,NOTES 

#ai<ai< 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

.<#a.> ,= AN EXPLANATION ( ! DIFF]5T =MS ( ,AN>*ISM1 SEE PAGES #a#g-#c#a BEL[4 

.<#b.> ,5GELS1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 CLE>LY %[$ AN UND]/&+ ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ NATURE ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION 9 HIS >TICLE 0,BAKUN9I/S AT ,WORK40 ,SURPRIS+LY1 ?IS FACT HAS YET TO BE ADEQUATELY REFLECT$ 9 MANY CURR5T WORKS ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

.<#c.> ,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ S+LE FAIL+ ( ,BAKUN9 IS HIS 9CONSI/5CY 9 TRANSLAT+ HIS AV[$ ORGANIZATIONAL PRECEPTS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,= A DISCUSSION ( ?IS PROBLEM1 SEE PP4 #d#f-#e BEL[4 

.<#d.> ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! PUEBLO DID NOT H>BOR ! PETTY TYRANNIES ( RIGID CU/OM1 P>O*IALISM1 SUP]/ITION1 & ! MORE OV]T TYRANNIES ( ! CACIQUES1 CL]GY1 & NOBILITY4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM TRI$ TO SIFT ! MORE POSITIVE FEATURES ( ! PUEBLO FROM ITS REACTION>Y SOCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS & RE> ITS CONCEPT ( ! FUTURE ON ! MUTUALISM ( VILLAGE LIFE4 

.<#e.> ,9 LAT] YE>S1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E TO ADOPT ! BLACK FLAG AS A SYMBOL ( ! WORK]S' MIS]Y & AS AN EXPRESSION ( !IR ANG] & BITT]NESS4 ,! PRES5CE ( BLACK FLAGS TOGE!R ) R$ ONES BECAME A FEATURE ( ,AN>*I/ DEMON/RATIONS ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C,N,T1 A S+LE FLAG ON :I* BLACK & R$ W]E SEP>AT$ DIAGONALLY1 WAS ADOPT$ & US$ MA9LY 9 ,SPA94 

.<#f.> ,! FIR/ & LA/ ( ! WORDS 9 ?IS PASSAGE--COMPAN]OS & SALUD-- HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ H]E AS 0COMRADES0 & 0GREET+S40 ,!Y BECAME ! TYPICAL =MS ( ADDRESS BETWE5 ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9 P]SONAL 5C\NT]S & AT PUBLIC MEET+S4 COMPAN]O HAS A MORE 5DE>+ & FAMILI> MEAN+ ?AN ! =MAL WORD CAM>ADA1 :I* WAS TO BE US$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S4 COMPAN]O CONNOTES A 0MATE10 A 0COMPANION0--ONE :O %>ES NOT ONLY COMMON IDEAS BUT ALSO A P]SONAL RELATION%IP4 ,SALUD C\LD BE TRANSLAT$ AS 0Y\R HEAL?10 0Y\R WELF>E40 ,IT WAS ADOPT$ TO REPLACE ! USUAL F>EWELL ADDRESS1 ADIOS 7LIT]ALLY3 0TO GOD071 A REF]5CE TO ! DEITY ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S REG>D$ AS AN 9VASION BY SUP]/ITION ( ORD9>Y DISC\RSE4 ,9 LAT]YE>S1 A GA!R+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S WAS TO BE CALL$ UNA ASEMBLEA DE LAS TRIBUS--0A GA!R+ ( ! TRIBES0--A PHRASE ?AT ANTICIPATES ! S5SE ( COMNTUNITY S\<T BY ! Y\? CULTURE 9 \R [N TIME4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S T5D$ TO USE MORE P]SONAL1 S5TIM5TAL1 & COGNATIC EXPRESSIONS ?AN ?OSE EMPLOY$ BY !IR /OLID ,M>XIAN OPPON5TS4 

.<#g.> ,?IS PO9T %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$4 ,NE>LY EV]YONE :O COMM5TS ON ! MORAL EMPHASIS ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S TREATS IT AS A =M ( QUASIRELIGI\S ASCETISM4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS ! CASE AMONG ! RURAL ,AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O LIV$ 9 PUEBLOS1 BUT MY [N FEEL+ 7AFT] DISCUSS+ ! ISSUE ) EXIL$ ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S FROM ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES7 IS ?AT 9 ! NOR? AT LEA/1 ?IS MORAL EMPHASIS WAS SIMIL> TO ! EF=TS ( BLACK RADICALS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO ELEVATE !IR PEOPLE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( A DEGRAD+ & 5SLAV+ CULTURE4 

.<#h.> ,ONLY AFT] ,PI WAS REMOV$ FROM P[] DID HE TRY TO E/ABLI% A WORK+ RELATION%IP ) ! ,9TRANSIG5TS1 BUT BY ?IS TIME IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,) ! COLLAPSE ( ! F$]AL REPUBLIC & ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBONS1 ,PI WAS L>GELY IGNOR$ BY HIS ]/:ILE FOLL[]S & ESS5TIALLY BECAME A !ORI/ & A ,PR\DHONIAN IDEOLOGUE4 

.<#i.> ,IT WAS ,PI :O ORD]$ ,VEL>DE TO M>* ON ,ALCOY AFT] ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ UPRIS+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! REPRESSION W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y SEV]E HAD HE NOT BE5 ! PRESID5T ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 :5 ,AN>*I/ T]RORI/S W]E TO TURN PUBLIC OP9ION AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 HE C\RAGE\SLY SPOKE UP ON ITS BEHALF4 ,AS ,H5NESSY PO9TS \T1 ,PI WAS ADMIR$ BY ! ,AN>*I/S NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( HIS MORAL PROBITY4 ,PI DI$ 9 #a#i#a4 ,G5]ALIZ+ FROM HIS LIFE1 AN OBITU>Y 9 ! ,AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,LA ,REOI/A ,BLANCA EMPHASIZ$ ?AT 09TEGRITY 9 A CORRUPT+ SOCIETY HAS A VALUE :I* ONLY ?OSE CAN APPRECIATE :O HAVE WANT$ & SUCCE$$ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR PUBLIC & PRIVATE LIFE UNT>NI%$40--A *>ACT]I/IC CONCLUSION = A MOVEM5T ?AT 9SI/$ ON A COMPLETE UNITY BETWE5 ! TWO4 

.<#a.> ,!SE LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & WAYS ( LIFE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 /OOD 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ! CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS ?AT W]E P5ETRAT+ ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! COMMUNAL L&S W]E SEIZ$ & PUT UP = SALE4 ,! *ALL5GE ( CAPITALISM TO ! VALUES ( ! PUEBLO CON/ITUTES P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE S\RCE ( AGR>IAN UNRE/ 9 ,SPA9 AFT] ! #a#h#eS4 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,SEVILLE CONGRESS WAS ALSO ! SC5E ( AN OP5 DISPUTE BETWE5 ! ,BAKUN9I/ 0,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVI/S0 & ! FOLL[]S ( ,KROPOTK9'S 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM40 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ POSITION WAS DEF5D$ BY ,MIGUEL ,RUBIO ( ,SEVILLE1 ! COLLECTIVI/ BY ,JOSE ,LLUNAS ( ,B>CELONA4 

.<#a#b.> ,! P>TY WAS ACTUALLY F\ND$ SECRETLY 9 ,MAY #ahgi UND] ! NAME ( ,P>TIDO ,DEMOCRATICO ,SOCIALI/A ,OBR]O2 9 #ahha IT WAS REF\ND$1 ) N9E HUNDR$ MEMB]S1 UND] ! NAME ( ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,OBR]O ! 0,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY10 A NAME IT HAS RETA9$ TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,I HAVE FOLL[$ ! RA!R COMMON CU/OM ( DESIGNAT+ IT SIMPLY AS ! 0,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY40 ,! SUPPORT]S ( ! P>TY E>LY 9 ! #a#h#hS W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY LIMIT$ TO ! PR9T]S & TYPOGRAPH]S ( ,MADRID4 ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS WAS ELECT$ ITS SECRET>Y1 A POSITION HE WAS TO HOLD = DECADES4 ,IT GREW V]Y SL[LY1 ACQUIR+ ITS FIR/ WEEKLY1 ,EL ,SOCIALI/A1 FIVE YE>S LAT]4 

.<#a#c.> ,! USUAL FIGURE GIV5 IS F\R ?\S& 7A FIGURE ?AT IS (T5 CONFUS$ ) ! NUMB] :O 5T]$ ! CITY71 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL IF ANY?+ NE> ?AT NUMB] W]E >\ND4 ,HAV+ DECID$ NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! M>*1 MANY ( !M PROBABLY W5T BACK TO !IR HOMES4 

.<#a#d.> 0,EL ,MADRIL5O0 DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY AFT] ! WORK]S M>*$ 9TO ,J]EZ & WAS NOT TO BE F\ND AGA94 ,P$RO ,VALL9A1 AN \T/&+ ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ :O WAS ON GOOD T]MS ) SOME ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+1 REG>D$ ! Y\NG MAN AS A PROVOCATEUR4 ,HE ALSO ADDS ! NAME ( ,F]N&O ,P\LET1 A ,FR5*MAN :O APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS AMONG ! EXIL$ ,AN>*I/S4 ,P\LET1 9 ,VALL9A'S OP9ION1 WAS A SPY 9 ! PAY ( ! ,SPANI% EMBASSY4 

.<#a#e.> ,AS MAYOR1 ,SALVO*EA HAD ABOLI%$ ! CONSUMOS 7! ON]\S EXCISE TAXES LEVI$ ON FOOD/UFFS7 &1 TO REC\P ! LO/ REV5UES1 PLAC$ ! TAX BURD5 ON ! %OPKEEP]S4 ,?IS ACT ?OR\<LY ALI5AT$ ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT HE WAS DEFEAT$ 9 HIS SECOND BID = MAYORALTY & ! ATTEMPT TO BR+ ,CADIZ 9TO ! ,CANTONALI/ 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T FAIL$ EV5 BE=E ,PAVIA'S TROOPS >RIV$ AT ! CITY4 

.<#a#f.> ,YE>S E>LI]1 ,F]R] HAD BROK5 (F ) HIS WIFE1 ,T]ESA ,SANM>TI1 A WOMAN ( FAIRLY OR?ODOX VIEWS4 ,9 A RAGE %E HAD TRI$ TO KILL HIM & HE TOOK UP RELATIONS ) ,LEOPOLD9A ,BONALD1 A Y\NG WOMAN :O %>$ HIS RADICAL IDEAS4 ,LAT] ,BONALD & ,F]R] P>T$ ON AMICABLE T]MS1 & HE W5T TO LIVE ) ,SOL$AD ,VILLAFRANCA1 A TEA*] 9 HIS S*OOL :O HELD ,AN>*I/ VIEWS4 ,! ,SPANI% *UR* & ! REACTION>Y POLITICIANS ( ! DAY EXPLOIT$ TO ! HILT ,F]R]'S OP5NESS & FRE$OM 9 HIS RELATIONS ) WOM54 ,9 (FICIAL ,SPANI% SOCIETY1 IT WAS P]FECTLY ACCEPTABLE TO FREQU5T1 BRO!LS1 SUPPORT CONCUB9ES1 & C>RY ON LIAISONS ) ! WIVES ( O!R M5--PROVID$ ?AT ALL ! PUBLIC AM5ITIES ( M>RIAGE W]E RESPECT$ & LOVE AFFAIRS KEPT DISCREET4 

.<#a#g.> ,T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,5GELS WAS TO SUCCUMB ) A/ONI%+ NAIVETE TO ! POLITICAL & P>LIM5T>Y OPPORTUNITIES FAC+ ! ,M>XIAN P>TIES ( ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9 #a#h#i#a1 %ORTLY BE=E1HIS DEA?1 ! OLD B>RICADE FI<T] ( ! #a#h#dS WAS TO WRITE3 0,ONE CAN CONCEIVE ?AT ! OLD SOCIETY CAN GR[ PEACEFULLY 9TO ! NEW 9 C\NTRIES :]E POPUL> REPRES5TATION CONC5TRATES ALL P[] 9 ITSELF1 :]E ONE CAN DO CON/ITUTIONALLY :AT ONE WILL AS SOON AS ONE HAS ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE BEH9D ONE2 9 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICS LIKE ,FRANCE & ,AM]ICA1 & 9 MON>*IES LIKE ,5GL&444 ,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E TO USE OBS]VATIONS ( ?IS K9D ) GREAT EFFECT 9 ORD] TO BLOCK ,SOCIALI/ SUPPORT]S ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! ,SECOND 7,SOCIALI/7 ,9T]NATIONAL4 

.<#a#h.> ,AL?\< ,MALATE/A WAS TO *ANGE HIS ATTITUDE T[>D SYNDICALISM1 HE ACCEPT$ ! MOVEM5T ) MANY RES]VATIONS & NEV] CEAS$ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 0TRADE UNIONS >E1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 RE=MI/ & NEV] REVOLUTION>Y40 ,TO ?IS W>N+ HE ADD$ ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT MU/ BE 9TRODUC$1 DEVELOP$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! CON/ANT ACTIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES :O WORK FROM )9 !IR RANKS AS WELL AS FROM \TSIDE1 BUT IT CANNOT BE ! NORMAL1 NATURAL DEF9ITION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION'S FUNCTION40 

.<#a#i.> ,H5CE=?1 ,I WILL USE ! WORD 0,AN>*I/0 TO DESCRIBE ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S UNLESS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO S*OOLS ( ,AN>*ISM >E RELEVANT TO ! DISCUSSION4 ,?IS IS NECESS>Y BECAUSE ! TWO S*OOLS W]E SOON TO 9T]P5ETRATE & = A TIME BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 

.<#b.> ,?IS /ORY HAS BE5 TOLD 9 SOME DETAIL BECAUSE IT IS AN EXAMPLE ( ?OSE WILD 9ACCURACIES ?AT APPE> 9 MANY ACC\NTS ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S & ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,9 HIS BRIEF ACC\NT ( ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK10 ,G]ALD ,BR5AN WRITES ?AT 0,MONKS W]E KILL$1 TOMBS W]E DESECRAT$ & /RANGE & MACABRE SC5ES TOOK PLACE1 AS :5 WORKM5 DANC$ 9 ! /REET ) DIS9T]R$ MUMMIES ( NUNS40 ,?IS LURID ACC\NT MAY BE EXCUS$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT WAS WRITT5 NE>LY ?REE DECADES AGO 9 ,LONDON1 AT A TIME :5 ,BR5AN LACK$ ADEQUATE RESE>* MAT]IAL4 
,HU< ,?OMAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 WRIT+ 9 #a#i#f#a1 HAS LESS JU/IFICATION = REPEAT+ ?IS ACC\NT 9 HIS BOOK ON ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! /ORY IS NOT ONLY REPEAT$ ALMO/ DIRECTLY FROM ,BR5AN BUT ,MR4 ,?OMAS ADDS SOME S5SATIONAL ADJECTIVES ( HIS [N4 ,ONE N[ LE>NS ?AT 0,DRUNK5 WORK]S DANC$ MANIACALLY 9 ! /REETS ) ! DIS9T]R$ BODIES ( NUNS40 

.<#b#a.> ,! READ] %\LD BE AL]T$ TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS V]Y (FICI\S1 AB\ND+ 9 HI<-S\ND+ TITLES = (FIC]S & 0COMMISSIONS40 ,EV5 TO ?IS DAY1 ! MEET+S ( EXILES' UNION & RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS >E =MAL1 AT LEA/ AMONG ! OLD] PEOPLE4 ,! ,SPANI% WORK]S1 LIKE ALL P>IAHS 9 A HI<LY /RATIFI$ SOCIETY1 TOOK ! PRE/IGE ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS & ! CONDUCT ( !IR BUS9ESS V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,TO UND]SCORE ?IS1 ALAS1 !Y C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO COPY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

.<#b#b.> ,ALB]TO ,BALCELLS GIVES A SUCC9CT DESCRIPTION ( H[ ! NEW S9DICAIOS W]E /RUCTUR$3 0,EA* TRADE W\LD =M A SECTION ( ! ,S9DICATOR & NAME A JUNTA DE ,SECTION ( TWO OR ?REE MEMB]S & A P]MAN5T COMMISSION ( SEV5 AFFILIATES1 *ANGEABLE EV]Y SIX MON?S1 :I* 9 ADDITION TO DIRECT+ ! SECTION1 NAM$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SECTION TO ! ,JUNTA DEL ,S9DICATO4 ,ALL ( ! SECTIONS W\LD BE REPRES5T$ EQUALLY ON ! ,JUNTA DEL ,S9DICATO4 ,ONLY ! PRESID5T ( ! ,S9DICATO W\LD BE ELECT$ BY !4G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,S9DICATO W\LD BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION & !SE 9 ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION40 

.<#b#c.> ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T EXPELL$ ! V5]ABLE ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/ ,SAN*EZ ,ROSA1 :O HAD BE5 5GAG$ 9 A BITT] FI<T ) ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,&ALUSIAN ,CONF$]ATION4 ,! EXPULSION CREAT$ SU* ACRIMONI\S FEEL+S BETWE5 ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ?AT IT NE>LY SPLIT ! 5TIRE LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,AN>*I/S N[ EXCORIAT$ ! S9DICATOS UNICOS & SYNDICALISM G5]ALLY1 DEM&+ A RETURN TO ! OLD TRADE SECTIONS & A MORE LIB]T>IAN TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,AL?\< A PEACE ( SORTS WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! TWO W+S1 ! W\NDS NEV] FULLY HEAL$ & W]E TO REOP5 9 LAT] YE>S4 

.<#b#d.> ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?IS /RIKE--:I* 9 RETROSPECT HAS BE5 REG>D$ AS A GRAVE ]ROR--C\LD HAVE BE5 PREV5T$4 ,?AT ! WORK]S W]E TO LOSE !IR VICTORY C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 SE5 AFT]W>DS4 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* PLA9LY MEANT TO PROVOKE !M & IT IS D\BTFUL IF ! GREATE/ PRUD5CE BY ! ,C,N,T C\LD HAVE AVOID$ AN EV5TUAL CLA% ON T]MS UNFAVORABLE TO ! WORK]S4 

.<#b#e.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* CO]CION WAS US$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSION IS DIFFICULT TO JUDGE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ,AMADO (F]$ AN AMNE/Y TO ! SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,C,N,T 9 REHIRN = !IR TEMPOR>Y R5UNCIATION ( DIRECT ACTION & !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! COMMISSION4 

.<#b#f.> ,DESPITE CONT9UAL EF=TS BY ,C,N,T MOD]ATES TO COME TO T]MS ) ! MANUFACTUR]S1 ! GOAD+ ( ! UNION REA*$ SC&AL\S PROPORTIONS4 ,SO EAG] W]E ! EMPLOY]S TO 9ITIATE !IR PLANN$ LOCK\T ?AT !Y BEGAN ONE PREMATURELY1 ON ,NOVEMB] #c4 ,COMPELL$ TO ALL[ ! WORK]S TO RETURN1 ! EMPLOY]S !REUPON REFUS$ TO TAKE BACK ANY UNION ACTIVI/S4 ,?IS PROVOCATION F9ALLY =C$ ! ,C,N,T TO )DRAW FROM ! ,COMMISSIONS4 

.<#b#g.> ,! ,SOCIALI/S W]E FURI\S4 ,QUITE CONV5I5TLY = ! ,U,G,T1 A NEWSPAP] /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ! CAPITAL1 ?REAT5+ TO BLANKET ALL PRESS COV]AGE ( ! ,C,N,T'S CONGRESS4 ,! C5ETI/AS1 H[EV]1 P]SUAD$ ! PUBLI%] ( ,MADRID'S POPUL> ,REPUBLICAN DAILY1 ,ESPANA ,NUEVA1 TO ACC$E TO ! GRIEVANCES ( ! TYPOGRAPH]S & ! PAP] BEGAN TO APPE> A FEW DAYS BE=E ! OP5+ ( ! CONGRESS4 ,! AGREEM5T BROKE ! UNITY ( ! PUBLI%]S1 :O HA/5$ TO 5D ! /RIKE ON T]MS FAVORABLE TO ! WORK]S4 

.<#b#h.> ,!IR DELEGATION 9CLUD$ ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 :O REPRES5T$ ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,CATALAN ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS4 ,APP>5TLY ,LEVAL HAD BE5 09TEGRAT$0 9TO ! DELEGATION AS CAM\FLAGE1 BUT HE LAT] SEP>AT$ FROM IT4 

.<#b#i.> ,9 ! #aiad !RE W]E N9E AT5TADOS AGA9/ EMPLOY]S 9 ! ,B>CELONA >EA4 ,9 #aiaf !RE W]E ONLY EI<T2 ! NEXT YE>1 FIVE2 !N N9E AGA9 & 9 #a#i#a#i1 EI<T4 

.<#c.> ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,C,N,T HIR$ PR(ESSIONAL PI/OL]OS HAS BE5 GREATLY OV]EMPHASIZ$4 ,AS A RESULT ( L5G?Y P]SONAL 9T]VIEWS ) =M] ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,I AM QUITE P]SUAD$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T'S RES\RCES AT ?IS TIME W]E WOEFULLY LIMIT$ & ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY (PI/OL]OS W]E ORD9>Y WORKM5 :OSE ACTIVITIES W]E MA9LY DEF5SIVE4 ,! 0HIR$0 PI/OL]OS1 :ILE NOT 5TIRELY A MY?1 HAVE BE5 GIV5 UNDUE IMPORTANCE BY MO/ HI/ORIANS ( ! P]IOD & ! 09COME0 !Y ACQUIR$ FROM !IR 0ACTIONS0 HAS BE5 EXAGG]AT$ TO ABSURD PROPORTIONS4 

.<#c#a.> ,BY 0ACTIVITY0 ?AT IS NOT 9 0CONTRADICTION ) ! PURITY ( ! IDEAS10 ,SANZ SIMPLY MEANS A MORAL 9TEGRITY CONSI/5T ) ,AN>*ISM1 NOT BL9D OB$I5CE TO A POLITICAL 0L9E40 ,?IS MORAL 9TEGRITY1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 PO9T$ \T1 WAS A MATT] ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S1 :O O!RWISE ALWAYS ACCEPT$ COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( BEHAVIOR & IDEAS4 

.<#c#b.> ,ONE ( ! MO/ D>+ ( ! 0,SOLID>IOS10 ,ANTONIO ,M>T91 H&L$ ! TRANSIT ( >MS ?R\< ,PUIGC]DA4 ,9 #a#i#c#g1 ,M>T9 WAS %OT D[N BY GUNM5 ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

.<#c#c.> ,ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 BECAUSE IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! ,SOLID>IOS & O!R ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS /AG$ ! S]IES ( SPECTACUL> BANK HOLDUPS AT ,T>RASA1 ,MANRESA1 AT ! 0,FONDA DE ,FRANCIA0 OPPOSITE ! CIVIL GOV]NM5T BUILD+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 &1 MO/ NOTABLY1 AT ! ,BANCO DE ,ESPANA 9 ,GIJON4 
,IT IS ALSO WOR? NOT+ H[ ,>?UR ,L&IS1 ! 0*RONICL] ( ! ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN ,BRIGADE0 7AS ONE ADMIR] DESIGNATES HIM7 TREATS ?IS SEQU5CE ( EV5TS4 0,9 #a#i#b#c0 WRITES ,L&IS1 0! ,C,N,T1 UND] ,AN>*I/ DIRECTION DISSOLV$ ITSELF10 :]EAS ! ,SOCIALI/1 0,U,G,T DID NOT DO ?IS2 /AY$ ALIVE1 & HELP$ LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! DEMISE ( ! DICTATOR%IP & ! OV]?R[ ( ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I40 ,SU* DI/ORTIONS >E NOT UNCOMMON FROM HI/ORIANS ( VIRTUALLY ALL POLITICAL CONNECTIONS4 

.<#c#d.> ,! WORD 0CONDITIONAL0 IS US$ H]E TO D5OTE ! FACT ?AT ! ,C,N,T'S /ATUTES HAD TO BE APPROV$ BY ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NOR4 ,! UNION'S LEGALITY WAS /ILL SOME:AT PREC>I\S 9 #a#i#c4 ,IT IS REM>KABLE TE/IMONY TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,C,N,T OV] ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE ,PE/ANA'S /RONG /& 9 HIS NEGOTIATIONS ) ,MOLA1 WAS OBLIG$ TO LEGALIZE ! UNION4 

.<#c#e.> ,MAD>IAGA GREATLY EXAGG]ATES ! IDEOLOGICAL AFF9ITY ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S = ! ,LIB]ALS4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S WAS SO 9T5SE DUR+ ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! DICTATOR%IP ?AT ! ,C,N,T WORK]S VOT$ = ! ,LIB]ALS \T ( %E] SPITEFULNESS4 

.<#c#f.> ,?R\<\T ! LATT] P>T ( #a#i#c#a1 ALMO/ 5DEMIC VIOL5CE 5GULF$ ! ,B>CELONA PORT >EA = EXAMPLE1 :]E ! ,U,G,T TRI$ TO UND]M9E ! TRADITIONAL HOLD ( ! ,C,N,T ON ! DOCK WORK]S4 

.<#c#g.> ,! LONG LAPSE BETWE5 NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,C,N,T %\LD NOT BE SE5 AS EVID5CE ?AT ! UNION WAS LACK+ 9 DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 BETWE5 NATIONAL CONGRESSES ! =MULATION ( POLICY & 9ITIATIVE 9 ACTION FELL BACK TO ,REGIONAL1 ,DI/RICT1 & EV5 ,LOCAL ,F$]ATIONS4 ,! NE$ = COORD9AT+ OR E/ABLI%+ POLICY ON A NATIONAL SCALE WAS USUALLY EFFECT$ ?R\< PL5UMS ( DELEGATES FROM ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS1 BUT ! REGIONS & DI/RICTS USUALLY DID :AT !Y WANT$ ANYWAY1 EV5 PLUNG+ 9TO NE>-9SURRECTIONS )\T GA9+ CONS5T FROM NATIONAL BODIES4 

.<#c#h.> ,! PROGRAM ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY IS WOR? NOT+4 ,! P>TY CALL$ = A ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON ECONOMIC SELF-MANAGEM5T & F$]ALISM1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( L& 9TO FREE RURAL COMMUNES1 & ! COORD9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ACTIVITIES BY ! UNIONS4 ,! ,CORTES1 9 ,PE/ANA'S VISION1 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A 0,NATIONAL ,*AMB] ( ,LABOR0 9 :I* ! UNIONS & RURAL COMMUNES W\LD BE FULLY REPRES5T$4 ,PE/ANA1 AL?\< ADVOCAT+ A HI<LY FLEXIBLE /RATEGY :I* 9CLUD$ ELECTORAL POLITICS AS WELL AS DIRECT ACTION1 DID NOT R5\NCE HIS ,AN>*I/ BELIEFS4 ,HE REG>D$ ,AN>*ISM AS A MORAL PHILOSOPHY :I* PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 $UCAT+ & IMPROV+ PEOPLE UNTIL SU* TIME AS !Y C\LD E/ABLI% A FULLY LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

.<#c#i.> ,9 ALL FAIRNESS TO O!R MEMB]S ( ,NOSOTROS ,I HAVE F\ND NO EVID5CE ?AT ,DURRUTI OR ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS SUPPORT$ ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S AU?ORIT>IAN VIEWS4 ,IF !Y DID1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE \T ( P]SONAL LOYALTY 7A V]Y IMPORTANT FACTOR )9 ,F,A,I AFF9ITY GR\PS7 ?AN A MATT] ( CONSID]$ POLITICAL CONVICTION OR PROGRAMATIC AGREEM5T4 0,LOS ,TRES ,MOSQUET]OS10 AS ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,DURRUTI1 & ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO W]E CALL$1 W]E BY NO MEANS ! SAME P]SONALITIES4 ,BR5AN1 9 AN EXCELL5T DISCUSSION ( ! MATT]1 DRAWS IMPORTANT DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,DURRUTI & ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO ON ! ONE H& & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ON ! O!R1 :I* ,I HAVE CONFIRM$ ?R\< P]SONAL CONTACT ) ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S :O KNEW ALL ( !M3 
,DURRUTI WAS A P[]FUL MAN ) BR[N EYES & AN 9NOC5T EXPRESSION & ,ASCASO A LITTLE D>K MAN ( 9SIGNIFICANT APPE>ANCE4 ,9SEP>ABLE FRI5DS1 !Y HAD TOGE!R ROBB$ BANKS1 ASSASS9AT$ 5EMIES ( ! CAUSE & BE5 9 ! =EFRONT ( 9NUM]ABLE /RIKES & ACTS ( VIOL5CE4 ,MO/ ( !IR LIVES HAD BE5 SP5T 9 PRISON3 AS SOON AS !Y CAME \T !Y RETURN$ TO !IR HUMBLE WORK 9 ! FACTORY1 =1 NATURALLY1 NONE ( ! MONEY !Y ACQUIR$ BY !IR =CIBLE EXPROPRIATIONS 7ON ONE OCCASION-!Y OP5$ & EMPTI$ A SAFE 9 ! ,BANK ( ,SPA97 WAS KEPT = !MSELVES4444 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ON ! O!R H&1 BELONG$ RA!R TO ! TYPE ( ,IRI% REVOLUTION>Y ( #a#i#a#i4 ,?\< A WORKMAN BY ORIG9 & ONLY P>TLY $UCAT$1 HIS POLITICAL 9/9CTS W]E WELL DEVELOP$4 ,HE WAS CR$IT$ ) A SPECIAL FLAIR = ! REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+ ( ! MASSES & = ! RI<T MOM5T = ACTION4 ,HE ?US BECAME ! LEAD+ TACTICIAN ( ?IS P]IOD & ! ORGANIZ] ( ITS V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y /RIKES & 9SURRECTIONS4 ,ONLY1 BE+ AN ,AN>*I/1 HE DID NOT REMA9 LIKE A G5]AL 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 BUT L$ HIS M5 ) BOMB & REVOLV] 9 HIS H& HIMSELF4 
,! SIMPLICITY ( ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO %\LD BE CONTRA/$ ) ! 0POLITICAL 9/9CTS0 & 0FLAIR0 ( ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 ,!SE DIFF]5T TRAITS GUID$ ,DURRUTI & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] 9 TWO CONTRA/+ DIRECTIONS3 ,DURRUTI BECAME ! HEAD ( A MILITIA-COLUMN & WAS KILL$ 9 ,MADRID2 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] BECAME--A M9I/] ( JU/ICE 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T4 

.<#d.> ,BR5AN'S ACC\NT1 AL?\< SCANTY1 SEEMS TO BE ACCURATE 5\< ) RESPECT TO ! OP5+ PHASE ( ! EV5T4 ,PEIRATS' ACC\NT IS MORE DETAIL$ ON ITS CLOS+ PHASE4 ,AMONG ! MORE GROTESQUE FEATURES ( ! /ORY1 M5TION$ BY NEI!R ,BR5AN NOR ,PEIRATS1 IS ?AT ! P>TIALLY BURNT CORPSES W]E LEFT ON DISPLAY AS W>N+S TO ! VILLAG]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO PRESS ACC\NTS ( ! EV5T1 ! ,GU>DS W]E REPORT$ TO HAVE R\ND$ UP 9NOC5T VILLAG]S AT ,CASAS ,VIEJAS & =C$ !M 9TO ! PYRE ?AT CONSUM$ ,SEISD$OS & HIS P>TY4 

.<#d#a.> 7,MISS+ FOOTNOTE7 

.<#d#b.> 7,MISS+ FOOTNOTE7 

.<#d#c.> ,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS 9 ,A/URIAS >E /ILL LITTLE KN[N TO US4 ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON QUITE RI<TLY OBS]VES ?AT1 9 ADDITION TO ! POLITICAL BIASES >\S$ BY ! EV5TS !MSELVES1 ! ,SPANI% PRESS WAS C5SOR$ UNTIL E>LY #aicf & ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN ( ,FEBRU>Y 9 ?AT YE> COMPLETELY SUBS]V$ ! FACTS TO P>TY 9T]E/4 0,S9CE ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ONLY ! VICTORS' V]SION HAS BE5 DOCUM5T$ 9 ,SPA94 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ?\S&S ( KN[L$GEABLE LEFTI/S :O FL$ ,SPA9 AT ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> DID NOT C>RY DOCUM5TS 9 !IR BAGGAGE40 ,AFT] SIFT+ MANY ACC\NTS ( ! ,A/URIAN REVOLT1 ,I HAVE SETTL$ ON ?REE3 ,BRADEMAS'S BRIEF BUT EXCELL5T SUMM>Y1 ,JACKSON'S APP>5TLY ON-SITE /UDY 7AN ACC\NT :I* SUFF]S FROM AN 9ADEQUATE DISCUSSION ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S' ROLE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,GIJON & ,LA ,FELGU]A71 & ,PEIRATS'S SPL5DID ACC\NT4 ,9 MY P]SONAL CONTACT ) ,PEIRATS ,I HAVE BE5 /RUCK BY HIS 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D & GUILELESS C&OR--QUALITIES :I* HAVE GREATLY 5HANC$ HIS CR$IBILITY 9 MY EYES--& ,I HAVE DRAWN MU* ( MY MAT]IAL FROM HIS ,LOS AN>QUI/AS 5 LA CRISIS POLITICA ESPANOLA4 

.<#d#d.> ,! READ] W\LD BE WELL-ADVIS$ TO TAKE SU* REPORTS ) RES]VATIONS4 ,IT DOES NOT DEPRECATE ! ROLE ( ! ,MI]ES M9]S TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S /AK$ \T A CLAIM TO NE>LY ALL ! DRAMATIC 9ITIATIVES 9 ! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION1 AL?\< ! UNION LOCALS !Y ACTUALLY CONTROLL$ PROBABLY COMM&$ LITTLE MORE ?AN #c1 MEMB]S4 ,9DE$1 ON ! BASIS ( MY [N RESE>*ES & P]SONAL RECOLLECTION ( ?IS P]IOD1 ,I CAN SAY ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,AM]ICA AS WELL AS 9 ,SPA9 DESCRIB$ ! 5TIRE 9SURRECTION AS ,COMMUNI/-L$ & DEPICT$ ITS GOAL AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 0SOVIET REPUBLIC40 ,AS ! READ] WILL SEE1 NONE ( !SE CLAIMS EV5 REMOTELY CORRESPOND$ TO ! FACTS4 

.<#d#e.> ,I SAY 0GIV50 BECAUSE !SE SEATS DID NOT REFLECT ! POPUL> VOTE RECEIV$ BY ! P>TIES BUT ! NUMB] ( SEATS !Y W]E ALLOCAT$ BY AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT COALITION4 ,I %>E ,BR5AN'S VIEW ?AT ! ,REPUBLICANS & ,COMMUNI/S W]E PROBABLY GIV5 MORE SEATS BY ! COALITION ?AN !Y W\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ HAD EA* P>TY RUN 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,I W\LD ALSO ACCEPT HIS VIEW ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S MAY WELL HAVE RECEIV$ F\R TIMES AS MANY SEATS AS !Y W\LD HAVE GA9$ ON !IR [N2 9 ADDITION TO ! #af M5TION$ ABOVE1 !Y RECEIV$ FIVE FROM ,CATALAN ,SOCIALI/S1 :O W]E N[ VIRTUALLY UND] ,COMMUNI/ CONTROL DUE L>GELY TO ,/AL9I/ 9FILTRATION TACTICS & ! MANIPULATIONS ( ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 ONE ( ! MO/ S9I/] POLITICIANS ( ! LEFT4 ,COMOR]A WAS TO 5G9E] ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ,CATALONIA DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> & EV5TUALLY F9D A WELCOME HOME 9 ,FRANCO ,SPA94 

.<#d#f.> ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ,PAYNE MAKES NO M5TION ( ?IS ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT :5 HE ACCUSES ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ( %[+ BIAS 9 SUPPRESS+ ! ,FALANGE %ORTLY AFT]W>DS4 ,ONE W\LD ?9K FROM ,PAYNE'S ACC\NT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS M]ELY MAK+ 0SYMBOLIC CONCESSIONS0 TO ! LEFT1 :5 9 FACT ! ,FALANGE BEHAV$ ) CONSCI\S PROVOCATION 9 ITS T]RORI/ ACTS4 ,BR5AN NOT UNFAIRLY PO9TS \T ?AT 9 #aicf ! ,FALANGE MAY HAVE EXCE$$ ! MU*-MALIGN$ ,AN>*I/S 9 ! NUMB] ( AT5TADOS IT ATTEMPT$4 

.<#d#g.> ,IT NE$ H>DLY BE PO9T$ \T AT ANY GREAT L5G?1 ?AT ! WORK]S' 0LABOR P[]0 WAS M>K$ BY !IR CAPACITY NOT ONLY TO MEET !IR SURVIVAL NE$S1 BUT TO PRODUCE 0SURPLUS LABOR0 OV] & BEYOND :AT WAS NE$$ = ! MA9T5ANCE & REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,H5CE 0LABOR P[]0 WAS ALSO A UNIQUE COMMODITY3 IT C\LD BE DEPLOY$ NOT ONLY TO SU/A9 ! WORK] & HIS OR H] FAMILY 7H5CE WAGES W]E SE5 AS A 0FAIR EX*ANGE0 9 ! LABOR M>KET AT ?IS LEVEL ALONE71 BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE ! CAPITALI/ ) AN 9CREM5T1 I4E41 0SURPLUS VALUE0 OR 0PR(IT40 ,A 0FAIR EX*ANGE10 H[EV]1 PRESUPPOS$ ?AT 0LABOR P[]0 W\LD BE CONCEIV$ ( AS A COMMODITY--A PRODUCT1 AS IT W]E1 TO BE TRAD$ ON ! M>KET LIKE A TANGIBLE COMMODITY-- NOT AS ! ON]\S DUTY ( A SLAVE OR S]F ON BEHALF ( A CO]CIVE MA/]4 ,M>X REG>D$ ?IS CONCEPT ( 0LABOR P[]0 AS ONE ( HIS MO/ VITAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITCAL ECONOMY1 &1 ONE MAY ADD1 AS A CORN]/ONE ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 

.<#d#h.> ,! LA/ TWO L9ES ( ?IS PASSAGE W]E MOM5T\S4 ,!SE L9ES & O!RS LIKE !M 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S W]E TO PROVIDE ! RATIONALE = ASS]T+ ! AU?ORITY ( ,M>XI/ P>TIES & !IR >M$ DETA*M5TS OV] & EV5 AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,CLAIM+ A DEEP] & MORE 9=M$ COMPREH5SION ( A SITUATION ?AN 0EV5 ! :OLE ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ! GIV5 MOM5T10 ,M>XI/ P>TIES W5T ON TO DISSOLVE SU* REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION AS FACTORY COMMITTEES & ULTIMATELY TO TOTALLY REGIM5T ! PROLET>IAT ACCORD+ TO L9ES E/ABLI%$ BY ! P>TY LEAD]%IP4 

.<#d#i.> ,T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,M>X 9 FACT T5D$ TO ACCEPT ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION W\LD BE 9ITIAT$ BY 9DU/RIALLY BACKW>D ,RUSSIA RA!R ?AN ,FRANCE OR ,G]MANY4 ,9 HIS CORRESPOND5CE ( #ahha ) ,V]A ,ZASULIT*1 HE 5T]TA9S ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A TIMELY REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ! COLLECTIVI/IC PEASANT VILLAGE OR MIR TO BYPASS ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,WE/ & 0GRADUALLY SL\< (F ITS PRIMITIVE *>ACT]I/ICS & DEVELOP AS ! DIRECT BASIS ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION ON A NATIONAL SCALE40 ,= AN 9T]E/+ DISCUSSION ( ?IS CORRESPOND5CE1 SEE ,M>T9 ,BUB]'S ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA 7,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 PP4 #i-#i#d74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,NOTES -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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