COMM5SURATE ) ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N PRODUCTION & WILL SATISFY ! /ORMY & 
REL5TLESS DEM& ( ,CATALONIANS1 ,GALICIANS1 & ,BASQUES = AUTONOM\S 
GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS 9 ! FIELDS ( $UCATION1 CULTURE1 
PUBLIC WORKS1 TRANSPORT1 LAW & POLICE4 7#b7 ,! IMM$IATE & COMPLETE 
SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE1 *UR* & S*OOL1 TOGE!R ) A 
RETURN 7)\T COMP5SATION7 ( ?OSE MOBILE & IMMOBILE GOODS ( ! 
PEOPLE ?AT >E TODAY POSSESS$ BY ! *UR*3 SEV]AL ?\S& 
MONA/]IES1 & O!R 9/ITUTIONS ( ! DEAD H&4 ,F9ALLY 7#c7 ! 
*IEF & C5TRAL TASK - ON ! SOLUTION TO :I* 9 ALL GREAT 
REVOLUTIONS ( ! LA/ C5TURIES ! :OLE DEVELOPM5T1 VICTORY OR 
DEFEAT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE DECISIVELY DEP5D$1 FROM ! 
GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i TO ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( 
#a#i#a#g-! CORE TASK IS & WAS 9 ALL CASES ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! 
AGR>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! UNSUCCESSFUL SOLUTION TO ?IS TASK ALREADY 
CAUS$ ! LA/ ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #ahfh TO FAIL & ! ,SPANI% 
REPUBLIC ( #ahgc LIKEWISE TO EXPIRE4 

,( ALL ! QUE/IONS1 AS !Y /& TODAY & FILL ! AG5DA ( ! 
,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 ! RELATIVELY EASIE/ ONE TO ANSW] IS ?AT ( 
SO-CALL$ F$]ALISM4 ,:5 VIEW$ SUP]FICIALLY FROM \TSIDE1 IT 
APPE>S AS A CATA/ROPHIC DANG] TO ! NEW REPUBLICAN /ATEHOOD :5 
! ,MADRID C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 7:]E !RE >E ALSO SOME FOLL[]S ( 
F$]ALI/ ,CATALONIA ,94 ! P>LIAM5T67 N[ P]MITS ! CON/ITUT+ 
,CORTES NOT ONLY TO SUBMIT A UNIT>IAN1 BUT AN EXTREMELY C5TRALI/ 
CON/ITUTIONAL CONCEPT1 & :5 AT ! SAME TIME ! ,CATALONIAN 
0,/ATE-,PRESID5T0 ,MACIA >RANG$ 9 HIS >EA A =MAL PLEBISCITE :I* 
DET]M9$ ) AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY1 ALMO/ UNANIM\S1 A QUITE 
DIFF]5T CONCEPT ( ! CON/ITUTION = ! UNIT$ ,CATALONIAN 
PROV9CES1 NAMELY ! SO-CALL$ ,CATALONIAN ,/ATUTE4 ,BUT ALREADY ! 
,BRITI% 0,ECONOMI/0 PO9TS TO1 & RI<TFULLY SO1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y 
WAT]+ D[N ( PRIVILEGES :I* HAD ACTUALLY BE5 DEM&$ 9 ?IS 
/ATUTE 0= ! 9DEP5D5T ,CATALONIAN ,/ATE )9 ! ,SPANI% 
,REPUBLIC10 & :I* W\LD NOT EV5 MEASURE UP TO :AT 9 ! UNWRITT5 
CON/ITUTION ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE IS CALL$ 0DOM9ION /ATUS40 ,& 
ANO!R PROSAIC ,5GLI%MAN CALLS :AT IS PRES5TLY =M$ UND] ! 
NAME ( 0,G5]ALIDAD DE ,CATALUNYA0 7AS A CROSS BETWE5 A /ATE & A 
M]E UTILIT>IAN ASSOCIATION ( PROV9CES71 9 A HI<LY DISRESPECTFUL 
MANN]1 0A K9D ( GLORIFI$ C\NTY-C\NCIL40 

,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 ONE SEES ?AT ! =M] EXTREME SEP>ATI/ ,MACIA 
& HIS FOLL[]S HAVE ALREADY DAMP5$ !IR ORIG9AL DEM&S = 
9DEP5D5CE TO A HI< DEGREE4 ,! /ICK LIES ) ! DOG4 ,IT IS NOT 
ACCID5TAL ?AT ! ,CATALONIAN /ATE LEAVES TO ! C5TRAL ,SPANI% 
/ATE AU?ORITIES SU* MATT]S AS =EIGN RELATIONS1 DECL>ATIONS ( 
W>1 & PO/1 AS WELL AS 09DIRECT TAXES & CU/OM'S DUTY40 ,! 
,CATALONIAN B\RGEOISIE IS WELL AW>E ?AT JU/ BECAUSE ,CATALONIA IS 
9DU/RIALLY ! MO/ DEVELOP$ REGION ( ,SPA91 IT WILL ALSO 9 ! 
FUTURE BE DEP5D5T ON ! TOTAL ,SPANI% M>KET = ! SALE ( !IR 
PRODUCTS :I* TODAY >E SECUR$ BY HI< T>IFFS1 ,ALREADY SEV]AL 
DECADES AGO ! WELL-KN[N REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGI/ ,MIGUEL DE ,UNAMUNO 
ACCUS$ ! ,CATALONIAN B\RGEOISIE 9 A SIMIL> SITUATION1 ?AT DUR+ 
!IR NEGOTIATIONS = ,CATALONIAN AUTONOMY1 0!Y HAD EX*ANG$ !IR 
S\L = A CU/OM T>IFF40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?R\< ?IS 9TELLIG5T MOD]ATION ( ! 
,CATALONIAN DEM&S1 ! ,MADRID C5TRAL GOV]NM5T IS PUT 9 A POSITION 
:]E IT CAN H>DLY REFUSE ITS AGREEM5T TO ?IS QUITE ACCEPTABLE 
PROPOSAL4 ,:5 IT HI!RTO HAS DONE SO1 :5 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA TODAY 
OPPOSE EA* O!R APP>5TLY ON ?IS QUE/ION LIKE TWO 5EMY CAMPS1 
!N IT IS 9 ?IS CASE NOT M]ELY A =MAL POLITICAL CONTROV]SY ( 
PR9CIPLES4 ,! CONC]N H]E IS NOT JU/ A MORE G5]AL CONTRA/ 
BETWE5 A BACKW>D S]VILE & BUREAUCRATIC & C\RTLY ATMOSPH]E ( 
,MADRID & ! QUITE DIFF]5T ATMOSPH]E ( ,CATALONIA1 :I* IS NOT 
ONLY 9DU/RIALLY1 BUT ALSO SOCIALLY MU* FUR!R DEVELOP$ 7:]E 
9CID5TALLY ! WORK+ CLASS TAKES UP A QUITE DIFF]5T POSITION 9 
PUBLIC LIFE ?AN ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,SPA9 S9CE H]E IT FOLL[S 
9DIVISIBLY ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ L9E74 ,! 
PROHIBITION ( SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS DECRE$ BY ! ,MADRID C5TRAL 
GOV]NM5T = ! :OLE ( ,SPA9 IS 9 ,CATALONIA TO ?IS DAY 
(FICIALLY & ACTUALLY BE+ IGNOR$4 

,F> MORE CRITICAL = ! CONT9UATION ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 
?AN ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 C5TRALISM & F$]ALISM IS ! 
UNAVOIDABLE /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! OLD REPUBLICAN /ATE & ! REAL 
REACTION>Y MA9 =CE ( ! OLD MON>*I/ ,SPA91 ! ,CA?OLIC 
*UR*4 ,IT IS NOT AS IF ! *UR* W]E OPPOS+ ! NEW REPUBLICAN 
/ATE P[] ) ANY K9D ( OP5 5MITY2 QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! 
,CA?OLIC *UR* 7:I* HAS BE5 UNTIL ! FALL ( ! DICTATOR ,PRIMO DE 
,RIV]A A LOYAL FOLL[] ( ! DICTATORIAL REGIME & UNTIL ! 
OV]?R[ ( ,ALPHONSE ,X,I,I,I1 A TRUE ALLY ( ! MON>*Y7 PUT H]SELF 
FIRMLY BEH9D ! NEW REPUBLICAN /ATE RI<T FROM ! DAY ( ! 
COLLAPSE ( ! MON>*Y4 ,%E DID NOT EV5 )DRAW H] FULLE/ 
CONFID5CE FROM A GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD CONDON$ ! /ORM+ ( 
MONA/]IES 9 ,MAY1 A GOV]NM5T 9 :I* TWO LOYAL SONS ( ! 
,CA?OLIC *UR* S]V$ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS 7! 
M9I/]-PRESID5T ,ALEALA ,ZAMORA & ! M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR 
,MIGUEL ,MAURA74 ,& :5 ! REACTION>Y ,>*BI%OP ( ,TOL$O1 ! 
9FAM\S ,C>D9AL ,SEGURA1 HAD TO FLEE ,SPANI% SOIL DUE TO A C>ELESS 
/ATEM5T1 IT WAS ! ,BI%OP ( ,T>ANZA :O IMM$IATELY REF]R$ 
,SPANI% ,CA?OLICS BY MEANS ( A PA/ORAL LETT] TO ! Y\NG ,G]MAN 
REPUBLIC1 :]E ,CA?OLICISM BLOOM$ AS PEACEFULLY AS HAD NEV] BE5 ! 
CASE UND] ! ,KAIS]S4 

,YET JU/ 9 ?IS PRUD5T CON=M+ BY ! *UR* TO ITS DEFEAT1 
SUFF]$ ) ! FALL ( ! ,CA?OLIC MON>*I/ /ATE ORD]1 !RE 
LIES ONE ( ! GREATE/ DANG]S = ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,BO? AS A NATIONAL ,SPANI% & 9T]NATIONAL 
,EUROPEAN P[]1 ! ,CA?OLIC *UR* V]Y SOON AFT] ! CRITICAL 
TWELF? ( ,APRIL HAS BEGUN A MA/]LY BATTLE ( RETREAT1 :I* AT ! 
SAME TIME ALREADY BORE ! SE$S = A NEW ATTACK4 ,! ,CA?OLIC P>TY 
WAS ! FIR/ & ! ONLY ONE ( ?OSE OLD P>TIES DEFEAT$ 9 ! 
,APRIL #ab ELECTIONS :O GA!R$ TOGE!R !IR FOLL[]S & A L>GE 
SECTION ( =M] MON>*I/S 7AS WELL AS !IR LEAD+ NEWSPAP] 0,EL 
,DEBAT]0 & !IR P>LIAM5T>Y GR\P 0,ACCION ,NATIONAL07 = ! 
ELECTIONS TO ! CON/ITUT+ ,C>TES ON ,JUNE #b#h4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT 
ORGANIZ$ IMM$IATELY ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE ALL LEAD+ ,CA?OLIC 
NEWSPAP]S ( ,EUROPE 9 A UNIFI$ DEF5SIVE CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! 
AL>M+ SECUL>IZATION ( ! NEW REPUBLICAN AFFAIRS ( /ATE 9 
,CA?OLIC ,SPA93 ! 0,VIE ,9TELLECTUELLE0 ( ! ,FR5* ,DOM9ICANS1 ! 
0,CORRESPOND5T0 ( ! ,CA?OLIC S*OOL 0,MONTAL]NB]T10 ! 0,ETUDES0 ( 
! ,JESUITS1 ! 0,VITA E ,P5SI]O0 $IT$ BY S*OL>S ( ! ,MILAN 
,CA?OLIC ,UNIV]SITY & ! ,G]MAN 0,HO*L&40 ,! T5D5CY REPRES5T$ 
TODAY BY ALL !SE MOD]N ,CA?OLIC NEWSPAP]S IS BE/ EXPRESS$ BY 0,VIE 
,9TELLECTUELLE0 :I* CLE>LY & SUCC9CTLY *>ACT]IZ$ ON ,MAY #a 
! EM]G+ NEW SITUATION3 0,IT IS SAID ?AT ! *UR* HAS LO/ ! 
BATTLE4 ,IT IS SAID TOO RA%LY4 ,AT WOR/ %E HAS LO/ A BATTLE NOT ( 
H] [N MAK+1 BUT RA!R ?AT ( H] ALLY1 ! MON>*Y4 ,N[ !RE 
WILL BE A BATTLE TO BE F\<T1 & ?IS TIME 9 H] [N DOMA9-& ?AT 
IS ! BATTLE ( DEMOCRACIA CRI/IANA4 ,ONE MU/ COMP>E ?IS ) ! 
DECL>ATION GIV5 BY ! PRES5T M9I/]-PRESID5T1 ,ALEALA ,ZAMORA1 
DUR+ ! FIR/ DAYS FOLL[+ ! SETT+ UP ( ! NEW REPUBLIC3 0,IT 
IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE HAVE ! COOP]ATION ( ! ELEM5TS ( ORD]1 ( 
CAPITALISM1 & ! CL]GY1 BECAUSE )\T !M ! REPUBLIC W\LD BE 
EPHEM]AL & ULTIMATELY DOOM$1 S9CE H] FAILURE W\LD 9F9ITELY 
PROTRACT ! POSSIBILITY ( /ABILIZ+ ?IS REGIME40 ,?US ONE CAN 
BUILD UP A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> PICTURE ( ONE ( ! POSSIBLE WAYS 9 
:I* ! REPUBLIC CAN DEVELOP & WILL DEVELOP1 :5 ! RADICAL BREAK 
) ! REACTION>Y P[]1 SO F> /R5U\SLY BE+ AVOID$ BY ! 
PRES5T REPUBLICAN P[]S1 IS NOT 9 ! C\RSE ( EV5TS VIOL5TLY 
5=C$ & ACCOMPLI%$ BY NEW & /RONG] SOCIETAL =CES4 

,! ONLY =M 9 :I* ONE CAN EXPECT ! UNLEA%+ ( SU* NEW 
SOCIETAL =CES 9 TODAY'S CONDITION ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION-:I*1 
H[EV]1 IS ALREADY CLE>LY 9DICAT$ BY ! REC5T REVOLUTION>Y 
UPHEAVALS 9 ,&ALUSIA-IS ! CONFRONTATION ) ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION 
P5D+ N[ BY HI/ORICAL NECESSITY-& IT PROBABLY WILL TAKE ?IS 
=M4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE TO WRITE A SEP>ATE ESSAY IF ONE W]E TO SKET* 
M]ELY AN APPROXIMATE PICTURE ( ! MO/ MIS]ABLE & SUPPRESS$ 
POSITION ( ! ,SPANI% RURAL WORK]S & ! SO-CALL$ 9DEP5D5T 
SMALL HOLD]S1 :OSE HOPELESS MIS]Y 9DE$ EQUALS ?AT ( ! L&LESS 
WORK]S4 ,OR1 ( ! MON/R\S CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! GIANT E/ATES ( ! 
L>GE PROP]TY [N]S & ! SLAVI% LIFE ( ! F>M WORK]S 
70BRAC]OS071 SPIC$ /ILL ) REGUL>LY OCCURR+ P]IODS ( 5DLESS 
UNEMPLOYM5T1 ( !IR EV] & AGA9 FL>+ & DESP]ATE REVOLTS 
BE+ CRU%$ BLOODILY TIME & TIME AGA91 ( ! WA/E & RET>D$ 
GR[? ( ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY ?US CONDITION$4 ,ALL 
P>TIES REPRES5T+ ! PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ( ,SPA9 HAVE UNANIM\SLY 
RECOGNIZ$ !SE UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS = A V]Y LONG TIME4 ,BUT ALL 
WELL-MEAN+ PROJECTS ( RE=M HAVE REPEAT$LY COME TO NO?+ AGA9/ 
! ?\S& SECRET & OP5 OB/RUCTIONS :IM W]E B\ND TO >ISE 9 A 
C\NTRY :]E ! K+1 ! (FIC]-CORPS1 ! *UR* & ! LEAD]S 
( ! PSEUDO-P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T P>TIES ( ! EV]-*ANG+ 
RE/ORATION P]IOD #a#h#g#f-#a#i#b#c W]E ALL ROOT$ TO !IR :OLE BE+1 ) 
ALL !IR P[] & PRIVILEGES & EMOLUM5TS 9 HUGE L& E/ATES4 

,ALL !SE =CES1 & !IR WILL+ 9/RUM5TS1 RUL$ SOCIETY 
(FICIALLY & UN(FICIALLY3 ! ORD9>Y C\NTRYSIDE & ! LITTLE 
& MIDDLE-SIZ$ T[NS W]E EXPLOIT$ BY BRUTAL PR(ITE]+ = 
P]SONAL 9T]E/ & ! 9FAM\S 0KAZIKS0 :O PREP>$ ! GR\ND = 
ELECTION ON BEHALF ( ! GOV]N+ M5 9 ,MADRID4 ,ALL AGR>IAN 
CONDITIONS 9 ,SPA9 HAVE ?US BE5 RE/+ = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S N[ 
9 ONE & ! SAME DISCONSOLATE IMMUTABILITY1 :IM 9 REC5T TIMES HAS 
BECOME ALL ! MORE PRESS+ & 9FLAMMATORY DUE TO ! MANIFOLD 
SCI5TIFIC & EXP]I5TAL EVID5CE = ! TE*NICAL POSSIBILITIES & 
ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY ( A RADICAL RE=M4 ,AP>T FROM ?IS WE MU/ 
RECOGNIZE ! FACT ?AT A PROGRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS ONLY 
TAK5 PLACE 9 A FEW PROV9CES 9 ! EA/ & NOR!A/1 & ?AT 
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ,SPA9 !RE=E DET]M9ES ! :OLE 
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ( ! NATION TO A F> DIFF]5T DEGREE ?AN 
9 ! 9DU/RIALLY DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,! AGR>IAN PROBLEM !RE=E 
IS ( IMM5SE SIGNIFICANCE TO ! FATE ( ! PRES5T ,SPANI% 
REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ONE C\LD GUESS ! FATAL & ULTIMATELY 
9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T IS CONFRONT$ ) :5 
IT MEEKLY AVOIDS ANY 9T]F]5CE ) DU/Y M$IEVAL PRIVILEGES 
9/EAD ( SOLV+ ?IS GREAT PROBLEM ) =TITUDE & DISREG>D4 ,& 
ONE CAN SEE1 AS ! PRES5T 0PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T0 HAS1 ?AT ! 
FIR/ M9UTE & 9SUFFICI5T PROJECTS T[>D SOCIAL RE=M CAN ONLY BE 
WON DUR+ & AFT] AN ALREADY PROGRESS+ AGR>IAN REVOLT :I* ?IS 
GOV]NM5T SUPPRESS$ BY BLOODY REPRESSION4 

,WE CANNOT ANY BETT] *>ACT]IZE ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9TO :I* ! 
PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC IS ALREADY TODAY VISIBLY 
DEEP] & DEEP] 5ME%$ ?AN BY RECAPITULAT+ ! DESCRIPTION GIV5 
BY AN OP5 5EMY ( ?IS GOV]NM5T1 :O IS AT ! SAME TIME ONE ( 
,SPA9'S L>GE/ L&[N]S1 ,C\NT ,ROMANONES1 :O WROTE 9 ! >TICLE 
9 ! 0,REVUE DES ,DEUX ,MONDES0 :I* WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$3 

,9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE IT WILL NOT BE ! BIG CITIES :I* WILL =CE 
!IR GUIDEL9ES ON ?IS NEW POLITICAL ORD] BUT RA!R ! C\NTRY4 
,PEOPLE 9 ! C\NTRY >E LESS 9T]E/$ 9 ! POLITICAL REGIME ?AN 
9 ! QUE/ION ( DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&4 ,& IT IS AMONG ! DAY 
WORK]S 9 ! FIELDS :]E WE F9D ! GREATE/ ?REAT ( ! PRES5T 
H\R4 

,! RURAL AGITATION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,&ALUSIAN PROV9CES1 MU/ 
NOT BE NEGLECT$ :5 ONE KN[S H[ TO APPREH5D ! LESSONS ( 
HI/ORY4 ,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ! PROV9CES BETWE5 #a#h#g-#i#b1 ) 0! 
,BLACK ,H&10 A K9D ( ,MAFIA ( ,CAMORRA ORGANIZATION 9 ! S\? ( 
,SPA91 ) ! RIS+ ( RURAL WORK]S 9 ,J]EZ1 ) ! CONVULSIONS 
( ,CORDOBA1 ,ESPEJO1 ,MONTJLLA1 ETC2 ALL !SE EV5TS WILL REPEAT 
!MSELVES N[ ) GREAT] DE/RUCTIVE =CE4 ,! M5TALITY ( ! 
,SPANI% RURAL POPULACE IS ! SAME TODAY AS IT WAS SIXTY YE>S AGO2 ! 
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( !IR LIFE HAVE NOT *ANG$ = ! BETT] & 
! MEANS = CONTA9+ !M >E WEAK] ?AN YE/]DAY4 ,?IS RURAL 
POPULACE IS LESS ISOLAT$ ?AN HALF A C5TURY AGO4 ,IT IS 9 CONTACT 
) ITS BRO!RS 9 ! CITIES1 & IS 9 SOME PLACES ORGANIZ$ 9 
SOCIETIES ) MO/ EXTREME CONVICTIONS1 & IS F> MORE 9CL9$ 
T[>DS VIOL5T & TUMULTU\S ACTION ?AN 9 #a#h#g#c4 ,NEI!R DOES ?IS 
REQUIRE ANY GOAD+ FROM ,MOSC[2 !IR S\LS HAVE ALREADY EXP]I5C$ 
FRI<TFUL /ORMS BE=E ! W9DS ( ,RUSSIA BLEW OV] !M2 NOT ONLY 
CAN ! ,SOVIET PROPAG&A 9DUCE !M TO AN UPRIS+ BUT IT IS RA!R 
!IR [N T5D5CY1 DEVELOP$ ?R\< ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* 
!Y HAVE LIV$ = C5TURIES4 

,AS F> AS !SE WELL *OS5 WORDS1 FITT+ = MORE ?AN ONE 
PURPOSE1 ( ,C\NT ,ROMANONES >E ONLY A *>ACT]IZATION ( ! PRES5T 
ACTUALLY P]TA9+ SITUATION1 WE NE$ NOT ADD ANY?+4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 
! UNSPOK5 PURPOSE ( HIS DESCRIPTION IS TO FRI<T5 ! HESITANT & 
9DECISIVE /ATESM5 ( ! REPUBLIC ) !SE T]RIFY+ DIFFICULTIES 
( FULFILL+ !IR TASK1 !N ONE MU/ SAY ?AT SU* A TASK AS ! 
RADICAL SOLUTION TO ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM 9 PRES5T-DAY ,SPA9 CANNOT BE 
CONJUR$ AWAY BY LITTLE DIPLOMATIC TRICKS & PLAYFUL MAGIC - ! MORE 
SO :5 ! TASK IS CLE>LY SITUAT$ 9 ! :OLE OBJECTIVE SITUATION 
& IS REG>D$ ) URG5CY BY ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ALL ! 
PEOPLE'S CLASSES4 ,:E!R ?OSE M5 :O W]E CALL$ TO ! LEAD]%IP 
( ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ?R\< ! ELECTION ( 
,APRIL #ab & ,JUNE #bh WI% TO FUR!R OR H9D] IT1 ! />T+ PO9T 
& CONT5T ( ! SECOND PHASE ( ?IS REVOLUTION WILL NEV]!LESS BE 
! /RUGGLE OV] ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,NOTE 

.<#a.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE #a#h#d#h-#a#h#e4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/