,*APT] #f ,T]RORI/S & 0,SA9TS0 #aiKET = *EAP TEXTILES S]V$ TO BUOY UP ! ,CATALAN COTTON 9DU/RY1 & :5 ! ,FR5* V9EY>DS W]E NE>LY DE/ROY$ BY ! PHYLLOX]A VIRUS1 ,SPANI% W9ES 5JOY$ A BRIEF P]IOD ( SUPREMACY ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,) ! COM+ ( ! #a#h#iS1 H[EV]1 ECONOMIC GR[? BECAME SPOTTY1 BROK5 BY OM9\S YE>S ( /AGNATION & DECL9E4 ,IF ! E>LI] UPSW+ HAD BR\CELONA1 :ILE ! TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S BEGAN TO RAISE SUMPTU\S NEO-,B>OQUE DWELL+S ON ! ,TIBIDABO1 ! SLUMS ( ! WORK]S SPREAD \TW>D1 JO9+ ! HOVELS ( ! NEWLY >RIV$ ,MURCIANOS ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY4 ,MA*9]Y CANC]\SLY 9VAD$ ! TRADITIONAL UNIV]SE ( ! SMALL WORK%OP & ?REW ?\S&S ( CRAFTSM5 ONTO ! LABOR M>KET1 SKILL$ WORK]S :OSE OCCUPATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 R5D]$ USELESS BY MASS MANUFACTURE4 ,EV5 MORE (F5SIVE W]E ! />TL+ ECONOMIC DISP>ITIES ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! S\?4 ,9 MANY PROV9CES ( ,&ALUSIA1 HALF ! L& WAS HELD 9 E/ATES ( #e1 ACRES OR MORE1 :ILE #h P]C5T ( ! POPULATION WAS MADE UP ( RURAL L&LESS PROLET>IANS4 ,DEFICI5CY DISEASES FROM POOR NUTRITION W]E 5DEMIC4 ,! DEA? RATE SO>$4 ,! RUL+ CLASSES MADE NO EF=T TO PROVIDE ! PEOPLE ) AN $UCATION3 MORE ?AN HALF ! M5 & NE>LY ALL ! WOM5 W]E TOTALLY ILLIT]ATE4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! GREATE/ PA9S W]E TAK5 TO EXCLUDE ! URBAN & RURAL MASSES FROM ANY ROLE 9 GOV]N+ ! C\NTRY4 ,BETWE5 ! #a#h#cS & #a#h#fS1 ,SPANI% POLITICAL LIFE HAD SWUNG LIKE A P5DULUM BETWE5 FAIRLY AU!NTIC ,CONS]VATIVE & ,LIB]AL REGIMES1 PRESID$ OV] BY G5]ALS1 CIVILIANS1 &1 9 ! LATE YE>S ( ,ISABELLA'S REIGN1 BY A C\RT CAM>ILLA ( PRIE/S4 ,BUT ) EA* OSCILLATION ! ,CONS]VATIVES BECAME MORE LIB]AL & ! ,LIB]ALS MORE CONS]VATIVE4 ,! TWO FACTIONS W]E DRAWN TOGE!R BY A COMMON FE> ( CL]ICAL1 MILIT>Y1 & RADICAL UPRIS+S4 ,) ! PREMATURE DEA? ( ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I 9 ,M>* #a#h#h#e1 ! ,CONS]VATIVE & ,LIB]AL P>TIES ( ! ,RE/ORATION P]IOD CAME TO AN AGREEM5T TO %>E ! /ATE BETWE5 !MSELVES4 ,A POLITICAL SY/EM ( ,TURNISMO1 OR 0ROTATION0 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 :I* ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY1 UND] ! EBULLI5T ,PRAX$ES ,SAGA/A1 WAS GIV5 ! RE9S ( P[] :5EV] DEMOCRATIC W9D[-DRESS+ WAS NE$$ TO ABSORB SOCIAL UNRE/ OR JU/IFY ! PASSAGE ( REPRESSIVE LEGISLATION4 ,! ,CONS]VATIVE ,P>TY1 L$ BY ,ANTONIO ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO1 OCCUPI$ ! M9I/RY UND] CONDITIONS ( RELATIVE /ABILITY4 ,EXCEPT = AN ANTICL]ICAL TRADITION & AN 9T]E/ 9 SECUL> $UCATION2 ! ,LIB]ALS W]E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM !IR ,CONS]VATIVE 1 C\NT]P>TS4 ,:AT REALLY DI/+UI%$ ! TWO P>TIES W]E ! AGR>IAN /RATA :OSE 9T]E/S !Y REFLECT$3 ! ,CONS]VATIVES SPOKE FOX'! ,&ALUSIAN L&[N]S & ! ,LIB]ALS = ! ,CA/ILIAN :EAT GR[]S4 ,! *IEF >*ITECT ( ,TURNISMO WAS ,CANOVAS1 A ?OR\< CYNIC :O COMB9$ POLITICAL A/UT5ESS ) A BROAD CULTURAL BACKGR\ND ALMO/ UNMAT*$ BY ANY LEAD+ POLITICIAN ( HIS DAY4 ,BE=E 5T]+ POLITICS1 HE HAD ALREADY A*IEV$ A REPUTATION ( HI< /&+ AS A HI/ORIAN4 ,CANOVAS'S POLICY WAS DIRECT$ T[>D ! S+LE GOAL ( PUBLIC ORD] AT ANY CO/4 ,?IS POLICY ( DELIB]ATE POLITICAL /AGNATION RE/$ 9 TURN ON A MASSIVE SY/EM ( CORRUPTION 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,9 !ORY1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y BAS$ ON A LIMIT$ 7LAT]1UNIV]SAL7 SUFFRAGE ) ! USUAL RURAL CACIQUES & URBAN JEFES :O TAILOR$ ! VOTE ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ,MADRID4 ,! NOM9ALLY FREE PRESS WAS B\GE AGR>IAN GR\PS4 ,BY ! #a#h#iS1 ! ABSURDITY ( ?IS POLITICAL /RUCTURE WAS EVID5T TO ALMO/ EV]YONE4 ,9 A P]IOD ( UNPREC$5T$ 9DU/RIAL GR[?1 ! /ATE APP>ATUS WAS [N$ & OCCUPI$ BY >*AIC AGR>IAN 9T]E/S1 ?US COMPELL+ ! 0PROGRESSIVE0 MANUFACTUR+ CLASSES TO 5T] IT ?R\< ! BACK DOOR LIKE BEGG>S4 ,! L>GELY REPUBLICAN PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS ASK$ TO BE CONT5T ) A MON>* AS ! *IEF T5ANT & ACCEPT A RIGG$ SY/EM ( ELECTIONS ?AT EFFECTIVELY D5I$ ITS 5TRY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS & RURAL POOR W]E SIMPLY IGNOR$4 ,VIRTUALLY EXCLUD$ FROM ACTIVE POLITICAL LIFE1 !Y W]E GIV5 ! NOM9AL RIASS$ BY ! POLICE & DE/ROY$ \TRIGE4 ,! UNIONS TRI$ E>NE/LY TO ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES TO ?IS >RANGEM5T4 ,! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION1 AS WE HAVE SE51 F\ND]$ 9 ITS EF=T TO PROMOTE LEGAL UNIONISM4 ,IT WAS DOOM$ BY ! M]E FACT ?AT IT ATTRACT$ L>GE MASSES ( ,&ALUSIAN LABOR]S4 ,A MORE CAUTI\S /RATEGY WAS TRI$ 9 #a#h#h#a1 ! SAME YE> ?AT ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION WAS F\ND$1 :5 ! ,AUTORIT>IOS ( ! ,OLD ,9T]NATIONAL E/ABLI%$ ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4.<#a#b.> ,AL?\< ,M>XIAN 9 RHETORIC & ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 IT WAS BASICALLY RE=MI/ 9 POLITICS & GOALS4 ,:AT PROBABLY RESCU$ ! P>TY FROM ! FATE ( ! ,AN>*I/S W]E ! MODE/ DEM&S ( ITS PROGRAM1 ! PRUD5T NATURE ( ITS TACTICS1 ! RESPECTABLE =M ( ITS PROPAG&A4 ,! P>TY SOON F\ND ITSELF TRAVEL+ 9 A VICI\S' CIRCLE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ITS PROGRAM & TACTICS EVOK$ LITTLE RESPONSE FROM ! RE/IVE ,MURCIANOS & BRAC]OS1 :O FLOOD$ 9TO ! ,AN>*I/ UNIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SKILL$ WORK]S TO :OM IT APPEAL$1 BE+ B\RGEOIS 9 \TLOOK & POLITICAL S5TIM5T1 PLAC$ !IR CONFID5CE 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TIES4 ,H5CE IT WAS NOT UNTIL #a#h#h#h1 SEV5 YE>S AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! P>TY1 ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N LABOR UNION1 ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,WORK]S OR ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,U,G,T74 ,GUID$ BY ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS1 ?IS CAUTI\S1 /OLIDLY BUREAUCRATIC LABOR ORGANIZATION MADE HEADWAY AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ! ,BASQUE CITIES1 ! CRAFTSM5 ( ,MADRID1 & ! PEASANTS ( ,CA/ILE4 ,IT LAT] DEVELOP$ A L>GE FOLL[+ 9 ,GRANADA1 ! ,&ALUSIAN PROV9CE :I* ,BR5AN REG>DS AS MORE 0,CA/ILIAN0 ?AN ANY O!R 9 ! S\?4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIALI/S ON ! REBELLI\S M9]S ( ,A/URIAS & ! ,RIO ,T9TO 7,AN>*I/ COMPETITION WAS /RONG 9 BO? >EAS7 IS MORE DIFFICULT TO EXPLA91 AL?\< IT WAS PROBABLY DUE TO CONJUNCTURAL FACTORS RA!R ?AN RE=MI/1 9CL9ATIONS AMONG ! M9]S !MSELVES4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 GR[? WAS SL[ & ! ,U,G,T NUMB]$ LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& MEMB]S AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 MORE ?AN A DECADE AFT] ITS F\ND+4 ,! UNION DID 5C\NT] LOCAL HO/ILITY 9 ITS ORGANIZ+ DRIVES4 ,BUT IT 9SPIR$ V]Y LITTLE FE> 9 ! GOV]NM5T & ESCAP$ ! REPRESSION ?AT F9ALLY %ATT]$ ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION4 ,TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,AN>*I/S ( ! LATE N9ETEE5? C5TURY1 ! RUL+ CLASSES SEEM$ MORE FIRMLY 9 ! SADDLE ?AN EV]4 ,AN OPPRESSIVE ATMOSPH]E ( B\RGEOIS EGOTISM HAD SETTL$ OV] LIFE4 ,EV]Y?+ SEEM$ TO ACQUIRE A DULL1 GRAY1 TA/ELESS APPE>ANCE4 ,& ,EUROPEANS ( S5SIBILITY W]E REPELL$ BY ! SMUGNESS & BANALITY ( ! AGE4 ,! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 BLOCK$ BY ! MASSIVE /ABILITY ( F9 DE SIECLE CAPITALISM1 BEGAN TO BURR[ 9TO ! UND]GR\ND ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,>?UR ,RIMBAUD'S POETIC CR$O ( S5SORY D]ANGEM5T1 ,T\L\SE-,LAUTREC'S PROVOCATIVELY 0LUMP50 >T1 & ! FL\T+ ( MIDDLE-CLASS CONV5TIONS BY ,OSC> ,WILDE & ,PAUL ,GAUGU9 REFLECT$ ! COMPULSION ( WRIT]S & >TI/S TO PROVOKE ! B\RGEOIS1 TO CRY \T AGA9/ ! DEAD5+ COMPLAC5CY ( ! P]IOD4 ,A LIT]>Y & >TI/IC ,AN>*ISM EM]G$ :I* 9CLUD$ M5 LIKE ,B>RES1 ,MALL>ME1 ,VAL]Y1 & ,/E9L51 9 :OM G5]\S IDEALS = ! LIB]ATION ( HUMANITY W]E M>BL$ ) A FURI\S ANG] T[>D B\RGEOIS M$IOCRITY4 ,! EFFECT ( !SE CULTURAL REBELS ON ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! TIME WAS VIRTUALLY NIL4 ,AT BE/1 ! B\RGEOIS GREET$ !M ) SC&ALIZ$ \TRAGE2 MORE COMMONLY !Y W]E MET ) UNCOMPREH5D+ 9DIFF]5CE4 ,!RE W]E ALSO SOME 9DIVIDUALS :OSE DESIRE TO PROVOKE L$ !M TO T]RORI/ ACTIONS4 ,!SE M5 W]E NOT IGNOR$4 ,!Y (T5 CAME FROM ! L[E/ /RATA ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PETTY B\RGEOISIE--TRUE ,DE%]$ADOS1 !IR LIVES CRIPPL$ BY POV]TY & ABUSE4 ,A FEW--,AUGU/E ,VAILLANT1 = EXAMPLE1 :O EXPLOD$ A BOMB 9 ! ,FR5* ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES--W]E MEMB]S ( ,AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,! MAJORITY1 LIKE ! ,FR5*MAN ,RAVA*OL1 W]E SOLOI/S4 ,!Y CALL$ !MSELVES 0,AN>*I/S10 BUT BELONG$ TO NO GR\P1 = ! WORD HAD BY ?IS TIME BECOME A SYNONYM = 0T]RORI/40 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( ,AN>*ISM ) T]RORISM WAS ! RESULT NOT M]ELY ( E>LI] BOMB+S BUT ( A NEW EMPHASIS 9 LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES ON 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] ! ,V]VI]S CONGRESS ( #ahgg LEFT BEH9D SMALL1 ISOLAT$ ,AN>*I/ GR\PS ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,MANY ( !M LACK$ ANY /RATEGY = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE2 !IR MEMB]S C\LD OPPOSE ! 5TR5*$ P[] ( ! /ATE ) NO?+ BUT !IR WRIT+S & SPEE*ES4 ,! GR[+ ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS ( ! DAY W]E UTT]LY REPELL5T4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN 9 /RUCTURE & RE=MI/ 9 GOALS1 !Y SEEM$ TO EMBODY ! P$E/RIAN B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ( ! ]A4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E1 AT A TIME ( DEFEAT & GR[+ HOPELESSNESS1 ?AT A BOLD ACT 9 ,RUSSIA ILLUM9$ ! WAY4 ,ON ,M>* #a1 #a#h#h#a1 ON ! BANKS ( ! ,CA!R9E ,CANAL 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 A SMALL T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION1 ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,WILL10 SUCCE$$ 9 ASSASS9AT+ ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,A POLITICALLY HYBRID GR\P ) /RONG ,AN>*I/ LEAN+S1 ! B& ( Y\NG REVOLUTION>IES HAD PUBLICLY S5T5C$ ! ,CZ> TO DEA? 9 #ahgi & TRACK$ HIM = TWO YE>S UNTIL !Y W]E SUCCESSFUL4 ,! DUEL BETWE5 A H&FUL ( T]RORI/S & ! MASSIVE ,RUSSIAN /ATE HAD FASC9AT$ ! WORLD--& HAD BR\ 4TO ! PO9T ( N]V\S COLLAPSE4 ,! ASSASS9ATION ELECTRIFI$ ,EUROPE4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 :5 AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ,AN>*I/S & LEFT-W+ ,SOCIALI/S CONV5$ 9 ,LONDON1 ONE ( ! MA9 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSS$ WAS 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,! DELEGATES CONCLUD$ ?AT 0A DE$ P]=M$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS APPEALS TO ! MASSES MU* MORE ?AN ?\S&S ( LEAFLETS & TORR5TS ( WORDS44440 ,MU* DISCUSSION C5T]$ ON 0*EMI/RY40 ,IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT 0! TE*NICAL & *EMICAL SCI5CES HAVE R5D]$ S]VICES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE & >E B\ND TO R5D] /ILL GREAT] S]VICES40 ,H5CE AFFILIAT$ GR\PS & 9DIVIDUAL SUPPORT]S W]E ASK$ TO 0DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! /UDY ( !SE SCI5CES40 ,AMONG ! SUPPORT]S ( ! NEW TACTIC WAS A Y\NG ,RUSSIAN PR9CE1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 :O HAD BROK5 ) HIS CLASS & 5T]$ ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< TEMP]AM5TALLY ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9 %>$ ! DEEP HUMANITY ( HIS PR$ECESSOR4 ,DESPITE HIS >I/OCRATIC L9EAGE--OR P]HAPS BECAUSE ( IT--HE SP5T TWO YE>S 4IMPRISON$ 9 ! DREAD$ ,PET] & ,PAUL ,=TRESS = HIS IDEALS4 ,HIS DRAMATIC ESCAPE & HIS DI/9CTION AS A GEOGRAPH] GAVE HIM AN 9T]NATIONAL REPUTATION4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,LONDON CONGRESS1 ,KROPOTK9 HAD BECOME ! \T/&+ SPOKESMAN = 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM10 A !ORY HE ADVANC$ ) GREAT ABILITY AGA9/ ! PREVAL5T 0COLLECTIVISM0 ( ! TRADITIONAL ,BAKUN9I/S4 ,BAKUN91 IT WILL BE REMEMB]$1 BELIEV$ ?AT ! MEANS ( LIFE 9DIVIDUALS RECEIVE UND] ,AN>*ISM MU/ BE TI$ TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR !Y CONTRIBUTE4 ,AL?\< !Y >E TO RECEIVE ! FULL REW>D ( !IR LABOR1 ! QUANTITY ( :AT !Y RECEIVE IS DET]M9$ BY ! WORK !Y P]=M & NOT BY !IR NE$S4 ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT DIFF] ) ,BAKUN9'S OV]ALL VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,HE TOO BELIEV$ ?AT IT W\LD MEAN A /ATELESS SOCIETY ( FREE1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNES JO9$ TOGE!R BY PACTS & CONTRACTS4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ HIM FROM ,BAKUN9 WAS HIS 9SI/5CE ?AT DIRECTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION EA* COMMUNE W\LD BE CAPABLE ( DI/RIBUT+ ITS PRODUCE ACCORD+ TO NE$4 0,NE$ WILL BE PUT ABOVE S]VICE10 HE WROTE2 0IT WILL BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT EV]YONE :O COOP]ATES 9 PRODUCTION TO A C]TA9 EXT5T HAS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ?AT RI*I/ ELITE & REJECT$ ! ,BAKUN9I/ DEM& = A CLOSE L9KAGE BETWE5 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS & L>GE MASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT QUITE TRUE4 ,9 A DISPUTE ) A NUMB] ( ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/S :O ADVOCAT$ A /RICTLY CONSPIRATORIAL TYPE ( ORGANIZATION1 ,KROPOTK9 9SI/$1?AT ! 0SMALL REVOLUTION>Y GR\P0 HAS TO 0SUBM]GE0 ITSELF 9 ! 0ORGANIZATION ( ! PEOPLE10 A VIEW ?AT CLOSELY P>ALLELS ,BAKUN9'S ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,BAKUN9'S & ,KROPOTK9'S ORGANIZATIONAL VIEWS TURN$ PRIM>ILY >\ND ! ISSUE ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,AS ,MAX ,NOMAD OBS]VES3 ,?AT TACTIC HAD NOT BE5 9 ! >MORY ( ! ,BAKUN9I/S2 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! MASSES W]E ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y1 & H5CE NE$$ NO T]RORI/ FIREWORKS TO /IMULATE !IR SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y1 ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 WAS AN ORGANIZATION ( CONSPIRATORS1 :O AT ! PROP] MOM5T W\LD CAPITALIZE ON ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! M4ASSES4 ,?AT VIEW WAS NO LONG] %>$ BY ,KROPOTK9 & HIS FRI5DS4 ,IT WAS REPLAC$ BY A SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y 0$UCATION0 ( ! MASSES ?R\< ACTS ( REVOLT1 OR 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$40 ,ORIG9ALLY ?AT SORT ( 0PROPAG&A10 AS FIR/ DISCUSS$ AT ! ,B]NE ,CONGRESS ( ! 0,ANTI-,AU?ORIT>IAN0 ,9T]NATIONAL 7#a#h#g#f71 REF]R$ TO SMALL ATTEMPTS AT LOCAL 9SURRECTION4 ,SOME:AT LAT]--AFT] SU* ACTIONS HAD PROV5 TO BE QUITE 9EFFECTUAL--! T]M WAS APPLI$ TO 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( PROTE/4 ,NONE ( !SE IDEAS HAD ANY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#h#hS1 :5 TRANSLATIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS W]E MADE AVAILABLE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ EMIGRES 9 ,B>CELONA BEGAN TO PROMOTE ! PURI/ APPROA* TO ORGANIZATION & EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( T]RORI/ ACTIONS4 ,! BITT] CONTROV]SIES AMONG ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S OV] ! NEW IDEAS & TACTICS P>TLY ACCEL]AT$ ! BREAKUP ( ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION4 ,:5 ! ONCE-PROMIS+ ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION DISSOLV$ 9 #a#h#h#h1 ITS PLACE WAS TAK5 BY A /RICTLY ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & BY IDEOLOGICALLY LOOS] LIB]T>IAN TRADE UNIONS4 ,! =M]1 ! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 WAS F\ND$ AT ,VAL5CIA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #ahhh & CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES1 MA9LY ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ 9 \TLOOK4 ,! BASE ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! T]TULIA3 ! SMALL1 TRADITIONALLY ,HISPANIC GR\P ( MALE 9TIMATES :O GA!R DAILY AT A FAVORITE CAFE TO SOCIALIZE & DISCUSS IDEAS4 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS W]E USUALLY L>G] & ASSUR$LY MORE VOLATILE4 ,!Y GAVE !MSELVES COLORFUL NAMES EXPRESSIVE ( !IR HI<-M9D$ IDEALS 7,NI REY1 NI PATRIA1 ,VIA ,LIBRE71 ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR 7,LOS ,REBELDES71 OR ( !IR S5SE ( FRAT]NITY 7,LOS ,AF9ES74 ,LIKE ! T]TULIANOS1 !Y MET 9 CAFES TO DISCUSS IDEAS & PLAN ACTIONS4 ,SU* GR\PS HAD ALREADY =M$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT ! NEW ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION CONSCI\SLY MADE !M ITS BASIC =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,DECADES LAT]1 !Y W]E TO REAPPE> 9 ! ,F,A,I AS GRUPOS DE AF9IDAD 7AFF9ITY GR\PS7 ) A MORE =MAL /RUCTURE4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( !SE GR\PS W]E NOT 5GAG$ 9 T]RORI/ ACTIONS2 !IR ACTIVITIES W]E LIMIT$ MA9LY TO G5]AL PROPAG&A & TO ! PA9/AK+ BUT 9DISP5SABLE JOB ( W9N+ OV] 9DIVIDUAL CONV]TS4 ,! UNION MOVEM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 FOCUS$ ITS 5]GIES ON ECONOMIC /RUGGLES1 G5]ALLY TAK+ ITS LEAD FROM LIB]T>IAN UNION (FICIALS4 ,A NUMB] ( !SE (FICIALS1 ANTICIPAT+ ! DEA? ( ! ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION1 HAD DECID$ TO RETA9 A LOOSE RELATION%IP ) EA* O!R :I* !Y =MALIZ$ 9 #ahhh AS A ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION4 ,) ! REVIVAL ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 #a#h#i#a1 ! ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY CONV5$ ITS FIR/ CONGRESS 9 ,M>*1 ATTRACT+ ,SOCIALI/S AS WELL AS ,AN>*I/S4 ,AL?\< ! CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,MADRID1 ! NEW ORGANIZATION WAS PRIM>ILY A ,CATALAN MOVEM5T1 9FLU5C$ BY ,AN>*I/ COLLECTIVI/S & BY MILITANT SYNDICALI/S4 ,! ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY WAS ILL-FAT$ ALMO/ FROM ! />T1 = IT EM]G$ AT A TIME :5 T]RORI/ ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA9 BEGAN TO GET UND]WAY 9 E>NE/4 ,AL?\< !RE HAD BE5 NO LACK ( BOMB+S & ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS 9 ! #a#h#hS1 !Y HAD BE5 ISOLAT$ EPISODES1 OCCURR+ AS ! BACKGR\ND ( A L>G] CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 UNIONS & EMPLOY]S4 ,! BOMB+S ?AT OP5$ ! #a#h#iS W]E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,!Y EXPLOD$ ACROSS ! =EGR\ND ( ! /RUGGLE & W]E DE/9$ TO BECOME *RONIC 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE BOMB+S OCCURR$ 9 ! MID/ ( A G5]AL /RIKE = ! EIITY HAD DECID$ TO CALL ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#i#a4 ,! /RIKE BEGAN PEACEFULLY 5\< ) A L>GE RALLY AT ! ,TIVOLI ,!AT] 9 ,B>CELONA1 FOLL[$ BY A /REET DEMON/RATION D[N ! FAM\S ,RAMBLAS TO ! CIVIL GOV]NOR'S PALACE4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 H[EV]1 IT BEGAN TO TAKE ON S]I\S DIM5SIONS4 ,MANY FACTORIES CLOS$ D[N & VIOL5T CLA%ES OCCURR$ BETWE5 WORK]S & POLICE4 ,*>ACT]I/ICLLY ! GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ TO ! SITUATION ) A DECL>ATION ( M>TIAL LAW4 7,9 ,SPANI%1 LIT]ALLY1 A 0/ATE ( W>4074 ,! NEXT DAY A BOMB W5T (F BE=E ! BUILD+ ?AT H\S$ ! ,FOM5TO DEL ,TRABAJO ,NATIONAL 7! 0,5C\RAGEM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,LABOR01 A EUPHEMISM = ! P[]FUL1 NOTORI\SLY REACTION>Y ASSOCIATION ( ,B>CELONA MANUFACTUR]S74 ,! /RIKE WAS BROK5 BY VIOL5CE & TREA*]Y1 BUT FROM ?AT PO9T ONW>D1 BOMB+S BECAME A COMMONPLACE FEATURE ( LABOR UNRE/ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y W]E 9V>IABLY FOLL[$ BY >RE/S & BY BEAT+S ( IMPRISON$ MILITANTS1 YET ! EXPLOSIONS !MSELVES DID V]Y LITTLE DAMAGE4 ,G5]ALLY1 !IR TIM+ & LOCATION W]E PLANN$ TO POSE ! LEA/ POSSIBLE ?REAT TO HUMAN LIFE4 ,! 9T5TION ( ! 0T]RORI/S0 WAS APP>5TLY TO FRI*I/S :O W]E PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! REAL 9JURIES 9FLICT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES ON IMPRISON$ LABOR MILITANTS1 OR BY AG5TS PROVOCATEURS ( ! ,FOM5TO & ! POLICE4 ,! 9CREAS+ DRIFT ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM T[>D T]RORISM WAS TO BE RE9=C$ BY AN EPISODE ( AGR>IAN UNRE/ ?AT BECAME MEMORABLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,&ALUSIAN MOVEM5T4 ,ITS LOCALE WAS ,J]EZ1 ! C5T] ( ! ,DE%]$ADOS & ! ALLEG$ ,MANO ,NEGRA4 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS HAD TAK5 ROOT 9 ?IS FAM\S W9E DI/RICT E>LY 9 ! #a#h#gS &1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 HELD \T T5ACI\SLY AGA9/ ! LONG YE>S ( REPRESSION 9ITIAT$ BY ,S]RANO4 ,PAMPHLETS & P]IODICALS S5T BY ,AN>*I/ EMIGRES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS KEPT ALIVE ! VISIONS ( ! GLORI\S SPR+ ( #ahgc LONG AFT] ! MOVEM5T ELSE:]E HAD DW9DL$ TO SMALL GR\PS & ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! P]SECUTIONS FOLL[+ ! ,MANO ,NEGRA 9VE/IGATION DID NOT EXTIRPATE ! ,AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ! DI/RICT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! B>B>ITIES ( ! ,GU>DIA CREAT$ P5T-UP FEEL+S ( ANG] & FRU/RATION ?AT W]E C]TA9 TO F9D RELEASE ) ! FIR/ REVIVAL ( RADICAL ACTIVITY4 ,! REVIVAL BEGAN 9 #a#h#i4 ,ON ,MAY #a ( ?AT YE>1 GREAT DEMON/RATIONS CELEBRAT+ ! LABOR HOLIDAY SWEPT ?R\< ,&ALUSIA1 BR++ ?\S&S ( DEFIANT WORK]S & PEASANTS 9TO ! /REETS4 ,! A/ONI%$ AU?ORITIES TOOK REPRISALS3 BOMBS W]E CONV5I5TLY 0DISCOV]$0 9 ! (FICES ( ,EL ,SOCIALISMO1 ! ,AN>*I/ PAP] ( ,CADIZ1 & A NEW WAVE ( >RE/S SWEPT ?R\< ! REGION4 ,! P]SECUTIONS CONT9U$ 9TO ! NEXT YE> :5 ! AU?ORITIES1 9VOK+ ! DISCR$IT$ LEG5D ( #a#h#h#c1 IMPRISON$ #aeg ,AN>*I/S & LABOR MILITANTS ON *>GES ( BE+ MEMB]S ( ! ,MANO ,NEGRA4 ,! \TRAG$ LABOR]S WAIT$ NE>LY SIX MON?S BE=E RESPOND+ TO ?IS & O!R PROVOCATIONS2 !N !Y EXPLOD$4 ,T[>D MIDNIY #h1 #a#h#i#b1 A B& ( AB\T FIVE HUNDR$ V9EY>D WORK]S1 LABOR]S1 & A SPR9KL+ ( CRAFTSM5 M>*$ 9TO ,J]EZ CRY+3 0,LONG LIVE AN>*Y60 0,DEA? TO ! B\RGEOISIE60 0,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION60 ,!Y W]E >M$ ) PRUN+ HOOKS1 SCY!S1 & :ATEV] FIRE>MS !Y C\LD GA!R4 ,\TSIDE1 ON ! PLA9S ( ,GALL9A & LOIT]+ ON ! ROAD 9TO ! CITY W]E SOME ?\S&S ( M51 O/5SIBLY A RES]VE =CE1 BUT ACTUALLY /RAGGL]S :O W]E TOO FA9!>T$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ASSAULT4.<#a#c.> ,PRECISELY :AT ! M>*]S HOP$ TO A*IEVE 9 ! CITY IS NOT V]Y CLE>4 ,!RE HAD BE5 A GREAT DEAL ( REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION 9 ! >EA4 ,SEV]AL SUSPICI\S \TSID]S1 9CLUD+ A Y\NG MAN 0FROM ,MADRID0 70,EL ,MADRIL5O071 HAD SURFAC$ AMONG ! V9EY>D WORK]S1 CALL+ UPON !M TO PREP>E = A 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION40.<#a#d.> ,! V9EY>D [N]S W]E PAT5TLY LOOK+ = A CONFRONTATION 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS ! UNRE/4 ,ONCE 9SIDE ! T[N1 ! M>*]S BROKE UP 9TO SMALL B&S4 ,DISORI5T$ & CONFUS$1 !Y W]E H>DLY A S]I\S ?REAT TO ANYONE BUT ! FEW /RAY PASS]SBY :O FELL 9TO !IR H&S4 ,ONE GR\P MADE (F = ! ,J]EZ JAIL TO FREE ! MILITANTS :O HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ AS MEMB]S ( ! ,MANO ,NEGRA4 ,A S+LE %OT1 PRESUMABLY FIR$ BY ! W>D5'S DAUDS & CAVALRY HAD BE5 C>EFULLY PO/$ ?R\<\T ! CITY WAIT+ = ORD]S TO 9T]V5E4 ,! AU?ORITIES APP>5TLY KNEW ALL AB\T ! ?\S&S ON ! PLA9S ( ,GALL9A1 ! M>* IR_*TO ,J]EZ1 & ! B&S W&]+ ?R\< ! NE>LY EMPTY /REETS4 ,!Y DID NO?+ TO /OP !M4 ,) 5\< 09CID5TS0 TO JU/IFY SEV]E REPRESSION1 ! ,GU>DIA & CAVALRY W]E TURN$ LOOSE ON ! M>*]S :O QUICKLY DISP]S$ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE AFT] SOME SKIRMI%ES4 ,DESPITE ! TRIVIALITY ( ! :OLE 9CID5T1 ! POLICE DEALT ) IT AS A MAJOR 9SURRECTION4 ,HUNDR$S W]E R\ND$ UP & MANY SAVAGELY BEAT54 ,SIXTE5 M5 W]E TRI$ & CONDEMN$ TO S5T5CES RANG+ FROM T5 YE>S TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 ,) 9CR$IBLE >ROGANCE1 ! AU?ORITIES PLAC$ ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA1 ! REV]$ ,AN>*I/ 0SA9T10 ON TRIAL BE=E A MILIT>Y TRIBUNAL & *>G$ HIM ) 9CIT+ ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+--?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HE HAD BE5 LOCK$ UP 9 ! ,CADIZ PRISON ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE 9CID5T4 ,! (FIC]S UNABA%$LY S5T5C$ HIM TO TWELVE YE>S ( H>D LABOR4 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT] ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 ! ,AN>*I/S ,LAMELA1 ,BUSIQUE1 ,LEBRIJANO1 & ,Z>ZUELA W]E TAK5 \T TO ! MA9 SQU>E ( ,J]EZ & G>ROT$ BE=E A L>GE1 SIL5T CR[D4 ,!Y DI$ DEFIANTLY1 %\T+ 0,VIVA LA AN>QUIA60 ,BE=E HE WAS /RANGL$ ,Z>ZUELA DELIV]$ A PROPHETIC 9JUNCTION4 0,PEOPLE ( ,J]EZ60 HE CRI$ FROM ! SCAFFOLD1 0,LET NO ONE SAY WE DIE AS C[>DS4 ,IT IS Y\R TASK TO AV5GE US AGA9/ ?IS NEW ,9QUISITION60 ,) ! REPRESSION ( ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+1 T]RORI/ ACTIVITY REA*$ A TURN+ PO9T3 ! G>ROT+ ( ! F\R ,AN>*I/S 9C5S$ REVOLUTION>IES ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & ,Z>ZUELA'S CRY = V5GEANCE DID NOT GO UNHE$$4 ,SEV5 MON?S LAT] 9 ,B>CELONA1 A Y\NG ,AN>*I/ TRI$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,G5]AL ,M>T9EZ ,CAMPOS AS REV5GE = ! ,J]EZ EXECUTIONS4 ,TWO BOMBS W]E ?R[N AT ,M>T9EZ ,CAMPOS1 ! (FIC] :OSE PRONUNCIAMI5TO HAD PAV$ ! WAY = ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I & :O N[ OCCUPI$ ! PO/ ( CAPTA9 G5]AL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,M>T9EZ MIRACUL\SLY ESCAP$ S]I\S 9JURY1 BUT ! EXPLOSION KILL$ A SOLDI] & FIVE CIVILIAN BY/&]S4 ,! POLICE QUICKLY APPREH5D$ ! ASSASS91 ,PAUL9O ,PALLAS1 A Y\NG ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/ :O HAD PROSPECT$ 9 ,PATAGONIA ) ! FAM\S ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A4 ,! ,&ALUSIAN WAS TRI$ BY A C\RT M>TIAL & S5T5C$ TO EXECUTION BY A FIR+ SQUAD4 ,FROM ! OP5+ ( HIS TRIAL TO ! MOM5T ( HIS DEA?1 ,PALLAS'S BEHAVIOR WAS DEFIANT4 ,BE=E ! BULLETS CLAIM$ HIS LIFE1 HE REPEAT$ ! OM9\S CRY ( ! S\?3 0,V5GEANCE WILL BE T]RIBLE60 ,! W>N+ BECAME A REALITY BE=E ! YE> WAS \T4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 DUR+ ! OP5+ NICELONA'S OP]A SEASON1 TWO BOMBS W]E ?R[N FROM ! BALCONY ( ! ,TEATRO ,LICEO 9TO A GILD$ AUDI5CE ( ! CITY'S MO/ NOTABLE FAMILIES4 ,ONE ( ! BOMBS EXPLOD$1 KILL+ TW5TY-TWO & W\ND+ FIFTY4 ,PANIC GRIPP$ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,UNLEA%$ TO DO !IR WOR/1 ! POLICE CLOS$ ALL ! WORK]S' C5T]S & RAID$ ! HOMES ( EV]Y KN[N RADICAL4 ,HUNDR$S W]E >RE/$ & ?R[N 9TO ! DUNGEONS ( ,MONTJUI* ,=TRESS1 ! MILIT>Y PRISON OV]LOOK+ ,B>CELONA'S PORT >EA & WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS4 ,FIVE ,AN>*I/S1 9NOC5T ( ! BOMB+1 W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA? & LAT] EXECUT$4 ,! REAL ASSASS91 ,SANTIAGO ,SALVADOR1 WAS NOT DISCOV]$ UNTIL TWO MON?S LAT]4 ,SALVADOR HAD BE5 A FRI5D ( ,PALLAS & WAS DET]M9$ TO ANSW] HIS CRY = V5GEANCE4 ,AFT] FAIL+ AT A SUICIDE ATTEMPT ON HIS >RE/1 ,SALVADOR SUCCE$$ 9 ESCAP+ ! TORTURES ?AT ! POLICE ORD9>ILY 9FLICT$ ON POLITICAL PRISON]S BY PRET5D+ TO REP5T HIS ACT & FEIGN+ CONV]SION TO ! *UR*4 ,= NE>LY A YE> HIS EXECUTION WAS /AY$ :ILE ,JESUITS & >I/OCRATIC LADIES PETITION$ ! GOV]NM5T = A COMMUTATION ( S5T5CE4 ,:5 ! Y\NG ,AN>*I/ F9ALLY /OOD ON ! SCAFFOLD1 HE AB&ON$ HIS DECEPTION & DI$ ) ! CRY3 0,VIVA LA AN>QUIA60 ,SALVADOR'S DEA? WAS FOLL[$ BY ANO!R R\ND ( BOMB+S1 >RE/S1 & EXECUTIONS4 ,TO QUELL ! ,AN>*I/S ) A MORE EFFECTIVE C\NT]T]ROR1 ! GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ A NEW UNIT1 ! ,BRIGADA ,SOCIAL1 COMPOS$ ( SPECIALLY ASSIGN$ POLICE RUFFIANS4 ,?IS NEW BODY ( POLICE WAS OP5LY WAIT+ = AN OPPORTUNITY TO ?R[ ITSELF ON ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T--9DE$1 ON ALL OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!RE >E1 9 FACT1 /RONG REASONS = SUSPECT+ ?AT IT MANUFACTUR$ A PROVOCATION ( ITS [N ?REE YE>S AFT] ! ,LICEO BOMB+4 ,ON ,JUNE #g1 #a#h#i#f1 :ILE ,B>CELONA'S ,CORPUS ,*RI/I ,DAY PROCESSION WAS W5D+ ?R\< ! ,CALLE DE ,CAMBIOS ,NUEVOS 9TO ! *UR*1 A BOMB WAS ?R[N TO ! /REET FROM A TOP /ORY W9D[4 ,! PROCESSION WAS L$ BY ! MO/ IMPORTANT NOTABLES ( ! CITY1 SU* M5 AS ! GOV]NOR ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ,BI%OP ( ,B>CELONA1 & ! NEW CAPTA9 G5]AL1 ,VAL]IANO ,WEYL] Y ,NICOLAU1 :OSE CRUELTIES 9 ,CUBA TWO YE>S LAT] W]E TO E>N HIM WORLDWIDE OPPROBRIUM4 ,YET ) ?IS ALLUR+ BAIT AT ! HEAD1 ! BOMB WAS AIM$ AT ! TAIL ( ! PROCESSION1 :OSE RANKS CONSI/$ ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE4 ,! EXPLOSION KILL$ ELEV5 & W\ND$ =TY4 ,! ASSASS9 WAS NEV] F\ND4 ,! BOMB+1 H[EV]1 PROVID$ ,WEYL] ) ! EXCUSE = R\ND+ UP NOT ONLY ,AN>*I/S & LABOR MILITANTS1 BUT ,REPUBLICANS & ORD9>Y ANTICL]ICALS AS WELL4 ,OV] F\R HUNDR$ PEOPLE W]E ?R[N 9TO ! ,MONTJUI* DUNGEONS & LEFT TO ! M]CY ( ! ,BRIGADA ,SOCIAL4 ,:5 REVEAL$ 9 ! PRESS1 ! TORTURES TO :I* !SE PRISON]S W]E SUBJECT$ PRODUC$ A S5SATION ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,ONE ( ! VICTIMS1 ,T>RIDA DEL ,M>MOL1 AN ,AN>*I/ ( A DI/+UIS$ ,CATALAN FAMILY & DIRECTOR ( ,B>CELONA'S ,POLYTE*NIC ,ACADEMY1 REPORT$ HIS EYE-WITNESS EXP]I5CES 9 A BOOK1 ,LES ,9QUISITEURS DE ,I',ESPAGNE1 ?AT CAUS$ A %UDD] ( HORROR NOR? ( ! ,PYR5EES4 ,! TORTURES W]E SO SEV]E ?AT SEV]AL PRISON]S DI$ BE=E !Y C\LD BE BR\T ( A YE> 9 ! PRISON =TRESS1 N9ETY W]E BR\RE/$ & TRANSPORT$ TO ! ,AFRICAN P5AL COLONY ( ,RIO D',ORO1 ! ,SPANI% EQUIVAL5T ( ,FRANCE'S ,DEVIL'S ,ISL&4 ,WEYL]'S ATTEMPT TO CRU% OPPOSITIONAL S5TIM5T 9 ,B>CELONA BACKFIR$ COMPLETELY4 ,NOT ONLY DID HE FAIL TO EXTIRPATE ! ,AN>*I/S1 BUT A MASSIVE PROTE/ ROLL$ 9 FROM ,EUROPE & ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,MASS MEET+S AGA9/ ! ,MONTJUI* ATROCITIES W]E HELD 9 ,LONDON1 ,P>IS1 & O!R CITIES4 ,LEAD+ FIGURES ALL OV] ! CONT95T EXPRESS$ !IR \TRAGE AGA9/ ! B>B>ITIES ( ,ESPAGNE 9QUISITORIAL4 ,DESPITE ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E A P]IOD :5 PEOPLE C\LD BE G5U9ELY ANG]$ BY VISIBLE EVID5CE ( 9JU/ICE4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,AUGU/ #h1 #a#h#i#g1 ONLY A FEW MON?S AFT] ! ,MONTJUI* TRIALS1 ! T]ROR REA*$ ! PREMI] P]SONALLY4 ,CANOVAS WAS CORN]$ ON ! T]RACE ( A M\NTA9 RESORT 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY BY ,MI*EL ,ANGIOLLILO1 AN ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/1 & %OT TO DEA?4 ,AL?\< ,ANGIOLLILO WAS G>ROT$ = ! ASSASS9ATION1 AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT BY ! ,AN>*I/ ,SEMPAU1 TO KILL ,LT4 ,N>DSO ,PORTAS 7ONE ( ! ,CIVIL-,GU>D (FIC]S :O HAD PRESID$ OV] ! ,MONTJUI* ATRODTIES71 5D$ 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HIS ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT OCCURR$ ONLY A MON? AFT] ! DEA? ( ,CANOVAS1 ! ,MONTJUI* ATRODTIES HAD PRODUC$ SU* A PR(\ND REACTION ( %OCK ?AT NO JUDGE W\LD CONVICT ,PORTAS'S W\LD-BE ASSASS9 & HE WAS RELEAS$4 ,! M5 :O P]=M$ !SE ,AN>*I/ AT5TADOS 7AS ! T]RORI/ ACTS W]E CALL$7 W]E NOT CRUEL OR UNFEEL+ LIKE ,WEYL] OR ,PORTAS1 WFCO APP>5TLY RELI%$ !IR BRUTALITIES4 ,! ORIG9AL BOMB+S ( #ahia & #ahib HAD BE5 RELATIVELY H>MLESS ACTS4 ,!Y W]E OBVI\SLY NOT MEANT TO CLAIM LIVES BUT TO %ATT] B\RGEOIS COMPLAC5CY & PROVOKE A SPIRIT ( REVOLT AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,! LE?AL BOMB+S ?AT FOLL[$ W]E REACTIONS TO ! B>B>ITIES ( ! POLICE & ! /ATE4 ,! AT5TADOS HAD DEVELOP$ FROM OP]A B\FFE 9TO DESP]ATE ACTS ( V5GEANCE4 ,DESPITE ! T]RIBLE PRICE !Y TOOK 9 LIFE & SUFF]+1 !SE T]RORI/ ACTS S]V$ TO DAMAGE ! 0,LIB]AL0 FACADE ( ,TURNISMO & REVEAL ! COLD DESPOTISM ?AT LAY 0BEH9D ,CANOVAS'S MOCK]Y ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,AN>*I/S HAD BE5 GOAD$ FROM A G5]\S HUMANISM 9TO A V5GEFUL T]RORISM4 ,! TR5D BEGAN E>LY1 AS WE NOT$1 :5 ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S1 ALMO/ MORTALLY W\ND$ BY ! ,S]RANO REPRESSION1 E/ABLI%$ AN 0,AV5G+ ,EXECUTIVE ,NUCLEUS40 ,:5 ! ,CORDOBESE SECTION BEGAN COMPLA9+ FRANTICALLY TO ! ,F$]AL ,COMMISSION AB\T POLICE REPRESSION1 ! ANSW] IT RECEIV$ IS SIGNIFICANT3 0,TAKE NOTE ( ! NAMES ( Y\R P]SECUTORS = ! DAY ( REV5GE & JU/ICE40 ,ACTUALLY1 ! 0,AV5G+ ,EXECUTIVE ,NUCLEUS0 & ! ,CORDOBESE SECTION DID V]Y LITTLE TO EV5 ! SCORE2 ! GOV]NM5T & POLICE 9V>IABLY CAME \T AHEAD4 ,BUT A TIME W\LD COME :5 ! NAMES COLLECT$ BY ! POLICE W\LD BE MAT*$ BY ! LI/S PREP>$ BY !IR OPPON5TS2 !N1 ! FIR+ SQUADS ( ! ,FALANGE W\LD BE E*O$ BY ?OSE ( ! ,F,A,I4 ,YET ONE IS COMPELL$ TO ASK IF ?IS BLOODY IMAG]Y1 SO COMMON 9 MO/ ACC\NTS ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 GIVES AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,9 A P]IOD :5 EV5 ! ,SPANI% ,SODALI/S BEGAN TO SUCCUMB TO ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ( ! #a#h#iS1 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS /ILL DEVELOP+ 9DIVIDUALS :OSE HUMANITY & UNAFFECT$ SYMPA?Y = ! SUFF]+ ( !IR FELL[ HUMAN BE+S HAS BE5 APTLY DESCRIB$ AS 0SA9TLY40 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! DEEP HUMANITY ?AT TURN$ ,PALLAS 9TO A T]RORI/ S]V$ TO MAKE A GREAT ,&ALUSIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA 9TO A 0SA9T40 ,! TWO M5 W]E C\NT]P>TS1 NOT OPPOSITES4 ,SALVO*EA'S 0SA9TL9ESS10 MOREOV]1 HAD V]Y E>?LY DIM5SIONS4 ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA WAS A MAN ( BROAD CULTURE1 A RATIONALI/ & HUMANI/ :OSE P>5TS HAD TRA9$ HIM = A BUS9ESS C>E]1 NOT A PLACE 9 ! *UR* OR ! UNIV]SITY4 ,HE WAS BORN ON ,M>* #a1 #a#h#d#b1 9 ,CADIZ1 ONE ( ,SPA9'S MO/ IMPORTANT & ?RIV+ ,ATIANTIC PORTS1 :]E HIS FA!R HAD MADE A CONSID]ABLE =TUNE 9 COMM]CE4 ,AT FIFTE5 HE WAS S5T (F TO ,LONDON TO LE>N ,5GLI% & PREP>E = ! BUS9ESS WORLD4 ,! FIVE YE>S HE SP5T 9 ,LONDON & ,LIV]POOL BR\T ( HIS =TUNE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,SOON HE WAS P>TICIPAT+ 9 A HO/ ( REM>KABLY AUDACI\S CONSPIRACIES4 ,9 #a#h#f#f1 = EXAMPLE1 HE PLOTT$ TO FREE IMPRISON$ >TILL]YM5 :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 A REBELLION & W]E N[ AWAIT+ DEPORTATION TO ,MANILA4 ,LAT]1 HE TRI$ TO PROMOTE A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ 9 ,CANTABRIA4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( UNRE/ ?AT OP5$ ) ,ISABELLA'S FLIY COMMUNE ( ,CADIZ & BECAME A COMM&+ (FIC] 9 ! MO/ RADICAL DETA*M5T ( ! ,REPUBLICAN MILITIA4 ,:5 ,REPUBLICAN ,CADIZ WAS ATTACK$ BY GOV]NM5T =CES1 HE *>ACT]I/ICALLY HELD \T TO ! LA/ ) A POORLY >M$ B& AGA9/ ! 9VAD+ TROOPS4 ,! C\RAGE ( ! MAN WAS EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,:5 IT F9ALLY SEEM$ ?AT RESI/ANCE WAS UTT]LY FUTILE1 HE DISP]S$ ! MILITIA & REMA9$ BEH9D TO ASSUME P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! UPRIS+4 ,HIS BEHAVIOR GA9$ ! RESPECT EV5 ( HIS 5EMIES4 ,9/EAD ( EXECUT+ ,SALVO*EA1 ! G5]AL S5T HIM TO ! ,=TRESS ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN AS A PRISON] ( W>4 ,BY ?IS TIME1 HE WAS ALREADY IDOLIZ$ BY ?\S&S ( POOR 9 ,CADIZ4 ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 :ILE HE WAS /ILL 9 PRISON1 !Y ELECT$ HIM TO ! ,SPANI% ,CORTES4 ,! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ELECTION & ,SALVO*EA1 D5I$ HIS P>LIAM5T>Y SEAT1 REMA9$ 9 JAIL4 ,HE WAS FRE$ BY ! AMNE/Y ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#f#i4 ,EIM$ ,REPUBLICANS TO A R5DEZV\S ) O!R =CES FROM ,J]EZ & ,UBRIQUE4 ,!Y CLA%$ ) PURSU+ GOV]NM5T =CES NE> ,ALCALA DE LOS ,GAZULES & W]E DEFEAT$ AFT] ?REE DAYS ( FI & F9ALLY MADE HIS WAY TO ,P>IS :]E HE 5T]$ ! RADICAL MILIEU ( ! P]IODICALS ,LA ,REVUE & ,LA ,REPELL4 ,AFT] A BRIEF /AY 9 ,LONDON1 ! EXILE RETURN$ TO ,CADIZ FOLL[+ ! AMNE/Y ( #a#h#g#a1 !RE TO BE ELECT$ ! CITY'S MAYOR4 ,! ,CANTONALI/ REVOLTS ( ,JULY #ahgc F\ND ,SALVO*EA 9VOLV$ 9 AN UNSUCCESSFUL EF=T TO BR+ ,CADIZ 9TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T4.<#a#e.> ,AFT] SUFF]+ DEFEAT1 HE AGA9 FAC$ A C\RT M>TIAL 9 ,SEVILLE = REBELLION4 ,CONDEMN$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T 9 ! ,AFRICAN P5AL COLONY ( ,GOM]A1 HE N[ BEGAN TO P]=M ?OSE SELF-D5Y+ S]VICES ?AT MAKE UP ! LEG5D ( ! ,AN>*I/ 0,*RI/40 ,HE BORE ! S5T5CE ) CALM & =TITUDE1 %>+ EV]Y?+ HE RECEIV$ FROM HIS FAMILY ) HIS FELL[ PRISON]S4 ,:5 ! GOV]NOR ( ! P5AL COLONY READ A P>DON ?AT HIS 9FLU5TIAL MO!R1 AID$ BY ! ,CADIZ MUNICIPALITY1 HAD F9ALLY OBTA9$ = HIM1 ,SALVO*EA TORE UP ! DOCUM5T & DECL>$ ?AT !RE W]E ONLY TWO WAYS HE W\LD LEAVE PRISON3 BY AN AMNE/Y = ALL OR BY A REVOLT4 ,N9E MON?S LAT]1 HE ESCAP$ & SETTL$ 9 ,TANGI]S4 ,UNTIL HIS IMPRISONM5T 9 ,GOM]A1 ,SALVO*EA WAS NOT AN ,AN>*I/1 AL?\< HE HAD A /RONG AFF9ITY = ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,HE BELONG$ TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALMO/ FROM ITS E>LIE/ DAYS 9 ,SPA91 BUT IT WAS ONLY 9 ! SECLUSION ( ! PRISON COLONY ?AT HE BEGAN TO EXAM9E ,BAKUN9'S !ORIES ) C>E4 ,HAV+ ONCE ADOPT$ !M1 ,SALVO*EA BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ F]V5T ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S 9 ,SPA94 ,HE REMA9$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T UNTIL ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,:5 ,SALVO*EA F9ALLY RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 9 #ahhe AFT] ! DEA? ( ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I1 IT WAS DUR+ A TIME ( 9T5SE ,AN>*I/ AGITATION 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,! LIB]T>IAN PRESS C\LD N[ EM]GE LEGALLY & ,SALVO*EA E/ABLI%$ ,EL ,SOCIALISMO 9 ,CADIZ1 SPE>HEAD+ ! MOVEM5T AMONG ! V9EY>D WORK]S & BRAC]OS ( S\?WE/]N ,SPA94 ,HE WAS >RE/$ REPEAT$LY1 BUT HIS 5]GETIC DEF5SE 9 C\RT PROV$ MORE DAMAG+ TO ! GOV]NM5T ?AN ANY JUDICIAL IMP$IM5TS IT C\LD HOPE TO PLACE 9 HIS WAY4 ,HIS PRACTICAL ABILITIES 9 ! S]VICE ( ! MOVEM5T W]E \T/&+2 IT WAS ,SALVO*EA1 APP>5TLY1 :O ORGANIZ$ ! GREAT ,MAY #a DEMON/RATIONS ?AT SWEPT ?R\< ,&ALUSIA 9 #ahi & #a#h#i#a4 ,! ,MANO ,NEGRA CASE1 FOLL[$ BY ! 0DISCOV]Y0 ( TWO BOMBS 9 ! (FICES ( ,EL ,SOCIALISMO1 L$ TO WIDESPREAD >RE/S ?R\<\T ! REGION1 & BY #ahib ,SALVO*EA F\ND HIMSELF 9 PRISON AGA94 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT HE WAS 9 ! ,CADIZ JAIL DUR+ ! ,J]EZ UPRIS+1 A C\RT M>TIAL S5T5C$ HIM TO TWELVE YE>S = HIS ALLEG$ ROLE 9 ! EV5T4 ,! CIVIL C\RTS HAD REFUS$ TO TRY HIM1 & ,SALVO*EA 9 TURN REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PROCE$+S CONDUCT$ BY HIS MILIT>Y JUDGES4 ,IMPRISON$ 9 ,VALLADOLID1 HE WAS EXPOS$ TO WORSE H>D%IPS ?AN ANY HE HAD SUFF]$ 9 ! ,AFRICAN P5AL COLONY4 ,HE WAS PLAC$ 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T & D5I$ ! RID5'S ORD] ?AT HE ATT5D MASS4 ,HE WAS ?R[N 9TO A DAMP1 SUBT]RANEAN DUNGEON = MON?S4 ,F9ALLY GR[+ WEAK & DESPAIR+ ( RELEASE1 HE TRI$ TO COMMIT SUICIDE4 ,?IS ACT WAS 9T5SELY HUMAN & UND]/&ABLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT ALSO DISQUIET$ ! RELIGI\S & MO/ ,*RI/IAN W>D54 ,FROM ?AT PO9T ON ,SALVO*EA'S PRISON LIFE BEGAN TO IMPROVE4 ,AFT] A :ILE HE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! JAIL 9 ,BURGOS :]E HE TURN$ TO 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 TRANSLAT+ A WORK ON A/RONOMY & DO+ WRIT+ ( HIS [N4 ,9 #ahii ,SALVO*EA WAS FRE$ 9 ! G5]AL AMNE/Y ?AT FOLL[$ ! PROTE/ OV] ! ,MONTJUI* ATROCITIES4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,CADIZ :]E HE WAS WELCOM$ ) 5?USIASM & RESUM$ HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,N[ NE>LY SIXTY1 HIS HEAL? BROK5 BY YE>S ( IMPRISONM5T1 HE DEVOT$ MO/ ( HIS 5]GY TO LIT]>Y ACTIVITIES4 ,HIS LA/ WORK WAS A TRANSLATION ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS1 ONE ( ! MO/ P]CEPTIVE /UDIES ON ! LIB]ATORY ROLE ( MODEM TE*NOLOGY TO EM]GE FROM ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEMEPT4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#i#g1 ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA DI$ 9 ,CADIZ1 ! GLEAM+ :ITE CITY HE LOV$ SO DE>LY4 ,FIFTY ?\S& PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ HUNDR$S FROM ALL OV] ,SPA91 FOLL[$ 9 ! CORTEGE TO ! CEMET>Y4 ,! GREAT] P>T ( ?IS IMM5SE DEMON/RATION WAS COMPOS$ ( ORD9>Y WORKM5 ( ! ,CADIZ & ,J]EZ >EA :O HAD COME TO LOVE ?IS MAN = HIMSELF & AS ! EMBODIM5T ( !IR HOPES = A BETT] WORLD4 ,AS ! C(F9 WAS SL[LY L[]$ 9TO ! GRAVE1 ! GREAT ASSEMBLY ( PEOPLE1 MANY 9 TE>S1 SUDD5LY RAIS$ !IR VOICES 9 A S+LE1 SPONTANE\S CRY3 0,VIVA LA AN>QUIA60 ,?IS WAS A LIFE ?AT SPANN$ ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 FROM ITS BEG9N+S TO ! PO9T :]E IT 5T]$ AN 5TIRELY NEW PHASE--! P]IOD ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,SALVO*EA WAS A MAN ( R>E G5]OSITY & SYMPA?Y4 ,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,MANUEL ,BU5ACASA1 A HI/ORIAN ( ! MOVEM5T1 SPEAK ( HIM AS 0NUE/RO SANTO MAYOR0--0\R GREATE/ SA9T0--& RECALL H[ HE W\LD (T5 BE F\ND BY HIS FRI5DS )\T A CAP OR A TOPCOAT BECAUSE HE HAD GIV5 HIS [N TO ! NE$Y4 ,HE NEV] M>RI$ & HE LIV$ FRUGALLY4 ,YET ,SALVO*EA DID NOT SEEK ! ASCETIC'S MORTIFICATION ( ! FLE%1 NOR DID HE F9D EXALTATION 9 H>D%IP4 ,A S]5E MAN1 HE WAS R>ELY AU/]E OR SOMB]4 ,HIS DEMEANOR T[>D HIS FRI5DS WAS AFFECTIONATE1 & T[>D HIS 5EMIES HE DISPLAY$ AN EQUANIMITY ?AT V]G$ ON IRONY4 ,T]RORI/S SU* AS ,PAUL9O ,PALLAS & 0SA9TS0 SU* AS ,SALVO*EA W]E TO P]SI/ 9TO ! #a#i#cS AS EXAMPLES ( ! DUAL P]SONALITY ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,AS A CURI\S MIXTURE ( PI/OL]ISMO & HUMANISM !Y W]E TO EXPRESS ! UND]LY+ T5SION ?AT ALT]NATELY DIVID$ ! ,AN>*I/S &1 9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS1 UNIT$ !M 9 A ZEAL\S DEVOTION TO FRE$OM & A DEEP RESPECT = 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,P]HAPS NO MOVEM5T COMB9$ SU* CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES 9 A FA%ION ?AT S]V$ TO FUEL ! 5?USIASM & ATTRACT ! DEVOTION ( ! MO/ DISPOSSESS$ ELEM5TS ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,ONLY ! MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ *ANGES 9 ! LATT]-DAY HI/ORY ( ,SPA9 W]E TO ]ASE ! MEMORY ( ! SA9TS & T]RORI/S FROM ! POPUL> LEG5DS ( ! P59SULA4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 ! TRADITION DEEPLY AFFECT$ ! \T/&+ P]SONALITIES ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF & PR(\NDLY %AP$ ITS TRAJECTORY = NE>LY TWO G5]ATIONS4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/