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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,E>LY ,YE>S 

,! DECADE FOLL[+ ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 OP5S ! MATURE P]IOD ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 :5 ! MOVEM5T ASSUM$ MASSIVE DIM5SIONS & FULLY DEVELOP$ ITS TACTICS & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,AT ?IS TIME WE ALSO WITNESS ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! L>GE/ ( ! LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ?AT W]E TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,! MATUR+ ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM WAS A COMPLEX PROCESS ( R\ND+ \T E>LI] ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE :I* HAD BE5 US$ TOO ONE-SID$LY1 ALMO/ TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E TRY+ TO F9D !IR WAY TO A COH]5T BODY ( !ORY & PRACTICE1 & !IR 9FLU5CE ON ! LABOR+ CLASSES ( ,SPA9 WAS V]Y LIMIT$4 ,?IS WAS PROBABLY ! MO/ EXP]IM5TAL P]IOD 9 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,ITS ME?ODS--! G5]AL /RIKE TACTIC COMB9$ ) LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS--C\LD BE DEPLOY$ ONLY ON A V]Y SMALL OP]ATIONAL /AGE1 AGA9/ AN HI/ORIC BACK-DROP DOM9AT$ BY ,F$]ALISM4 ,BY ! #a#h#hS & E>LY #a#h#iS1 ,AN>*I/ TACTICS HAD VE]$ OV] TO A POLICY 79FLU5C$ L>GELY BY ! ,&ALUSIANS7 ( LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+4 ,!N ANO!R %IFT TOOK PLACE1 ?IS TIME TO ! AT5TADOS & CONSPIRATORIAL ACTIVITIES ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD1 MOREOV]1 !RE W]E ALWAYS ,AN>*I/S :O EMPHASIZ$ ! LESS DRAMATIC TASKS ( PROPAG&A & UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,9 TIME1 ALL ( !SE TACTICS BEGAN TO FALL TOGE!R & W]E NO LONG] REG>D$ AS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE4 ,HAV+ EXHAU/$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( US+ ANY ONE ME?OD AS A PANACEA1 ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S N[ BEGAN TO UNITE !M AS DIV]SE ELEM5TS 9 ! TOTALITY ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE WAS COMB9$ ) LOCAL UPRIS+S1 A /EADY B>RAGE ( PROPAG&A1 DIRECT ACTION BY 9DIVIDUALS OR SMALL GR\PS1 & DOGG$ UNION ORGANIZ+1 EA* FLEXIBLY DEPLOY$ TO RE9=CE ! O!RS4 ,IT IS ?IS RESILI5CE1 TTIIS UNCOMPLICAT$1 FREE-:EEL+ COMB9ATION ( TACTICS1 ?AT ACC\NTS 9 GREAT P>T = ! REM>KABLE GR[? ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,! MA9 PROBLEM N[ WAS TO EVOLVE LIB]T>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( 5COMPASS+ ?IS WIDE RANGE ( TACTICS & ( PROMOT+ !IR USE ON A NATIONAL SCALE4 

,SU* ORGANIZATIONAL =MS RIP5$ GRADUALLY1 ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY1 N\RI%$ BY ! DIS9TEGRATION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,AFT] #a#i#i1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM BECAME SO WEAK5$ BY 9T]NAL POLITICAL DIVISIONS ?AT NEI!R EFFECTIVE REPRESSION NOR SATISFY+ RE=MS C\LD BE UND]TAK54 ,MAURA HAD G5U9ELY TRI$ TO BUTTRESS ! OLIG>*Y & CRU% ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HE HAD ATTEMPT$ 9 ,JUNE #aig TO UND]M9E POPUL> SUFFRAGE & LESS5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CACIQUES BY E/ABLI%+ 0CORPORATE0 VOTE-GRANT+ ELECTORAL PRIVILEGES TO 9/ITUTIONS & LIMIT+ ?OSE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ,LIB]ALS & ,REPUBLICANS W]E ALI5AT$ BY ?IS POLICY2 TO !M IT SEEM$ TO PORT5D A DRIFT T[>D A MONOLI?IC ,CONS]VATIVE REGIME4 ,SEV5 MON?S LAT]1 :5 ,MAURA'S M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR1 ,LA ,CI]VA1 PRES5T$ A 0,T]RORI/ ,LAW0 ?AT GAVE SPECIAL PROV9CIAL JUNTAS SWEEP+ P[]S TO SUPPRESS ,AN>*I/ 0T]RORI/S10 SUSP5D !IR P]IODICALS & EXILE LABOR MILITANTS1 ALMO/ ALL OPPOSITION OP9ION 9 ,SPA9 WAS >\S$4 

,! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 MORE M9DFUL ?AN ! ,CONS]VATIVES ( ! NE$ TO NEUTRALIZE REVOLUTION>Y DISCONT5T ) CONCESSIONS1 =M$ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,REPUBLICANS TO UNSEAT ! M9I/RY4 ,:5 ! ,LIB]AL ,MORET REPLAC$ ,MAURA AS PREMI] ON ,OCTOB] #b#a1 #a#i#i1 HE WAS PUBLICLY COMMITT$ TO A LESS REPRESSIVE PROGRAM4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 F\R ,AN>*I/S *>G$ ) REBELLION 9 ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 W]E REMOV$ FROM MILIT>Y JURISDICTION & TURN$ OV] TO CIVILIAN C\RTS4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 M>TIAL LAW WAS LIFT$ 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,F9ALLY1 A G5]AL AMNE/Y WAS DECL>$ = ! IMPRISON$ REBELS ( ,JULY4 ,?IS LESS OPPRESSIVE ATMOSPH]E CONT9U$ 9TO ! FOLL[+ YE>1 :5 ,MORET WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ,LIB]AL ,JOSE ,CANALEJAS1 :OSE M9I/RY WAS AV[$LY ORI5T$ T[>D RE=M & GREAT] POLITICAL FRE$OM4 

,! ,CATALAN LABOR MOVEM5T N[ BEGAN TO REEM]GE4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#h1#a#i#i1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A HELD A SPECIAL ASSEMBLY TO PIECE ! ORGANIZATION BACK TOGE!R4 ,IT WAS ATT5D$ BY DELEGATES FROM ONLY TW5TY-SEV5 UNIONS ) PL$GES ( ADH]5CE FROM AN ADDITIONAL =TY--A SUB/ANTIAL DECL9E FROM ! #ah ?AT W]E REPRES5T$ 9 ITS ,APRIL ASSEMBLY EI<T MON?S E>LI]4 ,! MEMB]%IP ( ! LABOR F$]ATION HAD DROPP$ FROM #a#e1 TO AB\T #d1#e4 ,A PA!TICALLY DEF5SIVE ATMOSPH]E PREVAIL$ AT ?IS GA!R+4 ,! DELEGATES W]E AT PA9S TO DISCLAIM ANY (FICIAL CONNECTION ) ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ! PREVI\S ,JULY OR ANY IDEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ) ,F]R]4 ,9 ,JUNE ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A HAD 5T]TA9$ HOPES ( EXP&+ ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL F$]ATION 9TO A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION2 N[1 !SE OPTIMI/IC PLANS SEEM$ QUITE REMOTE4 0,)\T D\BT10 NOTES ! ,AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN1 ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1 0! TREM5D\S REPRESSION CULM9AT+ 9 ! ,MONTJUI* %OOT+S RET>D$ ! CONF$]AL CRY/ALLIZATION40 

,)9 MON?S1 H[EV]1 ! TIDE ONCE MORE BEGAN TO TURN 9 FAVOR ( ! =MATION ( A NATIONAL CONF$]ATION4 ,! DECL9E ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A AFT] ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 HAD AT LEA/ ONE FAVORABLE ASPECT3 ! MORE MOD]ATE LABOR LEAD]S HAD )DRAWN = A TIME1 GIV+ FRE] PLAY TO ,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE WAS /R5G!N$ BY ! REHABILITATION ( ,F]R]'S NAME4 ,! 9JU/ICE ( ! *>GES AGA9/ HIM1 FOLL[$ BY ! DRAMA ( HIS M>TYRDOM1 PRODUC$ 79 ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL'S WORDS7 0AN EXALTATION ( SYNDICALISM & ( AN>*ISM 9 ! P59SULA40 ,F9ALLY1 /RONG S5TIM5T = A NATIONAL CONF$]ATION BEGAN TO BUILD UP )9 UNIONS \TSIDE ( ,CATALONIA1 :]E ,MAURA'S REPRESSION HAD BE5 LESS SEV]E4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#a1 DELEGATES FROM LOCAL CONF$]ATIONS ?R\<\T ,SPA9 CONV5$ AT ! ,PALACIO DE ,BELLAS ,>TES 9 ,B>CELONA = AN 9=MAL ?REE-DAY EX*ANGE ( VIEWS & EXP]I5CES4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS GA!R+1 CALL$ BY ! RECON/ITUT$ ,CATALAN ,LABOR ,CONF$]ATION 7! REGIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A71 ?AT A DECISION WAS F9ALLY MADE TO E/ABLI% A NEW NATIONAL LABOR CONF$]ATION3 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,CONF$]ATION ,NATIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO7--! FAM\S ,C,N,T4 ,! MOVEM5T REALLY GOT UND]WAY AT ! ,C,N,T'S FIR/ CONGRESS1 ALSO HELD 9 ! ,BELLAS ,>TES1 BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB] #h & #aa ( #a#i#a#a4 ,BY ?IS TIME A SURPRIS+ UNANIMITY ( OP9ION 9 ,AN>*I/ RANKS FAVOR$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,[+ L>GELY TO ! EF=TS ( ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 MANY ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S ( ,TI5 A Y ,LIB]TAD BEGAN TO EXPRESS ! NE$ TO WORK 9 MASS LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,! NEW ,CONF$]ATION1 TO BE SURE1 WAS /ILL V]Y SMALL3 ! DELEGATES REPRES5T$ NO MORE ?AN #c1 MEMB]S 9 SOME #ce UNIONS ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,BUT DISCUSSION WAS ANIMAT$1 & A LIVELY SPIRIT P]VAD$ ! PROCE$+S4 

,WE MU/ PAUSE H]E TO EXAM9E H[ ?IS NEW LABOR ORGANIZATION WAS /RUCTUR$4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS BUILT UP ORGANICALLY1 9ITIALLY >\ND ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION 7,CONF$]ATION ,REGIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO DE ,CATALUNA74 ,LAT]1 O!R REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ FROM LOCAL UNIONS 9 EA* PROV9CE UNTIL !RE W]E-EI<T BY ! TIME ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION WAS 9 EFFECT A LOOSE COLLECTION ( REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS :I* W]E BROK5 D[N 9TO COM>CAL 7LOCAL & DI/RICT7 CONF$]ATIONS1 & F9ALLY 9TO S9DICATOS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS4 ,!SE S9DICATOS 7E>LI] KN[N BY ! DRAMATIC NAME ( SOCI$ADES DE RESI/5CIA AL CAPITAL--SOCIETIES ( RESI/ANCE TO CAPITAL7 W]E E/ABLI%$ ON A VOCATIONAL BASIS & 9 TYPICAL SYNDICALI/ FA%ION GR\P$ 9TO LOCAL & TRADE F$]ATIONS 7F$]ACIONES LOCALES & S9DICATOS DE (ICIO74 ,TO COORD9ATE ?IS /RUCTURE1 ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,C,N,T ELECT$ A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE :OSE PRIM>Y FUNCTIONS W]E CORRESPOND5CE1 ! COLLECTION ( /ATI/ICS1 & AID TO PRISON]S4 

,! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! SECRET>IES ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES W]E ! ONLY PAID (FICIALS 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW YE>S1 ! PO/ ( G5]AL SECRET>Y WAS OCCUPI$ BY ,JOSE ,NEGRE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ITS ,SOCIALI/ RIVAL1 ! ,C,N,T %UNN$ ANY MANIFE/ATION ( BUREAUCRACY & C5TRALIZATION4 ,IT RELI$ PRIM>ILY ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ITS LOCAL BODIES1 COM>CA1 & REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS TO C>RY \T ! WORK ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,NO /RIKE FUNDS W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,/RIKES W]E EXPECT$ TO BE %ORT1 & IF NECESS>Y1 VIOL5T AS BEFITT$ A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION :OSE PRIM>Y AIM WAS ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! ,C,N,T--OR SO ITS ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS BELIEV$--WAS TO KEEP ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 NOT TO QU5* IT ) PIECEMEAL RE=MS & LONG1 ATTRITIVE /RIKES4 ,REGUL> FUNDS W]E E/ABLI%$1 H[EV]1 = AID TO PRISON]S & !IR FAMILIES1 & TO SOME DEGREE = 0RATIONALI/ S*OOLS40 ,!RE HAVE BE5 FEW UNIONS MORE CONC]N$ ?AN ! ,C,N,T ) ! DEF5SE ( ITS IMPRISON$ MEMB]S & ! CULTURAL1 SPIRITUAL1 & MORAL ELEVATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! PHRASE EMANCIPATION 9TEGRAL DE LOS TRABAJADORES 79TEGRAL EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S7 RECURS 9 ALL ! LEAD+ DOCUM5TS ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y ORGANIZATION4 

,H[ DID ! ,C,N,T FUNCTION8 ,= P>T ( ! ANSW] WE MAY TURN TO ! /ATUTES ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 :I* E/ABLI%$ ! GUIDEL9ES = ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,! ORGANIZATION WAS COMMITT$ TO 0DIRECT ACTION40 ,IT REJECT$ ALL 0POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 9T]F]5CE40 ,AFFILIAT$ COM>CAL & LOCAL F$]ATIONS W]E TO BE 0GOV]N$ BY ! GREATE/ AUTONOMY POSSIBLE1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD BY ?IS ?AT !Y HAVE COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 ALL ! PR(ESSIONAL MATT]S RELAT+ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TRADES :I* 9TEGRATE !M40 ,EA* MEMB] WAS EXPECT$ TO PAY MON?LY DUES ( T5 C5TIMES 7A V]Y SMALL SUM71 TO BE DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ITSELF1 A SPECIAL FUND = 0SOCIAL PRISON]S10 & ! UNION NEWSPAP]1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 

,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE--! REGIONAL EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE--WAS AN ADM9/RATIVE BODY4 ,AL?\< IT PLAY$ A CLE>LY DIRECTIVE ROLE 9 COORD9AT+ ACTION1 IT WAS B\ND BY POLICIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ANNUAL REGIONAL CONGRESS4 ,9 UNUSUAL SITUATIONS1 ! COMMITTEE WAS OBLIG$ TO CONSULT LOCAL BODIES1 EI!R BY REF]5DUM OR WRITT5 QU]IES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ANNUAL CONGRESS ( ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 A REGIONAL CONGRESS WAS TO BE HELD EV]Y YE> AT :I* ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ELECT$4 ,! /ATUTES CONTA9$ NO PROVISION = ! RECALL ( ! ,COMMITTEE MEMB]S--A SIGNIFICANT OMISSION--BUT EXTRAORD9>Y CONGRESSES C\LD BE HELD AT ! REQUE/ ( ! MAJORITY ( LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 ,?REE MON?S' NOTICE WAS TO BE GIV5 TO ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS BE=E A REGUL> CONGRESS WAS HELD 0SO ?AT !Y MAY PREP>E ! !MES = DISCUSSION40 ,)9 A MON? BE=E ! CONGRESS1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS OBLIG$ TO PUBLI% ! SUBMITT$ !MES 9 ! UNION NEWSPAP]1 LEAV+ SUFFICI5T TIME = ! WORK]S TO DEF9E O!R ATTITUDES T[>D ! TOPICS TO BE DISCUSS$ & 9/RUCT !IR DELEGATIONS ACCORD+LY4 ,! DELEGATIONS TO ! CONGRESS1 :OSE VOT+ P[] WAS DET]M9$ BY ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S !Y REPRES5T$1 W]E ELECT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S CONV5$ BY ! LOCAL & COM>CAL F$]ATIONS4 

,9 PRACTICE1 ! ,C,N,T WAS MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN !SE /ATUTES W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE4 ,!RE WAS A ?ROBB+ VITALITY AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION1 A LIV+ CONTROL & 9ITIATIVE FROM BEL[4 ,! WORK]S' C5T]S 7C5TROS OBR]OS7 :I* ! ,AN>*I/S HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E NOT M]ELY ! LOCAL (FICES ( ! UNION2 !Y W]E ALSO MEET+ PLACES & CULTURAL C5T]S :]E MEMB]S W5T TO EX*ANGE IDEAS1 READ1 & ATT5D CLASSES4 ,ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! LOCAL ,C,N,T W]E MANAG$ BY COMMITTEES /AFF$ 5TIRELY BY ORD9>Y WORK]S4 ,!RE W]E NO PAID (FICIALS1 ( C\RSE4 ,AL?\< ! (FICIAL UNION MEET+ WAS HELD ONLY ONCE EV]Y ?REE MON?S1 !RE W]E 0CONF]5CES ( AN 9/RUCTIVE *>ACT]0 EV]Y ,SATURDAY NI<T & ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON4 ,! JUNTA ( ! LOCAL UNION *>ACT]I/ICALLY 9CLUD$ A PRESID5T1 SEV]AL VICE-PRESID5TS & SECRET>IES1 A SMALL BATT]Y ( 0ACC\NTANTS0 TO KEEP A WAT*FUL EYE ON ! FUNDS1 & A LIBR>IAN4.<#b#a.> ,! SOLID>ITY ( ! S9DICATOS WAS SO 9T5SE ?AT IT WAS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 AN ISOLAT$ /RIKE 9 A LOCALITY4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS A T5D5CY = ONE /RIKE TO TRIGG] (F O!RS 9 ITS SUPPORT OR G5]ATE ACTIVE AID BY O!R S9DICATOS4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( /RONG ,AN>*I/ C5T]S LIKE ,S>AGOSSA1 :]E ! MOVEM5T HAD E/ABLI%$ DEEP & VITAF ROOTS4 

,OB$I5CE TO ! WI%ES ( ! MEMB]%IP WAS A C>D9AL RULE4 ,AT ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES1 = EXAMPLE1 MANY DELEGATIONS >RIV$ ) M&ATORY 9/RUCTIONS ON H[ TO VOTE ON EA* MAJOR ISSUE TO BE CONSID]$4 ,IF AN ACTION WAS DECID$ UPON1 NONE ( ! DELEGATIONS :I* DISAGRE$ ) IT OR FELT IT WAS BEYOND ! CAPACITY ( ITS MEMB]%IP WAS OBLIG$ TO ABIDE BY ! DECISION4 ,P>TICIPATION WAS 5TIRELY VOLUNT>Y4 ,QUITE (T5 ?IS VOLUNT>I/IC APPROA* L$ TO ALL ! PRACTICAL RESULTS IMPUT$ TO C5TRALIZATION--BUT )\T ! NE$ = CREAT+ ! SAME DEAD5+ /RUCTURAL =MS4 ,ON O!R OCCASIONS1 IT L$ TO SPORADIC1 ILL-TIM$ \TBUR/S1 EASILY CRU%$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT SU* \TBUR/S W]E USUALLY DUE TO OV]CONFID5CE ON ! P>T ( ! ,C,N,T'S LOCAL UNIONS1 A ZEAL\SNESS ?AT C\LD ONLY BE CORRECT$ BY EXP]I5CE4 

,9 #a#i#a#a1 ! ,C,N,T WAS /ILL V]Y IMMATURE1 & ITS RADIANT OPTIMISM AB\T ITS PROSPECTS V]Y NE>LY HAD DISA/R\S RESULTS4 ,NO SOON] HAD ! CONGRESS E/ABLI%$ A NATIONAL CONF$]ATION :5 IT SECRETLY DECID$ TO CALL A G5]AL /RIKE 9 SUPPORT ( /RIK]S 9 ,BILBAO & AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,MOROCCO4 ,! ACTION WAS S*$UL$ = ,SEPTEMB] #a#f--ONLY FIVE DAYS AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE />T$ 9 ,S>AGOSSA & SPREAD RAPIDLY TO ,GIJON1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,SEVILLE4 ,P>TIAL /RIKES ALSO BROKE \T 9 ,OVI$O1 ,LA ,CORUNA1 ,MALAGA1 ,SANT&]1 & O!R CITIES4 ,9 ,CULL]A1 A T[N NE> ,VAL5CIA1 ! G5]AL /RIKE EXPLOD$ 9TO FULL-SCALE 9SURRECTION4 ,! WORK]S TOOK OV] ! COMMUNITY = SEV]AL H\RS & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! UPRIS+ KILL$ ! MAYOR & A JUDGE4 ,9 ,MADRID ! MOVEM5T WAS ABORT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S1 :O US$ !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! CAPITAL TO PREV5T A /RIKE FROM GETT+ UND]WAY4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 NO /RIKE DEVELOP$ 9 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! ,C,N,T HAD HELD ITS CONGRESS ONLY A FEW DAYS E>LI]4 ,!RE1 ! AU?ORITIES HAD BE5 AL]T$ TO ! /RIKE PLANS BY ,SAN*EZ ,VILLALOBOS ,MOR5A1 ! BRO!R ( ,MIGUEL1 :O HAD HELP$ CON/ITUTE ! /RIKE COMMITTEE ( ,JULY #a#i#i4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 ! ,B>CELONA POLICE R\ND$ UP FIVE HUNDR$ ,C,N,T MILITANTS OR C5ETI/AS 7AS MEMB]S ( ! ORGANIZATION W]E SOON TO BE CALL$7 &1 ) ! COOP]ATION ( ,L]R\X1 :O REG>D$ ! UNION AS A RIVAL ( ! ,RADICALS1 MANAG$ TO /OP ! /RIKE MOVEM5T4 

,CANALEJAS1 ! ,LIB]AL PREMI]1 REACT$ 5]GETICALLY4 ,TROOPS W]E MOV$ 9TO ALL ! MAJOR CITIES & ! 5TIRE C\NTRY PLAC$ UND] M>TIAL LAW4 ,! ,C,N,T'S C5TROS OBR]OS W]E CLOS$ D[N1 ALONG ) ! ,CASAS DEL ,PUEBLO ( ! ,SOCIALI/S1 :OM ! GOV]NM5T SUSPECT$ ( PLANN+ TO SUPPORT ! /RIKE4 ,! ,AN>*I/ PRESS WAS SUSP5D$ & A P>TIAL C5SOR%IP IMPOS$ ON O!R P]IODICALS4 ,>RE/S ( LABOR MILITANTS W]E MADE EV]Y:]E4 ,HEAVY S5T5CES W]E MET$ \T TO ?OSE /RIKE LEAD]S :O C\LD BE F\ND4 ,) ?IS BEGAN ! FIR/ FLI<T 7TO BE REPEAT$ MANY TIMES7 OIC5ETI/A MILITANTS TO ,FRANCE4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#a#b1 FIVE ,AN>*I/S W]E GIV5 DEA? S5T5CES = !IR P>T 9 ! ,CULL]A UPRIS+1 BUT !SE W]E COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 ,! LA/ ( ! GR\P1 ,JUAN ,JOV] ,F]R] 70,*ATO DE ,CUQUETA071 WAS SP>$ ! G>ROT BY ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I :O WAS N[ EAG] TO CURRY FAVOR ) ! LEFT4 

,! ,C,N,T W5T UND]GR\ND4 ,ITS PRESS DISAPPE>$ & ITS MEMB]%IP DROPP$ PRECIPIT\SLY4 ,CANALEJAS1 :O HAD BE5 WELCOM$ AS A RE=M-ORI5T$ PREMI]1 BEGAN TO CURB ! 5TIRE LABOR MOVEM5T1 EV5 ALI5AT+ ! MOD]ATE ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS4 ,TO BREAK A RAILWAY /RIKE 9 #a#i#a#b1 ,CANALEJAS DRAFT$ #a#b1 ( ! WORK]S 9TO ! >MY4 ,! ,LIB]AL PREMI] WAS TO PAY DE>LY = HIS 5]GY4 ,HE WAS %OT TO DEA? 9 ! ,PU]TA DEL ,SOL1 ! MA9 PLAZA ( ,MADRID1 BY A Y\NG ,>AGONESE ,AN>*I/1 ,MIGUEL ,P>D9AS4 ,P>D9AS1 :OM ,BU5ACASA KNEW P]SONALLY AS A MILD-MANN]$1 9(F5SIVE BOY1 TOOK HIS [N LIFE TO ESCAPE CAPTURE4 ,) ! REPRESSION ( ! MOVEM5T CAME A NEW WAVE ( AT5TADOS4 ,9 ,APRIL ( ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ANO!R Y\NG ,AN>*I/ FROM ,B>CELONA1 ,JOSE ,SAN*O ,ALEGRE1 TRI$ TO KILL ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I AT A MILIT>Y P>ADE 9 ,MADRID4 ,AL?\< ! ATTEMPT FAIL$1 ,SAN*O ,ALEGRE WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,AGA9 ! 9DULG5T MON>* COMMUT$ ! S5T5CE4 

,BY DEGREES1 ! =TUNES ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T BEGAN TO *ANGE1 AL?\< IT WAS TO GR[ SL[LY 9 ! NEXT FEW YE>S4 ,9 #a#i#a#c1 ,CANALEJAS'S SUCCESSOR1 ! ,LIB]AL PREMI] ,ROMANONES1 DECL>$ AN AMNE/Y = ALL IMPRISON$ (F5D]S 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#a4 ,! ,C,N,T /ILL REMA9$ AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION1 H[EV]4 ,IT HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 BANN$ BY ! JUDICI>Y ( ,B>CELONA1 & ! C\RTS REFUS$ TO REVOKE !IR DECISION4 ,BUT ! 9TREPID UNION CONFTNU$ TO FUNCTION 9 ! UND]GR\ND1 /ILL CONDUCT+ /RIKES & C>RY+ ON AGITATION 9 ! FACTORIES4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> DIVID$ VIRTUALLY ALL ! WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS NOR? ( ! ,PYR5EES4 ,! DEFECTION ( \T/&+ ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S LIKE ,KROPOTK91 ,GRAVE1 & ,MALTO TO ! ,ALLI$ SIDE1 FOLL[$ BY A SMALL NUMB] ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S & !IR P]IODICALS1 %OCK$ ! MOVEM5T1 :I* CAME \T OV]:ELM+LY AGA9/ ! W>4 0,RA!R ?AN W>--REVOLUTION60 CRI$ ! ,AT5EO ,S9DICALI/A ( ,B>CELONA 9 A MANIFE/O WRITT5 BY ,ANTONIO ,LOR$O & SIGN$ BY HUNDR$S ( ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD REMA9$ F]V5TLY 9T]NATIONALI/1 ADVOCAT+ AN ANTIW> POSITION FROM ! V]Y \TSET ( ! CONFLICT4 

,BU5ACASA WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! DEFECTION ( ,KROPOTK9 & O!R LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HA/5$ ! DEA? ( ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO4 ,9 ANY CASE ?IS GR& PATRI>* ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM DI$ ON ,NOVEMB] #c1 #a#i#a#d1 HAV+ DEVOT$ ALMO/ A HALF C5TURY TO ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C,N,T1 :OSE =MATION HAD MEANT SO MU* TO ,LOR5ZO1 NUMB]$ NO MORE ?AN #a#e1 MEMB]S AT ! TIME4 ,BY #aiaf ! LABOR ORGANIZATION HAD RECOV]$ SUFFICI5TLY TO PUBLI% ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A AS A DAILY NEWSPAP]1 BUT ! MOVEM5T WAS /ILL SUBJECT$ TO SEV]E H>RASSM5T4 ,! ,AN>*I/S' MILITANT ANTIW> POSITION GREATLY DISPLEAS$ ! AU?ORITIES4 ,AL?\< ,SPA9 REMA9$ NEUTRAL1 ITS RUL+ CLASSES W]E EMOTIONALLY COMMITT$ TO ! BELLIG]5TS & PR(IT$ GREATLY BY ! CONT9UATION ( ! W>4 

,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#e1 ! ,AT5EO ,S9DICALI/A ( ,F]ROL TRI$ TO HOLD AN 9T]NATIONAL ANTIW> CONGRESS1 AN EV5T :I* ATTRACT$ DELEGATES FROM ,PORTUGAL1 ,BRAZIL1 & O!R C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ,SOCIALI/ Y\? GR\PS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,$U>DO ,DATO1 ! ,CONS]VATIVE PREMI]1 FE>FUL ( (F5D+ ! W>R+ P[]S 9 ,EUROPE1 BANN$ ! MEET+ %ORTLY AFT] ! DELEGATES >RIV$1 BUT ! BAN DID NOT PREV5T ! ,CATALAN C5ETI/AS FROM HOLD+ A CL&E/9E CONF]5CE ( !IR [N ) A VIEW T[>D REBUILD+ ! BADLY FRACTUR$ ,C,N,T4 

,TO ! ,SPANI% MASSES1 ! W> HAD BR\<T JOBS & A C]TA9 AM\NT ( ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T4 ,BUT IT HAD ALSO BR\<T A SPECTACUL> PRICE 9FLATION :I* \T/RIPP$ ! 9CREASES 9 WAGE E>N+S1 P>TICUL>LY = UNSKILL$ & SEMISKILL$ WORK]S4 ,ONCE AGA9 A WAVE ( DISSATISFACTION BEGAN TO SWEEP ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS TIME DISAFFECTION DEVELOP$ NOT ONLY AMONG ! WORK]S BUT ALSO 9 ! ,SPANI% >MY1 MIDDLE CLASSES1 & 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! SOCIAL SITUATION 9 ,SPA9 BEGAN TO TAKE A V]Y CURI\S TURN4 ,! ,CONS]VATIVE & ,LIB]AL P>TIES HAD VIRTUALLY DISSOLV$ 9TO FACTIONS1 MAK+ ! OLD P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM 9CREAS+LY UNMANAGEABLE4 ,! >MY1 RIDDL$ ) DISSATISFACTION1 HAD BEGUN TO =M ,JUNTAS DE ,DEF5SA4 ,?IS WAS A SY/EM ( C\NCILS :I* SEEM$ TO RESEMBLE ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES1 AT LEA/ 9 !IR DEM&S4 ,!Y ASK$ = S5IORITY 9 PROMOTIONS1 PAY 9CREASES1 & ! RI<T TO B>GA9 ) ! GOV]NM5T = OV]ALL IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,!IR *IEF1 ,COLONEL ,M>QUEZ1 WAS REG>D$ AS A SIMPLE1 HONE/ SOLDI] ) ,REPUBLICAN SYMPA?IES :O DESIR$ NOT M]ELY >MY RE=MS BUT AN 5D TO OLIG>*IC RULE & CACIQUISMO4 

,BY #aiag A /RANGE SPECTACLE WAS UNFOLD+3 ! >MY1 BANI%$ DECADES E>LI] FROM POLITICS TO ALMO/ EV]YONE'S RELIEF1 WAS N[ BE+ WOO$ AS ! HOPE = POLITICAL REG5]ATION4 ,! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE1 IRK$ BY ECONOMIC RE/RICTIONS & HI< TAXES1 BEGAN TO SEE ! MILIT>Y AS A POSSIBLE LEV] = OV]?R[+ ! L&[N+ OLIG>*Y & TAK+ POLITICAL P[] = ITSELF4 ,FRANCISCO DE ,ASIS ,CAMBO1 ! ,CATALAN 9DU/RIALI/ & LEAD] ( ! ,LLIGA1 E/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ,COLONEL ,M>QUEZ1 TO BE JO9$ BY ,L]R\X & A V>IETY ( ,REPUBLICANS1 ,RADICALS1 & ,CATALAN ,CONS]VATIVES4 ,! L9KAGE EXT5D$ TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T BY MEANS ( ALLIANCES ?AT HAD BE5 CULTIVAT$ BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ,SPA9 SEEM$ TO BE WORK+ T[>D A LOOSE COALITION ( CONS]VATIVE 9DU/RIALI/S1 MIDDLE-CLASS ,REPUBLICANS1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS1 &1 ?R\< ! ,SOCIALI/S1 A MAJOR LABOR F$]ATION4 ,?IS AGGLOM]ATION ( BASICALLY HO/ILE ELEM5TS WAS' UNIT$ BY A FIX$ DESIRE TO OV]?R[ ! L&[N+ RUL]S ( ! /ATE & E/ABLI% A FREELY ELECT$ ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES ?AT W\LD WRITE A NEW1 5LI<T5$ ,CON/ITUTION = ,SPA94 

,TO :AT EXT5T WAS ! ,C,N,T DRAWN 9TO ?IS CURI\S BLOC8 ,! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION F\ND ITSELF 9VOLV$ TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT WAS COMMITT$ TO COMMON ACTION ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,! ,C,N,T1 IT MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ AT ?IS PO9T1 WAS NOT HOMOG5E\S 9 ITS \TLOOK4 ,IT CONTA9$ A /RONG SYNDICALI/ T5D5CY1 REPRES5T$ BY ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI1 ! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 & LAT] BY ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ! $ITOR ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ,BO? M5 BELIEV$ 9 ,AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL IDEAL & W]E UNQUE/IONABLY 9DIVIDUALS ( GREAT S9C]ITY & CAPACITY = SACRIFICE1 BUT !IR PRACTICAL VIEWS W]E %AP$ BY DAY-TO-DAY ISSUES & ORGANIZATIONAL EXIG5CIES4 ,!Y PLAC$ A /RONG EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ = IMM$IATE GA9S1 (T5 AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,MOV+ 9CREAS+LY 9TO OPPOSITION TO !M W]E ! MORE PR9CIPL$ ,AN>*I/S1 :O W]E CONC]N$ MA9LY ) ! REVOLUTION>Y OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,SEGUI WAS EAG] TO PROMOTE COOP]ATION ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT HE F\ND PRACTICAL ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS & ,L>GO ,CABALL]O MORE COMPATIBLE ?AN ! 0ZEALOTS0 ( ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD4 ,BY LATE #a#i,J#f1 ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ A WORK+ COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT LABOR ORGANIZATIONS SEEM$ IRRESI/IBLE4 ,! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E 9 %AMBLES2 ! MANUFACTUR]S & OLIG>*Y W]E MORE DEEPLY DIVID$ ?AN EV]2 ! UNIONS W]E GR[+ RAPIDLY2 & ! >MY'S LOYALTY TO ! CR[N SEEM$ EQUIVOCAL4 ,MASSIVE DISCONT5T EXI/$ AMONG ! WORK]S OV] ! SO>+ CO/ ( LIV+4 ,:AT C\LD BE MORE NATURAL ?AN TO E/ABLI% A COOP]ATIVE RELATION%IP )9 ! UNION MOVEM5T8 

,?IS PROSPECT BEGAN TO TAKE ON PRACTICAL DIM5SIONS :5 AN ASSEMBLY ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,VAL5CIA DECID$ =MALLY TO EXPLORE OPPORTUNITIES = JO9T ACTION ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,AFT] AN 0EX*ANGE ( IMPRESSIONS10 ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS E/ABLI%$ A WORK+ AGREEM5T :I* CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! 0,PACT ( ,S>AGOSSA40 ,! AGREEM5T C5T]$ PRIM>ILY >\ND ECONOMIC ISSUES3 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,U,G,T DECID$ TO CALL ON ! GOV]NM5T TO R$UCE ! CO/ ( LIV+ BY CURB+ MONOPOLI/S1 SPECULATORS1 & FOOD EXPORT]S4 ,A PLAN WAS DRAWN UP TO 9ITIATE A S]IES ( ESCALAT$ ACTIONS TO RE9=CE !SE DEM&S4 ,! MOVEM5T REA*$ ITS CULM9ATION :5 ON ,DECEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#a#f1 ! TWO LABOR ORGANIZATIONS C>RI$ (F AN IMPRESSIVE TW5TY-F\R-H\R G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ,SPA9 TO PROTE/ RIS+ PRICES4 

,BY ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 ! L9K BETWE5 ! TWO UNIONS WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY POLITICAL4 ,! TIME HAD COME = ! MANUFACTUR]S1 ! ,REPUBLICAN MIDDLE-CLASSES1 & ! ,L]R\XI/AS TO BE CATAPULT$ 9TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! OLIG>*Y4 ,9 ,JUNE1 ,DATO1 ! NEWLY APPO9T$ PREMI]1 RESPOND$ TO ! M\NT+ REVOLUTION>Y ?REAT BY DISSOLV+ ! ,CORTES & SUSP5D+ CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES4 ,! ,CATALAN DEPUTIES1 CALL$ BACK TO ,B>CELONA BY ! ,LLIGA1 !REUPON DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ) ! MISSION ( R5OVAT+ ! 5TIRE POLITICAL /RUCTURE ( ,SPA94 ,! ASSEMBLY MANAG$ TO COLLECT AB\T SEV5TY DEPUTIES \T ( #gf & HOLD TWB SECRET SESSIONS BE=E IT WAS DISP]S$ BY ! POLICE4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! GOV]NM5T %REWDLY DECID$ TO PROVOKE ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO PREMATURE ACTION4 ,DATO'S 9T5TION WAS FAIRLY CLE>3 TO /AMP$E ! ,LLIGI/AS BACK TO ! GOV]NM5TAL CAMP & QUELL ! MATUR+ REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/ AMONG ! WORK]S BE=E IT W5T TOO F>4 ,! OCCASION = ?IS PLOY >OSE :5 ! RAILROAD WORK]S ( ! ,COMPANIA DE ,F]ROC>RILES DEL ,NORTE 9 ,VAL5CIA DECID$ TO GO \T ON /RIKE4 ,:Y ! /RIKE OCCURR$ IS UNCLE>4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT IT WAS ! WORK ( AN AG5T PROVOCATEUR1 AL?\< IT MAY HAVE ALSO BE5 ! RESULT ( ! HOPES PRODUC$ BY ! ASSEMBLY ( P>LIM5T>IANS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! GOV]NM5T C\NSEL$ ! COMPANY TO TAKE A FIRM /& AGA9/ ! RAILROAD UNION1 AN AFFILIATE ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,AL?\< ! ,SOCIALI/S MANAG$ TO GET ! WORK]S TO RETURN TO !IR JOBS1 ! COMPANY PROVOK$ A CRISIS BY REFUS+ TO TAKE BACK =TY-?REE MILITANTS4 ,! RAILROAD WORK]S !REUPON WALK$ \T AGA94 

,FEEL+ HAD N[ RIS5 TO A FEV] PIT* 9 NE>LY ALL ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS ( ,SPA94 ,9 ,VIZCAYA1 #b#e1 METALLURGICAL WORK]S HAD WALK$ \T1 SUPPORT$ MORALLY & MAT]IALLY BY ! M9]S ( ! REGION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S F\ND !MSELVES 9 A DESP]ATE POSITION4 ,CONV9C$ ?AT A G5]AL /RIKE WAS DOOM$ TO FAILURE [+ TO LACK ( SUFFICI5T PREP>ATION1 !Y HAD MANAG$ TO P]SUADE ! ,C,N,T TO CALL (F ALL /RIKE ACTIONS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 GROSSLY MI/AK+ ! 9T5T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y HAD ?REAT5$ IT ) A G5]AL /RIKE IF ! =TY-?REE RAILROAD WORK]S W]E NOT GIV5 BACK !IR JOBS4 ,?IS ?REAT1 :I* ! ,SOCIALI/S W]E CONV9C$ W\LD SUFFICE TO C[ ! GOV]NM5T1 WAS PRECISELY :AT ,MADRID WANT$4 ,MOREOV]1 IT WAS G5]ALLY REG>D$ BY ! T,J,G,T RANK & FILE AS ! OP5+ %OT 9 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,EV]YONE WAS /RA9+ AT ! LEA%1 BUT ?IS TIME ! LEA% WAS HELD BY ! ,U,G,T LEAD]%IP1 & WAS RAPIDLY SLIPP+ FROM !IR H&S4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE WAS CALL$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#c1 & 9 MO/ >EAS IT WAS SMA%$ )9 A FEW DAYS4 ,HEAVY FI<T+ HAD BROK5 \T 9 A NUMB] ( CITIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! ,C,N,T RELUCTANTLY HONOR$ ITS AGREEM5T ) ITS ,SOCIALI/ ALLIES4 ,B>RICADES W5T UP 9 ! ,AT>AZANAS DI/RICT & ! %>PE/ 5C\NT]S OCCURR$ :5 ! /RIK]S TRI$ TO KEEP ! TROLLEYS FROM OP]AT+4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! TROOPS CAME \T ON ! SIDE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 RAK+ ! /REETS ) MA*9E GUNS & >TILL]Y4 ,!Y EV5 ACCEPT$ ,CIVIL ,GU>D (FIC]S AS COMM&]S4 ,(FICIALLY1 ! FI<T+ LEFT SEV5TY P]SONS KILL$1 HUNDR$S W\ND$1 & SOME TWO ?\S& >RE/$4 ,M>TIAL LAW WAS DECL>$ ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,BUT ?IS TIME1 ! MA9 BURD5 ( ! REPRESSION FELL ON ! ,SOCIALI/S3 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,ANGUIANO1 ,BE/EIRO1 & ,SABORIT W]E >RE/$ & RECEIV$ LIFE S5T5CES4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E ELECT$ TO ! ,CORTES BY WORK+-CLASS MAJORITIES & FRE$ 9 ! G5]AL AMNE/Y ?AT FOLL[$ ! P]IOD ( REPRESSION4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ,DATO HAD %[N MORE DET]M9ATION 9 QUELL+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T ?AN ,CANALEJAS--& SEV]AL YE>S LAT] HE WAS TO PAY ! SAME PRICE AS HIS ,LIB]AL PR$ECESSOR4 

,! /RIKE PROV$ TO BE 5TIRELY POLITICAL1 ITS DEM&S 9FLU5C$ NOT BY ,AN>*I/ IDEAS BUT BY ?OSE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! ,C,N,T PROGRAM 9 ,B>CELONA = EXAMPLE1 W5T NO FUR!R POLITICALLY ?AN A DEM& = A REPUBLIC1 A MILITIA TO REPLACE ! PR(ESSIONAL >MY1 ! RI<T ( LABOR UNIONS TO VETO 7NOT 5ACT7 LAWS1 DIVORCE LEGISLATION1 ! SEP>ATION ( *UR* & /ATE1 & ! CLOS+ ( *UR*ES 0= A C]TA9 P]IOD40 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! UNION ASK$ = A SEV5-H\R DAY1 A M9IMUM' WAGE ( F\R PESETAS DAILY1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&1 ! ABOLITION ( PIECEWORK1 /RONG] *ILD LABOR REGULATION1 & SOJOR?4 ,9 DEM&+ A PLEBISCITE = DECL>ATIONS ( W>1 ! PROGRAM IRONICALLY /IPULAT$ ?AT 0?OSE :O VOT$ = IT444 BE 5LI/$ FIR/40 ,H[EV] MOD]ATE !SE DEM&S1 AT LEA/ BY ,AN>*I/ /&>DS1 !Y DID NOT PLACATE ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,PR$ICTABLY1 ! ,LLIGA & ITS ALLIES COMPLETELY DES]T$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g1 H[EV]1 M>KS A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,IT F9ALLY SEAL$ ! ALLIANCE ( ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE ) ,MADRID3 H5CE=?1 ! ,LLIGA & ITS WEAL?Y 9DU/RIAL SUPPORT]S W]E OP5LY TO SUBORD9ATE !IR AUTONOMI/ VISIONS TO BRUTE CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,TO ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE1 ! MA9 5EMY WAS TO BE ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT1 NOT ! L&[N]S ( ,CA/ILE & ,&ALUSIA4 ,?US WAS CREAT$ ! SOCIAL SETT+ ?AT EV5TUALLY W\LD LEAD ! MANUFACTUR]S ( ,B>CELONA 9TO ! >MS ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCO4 

,! ,PO/W> ,YE>S 

,! 5D ( ! ,EUROPEAN CONFLICT BR\<T AN ECONOMIC CRISIS TO ,SPA9--& NE>LY F\R YE>S ( BITT] SOCIAL W>4 ,! CONTRACTION ( ! W>TIME M>KET1 TOGE!R ) ! CLOS+ D[N ( %IPY>DS1 /EEL PLANTS1 M9ES1 & ! )DRAWAL ( L& FROM CULTIVATION1 PRODUC$ WIDESPREAD UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9T5T ON R$UC+ WAGES1 ! MANUFACTUR]S BEGAN TO GIRD !MSELVES = A /RUGGLE ) ! UNIONS4 ,TO ?IS 5D !Y W]E PREP>$ TO USE LOCK\TS1 ! BLACK-LI/+ ( UNION MILITANTS1 ! S9DICATOS LIBRES 7! SO-CALL$ 0FREE UNIONS10 MANY ( :I* ! EMPLOY]S PROMOT$ AS SUB/ITUTES = ! ,C,N,T7 &1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 PRIVATE GANGS ( GUNM5--! PI/OL]OS---TO 9TIMIDATE & KILL UNION LEAD]S4 

,! MA9 T>GET ( ?IS (F5SIVE WAS ! ,C,N,T4 ,! LABOR ORGANIZATION HAD EM]G$ FROM ! W> YE>S & ! G5]AL /RIKE /RONG] ?AN EV]3 BY #a#i#a#i1 ! ,C,N,T NUMB]$ FRON #f1 TO A MILLION MEMB]S4 ,IT HAD ABSORB$ NE>LY ALL ! OLD] & E/ABLI%$ UNIONS 9 ,CATALONIA :OSE PRUD5CE L$ !M TO RESI/ 5TRY 9TO ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A & ITS PR$ECESSORS4 ,?IS EXPANSION ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! ,AUGU/ G5]AL /RIKE IS HI<LY SIGNIFICANT4 ,9 ! PA/1 ,AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS W]E EASILY REPRESS$4 ,AFT] EA* DEFEAT1 !Y EI!R EM]G$ WEAK] ?AN BE=E OR DISAPPE>$ 5TIRELY4 ,N[ ! ,C,N,T HAD NOT ONLY SURVIV$ MAJOR GOV]NM5T ATTACKS BUT HAD GR[N 9TO A =MIDABLE REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ,SPA94 

,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! GR[? ( ! UNION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,! MILITANCY ( ! MANUFACTUR]S EVOK$ A CORRESPOND+ MILITANCY 9 ! WORK+-CLASS2 ! FAILURE ( POLITICAL ME?ODS PROMOT$ ANTIPOLITICISM & DIRECT ACTION4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS HAD OCCURR$ BE=E1 BUT 9 ! PA/ IT HAD ALWAYS LEFT ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( REPRESSIVE MEASURES UNDIM9I%$4 ,OBVI\SLY O!R FACTORS HAD N[ EM]G$ :I* PROMOT$ ! GR[? ( ! UNION DESPITE VIGOR\S EF=TS TO DE/ROY IT4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE WAS ! PO/W> REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS ( #a#i#a#h-#b4 ,! ,SPANI% LABOR+ CLASSES %>$ ! S5SE ( EXHIL>ATION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! WORLD ) ! SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,CZ> HAD BE5 OV]?R[N1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK TAKEOV]--AN 9SURRECTION ?AT PROCLAIM$ ,SOCIALI/ IDEALS--PRODUC$ WILD 5?USIASM 9 EV]Y COM] ( ! P59SULA4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES W]E T]RIFI$4 0,! IMM95CE ( A POLITICAL REVOLUTION10 WRITES ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL1 :O LIV$ ?R\< ?OSE UPHEAVALS1 0WORRI$ EV5 ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC4444 ,! CLE> VISION ( !SE EV5TS & ! EXAMPLES ( EA/]N ,EUROPE ANIMAT$ ALL ( ! PROLET>IAN /RATA ) HOPES ( VICTORY4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! MO/ POT5T LABOR AGITATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( \R C\NTRY WAS 9ITIAT$40 

,?IS AGITATION REVEALS ! CONSID]ABLE ROLE ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS PLAY$ 9 FO/]+ ! ,C,N,T'S GR[? & GIV+ IT A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,9 ! W9T] ( #aiah A NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,B>CELONA TO DEF9E A COMMON POLICY T[>D ! ,C,N,T4 ,! UNION1 IT WAS AGRE$1 C\LD NOT BE REG>D$ AS AN ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,BUT IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T %\LD BE A MAJOR >5A ( ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ,SPA9 W]E URG$ TO 5T] ! UNION & PROSELYTIZE IT4 0,! RESULTS ( ! CONF]5CE 9 ,B>CELONA C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 BETT]10 OBS]VES ,BU5ACASA4 0,)9 A FEW MON?S1 ALL ! 5TITIES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E P]FECTLY P5ETRAT$ BY ! ,AN>*I/ SPIRIT & IDEA40 

,BU5ACASA'S CONCLUSION1 H[EV]1 %\LD NOT BE TOO HA/ILY ACCEPT$1 AS WITNESS ! RESULTS ( ! CONGRESS ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION 7! FAM\S 0CONGRESS ( ,SANS07 CONV5$ 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,JUNE #b#h1#a#i#a#h4 ,?IS F\R-DAY ASSEMBLY WAS ATT5D$ BY #afd DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ SOME #g#c1#h#f MEMB]S 9 TW5TY-SEV5 LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 ,SO IMPORTANT W]E ! DECISIONS ( ! CONGRESS TO ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,C,N,T ?AT !Y MU/ BE EXAM9$ 9 SOME DETAIL4 

,! SYNDICATES W]E COMPLETELY RE/RUCTUR$ ON :AT1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 W\LD BE CALL$ AN 09DU/RIAL BASIS40 ,UNTIL ! CONGRESS ( ,SANS1 ! WORK]S 9 ! SAME FACTORY HAD BE5 DIVID$ AMONG SEP>ATE1 9DEP5D5T CRAFT SYNDICATES1 BAS$ ON TRADES2 N[ !Y W]E TO BE ORGANIZ$ AS A S9DICATO UNICO1 UNIT+ ALL ! WORK]S ( ! SAME 5T]PRISE 9 A S+LE UNION4 ,?IS REORGANIZATION DID NOT ELIM9ATE ALL ( ! E/ABLI%$ CRAFT UNIONS 9 ! ,C,N,T1 A NUMB] ( :I* /ILL P]SI/$ 9 >EAS DOM9AT$ BY ! CRAFT-ORI5T$ ,U,G,T1 NOR DID IT ELIM9ATE REPRES5TATION BY TRADES )9 ! S9DICATO UNICO ITSELF4 ,WORK]S ( DIFF]5T SKILLS W]E GR\P$ 9TO TRADE 0SECTIONS10 !N UNIT$ 9 A COMMON 9DU/RIAL UNION4.<#b#b.> ,9 AN 9DU/RIAL DISPUTE1 ALL ! SECTIONS ACT$ AS A S+LE 5TITY4 ,! S9DICATO UNICO =M$ ! BASIS ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION & ( ! UNIONS ?AT W]E TO 5T] ! ,C,N,T 9 ! FUTURE4 ,BY UNIT+ ! SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ 9 A S+LE 5T]PRISE1 ! UNIONS NOT ONLY 9CREAS$ !IR FI<T+ P[] BUT ALSO MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! POORLY PAID1 UNSKILL$ WORK]S TO EX]T A RADICALIZ+ 9FLU5CE ON ! BETT]-PAID CRAFT ELITE4 

,TO FUR!R /IFF5 ! MILITANCY ( ! UNION1 ! CONGRESS REAFFIRM$ ITS OPPOSITION TO CAJAS DE RESI/5CIA1 OR /RIKE FUNDS4 ,?IS /& MET ) G5]AL APPROVAL4 ,AS ,PE/ANA DECL>$1 ! 0,CATALAN WORK] FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL HAS ALWAYS RESI/$ ! CAJAS DE RESI/5CIA BECAUSE HE FELT ?AT ?IS DULL$ HIS DESIRE TO /RUGGLE44440 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,PE/ANA RECOGNIZ$ ?AT MANY EMPLOY$ MEMB]S W\LD PROBABLY WANT TO LEVY A CONTRIBUTION ON !MSELVES--AS !Y HAD DONE 9 ! PA/--TO AID /RIK]S 9 MAJOR LABOR CONFLICTS4 ,SU* >RANGEM5TS1 H[EV]1 HAD TO BE MADE PRIVATELY1 NOT )9 ! UNION /RUCTURE4 ,& IF !RE W]E TO BE NO CAJAS DE RESI/5CIA1 MILITANT TACTICS W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO SETTLE /RIKES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 ! CONGRESS ( ,SANS >TICULAT$ ITS COMMITM5T TO DIRECT ACTION ) PRUD5CE-- M]ELY AS A 0PREF]R$ MEANS0--& ONLY 9DIRECTLY EXPRESS$ ITS OPPOSITION TO POLITICAL ME?ODS4 ,IT REFRA9$ FROM DECL>+ ITS SUPPORT = COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO4 ,AS ,BU5ACASA DISAPPROV+LY NOT$1 ! CONGRESS 0DID NOT 5DORSE A FRANK DECL>ATION ( LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES40 

,YET SUPRIS+LY1 :5 ! DELEGATES TOOK IT UPON !MSELVES TO ELECT A NEW ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE 7AT LEA/ UNTIL ! NEXT NATIONAL CONGRESS7 !Y *OSE ,BU5ACASA AS SECRET>Y G5]AL & ,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,EVELIO ,BOAL & ,V9C5TE ,GIL AS SECRET>IES1 ,JOSE ,RIPOLL AS AUDITOR1 & ,&RES ,MIGUEL AS TREASUR]4 0,!SE FIVE10 NOTES ,BU5ACASA1 0CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO AN ,AN>*I/ GR\P &1 9 L9E ) !IR IDEAS1 !Y ORI5T$ ! ,CONF$]ATION UNTIL ! ,CONGRESS ( ,MADRID0 7! SECOND NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 #a#i#a#i74 

,! REGIONAL CONGRESS ( ,SANS1 9 EFFECT1 REG>D$ ITSELF AS AN 9T]IM NATIONAL BODY4 ,ITS AU?ORITY TO DO ?IS1 & ITS *OICE ( A TEMPOR>Y ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( ,AN>*I/S1 MAY SEEM AS QUE/IONABLE AS IT WAS AMBIGU\S4 ,BUT ! ,CATALAN GA!R+ HAD BE5 9SPIR$ 9 GREAT MEASURE BY ,AN>*I/ ,&ALUSIA1 :]E A REGIONAL CONF$]ATION HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ ON ,MAY #a/ 9 A CONGRESS AT ,SEVILLE4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS ,SEVILLE CONGRESS1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! S9DICATES UNICOS W]E ADOPT$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY A ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/ UNION1 PAV+ ! WAY = !IR ACCEPTANCE 9 ,CATALONIA & F9ALLY BY ! ,C,N,T AS A :OLE4 ,S9CE ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA W]E N[ 9 CLOSE CONTACT1 ! ,CATALANS W]E D\BTLESS CONFID5T ?AT !IR ACTIONS REFLECT$ ! WI%ES ( ! LABOR F$]ATION AS A :OLE4 

,AT ?IS TIME ! S\? WAS 9 A FEV] ( EXPECTATION4 ,GONE W]E ! MEMORIES ( ! DEFEATS SUFF]$ AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ( ! #aie FAM9E ?AT HAD />V$ \T ! V]Y SPIRIT ( AGR>IAN REBELLION4 ,SIGNS ( A RECOV]Y W]E ALREADY EVID5T 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#c1 :5 A CONGRESS AT ,CORDOBA HAD L$ TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,F$]ATION ,NATIONAL DE ,AGRICULTORES 7,F,N,A74 ,G5]ALLY1 ! SUCCESS ( ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION HAD BE5 MODE/ AL?\< IT SUCCE$$ 9 HOLD+ REGUL> ANNUAL CONGRESSES UP TO #a#i#a#i1 :5 IT DISSOLV$ 9TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 IT HAD WON ! GREAT] P>T ( ,MURCIA & ,VAL5CIA TO ! LIB]T>IAN FOLD & PROVID$ A SPR+BO>D = /EADY AGITATION TO PROMOTE ! SIMPLE DEM& ( ! REP>TO3 0,! L& = ?OSE :O WORK IT60 

,) ! \TBREAK ( G5]AL /RIKES 9 ! NOR? & ! SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 AN 9TOXICAT+ WAVE ( HOPE SWEPT ?R\< ! S\? 9ITIAT+ ! ,TRI5O ,BOL*EVI/A OR 0,BOL%EVIK ,TRI5NIUM0 ( #a#i#a#h-#b4 ,! POPUL> WRIT+S ( ,SAN*EZ ,ROSA1 ,KROPOTK9'S FAM\S ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,M$ICO'S ,TO ! ,PEOPLE6 TOGE!R ) P]IODICALS LIKE ,ACCION ( ,SEVILLE1 ,LA ,VOZ DEL ,CAMPES9O ( ,J]EZ1 & ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ( ,VAL5CIA1 BEGAN TO 9UNDATE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,SAN*EZ ,ROSA P]SONALLY CONDUCT$ A PROPAG&A T\R ( ! REGION1 FOLL[$ BY ,DIEGO ,ALONSO1 ,HIG9IO ,NOJA1 & ,FRANCISCO ,CABELLO1 TO M5TION ONLY A FEW ( ! POPUL> ,AN>*I/ SPEAK]S ( ! TIME4 ,BY ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#i1 A MAJOR CAMPAIGN HAD BE5 LAUN*$ TO SWEEP ,&ALUSIA 9TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,LOCAL NEWSPAP]S W]E />T$ UP 9 DOZ5S ( T[NS1 & A /REAM ( ,AN>*I/ SPEAK]S1 PAMPHLETS1 & LEAFLETS FL[$ ?R\< ! S\?4 

,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL1 :O WITNESS$ ! EFFECTS ( ?IS ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A AT FIR/ H&1 DESCRIBES IT ) GREAT V]VE & COLOR3 

,?OSE :O W]E PRES5T AT ! TIME 9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i WILL NEV] =GET ! A/ONI%+ SPECTACLE4 ,9 ! FIELDS1 9 ! %ELT]S1 & 9 ! C\RTY>DS1 :]EV] PEASANTS GA!R$ TO TALK1 TO EV]YONE'S RECURR+ DELI<T !RE WAS ONE TOPIC ( CONV]SATION ?AT WAS DISCUSS$ S]I\SLY & F]V5TLY3 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION4 ,DUR+ ! SMOK+ BREAKS DUR+ ! DAY & AT NI<T AFT] SUPP]1 ! MO/ $UCAT$ W\LD READ ! LEAFLETS AL\D :ILE O!RS LI/5$ ) GREAT ATT5TION4 ,!N CAME ! P]ORATIONS1 CORROBORAT+ :AT HAD BE5 READ & FOLL[$ BY UN5D+ PRAISE4 ,!Y DID NOT UND]/& EV]Y?+2 SOME WORDS !Y DID NOT KN[2 SOME 9T]PRETATIONS W]E *ILDI%1 O!RS MALICI\S1 DEP5D+ UPON ! P]SONALITIES 9VOLV$2 & BASICALLY ALL AGRE$ ) EA* O!R4 ,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,= !Y HAD ALL HE>D ! PURE TRU? ?AT !Y HAD EXP]I5C$ ALL !IR LIVES1 EV5 ?\< !Y HAD NEV] BE5 ABLE TO EXPRESS IT6 ,EV]YONE READ CONT9UALLY2 CURIOSITY & ?IR/ = LE>N+ WAS 9SATIABLE2 EV5 ALONG ! ROADS1 ! HORSEBACK RID]S READ ON !IR ANIMALS LEAV+ RE9S & HALT]S TRAIL+2 :5 !Y PACK$ !IR FOOD1 !Y ALWAYS PUT A PAMPHLET 9TO !IR SACKS4 

,! ACC\NT1 WRITT5 AFT] ! UPSURGE HAD SUBSID$1 IS 9ADV]T5TLY PATRONIZ+4 ,SIMIL> DESCRIPTIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! WRIT+S ( TRAVEL]S TO ,P>IS ON ! EVE ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION3 ! CAB DRIV] HOLD+ SLACK5$ RE9S :ILE HIS EYES DEV\R A S$ITI\S PAMPHLET2 ! SOLDI] ON GU>D DUTY AVIDLY POR+ OV] A RADICAL NEWSPAP]2 ! HEAT$ DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,PALAIS ,ROYAL1 9 ! N>R[ /REETS1 & 9 ! CAFES4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,FRANCE1 H[EV]1 ?IS WAS TAK5 AS EVID5CE ( ! H>VE/ PRODUC$ BY ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 & AS TE/IMONY TO ,GALLIC CIVILIZATION2 9 ! CASE ( ,SPA91 IT WAS REG>D$ AS 0FANATICISM0 & 09FANTILE MILL5>IANISM40 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ,&ALUSIA 9 #a#i#a#h-#a#i1 LIKE ,FRANCE 9 ! #a#g#hS1 WAS TEET]+ ON ! BR9K ( REVOLUTION4 ,! PRUD5T ,CORDOBESE LAWY] HAD COME FACE TO FACE ) ! 9SURG5T ,CORDOBESE PEASANT--& HE WAS FRI<T5$4 

,9 ALL REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 ! S$ITION SPREADS RAPIDLY4 ,SO IT HAD BE5 9 ,FRANCE1 & SO IT WAS 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL'S ACC\NT1 WE GET NOT ONLY ! FACTS BUT ALSO ! FE>S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 :O SAW ?IS MOVEM5T ONLY AS A T]RIBLE CONTAGION SPREAD+ ACROSS ! L&3 

,)9 A FEW WEEKS1 ! ORIG9AL NUCLEUS ( T5 OR TWELVE ADEPTS EXP&$ 9TO ONE OR TWO HUNDR$2 9 A FEW MON?S1 ALMO/ ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION1 CAPTUR$ BY >D5T PROSLEYTISM1 FRANTICALLY PROPAGAT$ ! FLAM+ IDEAL4 ,! OB/9ATE FEW :O RESI/$ EI!R = REASONS ( DISCRETION1 PASSIVITY1 OR = FE> ( LOS+ !IR /ATUS1 W\LD BE H>ASS$ ON ! HILLSIDES AS !Y PL[$ ! FURR[1 9 ! COTTAGE1 9 ! TAV]N1 9 ! /REETS & SQU>ES BY COMMITT$ GR\PS ) REASONS1 ) IMPRECATIONS1 ) SCORN1 ) IRONY1 UNTIL !Y AGRE$1 = RESI/ANCE WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ONCE ! VILLAGE WAS CONV]T$1 ! AGITATION SPREAD TO ?OSE NE>BY2 IT SUFFIC$ = A WORK] ( ONE PUEBLO TO SPEAK TO A COMRADE ( ANO!R4 ,9 ALL JASES1 ! EFFECT WAS SUCCESSFUL2 ) MORE OR LESS ABILITY1 ALL W]E AGITATORS4 ,?US ! FIRE SPREAD RAPIDLY TO ALL 'COMBU/IBLE' VILLAGES4 ,! PROPAG&I/'S TASK WAS EASY2 IT SUFFIC$ ?AT HE READ AN >TICLE FROM ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD OR ,EL ,PRODUCTOR = ! HE>]S1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,FANELLI 9 ,RUBAU ,DONADEU'S GUE/ ROOM1 TO FEEL !MSELVES SUDD5LY ILLUM9AT$ BY ! NEW FAI?4 

,!N W\LD COME ! /RIKES4 ,MANY ( !M EXPLOD$ SPONTANE\SLY1 SWEEP+ 9 EV]YONE FROM DAY LABOR]S & CRAFTSM5 TO ! H\SE S]VANTS & WET NURSES ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,/ORES W\LD CLOSE1 ! CAFES W\LD EMPTY1 & ! FIELDS W\LD GO UNT5D$4 ,IF PROVOK$ BY ! ,GU>DIA !RE MI<T BE VIOL5CE--RIOT+1 ACTS ( 9C5DI>ISM1 ! KILL+ ( WAT* DOGS & CATTLE4 ,QUITE (T51 H[EV]1 NO?+ W\LD /IR2 AN E]IE SIL5CE W\LD DESC5D UPON ! 5TIRE T[N4 ,AL?\< MANY ( !SE /RIKES W\LD RAISE SPECIFIC DEM&S 7& 9 #a#i#a#h1 ,DIAZ DEL ,MORAL TELLS US1 ! MAJORITY ( !M WGRE SUCCESSFUL71 O!RS W]E /RICTLY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! /RIK]S W\LD POSE NO DEM&S4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS TO A*IEVE COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO4 ,:5 AT LA/ IT WAS CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS NOT TO COME1 ! /RIKES W\LD 5D AS SUDD5LY AS !Y HAD BEGUN1 & EV]YONE W\LD QUIETLY RETURN TO WORK4 ,!N ! T[N W\LD WAIT = ! NEXT OPPORTUNITY4 ,! SWOLL5 GR\PS W\LD %RIVEL BACK TO A SMALL NUCLEUS ( DEVOT$ REVOLUTION>IES UNTIL ANO!R UPSURGE SWEPT ACROSS ! L&4 

,! COM+ ( ! ,C,N,T GAVE !SE AGR>IAN MOVEM5TS GREAT] COHESION4 ,! UNION E/ABLI%$ A C5TRO OBR]O 9 EA* T[N & CREAT$ P]MAN5T ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ) REGUL> MEET+S & EXP]I5C$ ORGANIZ]S4 ,9 TIME1 EV5 ! MO/ ISOLAT$ T[NS DEVELOP$ L>GE1 RELIABLE MEMB]%IPS & BECAME L9K$ TO O!R COMMUNITIES BY REGIONAL CONF]5CES & NEWSPAP]S4 ,?IS WAS A VITALLY IMPORTANT ADVANCE4 ,9 ! PA/1 /RIKES HAD BE5 SPORADIC1 (T5 DOOM$ TO FAILURE BY ISOLATION4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 !Y W]E TO BE L9K$ TOGE!R 9TO GREAT PROV9CIAL MOVEM5TS1 SOMETIMES LEAD+ ! WAY = ! CITIES1 SOMETIMES RE9=C+ URBAN /RUGGLES4 ,SPEAK]S FROM ! L>GE CITIES & OCCASIONAL VISITORS FROM ABROAD W\LD T\R ! C5TROS OBR]OS1 BR++ ! CULTURALLY />V$ C\NTRY PEOPLE 9TO LIV+ CONTACT ) ! MO/ TAL5T$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,H]E W\LD COME ! !ORETICIANS ( ,AN>*ISM1 ITS MO/ CAPABLE ORGANIZ]S1 ITS MO/ R5[N$ J\RNALI/S4 ,!SE W\LD BE GREAT MOM5TS1 LIKE IMPORTANT HOLIDAYS1 :5 5RAPTUR$ AUDI5CES W\LD LI/5 TO ! NEWE/ IDEAS OR HEAT$LY DEBATE ! MO/ OBJECTIONABLE POLICIES4 ,!N !RE W\LD BE P]IODS :5 ! LOCAL SPEAK]S1 EA* 9 TURN1 W\LD EXP\ND 0! ,IDEA0 9 ALL ITS NUANCES TO NEI<BORS & FRI5DS4 

,LOCAL NEWSPAP]S PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 NOT ONLY BY 9=M+ & COORD9AT+ ! AGR>IAN MOVEM5T1 BUT ALSO BY PROVID+ ! BRAC]OS & PEASANTS ) A S\RCE ( EXPRESSION4 ,C,N,T & ,AN>*I/ P]IODICALS W]E REM>KABLE HUMAN DOCUM5TS4 ,!Y W]E FILL$ ) LETT]S--SOME B>ELY LIT]ATE--FROM ALL P>TS ( ! DI/RICT4 ,! S9DICATOS UNICOS W\LD PO/ NOTICES ( !IR ACTIVITIES2 9DIVIDUAL BRAC]OS & PEASANTS W\LD DISCUSS A HO/ ( ISSUES RANG+ FROM POLITICS TO MORALITY2 EXP]I5CES W\LD BE EX*ANG$1 &1 ( C\RSE1 !RE W\LD BE NEWS ( ALL IMPORTANT EV5TS ?AT CONC]N$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES4 ,! P]IODICALS1 9 %ORT1 W]E LIV+ ORGANS2 !IR READ]S DEV\R$ !M AVIDLY & WROTE TO !M FREQU5TLY4 ,DEVOT$ ,AN>*I/S MI<T SUBSCRIBE TO A NUMB] ( PAP]S3 USUALLY ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD OR ONE ( ! ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]AS1 SEV]AL ( :I* W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! L>GE CITIES4 ,9 ADDITION !RE W]E SCORES ( LOCAL NEWSPAP]S TO *OOSE FROM 9 ,&ALUSIA ALONE4 ,!SE P]IODICALS W]E SUPPLEM5T$ BY PAMPHLETS & BOOKS ON GEOGRAPHY1 HI/ORY1 SCI5CE1 & AGRONOMY1 AS WELL AS SOCIAL ISSUES1 & 9CLUD$ MORALLY ELEVAT+ DIALOGUES1 POEMS1 & NOVELS4 ,MANY ( !M W]E PR9T$ 9 V]Y L>GE $ITIONS ON *EAP PAP] & USUALLY SOLD = A FRACTION ( A PESETA4 

,9 ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT ! S9DICATO UTIICO USUALLY EMBRAC$ ! 5TIRE T[N1 BR++ TOGE!R WORK]S1 CRAFTSM51 PEASANTS1 BRAC]OS1 & EV5 %OPKEEP]S 9 A S+LE UNION4 ,?US ANY /RIKE 9VOLV$ EV]YONE TO SOME DEGREE & USUALLY TOOK ON ! PROPORTIONS ( A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 SMALL COMMUNITIES1 ! ,SUNDAY MEET+S ( ! S9DICATO W]E SIMPLY VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES4 ,ANYONE WAS FREE TO ATT5D1 TO SPEAK & VOTE ON ! TOPICS AT ISSUE1 :I* (T5 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY UNION BUS9ESS BUT ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,WOM5 P>TICIPAT$ AS FREELY AS M54 ,BETWE5 ! WEEKLY ASSEMBLIES1 ! ADM9/RATION ( ! COMMUNITY'S AFFAIRS WAS VE/$ 9 ! ,JUNTA DEL ,S9DICATO & ITS COMMITTEES4 ,! ASSEMBLIES MADE ALL DECISIONS ( POLICY & ! COMMITTEES EXECUT$ !M1 IMPOS+ F9ES IF NECESS>Y4 ,ANY ACTION ( ! COMMITTEES1 H[EV]1 C\LD BE *ALL5G$ & REVOK$ AT WEEKLY ASSEMBLIES4 ,DUR+ P]IODS ( UPHEAVAL1 ! S9DICATO AS A :OLE BECAME A 0DUAL P[]0 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD1 (T5 COMPLETELY UND]CUTT+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! (FICIAL MUNICIPALITY4 

,AL?\< REC5T EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ! BRAC]OS W]E ALREADY ORGANIZ$ 9 QUASI-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#hS & W]E H>DLY ! AMORPH\S MASS DESCRIB$ BY ,BR5AN & ,HOBSBAWM1 ! RI*LY >TICULAT$ =MS DESCRIB$ ABOVE DID NOT FULLY EM]GE UNTIL ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 #aiah ! ,C,N,T WAS /ILL A NEW ORGANIZATION 9 ! S\? & ! S9DICATO UNICO1 AL?\< 9ITIAT$ BY ,&ALUSIA1 HAD YET TO DEVELOP /ABLE ROOTS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 TIME WAS WORK+ AGA9/ ! REBELLION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,= YE>S ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! S\? HAD ANSW]$ ! DEM&S ( !IR LABOR]S ) AN >ROGANT 9DIFF]5CE1 SAFE 9 ! KN[L$GE ?AT !Y WIELD$ COMPLETE P[] OV] !IR DOMA9S4 ,) ! UPSURGE ( #a#i#a#h1 !Y PANICK$ COMPLETELY4 ,! E>LY CONCESSIONS TO ! RURAL /RIKES W]E MADE AS A RESULT ( FE>1 NOT 9 A SPIRIT ( COMPROMISE4 ,MANY L&[N]S RESPOND$ TO ! DEM&S ( !IR LABOR]S BY PACK+ (F TO ! PROV9CIAL CITIES1 9 SOME CASES LEAV+ ,SPA9 ALTOGE!R4 ,?OSE :O REMA9$ BEH9D--! MORE DET]M9$ PROPRIETORS1 ! CACIQUES & !IR RUFFIANS1 ! CONS]VATIVE MIDDLE CLASSES--MOBILIZ$ 9TO >M$ GR\PS4 ,EV]Y CORTIJO BECAME AN >MORY BRI/L+ ) WEAPONS4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#i1 ! NEW ,MAURA M9I/RY S5T ,G5]AL ,LA ,B]R]A 9TO ! S\? ) A DIVISION ( TROOPS4 ,! SOLDI]S1 DIVID$ 9TO SMALL DETA*M5TS1 OCCUPI$ VITUALLY ALL ! RE/IVE T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,) ! DECL>ATION ( M>TIAL LAW ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ?IS 9VASION1 WORK]S' C5T]S W]E CLOS$ D[N1 RADICAL NEWSPAP]S SUPPRESS$1 & ?\S&S >RE/$4 ,?OSE :O W]E NOT CONF9$ FO JAIL W]E SIMPLY EXPELL$ FROM ! REGION4 ,! RURAL MOVEM5T N[ BEGAN TO ROLL BACK4 ,! EBB+ ( ! TIDE WAS HA/5$ BY DEMORALIZ+ QU>RELS BETWE5 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S & BY BITT] 9FI<T+ BETWE5 ! ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS ( ! ,C,N,T4.<#b#c.> ,F9ALLY1 :]E ALL REPRESSIVE MEASURES HAD FAIL$1 ! /RIKES W]E LIT]ALLY />V$ \T BY ! DEEP5+ ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT FOLL[$ ! W>4 ,A QUIET ONCE MORE DESC5D$ UPON ! S\?1 NOT TO BE BROK5 UNTIL ! #a#i#cS4 

,9 ! NOR?1 REPRESSION HAD />T$ EV5 E>LI]1 UND] ! ,LIB]AL PREMI] ,ROMANONES1 BUT ITS EFFECTS W]E TO BACKFIRE COMPLETELY ON ! GOV]NM5T4 ,DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 ! ,C,N,T LAUN*$ A MASSIVE PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN ?R\<\T MO/ ( ,SPA9 TO W9 OV] ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,)9 SIX MON?S1 ! LABOR ORGANIZATION HAD 9CREAS$ ITS ,CATALAN MEMB]%IP NE>LY FIVEFOLD1 LEAP+ FROM #g#e1 9 ,JUNE TO #c#e1 BY ! 5D ( ! YE>4 ,C,N,T SPEAK]S CRISSCROSS$ ! C\NTRY ADDRESS+ L>GE MEET+S & W9N+ ADH]5TS BY ! ?\S&S4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ! GA9S W]E UTT]LY SPECTACUL>3 9 ,DECEMB]1 = EXAMPLE1 :ILE /OPP+ AT ,VAL5CIA1 ,BU5ACASA & HIS COMRADES WON OV] TO ! ,C,N,T ! 5TIRE ,F$]ATION ,NATIONAL DE ,AGRICULTORES1 :I* WAS !N HOLD+ ITS FIF? NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ,C,N,T GA9$ ! ADH]5CE ( ! ,REGIONAL ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,&ALUSIA1 BR++ TWO ( ! L>GE/ RURAL UNIONS 9TO ITS FOLD4 

,AS ! AGITATION CONT9U$ TO M\NT1 ! GOV]NM5T BECAME 9CREAS+LY AL>M$4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#a#i1 ,ROMANONES DECRE$ ! SUSP5SION ( ALL CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,NE>LY ALL ! TOP ,C,N,T (FICIALS1 9CLUD+ ,BU5ACASA1 ,SEGUI1 ,H]R]OS1 & ,NEGRE1 W]E R\ND$ UP & IMPRISON$ 9 ! BATTLE%IP 0,PELAYO0 LY+ AT AN*OR 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,PE/ANA MANAG$ TO ESCAPE >RE/1 BUT ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ON :I* HE S]V$ AS $ITOR1 WAS SUPPRESS$4 

,!SE >RE/S PRODUC$ AN UPRO> 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,AL?\< ! LABOR ORGANIZATION HAD BE5 DRIV5 UND]GR\ND1 IT CONT9U$ TO GR[4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T 9 ! ,C,N,T'S =TUNES--:5 IT WAS TE*NICALLY AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION1 ITS TOP (FICIALS 9 JAIL & ITS NEWSPAP] SUPPRESS$--?AT ,B>CELONA WAS ROCK$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ MEMORABLE G5]AL /RIKES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,! /RIKE BEGAN ) A M9OR DISPUTE 9 ! 0,CANADI5SE10 ! POPUL> NAME = AN ,ANGLO-,CANADIAN HYDROELECTRIC COMPANY 7,REIGO Y ,FU]ZA DEL ,EBRO7 ?AT FURNI%$ ,B>CELONA ) P[] & LI<T4 ,H]E ! ,C,N,T HAD ORGANIZ$ ONE ( ITS /RONGE/ S9DICATOS UNICOS4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS NOT ) ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ UTILITY WORK]S ?AT ! /RIKE ( ! 0,CANADI5SE0 BEGAN1 BUT ) ! (FICE EMPLOYES4 ,T[>D ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y1 A NUMB] ( CL]KS HAD RECEIV$ WAGE-CUTS1 & !Y TURN$ TO ! S9DICATO = ASSI/ANCE4 ,! UNION MADE AN ATTEMPT TO NEGOTIATE ! DISPUTE1 BUT ! ,5GLI% DIRECTOR ( ! FIRM1 ,PET] ,LAWTON1 ?\< AT FIR/ DISPOS$ TO DEAL ) ! WORK]S1 F9ALLY RESPOND$ BY DIS*>G+ EI<T ( !M4 ,?REE DAYS LAT]1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #e1 ! 5TIRE CL]ICAL /AFF DECL>$ A SIT-9 /RIKE & S5T A COMMITTEE TO ! HI<E/ PUBLIC (FICIALS ( ,CATALONIA REQUE/+ !IR 9T]V5TION 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,!Y W]E ANSW]$ BY ! >RIVAL ( ! POLICE1 PRECIPITAT+ A /RIKE BY ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S 9 ! PLANT4 

,! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! 0,CANADI5SE0 DIRECTOR REQUIRES AN EXPLANATION4 ,AT ?IS TIME 9 ,B>CELONA1 A POLICY CONFLICT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! CIVIL & MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES4 ,REFLECT+ ! /ATE ( M9D 9 ,MADRID1 ! CIVIL GOV]NOR ,GONZALEZ ,RO?WOS WAS 9CL9$ TO DEAL AMICABLY ) ! MOD]ATE (FICIALS 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,HE S5S$ ?AT A POLICY ( BRUTE REPRESSION /R5G!N$ ! ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS 9 ! UNION1 UND]CUTT+ ! POSITION ( ,SEGUI4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CAPTA9 G5]AL ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* WAS A H>% REACTION>Y ( ! OLD S*OOL :O HAD ONLY ONE ANSW] TO LABOR UNRE/3 D> LA BATALLA--0TO GIVE BATTLE40 ,9 ?IS /ANCE HE WAS COMPLETELY SUPPORT$ BY ! NEWLY ORGANIZ$ ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION1 :I* S\<T TO E/ABLI% AN ANTILABOR1 MILIT>I/IC REGIME 9 OP5 DEFIANCE ( ! CIVIL AU?ORITIES 9 ,B>CELONA & ,MADRID4 ,AS ,BR5AN NOTES1 ! P>ADOXICAL UNION ( ! 0NATIONALI/IC0 ,CATALAN MANUFACTUR]S ) ! ANTI-,CATALAN >MY HAD TURN$ ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* 9TO 0A SORT ( ,VIC]OY10 CLE>LY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT 0= ! ,LLIGA1 ! SOCIAL QUE/ION TOOK PREC$5CE OV] ! ,CATALAN ONE40 ,APP>5TLY1 IT WAS ! CAPTA9 G5]AL & ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION :I* /IFF5$ ,LAWTON'S ATTITUDE 9 ! DISPUTE ) ! S9DICATO4 

,BE=E ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* C\LD 0DO BATTLE10 H[EV]1 ! /RIKE BEGAN TO SPREAD--& TO ! MO/ /RATEGIC SECTORS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,ON ! SAME DAY ?AT ! 0,CANADI5SE0 W5T ON /RIKE 7,FEBRU>Y #h71 ! WORK]S ( ! ,5]GIA ,ELECTRICA DE ,CATALUNA FOLL[$ !M 9 AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY1 SITT+-9 9 !IR [N PLANT4 ,N9E DAYS LAT]1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#g1 ! TEXTILE WORK]S WALK$ \T4 ,!Y W]E FOLL[$ BY A NE>LY COMPLETE /RIKE BY ALL ! ELECTRICAL WORK]S ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! CITY WAS PLUNG$ IIJTO D>KNESS4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 FAC$ ) A DESP]ATE CRISIS 9 ,SPA9'S LEAD+ 9DU/RIAL REGION1 BR\<T 9 ! >MY TO RE/ORE ELECTRICAL S]VICE1 BUT IT C\LD DO SO ONLY P>TIALLY1 & #g P]C5T ( ! FACTORIES 9 ! >EA W]E P>ALYZ$4 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 CIVIL & MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES N[ CAME 9TO ! OP54 ,:ILE ,GONZALEZ ,RO?WOS WAS TRY+ TO RE/ORE NEGOTIATIONS1 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* PLAC$ ! 5TIRE PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA UND] M>TIAL LAW4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! 0,CANADI5SE0 ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION W>N+ ?AT ANY WORK] :O FAIL$ TO RETURN TO HIS JOB BY ,M>* #f C\LD CONSID] HIMSELF FIR$4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y ?+ OCCURR$3 ! ,S9DICATO ,UNICO DE ,>TES ,GRAFICAS 9=M$ ! ,B>CELONA NEWSPAP] PUBLI%]S ?AT !Y W\LD REFUSE TO PR9T ANY?+ ?AT WAS PREJUDICIAL TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! /RIK]S4 ,:5 ,ROMANONES 9 ,MADRID TRI$ TO BREAK ! /RIKE BY CALL+ UP ! WORK]S = MILIT>Y S]VICE1 ! PR9T]S KEPT ! PROCLAMATION BUT ( ! NEWSPAP]S4 ,AT L5G?1 ?IS DOCUM5T F\ND ITS WAY 9TO PR9T1 ONLY TO BE ANSW]$ BY A /RIKE ( ALL ! RAILWAY & TROLLEY WORK]S4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! MOBILIZ$ /RIK]S REFUS$ TO ANSW] ! CALL-UP1 & ?OSE :O RELUCTANTLY DID SO REFUS$ TO ACT AS /RIKEBREAK]S4 ,SOME #c1 ( !M W]E PACK$ (F TO ! ,MONTJUI* ,=TRESS4 ,BY ,M>* #a#c1 ! FRANTIC ,ROMANONES1 PURSU+ A POLICY ( NEGOTIATION ) ! /RIK]S1 9/ALL$ ,C>LOS ,MONTANES AS CIVIL GOV]NOR & ,G]>DO ,DOVAL AS ,B>CELONA POLICE *IEF--BO? WELL-KN[N = !IR LIB]AL VIEWS4 ,BY N[1 ! 0,CANADI5SE0 EQUIPM5T WAS SUFF]+ FROM MAJOR DET]IORATION2 ! COMPANY1 9 FACT1 WAS FAC+ BANKRUPTCY4 

,A SETTLEM5T WAS F9ALLY NEGOTIAT$ BY ,JOSE ,MOROTE1 AN (FICIAL 9 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 ,AL?\< ! /RIK]S HAD BE5 MOTIVAT$ L>GELY BY SOLID>ITY = !IR FELL[ UNIONI/S1 MO/ ( !M ASK$ = WAGE 9CREASES1 AN EI<T-H\R DAY1 RECOGNITION ( ! S9DICATOS BY MANAGEM5T1 & ! RE9/ATEM5T ( DIS*>G$ P]SONNEL4 ,ALL ( !SE DEM&S W]E GRANT$4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! WORK]S COMPELL$ ! EMPLOY]S TO REIMBURSE !M = ! E>N+S !Y HAD LO/ :ILE /RIK+4 ,AS = ! GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS REQUIR$ TO RELEASE ALL ?OSE IMPRISON$ = 0SOCIAL QUE/IONS10 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ 9 ,JANU>Y4 ,!RE REMA9$ ONE QUALIFICATION3 ! AU?ORITIES REFUS$ TO RELEASE ANYONE :O WAS CURR5TLY ON TRIAL4 

,ON ! NI<T ( ,M>* #a#f1 ! SETTLEM5T WAS SUBMITT$ = APPROVAL TO A HUGE MASS MEET+ ( /RIK]S AT ,B>CELONA'S PLAZA DE TOROS DE ,LAS ,>5AS4 ,! WORK]S AGRE$ TO EV]Y?+ EXCEPT ! QUALIFICATION ON ! 0SOCIAL PRISON]S40 ,A CRY W5T UP OV] ! 5TIRE PLAZA3 0,FREE EV]YBODY60 ,9DE$1 FEEL+ RAN SO HI< ?AT ! SETTLEM5T WAS NE>LY REJECT$2 BUT ,SEGUI1 BY >GU+ ?AT NO?+ %ORT ( AN 9SURRECTION C\LD FREE ?OSE PRISON]S1 GA9$ ! PROVISIONAL APPROVAL ( ! AUDI5CE4 ,IT WAS AGRE$ TO RETURN TO WORK = N[1 BUT TO RESUME ! /RIKE IF ! GOV]NM5T FAIL$ TO RELEASE ALL ! PRISON]S 9 SEV5TY-TWO H\RS4 

,?IS G5]AL /RIKE HAD LA/$ =TY-F\R DAYS1 P>ALYZ+ VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE ECONOMY ( ,B>CELONA & ! T[NS 9 ! SURR\ND+ >EA4 ,! /RIK]S HAD RESI/$ A MILIT>Y CALL-UP1 ?US RISK+ IMPRISONM5T = F\R YE>S4 ,NOT ONLY WORK]S 9 9DU/RY & TRANSPORTATION BUT %OP CL]KS & DVIL S]VANTS HAD WALK$ (F !IR JOBS4 ,?\S&S HAD BE5 PACK$ (F TO ! ,MONTJUI* ,=TRESS4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,M>* #a#a1 ,ROMANONES HAD TRI$ TO CURRY FAVOR ) ! /RIK]S BY DECREE+ AN EI<T-H\R DAY = ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 :I* WAS TO BE EXT5D$ TO ALL TRADES ON ,APRIL #c4 ,! DECREE MADE ,SPA9 ! FIR/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD TO 5ACT ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9TO LAW4 

,! WORK]S KNEW ?AT !Y HAD WON AN HI/ORIC VICTORY--BUT SO DID ! EMPLOY]S4 ,N[ ! H& ( ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* BEGAN TO BE FELT1 & IT TI<T5$ 9TO A FI/4 ,DESPITE PLEAS BY UNION (FICIALS1 ! GOV]NM5T LET ! SEV5TY-TWO H\RS PASS )\T RELEAS+ ! REMA9+ PRISON]S4 ,!RE WAS NO WAY TO AVOID ?IS *ALL5GE1 & ON ,M>* #b#d1 WISELY OR NOT1 ! /RIKE WAS RESUM$ 9 FULL =CE4.<#b#d.> ,?IS TIME ! CAPTA9 G5]AL ACT$ ) 5]GY & DECISIV5ESS4 ,TROOPS W]E /ATION$ AT ALL /RATEGIC PO9TS 9 ! CITY ) MA*9E GUNS & >TILL]Y4 ,TO RE9=CE ! SOLDI]S1 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS* CALL$ UP #h1 M5 ( ! >*AIC ,CIVIC ,GU>D1 A VOLUNTE] MILITIA RECRUIT$ OV]:ELM+LY FROM ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES4 ,/ORES W]E =C$ OP5 ) RIFLE BUTTS1 EV5 ?\< ! CL]KS W]E /ILL ON /RIKE4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,CIVIC ,GU>D TRANSPORT$ SUPPLIES 9TO ! CITY1 & >M$ TROOPS PATROLL$ ! /REETS4 

,! GOV]NM5T FLATLY REFUS$ TO MAKE ANY COMPROMISES ) ! /RIK]S4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 ! POLICE LAUN*$ A MASSIVE R\NDUP ( ALL ! ,C,N,T (FICIALS1 /RIKE COMMITTEES1 & UNION MILITANTS !Y C\LD F9D4 ,BY ,M>* #b#h1 ! /RIKE HAD BEGUN TO FOLL[ A NOTICEABLE D[NW>D TR5D4 ,FIR/ ! /ORE CL]KS & (FICE WORK]S RETURN$ TO !IR JOBS1 FOLL[$ BY WORK]S 9 LI<T 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION1 & UTILITIES4 ,! METALLURGICAL WORK]S HELD \T TO ! LA/1 BUT BY ,APRIL #g ! G5]AL /RIKE HAD ESS5TIALLY COME TO AN 5D4 ,A KEY FACTOR 9 BR++ AB\T ! RESUMPTION ( WORK 9 AN 5T]PRISE WAS ! >RE/ ( ! /RIKE COMMITTEE & ! DEMORALIZATION ?AT 5SU$4 ,AL?\< WORK]S REMA9$ \T WELL 9TO ,APRIL 7P>TLY BECAUSE ( LOCK\TS7 & ! CONFLICT L+]$ ON 9 \TLY+ 9DU/RIAL COMMUNITIES1 ! BACKBONE ( ! /RIKE HAD BE5 DECISIVELY BROK54 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS*1 ACT+ = ! >MY & ! >ROGANT ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION1 CAPP$ HIS VICTORY ) AN ACT ( DEFIANCE ?AT VIRTUALLY %AD$ 9TO A PRONUNCIAMI5TO3 HE REMOV$ ,MONTANES & ,DOVAL FROM (FICE1 PACK+ (F ! CIVIL GOV]NOR TO ,MADRID4 ,?IS ACTION TOPPL$ ! ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T1 & ,ROMANONES WAS REPLAC$ BY ,MAURA4 

,MILANS DEL ,BOS*1 :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 HIS EXPECTATIONS1 DID NOT SMA% ! ,C,N,T4 ,! UNION WAS EVID5TLY A =MIDABLE P[] 9 ,CATALONIA1 & 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> ITS /RIKES W]E TO 9CREASE 9 NUMB]4 ,! CAPTA9 G5]AL1 H[EV]1 SUCCE$$ 9 REALIZ+ ALL ! FE>S ( HIS =M] CIVIL GOV]NOR1 ,GONZALEZ ,RO?WOS3 ! VIOL5T TACTICS ADVOCAT$ BY ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS W]E TO REPLACE ! MOD]ATE ME?ODS ( ! SYNDICALI/S4 ,PI/OL]OS1 OR GUNM51 W\LD SOON BEG9 TO OP]ATE MORE FREQU5TLY ON BEHALF ( BO? ! UNION & ! EMPLOY]S4 

,! LA/ S]I\S ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE ! BITT] CONFLICT 9 ,B>CELONA WAS MADE 9 ! LATT] HALF ( #a#i#a#i1 :5 ,MAURA1 REPUDIAT$ BY ! ELECTORATE1 WAS REPLAC$ BY ,SAN*EZ DE ,TOCA4 ,! NEW M9I/RY1 COMPOS$ 5TIRELY ( ,CONS]VATIVES1 MADE A LA/ DIT* EF=T TO RECONCILE ! TWO CLASSES4 ,?AT ! M9I/RY WAS =M$ AT ALL IS ALMO/ MIRACUL\S2 ! K+ HAD BEGUN TO M$DLE 9 P>LIAM5T>Y AFFAIRS 9 A MANN] ?AT V]G$ ON ! ]RATIC4 ,! MILIT>Y JUNTAS1 N[ EXTREMELY REACTION>Y1 SUPPORT$ ! EMPLOY]S 9 !IR POLICY ( D> LA BATALLA4 ,DESPITE !SE =MIDABLE OB/ACLES1 ,SAN*EZ DE ,TOCA MADE AN UNUSUAL EF=T TO >RIVE AT A MODUS VIV5DI ) ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HIS COOL & CONCILIATORY BEHAVIOR 9 ! GREAT /RIKES ?AT SWEPT ,MALAGA1 ,VAL5CIA1 & ,S>AGOSSA 9 #aiai /& \T 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! M9DLESS REPRESSION 9ITIAT$ BY ,MAURA & HIS AIDE ,LA ,CI]VA4 

,B>CELONA WAS DEALT ) CAUTI\SLY4 ,! NEW CIVIL GOV]NOR1 ,JULIO ,AMADO1 TRI$ TO CREATE A /ABLE SY/EM ( LABOR >BITRATION BY E/ABLI%+ A ,MIX$ ,COMMISSION ( ,LABOR 7,COMISION ,MIXTA DE ,TRABAJO71 ON :I* SAT AN EQUAL NUMB] ( EMPLOY] & UNION REPRES5TATIVES4.<#b#e.> ,= A :ILE1 IT ALMO/ SEEM$ ?AT ,AMADO'S POLICY ( CONCILIATION MI<T SUCCE$3 ! NUMB] ( AT5TADOS FELL (F %>PLY1 & AN AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] = ! RETURN ( #g1 WORK]S 7MANY ( !M LOCK\TS AS WELL AS /RIK]S7 TO !IR JOBS4 

,BUT ?IS P]IOD ( CONCILIATION WAS TO BE V]Y %ORTLIV$4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i1 A CONGRESS ( ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATIONS 9 ,B>CELONA SECRETLY VOT$ TO 9ITIATE A G5]AL LOCK\T 9 ,CATALONIA &1 IF NECESS>Y1 ?R\<\T ,SPA91 9 ! EV5T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T %\LD FAIL TO 5D ! 0PRES5T SITUATION ( SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION40 ,! DECISION WAS FOLL[$ BY A MON? ( MANEUV]+ BETWE5 ! UNION & ! MANUFACTUR]S1 9 :I* ! LATT] TRI$ TO CREATE ! V]Y 0SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION0 !Y HAD BE5 COMPLA9+ AB\T4.<#b#f.> ,:51 ON ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 SOME #b#e1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE1 ! EMPLOY]S APP>5TLY DECID$ ?AT-! OPPORTUNE MOM5T = !IR (F5SIVE HAD >RIV$4 ,! LOCK\T BEGAN ON ! V]Y SAME DAY1 ?R[+ #b1 \T ( WORK4 ,! ACTION LA/$ WELL 9TO ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE>--A P]IOD ( T5 BITT] WEEKS1 DUR+ :I* VIRTUALLY ALL 9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA WAS BR\<T TO A /&/ILL4 

,IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ! LOCK\T--9DE$1 DUR+ ONE ( ITS WOR/ PHASES---4?AT ! ,C,N,T DECID$ TO HOLD ITS SECOND NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,S9CE ,B>CELONA WAS NO LONG] SAFE = SU* A GA!R+1 IT WAS TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ /RON<OLD ( ,MADRID4.<#b#g.> ,ON ! MORN+ ( ,DECEMB] #a1#a#i#a#i1#d#c#g DELEGATES GA!R$ 9 ! >I/OCRATIC ,TEATRO DE LA ,COM$IA1 FILL+ MO/ ( ! OR*E/RA SEATS & BOXES4 ,! REMA9+ SECTIONS ( ! ,TEATRO W]E OCCUPI$ BY A L>GE ASSORTM5T ( >TI/S1 WRIT]S1 POETS1 & ACADEMICIANS2 9 %ORT1 ?AT UNIQUE P]IPH]AL GR\P ( 9TELLECTUALS ?AT HAD COLLECT$ >\ND ! ,MADRID ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! DAYS ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT WAS TRULY A PEOPLE'S CONGRESS1 ) EA* DELEGATION WE>+ ITS [N REGIONAL G>B3 ! ,BASQUES 9 !IR B]ETS1 ! ,&ALUSIANS 9 !IR L>GE ,CORDOBESE HATS & PEASANT BL\SES1 & SO =?4 ,! DELEGATES REPRES5T$ OV] #g1 MEMB]S4 ,! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY-- #d#b#g1--W]E LOCAT$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 :ILE ! ,LEVANT CLAIM$ #a#c#b14 ,! ,&ALUSIAN DELEGATION--0! MO/ AN>*I/ DELEGATION10 ACCORD+ TO ,BU5ACASA---REPRES5T$ LESS ?AN #i11 A REFLECTION ( ! H>% REPRESSION ,MAURA HAD 9FLICT$ ON ! REGION4 

,AL?\< SOME:AT =MALLY /RUCTUR$1 ) A CR$5TIALS COMMITTEE & SPECIAL COMMITTEES TO REPORT ON IMPORTANT ISSUES1 ! CONGRESS WAS HI<LY DEMOCRATIC4 ,FROM ! \TSET IT WAS DECID$ TO GRANT EV]YONE PRES5T ! RI<T TO SPEAK1 AL?\< MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ,TEATRO W]E NOT MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,VOT+ PRIVILEGES1 ( C\RSE1 W]E RES]V$ = ! AU?ORIZ$ DELEGATES4 ,FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 IT WAS A /ORMY CONGRESS4 ,= EI<T YE>S1 REPRESSION HAD PREV5T$ A REPRES5TATIVE1 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ( ?IS K9D FROM CONV5+4 ,PASSIONS & IDEAS W]E P5T UP 9 ALL ( ! DELEGATES4 ,NO SOON] HAD ! LEAN FIGURE ( ,BOAL CALL$1 ! CR[D$ MEET+ TO ORD] ?AN SCORES ( DELEGATES SPRANG TO !IR FEET1 DEM&+ ! FLOOR4 ,LAT]1 AN EXTREMELY ABLE *AIRMAN1 ,JOSE ,M>IA ,M>T9EZ ( ! ,A/URIAN DELEGATION1 MANAG$ 9 AN AFFABLE BUT DECISIVE MANN] TO KEEP ! PROCE$+S ORD]LY1 BUT 0VIVAS0 TO ,AN>*ISM & TO ! ,C,N,T EXPLOD$ ?R\<\T ! SESSIONS4 

,! CONGRESS UNEQUIVOCALLY DECL>$ ITS BELIEF 9 COMUNISMO AN>QUICO4 ,IT ADOPT$ ! ,S9DICATO ,UNICO DE ,RAMOS E ,9DU/RIAS 7S+LE UNION ( BRAN*ES & 9DU/RIES7 = L>GE CITIES & ! MORE 5COMPASS+ ,S9DICATOS ,UNICOS DE ,TRABAJADORES 7S+LE UNION ( WORK]S7 = ! SMALL] T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,?IS M]ELY ACKN[L$G$ ! FACT ?AT CRAFT SECTIONS )9 ! S9DICATO UNICO W]E NOT FEASIBLE = UNIONS 9 SMALL OR RURAL COMMUNITIES4 

,) ! ADOPTION ( ! S9DICATO UNICO1 ! CONGRESS ANNULL$ ! ,F$]ACIONES DE (ICIO 7! F$]ATIONS ORGANIZ$ BY TRADE & 9DU/RY71 REPLAC+ !M BY SIMPLE ,COMITES DE RELATION PR(ESIONAL 7COMMITTEES ( PR(ESSIONAL RELATIONS74 ,NO LONG] WAS ! LABOR ORGANIZATION TO HAVE ! DUAL ASPECTS ADVOCAT$ BY TRADITIONAL SYNDICALISM3 !RE W]E TO BE S9DICATOS UNICOS1 GR\P$ 9TO LOCAL OR T]RITORIAL F$]ATIONS4 ,CRAFT PROBLEMS W]E TO BE H&L$ BY ! TRADE SECTIONS )9 EA* S9DICATO UNICO &1 ON A L>G] SCALE1 BY SIMPLE1 LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ COMMITTEES ( PR(ESSIONAL RELATIONS4 0,! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION WILL BE COMPOS$ BASICALLY ( ITS ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATIONS10 DECL>ES ! RESOLUTION ADOPT$ ON ?IS ISSUE1 0!SE BY ! ,LOCAL & ,COM>CAL ,F$]ATIONS & !SE BY ! ,S9DICATOS40 ,) ?IS /RUCTURAL *ANGE1 ! ,C,N,T WAS N[ ESS5TIALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ & ITS 9T]NAL RELATIONS MADE 5TIRELY ORGANIC4 ,AL?\< A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITEE CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 ! AUTONOMY ( ! LOCAL & REGIONAL F$]ATIONS WAS NO LONG] ABRIDG$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( P>ALLEL1 SEP>ATELY ORGANIZ$ CRAFT BODIES4 

,! CONGRESS CALL$ UPON ! PR9T]S' S9DICATOS TO REFUSE TO PUBLI% ANY P]IODICALS 9 LOCALITIES :]E AU?ORITIES HAD SUSP5D$ ! ,C,N,T PRESS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! PR9T]S W]E ASK$ TO EX]CISE A 0R$0 C5SOR%IP 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! C5SOR%IP IMPOS$ ON LABOR P]IODICALS4 ,! DELEGATES AFFIRM$ !IR COMMITM5T TO ACCION DIRECTA & DECL>$ !IR SUPPORT = ! 09TELLIG5T10 0OPPORTUNE0 USE ( SABOTAGE4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ ANY P>TICIPATION BY ! ,C,N,T UNIONS 9 ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSIONS4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION HAD ACKN[L$G$ ITS ]ROR 9 JO9+ ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSIONS ORGANIZ$ UND] ! ,SAN*EZ M9I/RY1 AN ACT ( SELF-CRITICISM ?AT ! DELEGATES ACCEPT$ )\T REPROA*ES4 

,! BIGGE/ PROBLEM FAC+ ! CONGRESS WAS ITS ATTITUDE T[>D O!R MOVEM5TS1 NOTABLY ! ,U,G,T & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,A /RONG S5TIM5T = FUSION ) ! ,SOCIALI/ UNION EXI/$ AMONG DELEGATES FROM ,A/URIAS & ,CA/ILE1 ! TWO >EAS :]E ! ,U,G,T HAD DEEP ROOTS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,S>AGOSSA DELEGATE SUPPORT$ FUSION1 REM9D+ ! CONGRESS ?AT WORK]S FROM HIS >EA W]E NOT YET ALIGN$ ) EI!R LABOR ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,&ALUSIANS AS A BLOC & ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS FROM O!R REGIONS OPPOS$ IT FURI\SLY4 ,! ILL-FEEL+ ( MANY C5ETI/AS T[>D ! ,SOCIALI/ UNION CAN BE/ BE CONVEY$ BY REF]RR+ DIRECTLY TO ONE ( ! RESOLUTIONS CONDEM+ FUSION4 ,! UGETI/AS 7,U,G,T MEMB]S7 W]E DESCRIB$ AS AM>ILLOS Y AL M>G5 DEL MOVIMIETITO OBR]O 0YELL[S & ON ! M>G9 ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T40 ,N\RI%+ ?IS %>P LANGUAGE W]E BITT] MEMORIES ( /RIKES 9 :I* UGETI/A WORK]S HAD SCABB$ AGA9/ !IR BRO!RS 9 ! ,C,N,T & ! CYNICAL ADVANTAGE ! ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]%IP HAD TAK5 ( ,AN>*I/ DEFEATS4 ,YET ! USE ( !SE WORDS PRODUC$ A S5SATION AT ! CONGRESS1 & = ?REE DAYS ! DELEGATES HEAT$LY DEBAT$ ! ISSUE4 ,:5 IT F9ALLY CAME TO A VOTE1 ! FUSIONI/S W]E DEFEAT$ BY #c#b#d1 TO #a#g14 ,! NUMB] ( AB/5TIONS WAS FAIRLY L>GE &1 UNACC\NTABLY1 DELEGATES REPRES5T+ SOME #b1 MEMB]S DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! VOT+ AT ALL4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION WAS GREET$ ) UNRE/RA9$ 5?USIASM4 ,! CONGRESS CALL$ UPON ALL ,SPANI% >MAM5T WORK]S NOT TO PRODUCE ANY WEAPONS DE/9$ = USE AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY & ?REAT5$ TO CALL A G5]AL /RIKE IF ,SPA9 S5T TROOPS TO ,RUSSIA4 ,AFT] AV[+ !IR SUPPORT ( ,BAKUN9'S PR9CIPLES 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! DELEGATES VOT$ = PROVISIONAL ADH]5CE TO ?@5,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

0,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT NOT ONE ( ! F\R HUNDR$ AN>*I/ DELEGATES ( ! ,SPANI% ORGANIZATION 9 ,MADRID WAS DISPOS$ TO C$E A S+LE PO9T ( \R IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS10 OBS]VES',BU5ACASA1 0! TRU? IS ?AT ! IMM5SE MAJORITY BEHAV$ LIKE P]FECT ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS WAS 9 SPITE ( ! GREAT LOVE WE FELT T[>D ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL4 ,IT HAD AN EXPLANATION3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IMPRESS$ US TO ! EXTREME ?AT WE SAW 9 IT ! REVOLUTION WE DREAM$ (40 ,! ,A/URIAN DELEGATE1 ,QU9TANILLA1 W>N$ AGA9/ ?IS NAIVETE3 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION DOES NOT EMBRACE \R IDEALS2 IT IS A SOCIALI/ TYPE ( REVOLUTION1 COMMON TO ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES />T$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,ITS DIRECTION & ORGANIZATION DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO \R CONCEPT ( WORK]S' 9T]V5TION1 BUT TO ?AT ( POLITICAL P>TIES40 ,:ILE CALL+ UPON ! DELEGATES TO OPPOSE ,EUROPEAN 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,A/URIAN URG$ !M NOT TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! RELATION%IP ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS WAS TO FOLL[ A /RANGE TRAJECTORY4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#b1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA WAS S5T TO ,MOSC[ TO REPRES5T ! LABOR ORGANIZATION AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,9 ,MOSC[ HE WAS C\RT$ BY ,Z9OVIEV & ,LOSOVSKY1 BUT HE SOON BEGAN TO S5SE ! 5ORM\S GAP ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 ! LIB]T>IAN IDEALS ( HIS MOVEM5T & ! AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ,RUSSIANS TRI$ TO BE ACCOMMODAT+2 TO LURE ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS 9TO ! ,COMMUNI/ FOLD1 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ( ,R$ ,TRADE ,UNIONS 70,PR(9T]N071 PRESUMABLY AN 9DEP5D5T BODY ?AT ACCEPT$ ALL REVOLUTION>Y UNIONS IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR POLITICAL VIEWS4 

,!SE FLIRTATIONS DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ! ,SOVIET REGIME H>%LY SUPPRESS$ ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS UPRIS+4 ,! ,KRON/ADT ISSUE1 C\PL$ ) A M\NT+ CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 BEGAN TO ALI5ATE ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ,MOSC[ BECAME 9CREAS+LY TAUT4 ,PE/ANA1 RETURN+ TO ,SPA91 REPORT$ ON HIS BLEAK EXP]I5CES4 ,HIS ACC\NT WAS CORROBORAT$ BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 :O HAD GONE TO ,RUSSIA SEP>ATELY AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#a1 #a#i#b#b1 A CONF]5CE ( ! ,C,N,T AT ,S>AGOSSA REJECT$ AFFILIATION ) ! ,BOL%EVIK MOVEM5T1 & ! ,C,N,T TOGE!R ) O!R 9DEP5D5T SYNDICALI/ UNIONS 9 ,EUROPE1 BEGAN TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITY ( =M+ A NEW 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BE>+ ! TRADITIONAL NAME ( 0,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION10 ! SYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL WAS F\ND$ AT A CONGRESS HELD 9 ,B]L9 FROM ,DECEMEB] #b#f1 #a#i#b#b1 TO ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#i#b#c4 ,! ADH]5CE ( ! ,C,N,T TO ! NEW BODY F9ALLY RUPTUR$ ALL TIES BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% LABOR ORGANIZATION & ,MOSC[4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT SUFF] A COMPLETE LOSS 9 ,SPA94 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#a1 A GR\P HEAD$ BY ,&RES ,N9 & ,JOAQU9 ,MAUR9 SURFAC$ 9 ,MOSC[1 PR(ESS+ TO REPRES5T ! ,C,N,T4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,N9 & ,MAUR9 REPRES5T$ VIRTUALLY NO ONE BUT ! ,LLEIDA LOCAL F$]ATION 7!IR /RON<OLD71 :I* !Y HAD P]SUAD$ TO S5D !M TO ,RUSSIA4.<#b#h.> ,BO? M5 W]E DEEPLY 5AMOR$ ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS &1 )\T CONSULT+ ! MOVEM5T !Y PR(ESS$ TO REPRES5T1 PROCE$$ TO AFFILIATE IT TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,!IR ACTIONS & CLAIMS W]E DISAV[$ BY A PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T AT ,LOGRONO ! FOLL[+ ,AUGU/4 ,AFT] A FUTILE ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO ,SPA91 ,N9 W5T BACK TO ,MOSC[ TO BECOME HEAD ( !4 0,PR(9T]N40 ,MAUR9 MANAG$ TO REA* ,SPA9 & TOGE!R ) ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ & ,SOCIALI/ DISSID5TS1 E/ABLI%$ A ,COMMUNI/-SYNDICALI/ GR\P ( HIS [N1 L>GELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 BO? HE & ,N9 W]E TO COMB9E & E/ABLI% ! SEMI-,TROTSKYI/ ,P>TIDO ,OBR]A DE ,UNIFICATION ,M>XI/A 7,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION73 ! ILL-FAT$ ,P,\,M4 

,! ,MADRID CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,DECEMB] #aiai M>KS ! HI< PO9T 9 ! PO/W> DEVELOPM5T ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD TAK5 ON A MORE NATIONAL *>ACT]1 EXP&+ BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,IT HAD BECOME A S]I\S COMPETITOR ( ! ,U,G,T 9 ! M9+ DI/RICTS ( ,OVI$O & HAD E/ABLI%$ ROOTS 9 ! /EEL PLANTS ( ,GIJON & ,LA ,FELGU]A4 ,S>AGOSSA WAS A C5T] ( 0PURE0 ,AN>*ISM--A 0,J]EZ ( ! NOR?0--) T5DRILS EXT5D+ 9TO ! E/ATES ( ! /EPPE C\NTRY & ! V9EY>DS ( ,RIOJA4 ,A /RONG ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T EXI/$ 9 ,LA ,CORUNA1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! DOCK WORK]S1 AS WELL AS 9 ! SURR\ND+ RURAL DI/RICTS4 ,9 MO/ ,SPANI% PORTS ! MAJORITY ( SAILORS & /EV$ORES FAVOR$ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! UNION HAD WIDE SUPPORT AMONG ! M\NTA9 PEASANTS ( ! ,LEVANT & /RONG S9DICATOS 9 ! ,RIO ,T9TO M9+ DI/RICT4 

,AN>*I/ GR\PS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 W]E =M+ 9TO REGIONAL F$]ATIONS AFT] HAV+ EXI/$ = YE>S 9 RELATIVE ISOLATION FROM EA* O!R4 ,AN ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 & N[ !RE WAS ONE 9 ,CATALONIA AS WELL AS O!R PROV9CES4 ,!SE F9ALLY COLLECT$ 9TO A LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ ,NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS1 LAT] E/ABLI%+ AN EXILE (F%OOT 9 ,FRANCE CALL$ ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,GR\PS ( ! ,SPANI% ,LANGUAGE4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#bS1 ! TWO F$]ATIONS W]E TO =M ! BASIS ( ! ,F$]ATION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA1 ! R$\BTABLE ,F,A,I ( ! ,REPUBLICAN YE>S & ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 H[EV]1 ! ,C,N,T HAD 5T]$ A P]IOD ( DEEP CRISIS4 ,! LOCK\T WAS TO COMPLETELY EXHAU/ ! LABOR ORGANIZATION & ! PI/OL]O W> WAS TO CLAIM A DISA/R\S TOLL 9 DEAD & W\ND$ AMONG ITS MO/ CAPABLE MILITANTS4 ,9DE$1 ?IS SAVAGE DUEL L@5TWE5 >M$ ,AN>*I/S & EMPLOY]-HIR$ ?UGS WAS TO CO/ MANY LIVES NOT ONLY AMONG ! UNIONI/S BUT ALSO AMONG PUBLIC (FICIALS1 MANUFACTUR]S1 & ! HI<E/ E*ELONS ( ! /ATE4 

,NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! CLAIM IT MADE 9 HUMANLIFE WAS ! ATMSOPH]E ( ILLEGALITY IT G5]AT$4 ,AFT] ! /REET W>1 ! C\NTRY W\LD NEV] AGA9 BE ! SAME4 ,EV]YONE1 FROM ,CORTES DEPUTIES TO ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 POCKET$ REVOLV]S1 & ALMO/ EV]Y L>GE ORGANIZATION HAD SOME K9D ( P>AMILIT>Y =CE AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ SCALE1 POLITICAL DISPUTES 9VOLV$ A REC\RSE TO >MS4 ,! RETURN ( ! 0P]MAN5T GU]RILLA0 TO ,SPANI% SOCIETY IS VITALLY IMPORTANT 9 UND]/&+ ! SOCIAL ATMOSPH]E ?AT PRODUC$ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,! ,PI/OL]OS 

,9 #aiaf ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 :O AT ?AT TIME WAS $ITOR ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 WAS PRIVATELY APPROA*$ BY TWO Y\NG WORK]S :O1 )\T ANY PRELIM9>IES1 DECL>$3 

,WE >E GO+ TO POSE A QUE/ION TO Y\4 ,WE BELONG TO AN ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\P & >E DISPOS$ TO CONT9UE ! WORK ALREADY />T$4 ,WE COME TO PROPOSE ?AT Y\ BE \R SPOKESMAN 9 ! CONF$]AL COMMITTEES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,\R PROPOSAL IS AS FOLL[S3 WE >E WILL+ TO MAKE AN AL5TADO AGA9/ ANY EMPLOY] OR FACTORY DIRECTOR ! ORGANIZATION CONSID]S IT ADVISABLE TO ELIM9ATE4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ?IS SACRIFICE1 :I* WE >E WILL+ TO MAKE = ! ORGANIZATION1 WE ONLY ASK ?AT Y\ PAY US ! EXP5SES :I* WE 9CUR & ! WAGES ( ! DAYS LO/ FROM WORK4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?AT !RE BE A RES]VE FUND ( TWO OR ?REE ?\S& PESETAS SO ?AT 9 CASE ( ! NECESSITY = FLI<T1 IF \R ID5TITY IS DISCOV]$1 WE CAN PUT \R H&S ON IT IMM$IATELY4 ,& IF ANYONE IS IMPRISON$1 AS Y\ CAN UND]/&1 WE WANT Y\ TO HELP US4 ,:AT WE ASK ( Y\1 AS Y\ WILL SEE1 IS V]Y LITTLE2 :AT WE (F]1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A GREAT DEAL4 

,PE/ANA1 :O KNEW ! Y\NG M51 TRI$ TO DISSUADE !M4 ,!Y W]E WA/+ !IR TIME1 HE W>N$1 = HE WAS UNALT]ABLY OPPOS$ TO SU* ME?ODS4 ,LAT] HE LE>N$ ?AT !Y HAD MADE ! SAME (F] TO ! ORGANIZATION ?R\< ONE ( ITS COMMITTEES & ?AT IT HAD BE5 ACCEPT$4 ,!SE Y\NG ,AN>*I/S1 ,PE/ANA GOES ON TO SAY1 DID NOT DECIDE :I* ( ! EMPLOY]S & !IR FACTORY DIRECTORS W]E TO BE ASSASS9AT$4 ,! DECISION WAS MADE BY ! M5 :O ACCEPT$ !IR S]VICES4 ,! AT5TADOS W]E 5TIRELY IMP]SONAL & W]E P]=M$ )\T EXPECTATION ( F9ANCIAL REW>D OR DESIRE = P]SONAL V5GEANCE4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,PE/ANA1 TWO OR ?REE ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS W]E OP]AT+ 9 ,B>CELONA4 0,LET US /ATE ?AT ?OSE :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS & PAID ! Y\NG M5 = !IR WORK0 HE ADDS1 0W]E SOME ELEM5TS1 V]Y FEW1 AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ! TEXTILE UNIONS4 ,:5 ?IS WAS DONE1 ! FIR/ /EP HAD BE5 TAK540 

,IF ?IS WAS ! 0FIR/ /EP10 H[EV]1 IT WAS NOT A MAJOR ONE4 ,SA/RE Y ,SAMA'S /UDY ( AT5TADOS P]=M$ AGA9/ ,B>CELONA EMPLOY]S %[S ?AT !Y W]E NOT GREAT] 9 NUMB] BETWE5 #aiaf & #aiai ?AN !Y HAD BE5 9 #a#i#a#d4.<#b#i.> ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL LATE #aiai ?AT ! NUMB] ( ,AN>*I/ AT5TADOS BEGAN TO RISE SIGNIFICANTLY1 P>ALLEL$ BY 9CREAS+ ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS & (FICIALS4 ,! YE> WAS A P>TICUL>LY BITT] ONE = ! LABOR F$]ATION4 ,IT WAS ! YE> ( ! ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* G5]AL /RIKE1 ,MAURA'S CAMPAIGN ( P]SECUTION1 & ! LONG LOCK\T FROM ,NOVEMB] UNTIL ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,EXCEPT = A BRIEF TRUCE 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,SAN*EZ M9I/RY1 ! GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 ESPECIALLY PROVOCATIVE3 CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES 9 ,CATALONIA W]E SUSP5D$ BETWE5 LATE ,JANU>Y & MID-,M>*1 & AGA9 9 LATE ,M>*1 BY :I* TIME SOME #d1 WORK]S HAD SE5 ! 9SIDE ( JAILS4 ,! S9DICATOS HAD BE5 ATTACK$ REPEAT$LY1 !IR RECORDS SEIZ$ & ! C5TROS OBR]OS CLOS$ D[N4 ,F9ALLY1 TO CAP !SE PROVOCATIONS1 ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ ,C,N,T (FICIALS WAS CUT D[N BY ! BULLETS ( ASSASS9S4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,JULY #a#i1 TWO M5 9 POLICE UNI=MS DROVE UP TO ! HOME ( ,PABLO ,SABAT]1 ! PRESID5T ( ! TEXTILE UNION1 & %OT HIM TO DEA?4 ,P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY O!R EV5T UP TO ?AT PO9T1 ! MURD] ( A REVEL$ UNION MILITANT 9CREAS$ PI/OL]ISMO 9 ! ,CATALAN SEAPORT TO UNCONTROLLABLE PROPORTIONS4 

,! DISEASE WAS 5DEMIC 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EV5 9 ! PREW> YE>S AG5TS PROVOCATEURS1 EI!R HIR$ OR 5C\RAG$ BY ! POLICE & CIVIL GOV]NORS1 PLANT$ BOMBS 9 ,B>CELONA TO PROVIDE AN EXCUSE = CRACKD[NS ON ! UNION MOVEM5T4 ,A NETWORK ( 9=M]S EXT5D$ ?R\< ! CITY1 P>ASITIZ+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T LIKE LICE4 ,9 UNRULY P]IODS1 ( C\RSE1 !Y HAD !IR WORK CUT \T = !M2 9 LEAN P]IODS1 !SE ELEM5TS LE>N$ TO CREATE !IR [N 09CID5TS0 & G5]ATE A DEM& = !IR S]VICES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ NOTORI\S EXAMPLES 9 ITS DAY WAS ! ,RULL FAMILY--,JUAN ,RULL1 HIS BRO!RS1 & HIS MO!R--:O = YE>S HAD SET (F BOMBS 9 ,B>CELONA & COLLECT$ FEES FROM ! POLICE = SPURI\S 9=MATION ON ! 0P]PETRATORS0 ( !SE 0,AN>*I/ \TRAGES40 ,AS AN 9=M]1 ,JUAN ,RULL HAD ACCESS TO ! E>S ( ?REE CIVIL GOV]NORS2 9DE$1 !RE IS COMPELL+ EVID5CE ?AT HE WAS 9 ! PAY ( HI< CL]ICAL POLITICIANS LIKE ,EUSEBIO ,GUELL4 ,RULL'S >RE/ 9 ,JULY #aig PRODUC$ A SC&AL ?AT L+]$ BEYOND HIS EXECUTION 9 ,AUGU/1 A YE> LAT]4 ,ON ?AT DAY1 A BOMB W5T (F ON A MA9 B\LEV>D ( ,B>CELONA4 ,NE>BY1 A NOTE WAS F\ND DECL>+ ?AT ,RULL WAS 9NOC5T & ?AT ! BOMB+S W\LD CONT9UE DESPITE HIS DEA?--:I*1 TO MANY1 MEANT ?AT IT WAS NOT ONE RTLFTN OR HIS FAMILY BUT AN 5TIRE SYNDROME ?AT LAY AT ! ROOT ( ,B>CELONA 'SAT5 TADOS4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> F\ND NEUTRAL ,SPA9--& P>TICUL>LY ,B>CELONA--9FE/$ BY ADV5TUR]S1 CRIM9ALS1 & M]C5>IES4 ,AT FIR/ LIV+ ON OPPORTUNITIES = ESPIONAGE1 !SE ELEM5TS SOON BEGAN TO ?RIVE ON ! FRAY$ N]VES ( ! ,CATALAN B\RGEOISIE & ON ! ,B>CELONA POLICE DEP>TM5T'S GR[+ DEM& = HIR$ ASSASS9S4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ S5SATIONAL EXAMPLE ( !SE S9I/] CONNECTIONS WAS REVEAL$ 9 ! PAGES ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A ON ,JUNE #h1 #a#i#a#h1 :5 ,PE/ANA PUBLI%$ EVID5CE ?AT A DI/RICT POLICE *IEF1 ,MANUEL ,BRAVO ,PORTILLO1 WAS OP]AT+ A ,G]MAN ESPIONAGE R+ 9 ! PORT >EA4 ,AL?\< ,PE/ANA'S *>GES W]E TO CO/ ,BRAVO HIS JOB1 ! CAPTA9 G5]AL1 ,MILANS DEL ,BOS*1 RECRUIT$ HIS S]VICES 9 ! E>LY /REET W> ) ! ,C,N,T4 

,DUR+ HIS YE>S 9 ! POLICE DEP>TM5T1 ,BRAVO HAD S]V$ 9 ! VOLATILE ,AT>AZANAS QU>T] ( ! CITY1 :]E ! BRUTALITY ( HIS ME?ODS HAD MADE HIM A P>TICUL> OBJECT ( DETE/ATION AMONG ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S4 ,) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FEBRU>Y-,M>* G5]AL /RIKE ! EX-POLICE (FIC] & HIS CRONIES1 9 CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) A SELF-/YL$ 0,B>ON ,KO5IG10 W]E GIV5 A MON?LY /IP5D ( AB\T @s#f1 TO P]=M SPECIAL S]VICES = ! EMPLOY]S4 ,!IR JOBS 9CLUD$ AT5TADOS AGA9/ ,C,N,T (FICIALS & UNION ACTIVI/S4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT M5 FROM ,BRAVO'S GANG MURD]$ ,SABAT]4 ,BRAVO1 9 TURN1 DID NOT SURVIVE ! SUMM]4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 AT NOON1 HE WAS %OT D[N FN ! ,CALLE DE ,SANTA ,TECLA4 ,TWO DAYS AFT]W>DS1 ONE ( HIS MO/ DETE/$ AG5TS1 ,$U>DO ,F]R]1 A =M] LEAD] 9 ! METALLURGICAL UNION1 WAS KILL$4 ,NEWS ( ,BRAVO'S ASSASS9ATION PRODUC$ A C>NIVAL ATMOSPH]E 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,BU5ACASA TELLS US ?AT 0?\S&S ( WORK]S CELEBRAT$ ! EV5T ) BANQUETS1 S++1 & SPEE*ES ON ! SUBJECT40 

,! GANG1 H[EV]1 DID NOT DISAPPE>4 ,IT WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! 0,B>ON10 A =EIGN ADV5TUR] :O LACK$ EV5 ! RESIDUAL SOCIAL & NATIONAL LOYALTIES ,BRAVO HAD POSSESS$4 0,KO5IG0 7HIS REAL NAME MAY HAVE BE5 ,COLEMAN7 WAS SIMPLY \T = :AT HE C\LD GET4 ,HE EXTORT$ 0PROTECTION0 MONEY FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY]S2 ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO PAY BECAME VICTIMS ( 0,AN>*I/ \TRAGES10 :E!R !Y HAD P>TICUL>LY \TRAG$ ! ,AN>*I/S OR NOT4 ,! SITUATION BEGAN TO GET \T ( H& :5 ! 0,B>ON0 BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 DISPUTES )9 ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION ITSELF4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ! LATE SPR+ ( #a#i#b1 HE WAS QUIETLY EXPELL$ FROM ,SPA9 & HIS GANG DISSOLV$4 

,! WORK ( ! ,BRAVO-,KO5IG GANG HAD ALREADY BE5 TAK5 UP ON A BROAD] SCALE BE=E ! 0,B>ON0 DISAPPE>$4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#i1 ! ,C>LI/ ,RAMON ,SALES F\ND$ ! S9DICATO LIBRE 7FREE UNION7 AT ! ,AT5EO1 ,LEGITIMI/A 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,PATRONIZ$ BY ! *UR* & EMPLOY]S1 ! NEW BODY--:ATEV] ! S9C]ITY ( MANY ( ITS F\ND]S & FOLL[]S1 :O MAY HAVE BE5 0PURE-&-SIMPLE0 TRADE UNIONI/S--WAS US$ TO DIVIDE ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,RECRUIT+ ITS MEMB]%IP FROM ! MORE RELIGI\S1 MORE CONS]VATIVE1 OR SIMPLY MORE OPPORTUNI/IC /RATA ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT MADE V]Y LITTLE HEADWAY AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T4 ,BUT IT PROVID$ A NEW RES]VOIR OIPI/OL]OS & AN IDEOLOGICAL COV]+ = PR(ESSIONAL GUNM5 9 ! UNION'S CADRES4 ,SUP]FICIALLY1 ! BATTLE 9 ,B>CELONA N[ TOOK ON ! APPE>ANCE ( AN 9T]-UNION RIVALRY WAG$ ) REVOLV]S 9 H&4 

,TO WORS5 A RAPIDLY DET]IORAT+ SITUATION1 9 ,NOVEMB] #aib ! CAPTA9 G5]AL ( ,CATALONIA1 ,SEV]9O ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO1 WAS APPO9T$ CIVIL GOV]NOR1 REPLAC+ ,C>LOS ,BAS4 ,?IS APPO9TM5T1 AS ,BR5AN NOTES1 

WAS AN ACT ( DEFIANCE TO ALL MOD]ATE & HUMANE OP9ION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,HIS DISAGREEM5T ) ,BAS WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT HE HAD SUPPORT$ EXTRA-LEGAL MEANS = DEAL+ ) T]RORISM3 HE IS SAID TO HAVE %[N ,BAS A LI/ ( #fge SYNDICALI/S :OM1 HE DECL>$1 \<T TO BE %OT \TRI<T4 ,UNAMUNO DESCRIBES HIM AS FOLL[S3 0,! MAN IS A PURE BRUTE--HE CAN'T EV5 TALK1 HE CAN ONLY RO> & BRAY1 ?\< HIS RO>S & BRAYS ALWAYS MEAN SOME?+40 

,! ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 ATTEMPT$ TO REGR\P !IR [N =CES4 ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT 9CREAS+LY VIOL5T ELEM5TS BEGAN TO 9FLU5CE ! DIRECTION ( ! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< PR(ESSIONAL GUNM5 W]E R>ELY TO BE F\ND 9 AN ORGANIZATION :OSE RES\RCES W]E SLIM & :OSE MEMB]S W]E BITT]LY P]SECUT$4.<#c.> ,! REM>KS ( ,BU5ACASA ON ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS CONVEY ! DISGU/ ?AT ! MORE /AID ,AN>*I/S FELT OV] !IR 9ABILITY TO >RE/ ! TR5D T[>D AT5TADOS4 ,BU5ACASA COMPLA9S ?AT FEW ( ! AT5TADOS W]E REVOLUTION>Y ACTS4 0,! UNIONS10 HE CONCLUDES1 0W]E UNABLE TO %AKE (F !SE PI/OL]OS :O W]E ACT+ ON !IR [N & :O 9 A FEW CASES W]E ABLE TO SEIZE ! LEAD]%IP ( IMPORTANT COMMITTEES ( ! ORGANIZATION40 

,YET BY ?IS TIME1 ! ,AN>*I/S MAY V]Y WELL HAVE HAD NO *OICE3 ) ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO AT ! HELM1 ANY FAILURE TO RESI/ MI<T HAVE BE5 MORE DEMORALIZ+ ?AN ! RAMPANT GUNPLAY4 ,TO ALL APPE>ANCES ! NEW CIVIL GOV]NOR & ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION W]E WAG+ A W> ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T4 ,A DI/+UI%$ CONS]VATIVE POLITICIAN1 ,BURGOS Y ,MAZO1 LEAVES NO D\BT ?AT ! BLAME = ! CRISIS 9 ,B>CELONA BELONG$ TO ! RUL+ CLASSES4 0,IT MU/ BE SAID 9 ALL CL>ITY10 HE EMPHASIZES1 0)\T FE>1 & 9 DUE TRIBUTE TO TRU?3 ! EMPLOY] CLASS & O!R LEAD+ ELEM5TS 9 ,B>CELONA W]E ! PR9CIPLE CULPRITS ( ?IS HORRIBLE SOCIAL /ATE TODAY40 

,AN 9CR$IBLE SITUATION N[ BEGAN TO UNFOLD 9 ,B>CELONA3 ! AT5TADOS ( ! EMPLOY]S' PI/OL]OS W]E MAT*$1 ALMO/ VICTIM = VICTIM1 BY ! AT5TADOS ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,NO?+ QUITE LIKE ?IS MACABRE BOOKKEEP+ HAD OCCURR$ BE=E4 ,FOLL[+ AN ATTEMPT ON ,SEGUI'S LIFE ON ,JANU>Y #d1 #a#i#b1 ! ,AN>*I/S RESPOND$ ) AT5TADOS AGA9/ ! PRESID5T ( ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION1 ONE ( ITS DIRECTORS1 & TWO POLICE AG5TS4 ,AT5TADOS N[ BEGAN TO OCCUR ALMO/ REGUL>LY1 ALT]NAT+ BETWE5 ! TWO SIDES LIKE ! MOVEM5T ( A P5DULUM4 ,BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b1 !RE WAS ONE NE>LY EV]Y DAY4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ S5SELESS ATROCITIES OCCURR$ ON ! NI<T ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 :5 A BOMB EXPLOD$ 9 A WORK+-CLASS DANCE HALL ON ! ,P>ALELO1 KILL+ ?REE & W\ND+ TW5TY4 ,A MON? LAT]1 ! HEAD ( A METALLURGICAL FIRM1 ,E4 ,T>RIDA1 WAS ASSASS9AT$4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ TWO WEEKS LAT] BY ! DEA? ( ,JAIME ,PUJAL1 PRESID5T ( ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,ELECTRICAL ,EMPLOY]S4 

,! >RE/ ( SIXTY-F\R ,C,N,T (FICIALS ON ,NOVEMB] #b L$ TO A G5]AL PROTE/ /RIKE4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO RESPOND$ BY \TLAW+ ! LABOR F$]ATION & REE/ABLI%+ C5SOR%IP4 ,?REE DAYS LAT]1 ! PRESID5T ( ! S9DICATO LIBRE ( ,REUS WAS KILL$4 ,HIS DEA? WAS FOLL[$ ! V]Y NEXT DAY BY ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,JOSE ,CANELA1 AN IMPORTANT MEMB] ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! AU?ORITIES & PI/OL]OS DID NOT SP>E EV5 ! ATTORNEYS ( ! LABOR F$]ATION3 ! LAWY] ,LUIS ,COMPANYS WAS >RE/$ & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS HIS COLLEAGUE1 ! POPUL> ,REPUBLICAN DEPUTY ,FRANCISCO ,LAYRET1 WAS MURD]$4 

,! PI/OL W> CLAIM$ VICTIMS NOT ONLY FROM ! ,EMPLOY]S' ,F$]ATION1 ! UNIONS1 & ! POLICE1 BUT FROM ! HI<E/ SUMMITS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 #a#i#b1 ! CIVIL GOV]NOR ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ,CONDE DE ,SALVATI]RA1 :O HAD PRESID$ OV] ! LOCK\T ( LATE #aiai & E>LY #a#i#b1 FELL BE=E ! GUNS ( ,AN>*I/ PI/OL]OS4 ,ON ,M>* #h1 #a#i#b#a1 ! ,CONS]VATIVE PREMI]1 ,$U>DO ,DATO1 WAS KILL$ BY ?REE ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/S 9 REPRISAL = RE/OR+ ! ,LEY DE FUGAS 7,LAW ( ,FLI<T71 A DISGU/+ PRACTICE 9 :I* ! POLICE KILL$ >RE/$ SYNDICALI/S1 CLAIM+ !Y W]E %OT :ILE 0TRY+ TO ESCAPE40 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,C,N,T PAID A CORRESPOND+ PRICE ) ! DEA? ( ,EVELIO ,BAAL1 ! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 KILL$ AT DAWN ON ,JUNE #a#e1 M9UTES AFT] HAV+ BE5 RELEAS$ BY ! POLICE4 ,HIS COMPANION1 ,ANTONIO ,FELIU1 ANO!R ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE MEMB]1 MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ?IS ATTEMPT1 BUT WAS %OT D[N TWO WEEKS LAT]4 

,BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#b#c1 ?IS SY/EMATIC SLAU<T] CLAIM$ AB\T N9E HUNDR$ LIVES 9 ,B>CELONA ALONE & AB\T #a1#e ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,A PREMI]1 TWO =M] CIVIL GOV]NORS1 AN ,>*BI%OP1 NE>LY #c EMPLOY]S1 FACTORY DIRECTORS1 =EM51 & POLICE1 & MANY WORK]S & !IR LEAD]S 9 ! S9DICATO LIBRE1 FELL BE=E ! BULLETS & BOMBS ( ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS4 ,! ,C,N,T1 9 TURN1 LO/ MANY \T/&+ MEMB]S ( ITS NATIONAL1 REGIONAL1 & LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! LABOR ORGANIZATION PAID A HEAVI] PRICE ?AN ITS OPPON5TS4 0,ASSASS9ATIONS 9 ! PUBLIC /REETS10 WRITES ,BU5ACASA1 0FOLL[$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN P]SECUTION ( ! /ATE2 ! V]Y BE/ ( \R CADRE WAS ?REAT5$ ) ?IS DILEMMA3 DIE1 KILL1 FLEE OR FALL 9 PRISON4 ,! VIOL5T ONES DEF5D$ & KILL$2 ! /OIC DI$ & ALSO ! BRAVE 444 ! C[>DS OR PRUD5T FL$ OR HID2 ! MO/ ACTIVE W\ND UP 9 PRISON40 

,A FAILURE ( N]VE WAS ALREADY EVID5T 9 ! LATE SUMM]( #a#i#b1 :5 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP BEGAN ONE ( ?OSE CURI\S FLIRTATIONS ) ! BUREACRACY ( ! ,U,G,T FROM :I* ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION 9V>IABLY EM]G$ ) BITT] MISGIV+S4 ,PRESSUR$ TO ! PO9T ( NE>-PANIC BY ! EMPLOY] (F5SIVE 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! MOD]ATES (' ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE DECID$ TO SOLICIT ! ,U,G,T = A COMMON DEF5SE PACT4 

,9 ITSELF1 SU* A PACT W\LD HAVE BE5 A MEAN+LESS A*IEVEM5T = ! ,C,N,T UNLESS IT OP5$ ! WAY TO A JO9T G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,U,G,T HAD NO RES\RCES 9 ,CATALONIA & WAS FAC$ ) V]Y LITTLE PROSPECT ( REPRESSION 9 ITS [N /RON<OLDS1 DESPITE ! 9CREAS+LY REACTION>Y POLICIES ( ! ,DATO M9I/RY 9 ,MADRID4 ,9DE$ ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD EV]Y?+ TO GA9 BY A PACT ) ! ,C,N,T3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD DEEPLY DIVID$ !IR P>TY4 ,A L>GE P]C5TAGE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MEMB]%IP HAD VE]$ TO ! LEFT1 COMMITT+ ! P>TY TO ADH]5CE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! RE=MI/S 9 ! P>TY & ! ,U,G,T NE$$ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y CAM\FLAGE !Y C\LD ACQUIRE1 & NO?+ SEEM$ BETT]1 AT ?IS PO9T1 ?AN ! PRE/IGE ( A PACT ) ! MILITANT ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION4 

,HAV+ RECEIV$ A FAVORABLE NOD FROM ! ,MADRID ,SOCIALI/S1 ,SEGUI1 ,BOAL1 & ,QUEMADES HA/5$ TO ! ,SPANI% CAPITAL & CONF]R$ ) ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 ,CORD]O1 ,F]N&EZ1 DE LOS ,TOYOS1 & ,M>T9EZ ,GIL4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#i#b1 !SE MOD]ATES SIGN$ A PACT :I* ADVANC$ A DEM& = ! RE/ORATION ( CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES4 ,! DEF5SIVNESS ( ! WORD+ IS A/ONI%+3 0,WE1 ! DECL>$ 5EMIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CON/ITUTE \RSELVES AS ! DEF5D]S ( ITS LAWS40 ,FROM ?IS COT]IE1 ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE HAD LITTLE TO FE>1 & IT IS TE/IMONY TO ! /UPIDITY ( ! RUL+ CLASSES ?AT !Y MADE LITTLE EF=T TO COOPT ! READY & WAIT+ RE=MI/ LEAD]S 9 BO? LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,RA!R1 ! ,CONS]VATIVE GOV]NM5T ( ,$U>DO ,DATO H>D5$ ITS ATTITUDE & PREP>$ TO DO BATTLE1 IF ANY WAS REALLY NECESS>Y4 

,! PACT PRODUC$ AN ANGRY UPRO> 9 ! ,C,N,T ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEES \TSIDE ( ,CATALONIA1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,CATALAN LEAD]%IP HAD CONSULT$ ) NO ONE 9 UND]TAK+ IT4 ,UND] PRESSURE FROM ! REGIONS1 A PL5UM WAS HELD 9 ,OCTOB]1 :]E ! AGREEM5T WAS R\NDLY ATTACK$4 ,IT WAS DECID$ TO )HOLD PUBLIC CRITICISM ( ! PACT [+ TO A /RIKE ( ! ,RIO ,T9TO M9]S1 :]E ,C,N,T-,U,G,T COLLABORATION WAS DESP]ATELY NE$$4 

,BUT ! /RIKE WAS TO GA9 ABSOLUTELY NO?+ FROM ! PACT4 ,! CONFLICT 9 ! ,RIO ,T9TO1 A RI* COPP] DI/RICT 9 ,&ALUSIA1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ BITT]1 & C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ POIGNANT DISPUTES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! M9ES W]E [N$ BY ,BRITI% 9T]E/S4 ,!Y HAD BE5 ACQUIR$ = A PREPO/]\SLY L[ SUM DECADES E>LI]1 :5 ! NATIONAL WEAL? ( ,SPA9 HAD BE5 PLAC$ ON ! OP5 M>KET = =EIGN EXPLOITATION4 ,! /RIKE1 :I* BEGAN 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b1 WAS L$ BY ! ,C,N,T4 ,AL?\< /RONG ,U,G,T UNIONS EXI/$ 9 ! >EA1 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & ,SOCIALI/S REG>D$ EA* O!R ) DEEP SUSPICION4 ,BUT ?IS 9FI<T+ WAS OV]%AD[$ BY ! DESP]ATE L5G?S TO :I* ! M9]S HAD GONE TO W9 !IR /RUGGLE2 AT ! TIME ( ! PACT1 ! MAJORITY ( !M HAD SOLD ALL !IR P]SONAL POSSESSIONS & GONE TO LIVE 9 ! T[NS RA!R ?AN YIELD TO ! EMPLOY]S4 ,!RE WAS TALK AMONG ! /RIK]S ( SEIZ+ ! M9ES & ! (FICES ( ! M9E [N]S4 ,! DRAMATIC FEATURES ( ?IS /RUGGLE >\S$ ! WORK+ CLASS ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,&ALUSIA WAS ON ! BR9K ( A G5]AL /RIKE 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! M9]S1 A MOVE ?AT W\LD HAVE GA9$ WIDE SUPPORT 9 ! NOR? HAD ! TWO LABPR ORGANIZATIONS BE5 PREP>$ = MILITANT ACTION4 

,BUT ?IS MOVEM5T CAME TO NO?+4 ,A DELEGATION ( ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T LEAD]S W5T TO ! ,RIO ,T9TO TO EXAM9E ! PROBLEM AT FIR/ H&4 ,ON !IR RETURN1 ! ,U,G,T LEAD]S C\LD SUGGE/ LITTLE MORE ?AN AN ASSESSM5T ( ONE PESETA P] WEEK ON ! MEMB]%IP ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS 9 SUPPORT ( ! M9]S4 ,AN E>LI] ,C,N,T PROPOSAL = A JO9T G5]AL /RIKE1 TO BE 9ITIAT$ BY ,U,G,T M9]S & RAILWAY WORK]S1 HAD BE5 REJECT$ BY ! ,MADRID ,SOCIALI/S4 ,! PROBLEM WAS RESOLV$ = ! MOD]ATES 9 BO? UNIONS :5 ! M9]S1 AFT] /RIK+ = F\R MON?S1 RETURN$ TO WORK 9 DEFEAT4 

,BY N[ ! PACT WAS 9 %R$S4 ,IT WAS TO BE ELIM9AT$ COMPLETELY :5 A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ,B>CELONA OV] ! >RE/S ( ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S & ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,LAYRET4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! ,C,N,T CALL$ UPON ! ,U,G,T = SUPPORT4 ,NOT ONLY WAS AID REFUS$ BUT IT WAS D5I$ ) AN >ROGANCE ?AT CLE>LY 9DICAT$ ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD LO/ ALL 9T]E/ 9 FUTURE COLLABORATION ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = MAK+ ?IS EVID5T WAS LEFT TO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :O1 :5 HE ASK$ :Y ! ,U,G,T WORK]S 9 ! ,BASQUE PROV9CE ( ,VIZCAYA HAD NOT BE5 CALL$ \T TO AID ! ,CATALANS1 ANSW]$3 0,BECAUSE WE >E NOT OBLIG$ TO DO SO40 ,AS ,BU5ACASA TELLS ! /ORY1 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ( ,BILBAO1 ! GREAT ,BASQUE 9DU/RIAL CITY1 ON LEAV+ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 0TOLD HIM 5]GETICALLY3 ',9 SPITE ( ?IS !RE WILL BE A /RIKE 9 ,VIZCAYA4' ,BUT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 TOP REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,U,G,T1 S5T DISPAT*ES TO ,BILBAO TELL+ HIS' FOLL[]S ?AT IF ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S TRY TO P>ALYZE ! WORK 9 ! FACTORIES1 M9ES1 ETC41 !Y %\LD BE BEAT5 ) CUDGELS40 

,! /RIKE 9 ,CATALONIA COLLAPS$ &1 ) IT1 ANY PROSPECT ( COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! TWO UNIONS = YE>S TO COME4 

,! ,C,N,T AT ?IS TIME WAS PLAGU$ NOT ONLY BY BITT] H>ASSM5T AT ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES BUT ALSO BY ! DIVISIVE ACTIVITIES ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O W]E DET]M9$ EI!R TO CONTROL ! LABOR ORGANIZATION OR TO SPLIT IT4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ,&ALUSIA1 & O!R REGIONS1 %>P 9FI<T+ BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & ,AN>*I/S DISSIPAT$ MU* ( ! UNION'S 5]GIES4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E DEFEAT$ NOT M]ELY BY ! WEI<T ( ,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 BUT BY A G5]AL REVIVAL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* TEMPOR>ILY LIFT$ ! HEAVY ATMOSPH]E ( DEFEAT & ISOLATION ?AT N\RI%$ 9T]NEC9E FI<T+4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#b1 CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES W]E RE/OR$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 NE>LY A YE> & A HALF4 ,A WALK\T ( ! TEAM/]S 9 ,B>CELONA TURN$ 9TO A G5]AL /RIKE ( NE>LY ALL ! TRANSPORT WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA4 ,! ,C,N,T1 REEM]G+ FROM A H>ASS$ CL&E/9ITY1 MANAG$ TO HOLD A SUCCESSFUL NATIONAL CONF]5CE ON ,JUNE #aa 9 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! =TY-TWO DELEGATES :O ATT5D$ ! CONF]5CE BROKE ALL TIES ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,DOM9AT$ L>GELY BY ! MOD]ATES 9 ! ,C,N,T1 ! CONF]5CE EXPRESS$ ITS SUPPORT ( ,SEGUI'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! MIX$ COMMISSION & PASS$ A RESOLUTION FAVOR+ SAL>IES = UNION (FICIALS4 ,TO /ILL FUR!R EXAC]BATE ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,AN>*I/ & ,SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES )9 ! CONF$]ATION1 ! CONF]5CE APPROV$ A VAGUELY PHRAS$ 0POLITICAL0 RESOLUTION1 L>GELY CONCILIATORY 9 TONE T[>DS ! ,SOCIALI/S & LIB]ALS1 ?AT IMPLI$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ,C,N,T ELECTORAL BLOCKS ) P>TIES ?AT FAVOR$ ! RE/ORATION & EXT5SION ( CIVIL LIB]TIES4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ?IS WAS TO BE ! LA/ MAJOR NATIONAL GA!R+ ( ! UNION 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 ,ALREADY ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A /OOD 9 ! W+S1 & EV5TS W]E MOV+ ! SC5]Y 9TO PLACE = A DICTATOR%IP ?AT W\LD LA/ MORE ?AN SIX YE>S4 

,AS IF TO SYMBOLIZE ! 5D ( ! PO/W> ]A1 ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#b#c1 ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI & A COMPANION1 ,FRANCISCO ,COMAS1 W]E %OT D[N 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,CALLE DE LA ,CAD5A4 ,! ASSASS9ATION OCCURR$ DUR+ ! BUSIE/ P>T ( ! DAY1 :5 ! /REET WAS FILL$ ) PEOPLE4 ,SEGUI'S DEA?1 AT ! AGE ( ?IRTY-?REE1 REMOV$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT & 9FLU5TIAL SPOKESMAN = 0RE/RA9T0 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! SYNDICALI/S 9 ! GREAT LABOR ORGANIZATION1 PRODUC+ NO WOR?Y SUCCESSOR TO ,SEGUI1 W]E = SOME TIME RELEGAT$ TO A SECOND>Y ROLE4 ,BUT ) ! DIS>RAY PRODUC$ 9 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS BY ! DICTATOR%IP1 !Y RETURN$ TO ! =EGR\ND4 

,AL?\< ,SEGUI RANKS HI< 9 ! PAN!ON ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ M>TYRS1 HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,C,N,T IS DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE4 ,HE WAS BORN ( WORK+-CLASS P>5TS 9 9DU/RIAL ,LLEIDA ON ,DECEMB] #b#c1 #a#h#i4 ,! FAMILY MOV$ TO ,B>CELONA :ILE HE WAS /ILL A *ILD1 & H]E1 9 ! /REETS ( ! PROLET>IAN QU>T]S1 HE =M$ ! E>?Y COMPET5CE & AGGRESSIVE TEMP]AM5T ?AT W]E TO RRIAKE HIM ONE ( ! ,C,N,T'S MO/ CAPABLE ORGANIZ]S4 ,?IS 09/9CTIVO0 PF ! /REETS1 :OSE EMPLOYM5T 9 A SUG> REF9]Y E>N$ HIM ! LIFE-LONG NICKNAME ( 0,NOI DEL ,SUCRE0 70,SUG>-BOY071 WAS ALSO AN ADMIR] ( ,NIETZS*EAN 9DIVIDUALISM1 ( ! SUP]HOMBRE TO :OM 0ALL IS P]MITT$40 ,AT AN E>LY AGE1 ,SEGUI WAS S5T (F TO WORK AS A H\SE PA9T] & WAS DRAWN 9TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HE TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 & BECAME A REFUGEE FROM ! REPRESSION ?AT FOLL[$4 ,HIS LIFE !REAFT] C5T]$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY >\ND ! MOVEM5T--A SEQU5CE ( MEET+S1 PROPAG&A T\RS1 NEGOTIATIONS1 CONF]5CES1 & H>D COMMITTEE WORK 9 PREP>+ /RIKES4 

,AL?\< ,SEGUI WAS FAMILI> ) ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/ WRIT+S1 HE REMA9$ ABOVE ALL A PRACTICAL ORGANIZ] TO :OM COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO 7HE REG>D$ HIMSELF AS AN ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/7 REMA9$ A DI/ANT IDEAL4 ,REVOLUTION1 9 HIS EYES1 SEEM$ PRIM>ILY A MATT] ( ORGANIZATION4 ,A MOD]ATE :O CONSI/5TLY FAVOR$ COLLABORATION1 ) ! ,U,G,T1 HE BECAME A T>GET ( BITT] CRITICISM BY ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 :O DETE/$ HIS POLICIES :ILE ADMIR+ HIS ADM9I/RATIVE TAL5TS4 ,9 TURN1 HE REG>D$ !M AS 0DOCTR9AIRES0 :OSE LACK ( 0REALISM0 5DANG]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MASS1 UNIT$ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,SEGUI ALWAYS CAME TO ! =E :5EV] BALM WAS NE$$ TO QUIET ! RE/IVE RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! >*ITECTS ( ! ,PACT ( ,S>AGOSSA2 A PROPON5T ( ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSION 79 :I* HE P>TICIPAT$ ) GREAT E>NE/NESS72 ! IDEAL NEGOTIATOR 9 AGREEM5TS ) EMPLOY]S & ) ,U,G,T BUREAUCRATS4 

,IT WAS ,SEGUI :O1 ALMO/ S+LE-H&$LY1 P]SUAD$ ! ,B>CELONA WORK]S TO RETURN TO !IR JOBS DUR+ ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#a#i1 :5 ! 0,CANADI5SE0 WAS FAC+ BANKRUPTCY & ! MANUFACTUR]S W]E 9 FULL RETREAT4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 HE WAS WRONG 9 MU* ( ! ADVICE HE (F]$4 ,AL?\< WORDS LIKE 0COMPROMISE10 0RE/RA9T10 & 0MOD]ATION0 EVOKE A C]TA9 REV]5CE 9 MANY QU>T]S1 !Y NEV] TRULY BELONG$ TO ! VOCABUL>Y ( ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,= HIS ATTEMPT TO PROMOTE COMPROMISE & RE/RA9 VIOL5CE1 ,/'UI WAS HUMILIAT$ BY ! 9TRANSIG5CE ( ! ,CATALAN MANUFACTUR]S--& PROBABLY MURD]$ BY !IR PI/OL]OS4 

,IRONICALLY1 ! M5 :O W]E TO AV5GE ,SEGUI'S ASSASS9ATION W]E ! V]Y HUMAN TYPES HE F\<T SO VIGOR\SLY 9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,ON ,MAY #a#g1 #a#i#b#c1 ,AN>*I/ PI/OL]OS FROM ,B>CELONA ASSASS9AT$ ,F]N&O ,GONZALEZ ,REGU]AL1 ! =M] GOV]NOR ( ,VIZCAYA4 ,?REE WEEKS LAT]1 ON ,JUNE #a#a1 !Y KILL$ ,C>D9AL ,JUAN ,SOLDEVILA Y ,ROM]O1 ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,S>AGOSSA4 ,BO? M5 W]E NOTORI\S REACTION>IES :O BITT]LY OPPOS$ ! UNIONS4 ,!Y W]E KILL$ BY MEMB]S ( ! 0,SOLID>IOS10 A GR\P ( Y\NG ,AN>*I/S :OSE PRACTICES & \TLOOK W]E ANTI!TICAL 9 ALMO/ EV]Y RESPECT TO ?OSE ( ! MAN !Y AV5G$4 

,WE MU/ PAUSE H]E TO LOOK CLOSELY AT ?IS ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\P1 = 9 MANY WAYS IT TYPIFIES ! GRUPO DE AF9IDAD ?AT WAS LAT] TO EX]CISE SO MU* 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,F,A,I4 ,MANY SU* SMALL ,AN>*I/ GR\PS HAD BE5 9 EXI/5CE AS F> BACK AS ! #a#h#iS4 ,! 0,SOLID>IOS10 & O!RS LIKE 0,EL ,CRISOL10 :I* ACQUIR$ A C]TA9 FAME1 W]E =M$ LATE 9 #aib OR E>LY 9 #a#i#b#a1 :5 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,Y\? WAS E/ABLI%$ = ! PURPOSE ( DEAL+ ) ! PI/OL]OS ( ! S9DICATO LIBRE4 ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 :O BELONG$ TO ! 0,SOLID>IOS10 TELLS US ?AT !Y W]E Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! MAJORITY UND] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE1 :O HAD BE5 DRAWN TO ,B>CELONA FROM DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ,SPA94 ,!SE Y\?S1 0SPONTANE\S 9 PR9CIPLE1 FELT !MSELVES EV] MORE TI$ MORALLY TO ! GR\P10 WRITES ,SANZ1 

& !RE W]E MANY ( !M1 ?OSE :O MI<T BE CALL$ DIRECT COLLABORATORS1 :O FELT !MSELVES BY RI<T1 NOT ONLY 9 FACT AS COMPON5TS ( ! GR\P4 

,ALL ! COMPON5TS ( ! GR\P W]E WORK]S &1 !RE=E1 LIV$ ON !IR DAILY WAGES4 ,! GR\P HAD NO O!R 9COME 9 ANY S5SE1 BUT IT ALSO HAD NO O!R EXP5DITURES2 ?IS WAS COV]$ BY >RANGEM5TS ACCORD+ TO ! CAPABILITIES ( EA* ONE ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,?9E & M9E H>DLY EXI/$ AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ?IS GR\P--9 ANY CASE1 NOT :5 IT WAS A MATT] ( ACTIVITIES RELAT$ TO ! COLLECTIVE PLAN4 ,9DIVIDUALLY1 EA* MEMB] ( ! GR\P WAS FREE TO DO :AT HE FELT CONV5I5T1 IT BE+ WELL UND]/OOD ?AT ! ACTIVITY WAS NOT 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! PURITY ( ! IDEAS4.<#c#a.> 

,! 0,SOLID>IOS0 9CLUD$ A FAM\S ?REESOME--,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 HIS CLOSE FRI5D ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 & ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]-- :OSE COLLABORATION AS 0,LOS ,TRES ,MOSQUET]OS0 WAS TO ACQUIRE ALMO/ LEG5D>Y PROPORTIONS4 ,9 TIME1 ! GR\P CAME TO BE KN[N AS MU* BY ,DURRUTI'S NAME AS BY ! ONE IT ORIG9ALLY ADOPT$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SANZ1 H[EV]1 NEI!R ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO1 NOR ,G>CIA ,OLIV] W]E REG>D$ AS LEAD]S4 ,! 0,SOLID>IOS0 W]E A 0GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS10 HE EMPHASIZES1 AMONG :OM 0NO ONE WAS MORE OR LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ANY O!R40 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 RESEMBL$ A COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN A CDHV5TIONAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,TO FULLY UND]/& ! CLOSE P]SONAL RELATION%IPS )9 ?IS TYPICAL GRUPO DE AF9IDAD1 WE MU/ TRY TO COMP>E IT ) ! TYPE ( ORGANIZATION FAVOR$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S4 ,A ,M>XIAN P>TY CONSI/$ ( A HI]>*ICAL CADRE--A BUREAUCRACY COMPOS$ ( PAID (FICIALS--=M+ A DI/9CT1 CLE>LY DEF9$ *A9 ( COMM&4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 & TO A LESS] EXT5T ! ,SOCIALI/S1 DEM&$ OB$I5CE FFOM ?OSE BEL[4 ,AU?ORITY WAS VE/$ 9 A SUPREME EXECUTIVE BODY :I* MADE ALL DECISIONS ( POLICY & ADM9I/RATION 9 ! 9T]IMS BETWE5 P>TY CONGRESSES4 

,! P>TY'S COMPLEX CADRE WAS FLE%$ \T BY A WELL-DISCIPL9$ MEMB]%IP1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL M>*+ 9 /EP ) ! O!RS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DECISIONS ( ! P>TY CONGRESSES & LEAD+ COMMITTEES4 ,! PREF]R$ TYPE ( RELATION%IP )9 ?IS POLITICAL >MY V]G$ ON ! IMP]SONAL4 ,AL?\< IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = 9DIVIDUALS 9 ANY GR\P EXPOS$ TO SOME DEGREE ( P]SECUTION NOT TO FEEL A K9%IP = EA* O!R1 ,M>XI/S T5D$ TO /RESS ! VALUE ( MORALLY & EMOTIONALLY NEUTRAL TIES )9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TODAY'S COMRADE MI<T WELL BE TOMORR['S POLITICAL FOE OR FACTIONAL OPPON5T4 0,SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 DEM&$ A C]TA9 DETA*M5T T[>D PEOPLE & IDEAS1 A SEV]E RATIONALISM ?AT C\LD PREVAIL OV] PASSIONS1 IMPULSES1 & P]SONAL 9TIMACY4 ,ONE [$ ONE'S PRIM>Y LOYALTIES TO ! P>TY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ITS APP>ATUS1 NOT TO ?OSE :O %>$ ONE'S /RUGGLES1 RISKS1 & RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,! ,AN>*I/S W]E G5U9ELY HORRIFI$ BY ?IS >RANGEM5T4 ,!Y REG>D$ IT AS PASSIONLESS1 S\LLESS1 EV5 MORALLY 9DEC5T4 ,! REVOLUTION = !M WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A GREAT MORAL TRANS=MATION :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO LIB]ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 TO RE/ORE !IR FRE$OM & SPONTANEITY ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,9DIVIDUALS HAD TO BE REMADE1 NOT M]ELY AS PRODUC]S ( GOODS BUT AS NEW TOTALITIES1 FREE TO TAKE FULL COMM& ( !IR DE/9Y & DAILY LIFE4 ,ANY LESS] GOAL WAS NOT WOR? FI<T+ =4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,AN>*I/S REG>D$ ! ,M>XI/ P>TY AS ANO!R /ATI/ =M1 A HI]>*Y ?AT1 IF IT SUCCE$$ 9 0SEIZ+ P[]10 W\LD PRES]VE ! P[] ( ONE HUMAN BE+ OV] ANO!R1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! LEAD] OV] ! L$4 ,! ,M>XI/ P>TY1 9 !IR EYES1 WAS A MIRROR IMAGE ( ! V]Y SOCIETY IT PR(ESS$ TO OPPOSE1 AN 9VASION ( ! CAMP ( ! REVOLUTION BY B\RGEOIS VALUES1 ME?ODS1 & /RUCTURES4 

,! ,M>XI/S >GU$ ?AT !IR ORGANIZATIONAL =MS GAVE !M GREAT] EFFICI5CY & EFFECTIV5ESS1 A CLAIM ! ,AN>*I/S EMPHATICALLY D5I$4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ! MO/ EFFICI5T & EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION WAS ULTIMATELY BAS$ ON VOLUNT>ISM1 NOT ON CO]CION OR =MAL OB$I5CE4 ,A MOVEM5T ?AT S\<T TO PROMOTE A LIB]ATORY REVOLUTION HAD TO DEVELOP LIB]ATORY & REVOLUTION>Y =MS4 ,?IS MEANT1 AS WE ALREADY HAVE NOT$1 ?AT IT HAD TO MIRROR ! FREE SOCIETY IT WAS TRY+ TO A*IEVE1 NOT ! REPRESSIVE ONE IT WAS TRY+ TO OV]?R[4 ,IF A MOVEM5T S\<T TO A*IEVE A WORLD UNIT$ BY SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID1 IT HAD TO BE GUID$ BY !SE PRECEPTS2 IF IT S\<T A DEC5TRALIZ$1 /ATELESS1 NONAU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 IT HAD TO BE /RUCTUR$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !SE GOALS4 ,) VOLUNT>I/IC AIMS 9 M9D1 ! ,AN>*I/S TRI$ TO BUILD AN ORGANIC MOVEM5T 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS W]E DRAWN TO EA* O!R BY A S5SE ( 0AFF9ITY10 BY LIKE 9T]E/S & PROCLIVITIES1 NOT HELD TOGE!R BY BUREAUCRATIC T5DONS & IDEOLOGICAL AB/RACTIONS4 ,& JU/ AS 9DIVIDUAL REVOLUTION>IES W]E DRAWN TOGE!R 9TO GR\PS FREELY1 BY 0AFF9ITY10 SO TOO ! 9DIVIDUAL GR\PS F$]AT$ BY VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T1 NEV] IMPAIR+ ! EX]CISE ( 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE ( WILL4 

,IT WILL BE RECALL$ ?AT ! ,AN>*I/S CONT9UALLY /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION & ! NE$ TO LIVE BY ,AN>*I/ PRECEPTS--! NE$1 9DE$1 TO CREATE A C\NT]SOCIETY ?AT C\LD PROVIDE ! SPACE = PEOPLE TO BEG9 TO REMAKE !MSELVES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y PLAC$ A GREAT DEAL ( EMPHASIS ON LEISURE & MORAL EXCELL5CE4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S W]E DESPIS$ BECAUSE !IR DEM&S FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON WAGE 9CREASES & MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,F> MORE IMPORTANT1 9 ! ,AN>*I/S EYES1 WAS ! NE$ TO %ORT5 WORK+ H\RS SO ?AT1 AS ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO >GU$1 PEOPLE 0W\LD HAVE ! LIB]TY 9 :I* TO ?9K1 TO /UDY 444 TO SATISFY !IR MORAL 9/9CTS40 ,?IS TYPE ( LANGUAGE--WORDS LIKE 0LIB]TY0 & 0MORAL 9/9CTS0--WAS ALI5 TO ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,9 ,S>AGOSSA1 ! ,AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ A PROLET>IAN FOLL[+ ?AT WAS UNIQUE 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,!SE ,>AGONESE WORK]S BEGAN TO EMPHASIZE MORAL1 POLITICAL1 HUMANI/IC /RUGGLES OV] ECONOMIC ONES4 ,AS ,E4,H4 ,C>R HAS OBS]V$1 !IR /RIKES 0W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR SCORN = ECONOMIC DEM&S & ! T\<NESS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY3 /RIKES = COMRADES 9 PRISON W]E MORE POPUL> ?AN /RIKES = BETT] CONDITIONS4 

,! 0,SOLID>IOS0 W]E TO /& \T AMONG O!R GRUPOS DE AF9IDAD BY VIRTUE ( ! SCOPE & BOLDNESS ( !IR ESCAPADES4 ,9 O!R RESPECTS1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E TYPICAL ( ! ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS OP]AT+ 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME4 ,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT !Y-- & O!RS LIKE !M--T]RIFI$ MANY M5 9 ! GOV]NM5T :O W]E GUILTY ( MAJOR CRIMES AGA9/ ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! CASE ( ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO IS REVEAL+4 ,AFT] RUL+ ,B>CELONA = TWO YE>S 9 A MANN] ?AT HAD COMPLETELY %OCK$ PUBLIC OP9ION ?R\<\T ,SPA91 ?IS BRUTAL SOLDI] WAS F9ALLY DISMISS$ 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,ONE ( ! IMM$IATE CAUSES ( HIS DEP>TURE WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( HIS ADM9I/RATION AS A :OLE3 IT HAD BE5 F\ND ?AT :ILE ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA WAS RECOV]+ FROM W\NDS 9FLICT$ BY ! CIVIL GOV]NOR'S PI/GL]OS1 ANO!R GR\P ( ,ANIDO'S GUNM5 WAS /ATION$ \TSIDE ! HOSPITAL ) ORD]S TO %OOT ! ,AN>*I/ AS SOON AS HE EM]G$4 ,! /ORY WAS GIV5 WIDE PUBLICITY4 ,BY N[1 A MORE MOD]ATE ,CONS]VATIVE GOV]NM5T1 AGA9 HEAD$ BY ,SAN*EZ DE ,TOCA1 HAD COME 9TO (FICE1 9T5T ON A*IEV+ POLITICAL RE=MS4 ,) ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO'S DISMISSAL !RE N[ BEGAN A REM>KABLE PURSUIT 9 :I* ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 TRI$ TO TRACK D[N ?IS MAN 9 ORD]1 AS ,SANZ PUTS IT1 TO 0SETTLE ACC\NTS40 

,ANIDO SIMPLY W5T UND]GR\ND4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#b#c1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS10 >M$ ) SUBMA*9E GUNS & BOMBS1 TRACK$ HIM TO ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 BUT HE HAD FL$ TO ,LA ,CORUNA1 :]E !Y PURSU$ HIM AGA94 ,M>T9EZ ,ANIDO !N DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY4 ,AL?\< A G5]AL 9 ! >MY & EX-GOV]NOR ( ,CATALONIA1 ?IS WOR?Y WAS =C$ TO REMA9 UND]GR\ND UNTIL ! PI/OL]O ?REAT HAD BE5 L>GELY REMOV$ BY REPRESSION4 

,:ILE ! HUNT WAS GO+ ON1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 SUCCE$$ 9 LOCAT+ ,RAMON ,LAGUIA1 ONE ( ! *IEF PI/OL]OS ( ! S9DICATO LIBRE1 :OM !Y SEV]ELY W\ND$ 9 A CAFE 9 ,MANRESA4 ,IT WAS >\ND ?IS P]IOD ?AT !Y ALSO ASSASS9AT$ ! EX-GOV]NOR ( ,VIZCAYA & ! ,>*BI%OP-,C>D9AL ( ,S>AGOSSA4 ,! AT5TADOS AGA9/ !SE DIGNIT>IES W]E FOLL[$ BY SEV]AL D>+ ROBB]IES1 ! MO/ FAM\S ( :I* OCCURR$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#b#c1 :5 A GR\P ( 0,SOLID>IOS0 HELD UP ! ,BANK ( ,GIJON1 MAK+ (F ) OV] #f1 PESETAS4 ,! RAID PRODUC$ A S5SATION ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & RANKS AS ONE ( ! L>GE/ 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 ( ITS DAY4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\PS W]E PREP>+ AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! NEWLY 9/ALL$ ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP4 ,>MS W]E DESP]ATELY NE$$4 ,!RE N[ BEGAN A S]IES ( FANTA/IC ESCAPADES 9 :I* TONS ( WEAPONS W]E MANUFACTUR$ OR %UNT$ >\ND UND] ! V]Y EYES ( ! POLICE ) A C\RAGE & BRAVADO ?AT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ POSSIBLE ONLY 9 ,SPA9 ( ?AT TIME--& P]HAPS ONLY AMONG ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,! 0,SOLID>IOS0 B\<T AN IRON F\NDRY 9 ! ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO DI/RICT ( ,B>CELONA & PUT IT TO WORK MANUFACTUR+ GR5ADES & BOMBS4 ,SOME SIX ?\S& ( !SE WEAPONS W]E CA*$ AWAY 9 ! ,PUEBLO ,SECO DI/RICT BE=E !Y W]E DISCOV]$ BY ! POLICE--:O MU/ HAVE BE5 A/ONI%$ BY ! GR\P'S AUDACITY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! GR\P DEPOSIT$ CA*ES ( RIFLES & PI/OLS 9 ALMO/ EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD ( ,B>CELONA4 ,A REGUL> >MS TRAFFIC WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 :I* WEAPONS B\<T 9 ,BELGIUM & ,FRANCE W]E TRANSPORT$ CL&E/9ELY 9TO ,SPA9 ?R\< ! FRONTI] T[N ( ,PUIGC]DA OR %IPP$ 9 BY SEA4.<#c#b.> 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#c1 AS ! DAY ( ! UPRIS+ APPROA*$1 ! GR\P MANAG$ TO BUY #a1 RIFLES & #b1 C>TRIDGES FROM ! FIRM ( ,G>ATE Y ,ANITUA 9 ! T[N ( ,EIB>4 ,! 9SURRECTION NEV] CAME (F1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 ,OCTOB]1 & ! WEAPONS REMA9$ 9 ! FIRM'S W>EH\SE4 ,LAT]1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 %UNT$ !M TO A W>EH\SE 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E !Y LAY = MON?S :ILE ,AN>*I/S 9 ! CITY NEGOTIAT$ ) ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S OV] H[ TO USE ?IS DEADLY L>GESSE4 ,:5 ! TWO GR\PS FELL \T1 ! WEAPONS W]E S5T BACK TO ,EIB> :]E ! MANUFACTUR] ACCEPT$ !M AS 0RETURN$ M]*&ISE40 ,IT IS TE/IMONY TO ! A/ONI%+ EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ,AN>*I/ ACTION GR\P ?AT ! PUR*ASE1 MOVEM5T1 & /ORAGE ( #a1 RIFLES & #b1 C>TRIDGES DUR+ A P]IOD ( MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP WAS NEV] DISCOV]$ BY ! POLICE4 

,! 0,SOLID>IOS10 9 FACT1 HAD BY ?IS TIME DEVELOP$ 9TO A F>-FLUNG LIB]T>IAN 5T]PRISE4 ,A P>TIAL LI/ %[S ?AT !RE W]E AT LEA/ ?IRTY MEMB]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E PREP>$ TO LEAVE ,B>CELONA AT A MOM5T'S NOTICE = AN 0ACTION0 ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA94 ,BESIDES TRAFFICK+ 9 ?\S&S ( WEAPONS1 OP]AT+ A GR5ADE F\NDRY6 & /AG+ C>EFULLY PLANN$ 0ACTIONS40 !Y W]E A S\RCE ( CONSID]ABLE FUNDS = V>I\S LIB]T>IAN PROJECTS4 ,!IR 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 SU/A9$ ,F]R]-TYPE S*OOLS4 ,AN>*I/ PR9T+ PRESSES1 & A L>GE PUBLI%+ 5T]PRISE 9 ,P>IS :I* PRODUC$ ! ,AN>*I/ ,5CICLOP$IA1 AS WELL AS MANY BOOKS1 PAMPHLETS & P]IODICALS4 ,! GR\P 9CLUD$ M5 LIKE ,DURRUTI1 :OSE PRE/IGE BY N[ WAS 5ORM\S1 BUT IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ,SANZ1 IT HAD NO LEAD]S & NO HI]>*Y4 

,DURRUTI E>N$ HIS PRE/IGE2 IT WAS 5TIRELY ! RESULT ( HIS P]SONAL C\RAGE & OBVI\S ABILITY4 ,!RE WAS NO?+ 9 HIS BACKGR\ND ?AT MADE HIM DI/9CTIVE3 LIKE EV]YONE ELSE 9 ! GR\P1 HE WAS A WORK]1 P]HAPS ) A-SLI<TLY BETT] ?AN AV]AGE $UCATION4 ,BORN 9 ! CITY ( ,LEON 9 ,JULY #a#h#i#f1 ( WORK+-CLASS P>5TS1 ,DURRUTI BECAME AN APPR5TICE 9 A MA*9E %OP AT ! AGE ( F\RTE54 ,F\R YE>S LAT] HE BEGAN WORK AS A MOTOR ME*ANIC 9 A RAILWAY %OP1 :]E HE JO9$ ! ,U,G,T & BECAME ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HIS FA!R HAD BE5 A ,SOCIALI/ & ,DURRUTI SEEM$ AT FIR/ TO BE FOLL[+ ! SAME POLITICAL PA?4 ,BUT HE WAS A COMBATIVE Y\NG MAN1 ATTRACT$ BY ! MILITANCY ( ! ,C,N,T1 & AT ! TIME ( ! ,AUGU/ #aiag G5]AL /RIKE HE %IFT$ HIS ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION4 ,) ! REPRESSION & BLACK-LI/+ ( UNION MILITANTS ?AT FOLL[$ ! DEFEAT1 ,DURRUTI LEFT ,LEON TO SEEK WORK FUR!R NOR? ON ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ 9 ,GIJON4 ,!RE HE WAS BEFRI5D$ BY ,BU5ACASA & 9/RUCT$ 9 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS BY ! OLD]1 MORE EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>Y4 

,BY ?IS TIME ,DURRUTI HAD REA*$ TW5TY-ONE1 ! AGE ( OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,HE LEFT ,SPA9 = ,P>IS1 WLI]E HE MET ! ,AN>*I/ LUM9>IES ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL & BECAME 9CREAS+LY 9VOLV$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,! UPSURGE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY BEL[ ! ,PYR5EES BR\<T HIM BACK TO ,SPA9 AFT] A ?REE-YE> /AY 9 ,FRANCE4 ,HE SETTL$ 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN1 REE/ABLI%$ HIS CONTACT ) ,BU5ACASA1 & JO9$ ! 0,JU/ICI]OS10 A NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,AN>*I/ GR\P4 ,LOOK+ = A MORE COMBATIVE >5A 9 :I* TO WORK1 ,DURRUTI !N DECID$ TO MOVE ON TO ,B>CELONA4 ,ON HIS WAY TO ! ,CATALAN SEAPORT HE /OPP$ AT ,S>AGOSSA1 :]E HE PICK$ UP ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 ! MAN :O WAS TO BE HIS ALT] EGO 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 

,) ,DURRUTI'S >RIVAL 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#b1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 BEGAN TO TAKE =M AS AN ACTION GR\P4 ,A PRIME SUSPECT1 ,DURRUTI WAS OBLIG$ TO USE AN ALIAS & TO OP]ATE 9 ! TWILI<T ZONE ( ! UND]GR\ND4 ,! %E] N]VE ( ! MAN IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT1 :ILE 9 ,MADRID AT AN ,AN>*I/ CONF]5CE1 HE PAID A VISIT TO ! IMPRISON$ ASSASS9S ( ,DATO1 AN ACT :I* L$ TO >RE/ & MON?S ( DET5TION4 ,! POLICE W]E EV5TUALLY OBLIG$ TO RELEASE HIM = LACK ( ADEQUATE EVID5CE AL?\< HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ALMO/ ALL ! PLANS--&1 :5 HE WAS NOT BE+ DETA9$1 ALL ! ACTIONS--( ! GR\P HE HELP$ TO =M4 ,BY ,DECEMB] #aibc ,DURRUTI'S POSITION HAD BECOME SO PREC>I\S ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y = HIM TO LEAVE ,SPA9 & TAKE REFUGE 9 ,FRANCE4 

,9 FACT1 ! 0,SOLID>IOS0 AS A GR\P WAS FAC$ ) DISSOLUTION4 ,! AT5TADOS1 BANK ROBB]IES1 & >MS TRAFFIC HAD CLAIM$ A HEAVY TOLL ( ITS MO/ MILITANT & ACTIVE MEMB]S4 ,ASCASO WAS 9 PRISON = ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,SOL$EVILA1 AL?\< HE SOON MADE A D>+ ESCAPE1 RETURN+ BY RAIL TO ,B>CELONA DISGUIS$ AS A TRA9 ,CONDUCTOR & !N MAK+ HIS WAY TO ,DURRUTI 9 ,P>IS4 ,EUSEBIO ,BRAU HAD BE5 KILL$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,GIJON ROBB]Y & ,RAFAEL ,TORRES ,ESC>T9 WAS JAIL$ & ALSO ACCUS$ ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! AT5TADO AGA9/ ! ,C>D9AL4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#d1 ! SECRET POLICE 7ACCORD+ TO ,SANZ7 HAD MURD]$ ,GREGORIO ,SUB]BIELA & ,MANUEL ,CAMPOS1 TWO MEMB]S ( ! 0,SOLID>IOS40 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,FIGU]AS W]E IMPRISON$2 ,SANZ & ,ALFONSO1 AL?\< /ILL 9 ,B>CELONA1 W]E 9 & \T ( JAIL4 ,! HI< PO9T ( ! AT5TADOS & 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 HAD PASS$ & A NEW P]IOD WAS EM]G+1 DEF9$ 9CREAS+LY BY ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 

,:AT HAD ! ,AN>*I/ PI/OL]OS A*IEV$8 ,W]E ! AT5TADOS SIMPLY FUTILE GE/URES1 BL9D PROVOCATIONS ?AT PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES1 :O WANT$ NO?+ MORE ?AN EXCUSES TO CRACK D[N ON ! ,C,N,T8 ,?IS IS ! PREVAIL+ OP9ION AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORIANS1 :ILE EV5 MO/ ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S TODAY DEAL ) ! SUBJECT DEF5SIVELY & T\* UPON ,DURRUTI'S ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES ) ! UTMO/ RETIC5CE4 ,YET ?IS APPROA*1 LIKE SO MU* ?AT IS WRITT5 AB\T ,SPA91 MU/ BE REG>D$ AS AN OV]SIMPLIFICATION4 ,H[EV] ONE *OOSES TO ASSESS ! POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,CANOVAS 9 #ahig & ( ,CANALEJAS 9 #a#i#a#b1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !SE AT5TADOS REMOV$ TWO ( ! %REWDE/ PREMI]S 9 ! MOD]N HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,!Y OCCURR$ 9 CRITICAL TIMES--! P]IOD LEAD+ 9TO ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W> & ! EXHAU/ION ( ,TUMISMO BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>--:5 DECISIVE /ATECRAFT WAS NE$$ TO DEAL ) A DIS9TEGRAT+ POLITICAL SITUATION4 ,! DEA?S ( ,CANOVAS & ,CANALEJAS PRODUC$ A S]I\S VACUUM 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE4 ,MO/ ( ! PREMI]S :O FOLL[$ !M W]E UTT]LY 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) ! CRISIS & ANTAGONISMS ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 

,:5 ! ,CATALAN MANUFACTUR]S TURN$ TO PI/OL]ISMO AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 !RE C\LD BE NO O!R ANSW] ?AN ! C\NT]-PI/OL]ISMO ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,?IS MACABRE 9T]PLAY BECOMES EVID5T FROM AN EXAM9ATION ( ,SEGUI'S ATTEMPT TO PROMOTE A MOD]ATE TRADE-UNION APPROA* )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,SEGUI'S APPROA* CLE>LY PREVAIL$ = A TIME3 ! UNION CUT %ORT ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#a#i2 IT JO9$ ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSION1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 IT ) ! UTMO/ S]I\SNESS2 IT FOLL[$ A POLICY ( COLLABORAT+ ) ! ,U,G,T1 EV5 SUBORD9AT+ ITSELF TO ,SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ! ,AUGU/ G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! EMPLOY]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 M]ELY US$ ! TRUCE 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE ( #aiai TO MOBILIZE !IR =CES & LAUN* A FI]CE C\NT](F5SIVE AGA9/ ! UNION2 !Y MADE A MOCK]Y ( ! ,MIX$ ,COMMISSION2 & ! ,SOCIALI/S TURN$ !IR BACKS ON ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AS SOON AS !Y W]E CALL$ UPON TO ACT RESOLUTELY4 

,= ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 PI/OL]ISMO & A MILITANT ,AN>*I/ POLICY 9 ! ,C,N,T EM]G$ AS A RESULT ( DEFEATS SUFF]$ BY ! MOD]ATE TRADE-UNION W+4 ,A POLICY BAS$ ON ACQUIESC5CE W\LD HAVE DEMORALIZ$ ! LABOR ORGANIZATION COMPLETELY4 ,! ,AN>*I/ PI/OL]OS %[$ ! MORE MILITANT WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT 9 A P]IOD :5 ! EMPLOY]S SEEM$ TO HAVE A COMPLETELY FREE H&1 A =CE ON !IR BEHALF WAS /ILL ALIVE1 EFFECTIVELY ANSW]+ BL[ = BL[4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 0SOCIAL PEACE0 OR 9 A RE/FUL P]IOD ( TRADE-UNION GR[?4 ,!Y REG>D$ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS 9CURABLY DISEAS$4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 ! OPPORTUNISM ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ! RE=MS ( ,SAN*EZ DE ,TOCA W]E SIMPLY HALF-HE>T$ EF=TS TO PRES]VE A FUNDAM5TALLY SICK SOCIETY4 ,BETT] TO REVEAL ! DISEASE1 TO USE ! SCALPEL 9 REMOV+ ! SPREAD+ 9FECTION1 ?AN TO CONCEAL ! SORES ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,! T]RORISM ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S WAS DESIGN$ NOT ONLY TO KEEP ALIVE ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT & TO PROVOKE ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE1 BUT TO UND]M9E ! /ABILITY ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,?US EM]G$ A POLICY ( 0DE/ABILIZ+0 CAPITALISM :I*1 AS ! #a#i#cS W]E TO %[1 CATAPULT$ ,SPA9 9TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! ,AN>*I/S ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ! REVOLUTION !Y WANT$4 ,)\T !M1 IT IS V]Y D\BTFUL IF !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 ONE 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,IF !IR REVOLUTION FAIL$1 IT WAS NOT = WANT ( ANY EF=T TO PRODUCE ONE4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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