,*APT] #b ,! ,TOPOGRAPHY ( ,REVOLUTION #aiKABLY WELL ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS SUIT$ ! NE$S ( A REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' & PEASANTS' MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,TO N9ETE5?-C5TURY LIB]ALISM1 ! PROBLEMS ( ,SPA9 C\LD BE R$UC$ TO A CLASSIC =MULA3 A BACKW>D AGR>IAN C\NTRY1 FAC$ ) ! TASKS ( L& RE=M1 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & ! CREATION ( A MIDDLE-CLASS DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,! P>ALLEL ) ,FRANCE ON ! EVE ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION IS UNMI/AKABLE3 A LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 DEM&+ A GOV]N+ VOICE 9 ! /ATE2 AN ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 PASS+ 9TO AN ADVANC$ /ATE ( DECOMPOSITION2 A /AGNANT NOBILITY1 LO/ 9 D>K5+ MEMORIES ( ITS PA/ GR&EUR2 A REACTION>Y *UR*1 /EEP$ 9 M$IEVALISM2 & A SAVAGELY EXPLOIT$ WORK+ CLASS & IMPOV]I%$1 L&-HUNGRY PEASANTRY4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS P>ALLEL1 ALMO/ BORD]+ ON FATALISM1 WAS SO /RONG ?AT ,SPANI% POLITICAL FACTIONS (T5 MODEL$ !MSELVES ON ,JACOB9S1 ,GIROND9S1 ,ROYALI/S1 & ,BONAP>TI/S4 ,BUT !RE W]E MANY PR(\ND DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,SPA9 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ,FRANCE 9 ! EIIAT1 C\LD BE EXPLA9$ BY ! PASSAGE ( TIME4 ,O!RS1 H[EV]1 W]E PECULI> TO ,SPA91 & HAD FEW HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS4 ,IT IS !SE DIFF]5CES ?AT ACC\NT = ! EXTRAORD9>Y POPUL>ITY ( ,BAKUN9'S ,AN>*ISM BEL[ ! ,PYR5EES4 ,! MO/ /RIK+ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA IS ITS />TL+ V>IETY--ITS V>IETY ( L&SCAPES1 L& T5URE1 CULTURAL FEATURES1 & SOCIAL =MS4 ,IT IS ! SUDD5 *ANGES 9 TOPOGRAPHY ?AT CAT* ! ATT5TION ( A TRAVEL] 9 ,SPA94 ,)9 A FEW H\RS1 ONE CAN PASS FROM GRE51 ROLL+ C\NTRY1 ) WELL-WAT]$ SOIL & ABUNDANT CROPS1 TO BAK$1 >ID PLA9S1 MORE REM9ISC5T ( ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AN ( ,EUROPE4 0,! NOR? WE/]N PROV9CES10 OBS]V$ AN ,5GLI% TRAVEL] A C5TURY AGO1 0>E MORE RA9Y ?AN ,DEVON%IRE1 :ILE ! C5T] PLA9S >E MORE CALC9$ ?AN ?OSE ( ! DES]TS ( ,>ABIA1 & ! LITTORAL S\? OR EA/]N COA/S ALTOGE!R ,ALG]IAN40 ,= ,SPA91 ?IS HAS MEANT NOT ONLY DIFF]5T =MS ( L& T5URE1 BUT DIFF]5T TYPES ( AGR>IAN UNRE/4 ,9 ! WELL-WAT]$ M\NTA9\S NOR?1 ! AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY HAD LONG SOLIDIFI$ >\ND SMALL1 WELL-T5D$ F>MS1 BAS$ ON MIX$ CROPS & DAIRY PRODUCE4 ,H]E1 ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS ( PRE-,MUSLIM ,SPA9 W]E FIRMLY ROOT$1 & 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS1 T5ANTS1 & R5TI]S MIX$ ON AN EASY1 ALMO/ EGALIT>IAN BASIS4 ,! LONG H]ITAGE ( COMMUNAL LIFE1 ALMO/ NEOLI?IC 9 ORIG91 HAD PRODUC$ A DEEPLY CONS]VATIVE \TLOOK :OSE SPIRITUAL FOCUS WAS ! *UR* & :OSE ANTI-,*RI/ WAS ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL WORLD ) ITS UNSETTL+ VALUES1 ITS />TL+ PRODUCTS1 & ITS 9VASIVE CLAIMS ON VILLAGE AUTONOMY4 ,! SMALL1 DULL-COLOR$ VILLAGES ( ?IS GREAT NOR!RN REGION1 EA* HUGG+ ITS HILLTOP OR M\NTA9 L$GE LIKE A =TRESS1 LIV$ \T !IR FIX$ CYCLES ( DAILY LIFE BY ! 9CANTATIONS ( DOGMATIC1 (T5 FANATICAL PRIE/S & BY CODES ?AT (T5 W5T BEYOND ! MEMORY ( ! MO/ V5]ABLE MY?S4 ,BY ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 !SE VILLAGES HAD EM]G$ FROM LE?>GY & ISOLATION TO FACE A WORLD ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC UPHEAVAL4 ,9 !IR VOLATILE RESPONSE1 REVOLT TOOK ! ANA*RONI/IC =M ( P]MAN5T C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,UNIT$ BY A PASSIONATE ,CA?OLICISM1 BY AN EMBATTL$ S5SE ( LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & BY DEEPLY ROOT$ COMMUNAL & PATRI>*AL TRADITIONS1 ! PEASANTRY ( ! NOR!RN M\NTA9S PROVID$ ! L>GE/ S+LE RES]VOIR ( POLITICAL REACTION 9 ,SPA94 ,9 ! YE>S TO FOLL[1 !SE P>O*IAL VILLAGES PRODUC$ WAVE AFT] WAVE ( PEASANT MILITIA--FE>SOME M5 >M$ ) SCY!S1 CUDGELS1 & ANTIQUE GUNS--L$ BY VILLAGE PRIE/S ) A S9I/] REPUTATION = BUT*]Y4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE WAVES ROLL$ AGA9/ ,NAPOLEON1 :O P]SONIFI$ NOT ONLY ! TRADITIONAL ,FR5* 9VAD] BUT ALSO ! DETE/$ ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,LAT]1 9 TWO BLOODY CIVIL W>S1 ! NOR!RN PEASANTRY TOOK UP >MS 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,C>LI/ L9E4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY DREW TO A CLOSE1 NEW SOCIAL =CES W]E TO DILUTE ?IS RES]VOIR ( REACTION ) LIB]AL1 EV5 ,SOCIALI/1 IDEALS2 NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS FROM ! SMALL L&[N]S ( ! M\NTA9S ( ,NAV>RE & NE>BY >EAS ?AT ,G5]AL ,FRANCO WAS TO RECRUIT ! MO/ 5?USIA/IC DOME/IC MASSES = HIS 9FANTRY 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,IF ! NOR? C\LD BE REG>D$ AS ! REACTION>Y ,V5DEE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,MESETA C\LD BE REG>D$ AS ITS MOD]ATE ,GIRONDE4 ,ON ?IS GREAT1 TREELESS1 W9DSWEPT PLATEAU ( C5TRAL ,SPA91 REACTION %AD$ 9TO A CAUTI\S LIB]ALISM4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,RECONQUE/1 :5 ! ,MOORS W]E DRIV5 FROM ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA1 ! ,CA/ILIANS ( ! C5TRAL ,MESETA HAVE REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ! WELLSPR+S ( ,SPANI% CULTURE & ! 9DISPUTABLE HEIRS ( ! ,SPANI% /ATE4 ,ALL O!R 9HABITANTS ( ,SPA9 >E VIEW$ AS SOCIAL 9F]IORS4 ,YET R>ELY 9 HI/ORY HAS A 0MA/] RACE0 BE5 CONF9$ TO A MORE 9HOSPITABLE REGION ( ! C\NTRY UND] ITS CONTROL4 ,! ,MESETA HAS A H>%1 ]RATIC CLIMATE4 ,ITS SOIL1 9 ! ABS5CE ( IRRIGATION WORKS1 IS POOR & DEM&+4 ,DUR+ ,FANELLI'S DAY1 A TRAVEL] W\LD HAVE F\ND ALL ! CONDITIONS = *RONIC AGR>IAN REVOLTS3 L>GE E/ATES1 [N$ BY ABS5TEE >I/OCRATS & NEWLY RI* B\RGEOIS1 EXI/+ SIDE BY SIDE ) SMALL1 WRET*$ F>MS4 ,USURY & L& SPECULATION BURD5$ ! PLATEAU TO A PO9T :]E MANY ( ! LESS] NOBILITY W]E R$UC$ TO ! MAT]IAL /ATUS ( A PEASANT4 ,A L>GE POPULATION ( T5ANT FAMILIES1 WORK+ ! L& UND] PREC>I\S1 %ORT-T]M LEASES1 EK$ \T A MIS]ABLE SUBSI/5CE LIVELIHOOD & W]E TOTALLY 9DIFF]5T TO ! NE$S ( ! SOIL4 ,BUT ?IS POT5TIAL = AGR>IAN REVOLT R>ELY EXPLOD$ 9TO A MAJOR UPRIS+4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! NOR?1 :]E ! *UR* HAD %REWDLY DEFLECT$ PEASANT DISSATISFACTION 9TO REACTION>Y *ANNELS1 ON ! ,MESETA1 *AUV9ISM S]V$ MORE AS A POLITICAL 9/RUM5T ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID 7& H]E ANY COMP>ISONS ) ! ,FR5* ,GIROND9S 5D7 ?AN AS ! F\NDATIONS ( A COH]5T REACTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 ,NE>LY ALL SOCIAL CLASSES1 WEAL?Y & POOR1 UPHELD ! SUPREMACY ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T OV] ,C>LISM & REGIONALISM1 BUT BEYOND ?IS *AUV9I/IC UMBRELLA1 ALLEGIANCES T5D$ TO FOLL[ ECONOMIC L9ES4 ,! L&$ >I/OCRACY ( ! ,MESETA1 LIKE ITS PE]S ELSE:]E 9 ,SPA91 REMA9$ ,CA?OLIC & CONS]VATIVE2 ! RURAL B\RGEOISIE T5D$ TO SUPPORT ! POLICIES ( MOD]ATE LIB]ALISM1 :5 SOCIAL UNRE/ DID NOT /AMP$E IT 9TO REACTION>Y CAUSES4 ,! GREAT MASS ( PEASANTS & T5ANTS W]E POLITICALLY 9]T ?R\<\T MO/ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! OBJECTS ( MANIPULATION BY ! L>GE L&[N]S2 EV5TUALLY1 H[EV]1 !Y DRIFT$ 9TO ORD]LY1 BUREAUCRATIC ,SOCIALI/ UNIONS4 ,ALL FUR!R ANALOGIES ) ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION COME TO AN 5D ! MOM5T ONE PASSES S\?W>D ?R\< ! ,SI]RA ,MOR5A1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT M\NTA9 B>RI]S 9 ,SPA94 ,NOR? ( ! ,MOR5A LIES CLASSICAL ,SPA93 /]N1 MORALLY RIGID1 OBSESS$ BY AN UNYIELD+ S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY & DUTY4 ,TO ! S\? LIES ,&ALUSIA3 EASYGO+1 PLEASURE-LOV+1 & DELIGE1 POPUL\S REGION HAD BE5 SUCCESSIVELY COLONIZ$ BY ,PHO5ICIANS1 ,GREEKS1 ,C>?AG9IANS1 ,ROMANS1 ,G]MAN B>B>IAN TRIBES1 & ,MOORS4 ,! ,MOORS HELD ,&ALUSIA = NE>LY FIVE C5TURIES & LEFT BEH9D A H$ONI/IC TRADITION ?AT SURVIV$ ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION1 ! AUTO-DA-FE1 & ! RULE ( SULL5 ,CA/ILIAN BUREAUCRATS4 ,! ,ROMANS1 :O HELD ! REGION EV5 LONG] ?AN ! ,MOORS1 LEFT BEH9D ! LATIFUNDIUM1 A PLANTATION ECONOMY BAS$ ON GANG LABOR & BE/IAL CONDITIONS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! LATIFUNDIUM C\LD WELL BE DESCRIB$ AS ! AGR>IAN ULC] ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD & 9 MANY RESPECTS BE>S COMP>ISON ) ! PLANTATION ECONOMY ( ! ANTEBELLUM ,AM]ICAN ,S\?4 ,HI/ORICALLY ROOT$ 9 SLAV]Y1 ! TWO %>$ ID5TICAL TRADITIONS ( LABOR MANAGEM5T & COMMON =MS ( L& T5URE4 ,9 ! COTTON DI/RICTS >\ND ,SEVILLE1 EV5 ! CROPS W]E ! SAME4 ,MO/ ( ! ,&ALUSIAN LATIFUNDIA CULTIVAT$ OLIVES1 GRAPES1 & GRA9--! TYPICAL CROP PATT]N ( ,M$IT]RANEAN AGRICULTURE4 ,! LONG RA9LESS SUMM]S ( ! REGION POS$ =MIDABLE PROBLEMS ( MOI/URE CONS]VATION4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 SPECIALLY ADAPT$ TO DRY F>M+1 L>GE-TRACTS ( L& HAD TO BE LEFT FALL[ & S[N = CROPS EV]Y SECOND OR ?IRD YE>4 ,! L>GE/ E/ATES T5D$ TO CONGREGATE 9 ! ,GUADALQUIV] VALLEY1 ! HUGE TRIANGUL> BAS9 ?AT LIES BETWE5 ! ,SI]RA ,MOR5A & ! M\NTA9 *A9S ( ! S\!RN COA/4 ,IT WAS H]E1 9 ! BE/ L&S ( ! MO/ F]TILE DI/RICTS ( ,&ALUSIA1 ?AT ONE F\ND ! L>GE/ HOLD+S1 ! IMM5SE MASSES ( GANG LABOR1 & ?OSE GROTESQUE ECONOMIC CONTRA/S ?AT GAVE ! REGION ITS REPUTATION = MIS]Y & AGR>IAN REBELLION4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA1 AS F> BACK AS ,ROMAN TIMES1 TWO CLASSES /OOD OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R3 ! L& MAGNATES & A HUGE POPULATION ( L&LESS LABOR]S4 ,IF ! L& MAGNATE LIV$ ON HIS E/ATE1 HIS PRES5CE WAS FE>$ BY ALL4 ,IF HE LIV$ 9 ! CITIES1 AS WAS SO (T5 ! CASE1 ! TASK ( MANAG+ HIS PROP]TIES WAS LEFT TO /EW>DS :O M]CILESSLY EXTRACT$ EV]Y BIT ( LABOR FROM ! GANG WORK]S B5EA? !M4 ,BETWE5 ?IS H&FUL ( L& MAGNATES & ! GREAT MASS ( L&LESS !RE EXI/$ A *ASM ?AT FEW ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( (FICIAL ,SPA9 C\LD BRIDGE4 ,! *UR* ALONE HAD BE5 CAPABLE ( DO+ SO1 BUT ) ITS DECL9+ 9FLU5CE 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! LA/ L9KS W]E BROK54 ,IT WAS H]E1 ON !SE IMM5SE E/ATES ( ! S\?1 ?AT ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM WAS TO F9D MASSIVE POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,TO ! WE/ ( ! ,MESETA1 9 ,E/REMADURA1 A TRAVEL] F\ND A WILD >ID REGION /RET*+ FROM ! C5TRAL PLATEAU TO ! ,PORTUGUESE FRONTI]4 ,MO/ ( ! L& WAS HELD BY A FEW ABS5TEE [N]S & CULTIVAT$ BY !YUNT]OS1 A CLASS ( RURAL PROLET>IANS :O [N$ NO?+ BUT !IR MULE TEAMS4 ,WORK WAS SEASONAL1 (T5 UNC]TA91 & REW>D$ BY PITTANCES4 ,FUR!R NOR?W>D 9 ,GALICIA1 ,SPA9'S WE/]NMO/ PROV9CE1 RURAL LIFE HAD SUNK TO AN 9CR$IBLY L[ MAT]IAL LEVEL4 ,IF ,&ALUSIA WAS ! L& ( ! LATIFUNDIUM1 ,GALICIA C\LD BE CALL$ ! L& ( ! M9IFUNDIUM1 ( PLOTS SO SMALL ?AT !Y C\LD SC>CELY SUPPORT A S+LE FAMILY4 ,TURN+ TO ! EA/1 ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL REGION1 ! PROV9CES ( ,VAL5CIA & ,MURCIA 7! ,SPANI% ,LEVANT7 9CLUD$ IRRIGAT$ VEGAS 7PLA9S7 :I* W]E P>CEL$ 9TO SMALL PROSP]\S HOLD+S ( ORANGE GR[]S & 9L& M\NTA9 >EAS /RICK5 BY BITT] POV]TY4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! L&LORDS ( ! VEGAS VACILLAT$ BETWE5 ! ,LIB]AL & ,CONS]VATIVE P>TIES4 ,! PEASANTS ( ! M\NTA9 REGION W]E DE/9$ TO PROVIDE SOME ( ! MO/ MILITANT ,AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA94 ,! UNI=MITY ( !SE MAJOR AGRICULTURAL REGIONS1 H[EV]1 IS MORE APP>5T ?AN REAL4 ,)9 ,&ALUSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 M\NTA9 DI/RICTS CONTA9$ MO/LY SMALL HOLD+S & COMMUNALLY [N$ PA/URE4 ,9 ! L[L&S !RE W]E MANY SMALL F>M/EADS1 WORK$ BY PEASANT [N]S & T5ANTS4 ,9 ! M\NTA9\S NOR?1 ! HIAGON1 SUPPORT$ ! IMPOV]I%$ %EEPH]D]S ( ! ,MAE/RAZZO--PEOPLE :O W]E TO BE DRAWN TO ,C>LISM NOT BECAUSE !Y %>$ ! MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY ( !IR NOR!RN BRE?R51 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECAUSE !Y DID NOT4 ,9 ! /EPPE C\NTRY ( ,>AGON1 !"9*RONIC MAT]IAL POV]TY G5]AT$ BY A COMB9ATION ( L>GE E/ATES1 USURY1 & L& HUNG] PROVID$ A HOSPITABLE CLIMATE = ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 ! VEGAS ( ! S\?1 ,GRANADA WAS TO =M AN 5CLAVE ( SOCIALISM1 DESPITE ! SURR\ND+ ,AN>*I/ S5TIM5T ( ! RURAL LABOR]S1 :ILE 9 ! REACTION>Y M\NTA9\S NOR?1 ISL&S ( ,AN>*I/S & ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNIONS W]E TO EM]GE 9 DI/ANT ,GALICIA1 9 ,A/URIAS1 & 9 ! W9E-GR[+ DI/RICTS ( ! UPP] ,EBRO VALLEY4 ,SPA91 H[EV]1 IS A L& ( />TL+ CONTRA/S NOT ONLY 9 ITS GEOGRAPHY & L& T5URE4 ,! CONTRA/S EXT5D ALSO TO CULTURES :I*1 9 ! CASE ( ! ,BASQUES & ,CATALANS1 V]GE ON FAIRLY DI/9CT NATIONS4 ,! ,BASQUES OCCUPY ! ,ATLANTIC >EA ( ! NOR? =M+ A CORN] ) ,FRANCE1 9 :I* LIVE ANO!R SIZABLE PORTION ( !IR PEOPLE4 ,BASQUE IS AN ANCI5T LANGUAGE UNRELAT$ TO ANY O!R 9 ,EUROPE4 ,A DEEPLY PI\S1 \TW>DLY /]N PEOPLE1 :OSE S5SE ( SELF-DISCIPL9E IS RELAX$ 9 BUOYANT SONGS & SATIRIC PANTOM9ES1 ! ,BASQUES SUCCE$$ 9 HOLD+ FIRMLY TO !IR 9DEP5D5CE & UNIQUE WAYS ( LIFE = C5TURIES4 ,ECONOMICALLY ORI5T$ T[>D ,ATLANTIC ,EUROPE1 !Y MANAG$ TO RESI/ ,LAT9IZATION & ONLY NOM9ALLY FELL UND] ,ROMAN RULE4 ,DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y SUCCESSFULLY KEPT ,VISIGO?IC1 ,FRANKI%1 & ,MOORI% 9VAD]S FROM OCCUPY+ !IR ANCE/RAL L&S4 ,= TWO C5TURIES1 BETWE5 ! T5? & ?IRTE5?1 NE>LY ALL ! ,BASQUES ( ,SPA9 W]E UNIT$ 9 ! ,NAV>RESE K+DOM--! ,*RI/IAN K+DOM ?AT PLAY$ SO L>GE A P>T 9 ! RECONQUE/ ( ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA FROM ! ,MOORS4 ,! ADVANCE ( ! ,CA/ILIAN /ATE 9 ! ,MESETA GRADUALLY P>$ AWAY !IR LIB]TIES1 DRIV+ !M 9TO UNSUCCESSFUL REVOLTS & F9ALLY 9TO ! ,C>LI/ CAMP4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 !IR PORTS BEGAN TO GR[ & !IR TRADE ) ,EUROPE EXP&$ /EADILY4 ,BILBOA1 [+ TO ITS PROXIMITY TO HI<-GRADE IRON-ORE M9ES & ! ,A/URIAN COAL FIELDS1 SOON BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT /EEL-PRODUDNG CITY 9 ,SPA94 ,BASQUE F9ANCI]S PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ALL PHASES ( ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY & ,BASQUE %IPP+ MAGNATES SUCCE$$ 9 GA!R+ ! BULK ( ,SPANI% M]*ANT TONNAGE 9TO !IR H&S4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL B\RGEOISIE1 ONE ( ! MO/ MOD]N & BUS9ESSLIKE 9 ,SPA91 SOON BEGAN TO SUBSIDIZE A MOD]ATE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T-- DEV\TLY ,CA?OLIC 9 RELIGION1 LIB]AL 9 ECONOMIC POLICY1 RE=MI/ 9 SOCIAL PROGRAM & POLITICS4 ,! ,BASQUE WORK+ CLASS1 RECRUIT$ L>GELY FROM ! CONS]VATIVE PEASANTRY ( ! COA/AL M\NTA9S1 WAS NEV] 9FUS$ ) ! K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ?AT EMANAT$ FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,AL?\< SOME /EEL WORK]S TURN$ TO ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,BASQUE WORK]S DIVID$ !IR LOYALTIES BETWE5 ,CA?OLIC & ,SOCIALI/ UNIONS4 ,TRADITIONALLY ORI5T$ T[>D ! NOR?1 BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES1 ,CATALONIA WAS NEV] AN ORGANIC P>T ( ,SPA94 ,RA!R1 IT BELONG$ TO ! VIGOR\S1 PROGRESSIVE LANGUE D'OC CIVILIZATION ( S\!RN ,FRANCE1 & NOR!RN ,ITALY4 ,! ,CATALAN LANGUAGE IS AK9 TO ,PROV5CAL1 NOT TO ,SPANI%1 AL?\< BO? >E ,LAT9 TONGUES4 ,! 0CRUSADE0 AGA9/ ! ,ALBIG5SIAN H]ESY 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY %ATT]$ ?IS COLORFUL WORLD BUT LEFT MANY ( ITS CULTURAL ROOTS 9TACT4 ,DEF9ITIVELY SEP>AT$ FROM ,FRANCE1 !IR TRADE RU9$ BY ! ,TURKI% CONQUE/ ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 ! ,CATALANS W]E COMPELL$ TO TURN AWAY FROM ! NOR? & LOOK T[>D ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA4 ,!Y NEV] LIK$ :AT !Y SAW4 ,A SOPHI/ICAT$ M]*ANT PEOPLE1 ) AN URBANE CULTURAL L9EAGE ( !IR [N1 ! ,CATALANS NEV] CEAS$ TO H>BOR SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES4 ,BY ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! C5TRIFUGAL =CES CREAT$ BY CULTURE W]E RE9=C$ BY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AT A PO9T 9 HI/ORY :5 ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,CA/ILIAN /ATE 9 ,MADRID W]E 9 VISIBLE DECOMPOSITION1 A VIABLE 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT HAD EM]G$ NOT 9 ! C5T] ( ,SPA91 BUT ON ITS P]IPH]Y4 ,! ,BASQUE C\NTRY & ,CATALONIA EA* PRES5T$ ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL DEM&S ?AT ?REAT5$ TO UND]M9E ! 5TIRE TRADITIONAL /RUCTURE ( ,SPA9 AS IT HAD BE5 KN[N S9CE ! ,RECONQUE/4 ,EV5 MORE ?REAT5+ TO ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE ?AN REGIONAL NATIONALISM IS ! 9T5SE LOCALISM ( ,SPANI% SOCIAL LIFE3 ! PATRIA *ICA 7LIT]ALLY1 0SMALL FA!RL&071 AN ALMO/ UNTRANSLATABLE T]M ?AT D5OTES !4 VILLAGE & ITS IMM$IATE REGION--9 %ORT1 ! LIV+ >5A ( ! RURAL ,SPANI>D'S WORLD4 ,! ,SPANI% WORD = VILLAGE IS PUEBLO4 ,PUEBLO ALSO MEANS 0PEOPLE10 & ?IS IS BY NO MEANS ACCID5TAL4 ,J4,A4 ,PITT-,RIV]S1 :O DEVOT$ YE>S ( /UDY TO ,SPANI% VILLAGE LIFE 9 ,&ALUSIA1 NOTES ?AT 0! ,GREEK WORD = POLIS F> MORE NE>LY TRANSLATES 'PUEBLO' ?AN ANY ,5GLI% WORD1 = ! COMMUNITY IS NOT M]ELY A GEOGRAPHICAL OR POLITICAL UNIT1 BUT ! UNIT ( SOCIETY 9 EV]Y CONTEXT4 ,! PUEBLO FURNI%ES A COMPLET5ESS ( HUMAN RELATIONS :I* MAKE IT ! PRIME CONCEPT ( ALL SOCIAL ?\ ,= ! TRADITIONAL PUEBLO1 ?IS COMPLET5ESS 9VOLV$ NOT ONLY A DEEP S5SE ( MORAL UNITY1 COMMON PURPOSE1 & MUTUAL AID1 BUT ALSO A BODY ( RIY AID AGA9/ ! ,MOORS4 ,O!RS W]E GRANT$ BY ! MON>*Y 9 ORD] TO GA9 MUNICIPAL SUPPORT AGA9/ 9TRACTABLE NOBLES & MILIT>Y ORD]S4 ,BUT !RE W]E FU]OS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! ,BASQUES1 :I* W]E NEV] 0GRANT$0 AT ALL1 9DE$1 :I* GO BACK TO A F>-DI/ANT TIME :5 *IEFS & LAT] MON>*S W]E DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BY POPUL> VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES4 ,EL5A DE ,LA ,S\*]E OBS]VES ?AT ! ,MOORI% 9VASION1 BY %ATT]+ ! ,ROMANO-,G]MANIC /ATE1 9DIRECTLY FO/]$ ! RESURRECTION ( !SE V]Y E>LY SOCIAL =MS4 ,! ,IB]IANS ( ! NOR!RN M\NTA9S :O HAD SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ ,ROMAN1 ,G]MAN1 & ,MOORI% 9FLU5CE W]E DE/9$ NOT ONLY TO SPE>HEAD ! ,RECONQUE/1 0BUT TO P]FECT & EV5 BR+ BACK TO O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY !IR PECULI> 9/ITUTIONS & CU/OMS40 ,?AT ! FU]OS RETA9$ !IR VITALITY AFT] ! ,RECONQUE/ WAS DUE1 IRONICALLY1 TO ! NATURE ( ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y & TO ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! IMM5SE WEAL? ?AT ,SPA9 HAD ACQUIR$ FROM H] EMPIRE DID NOT GO TO ! ,SPANI% MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,IT FILL$ ! C(F]S ( ! ABSOLUTI/ MON>*Y 7P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ ( ITS K9D 9 MOD]N TIMES7 & WAS EV5TUALLY DISSIPAT$ 9 IMP]IAL ADV5TURES TO CONTROL ,EUROPE & ! P59SULA4 ,?IS /EADY DRA9 ( POT5TIAL CAPITAL1 ( RES\RCES ?AT MIX1 :O UND]/OOD ,SPA9 BETT] ?AN MANY ( HIS ,SPANI% DISCIPLES1 NOTES ?AT AS COMM]CE & 9DU/RY DECL9$ & AS ! E>LY B\RGEOIS T[NS BEGAN TO /AGNATE1 09T]NAL EX*ANGES BECAME R>E1 ! M+L+ ( DIFF]5T PROV9CES LESS FREQU5T1 & ! GREAT ROADS GRADUALLY DES]T$40 ,?IS SWEEP+ ECONOMIC DECL9E 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES GREATLY /R5G!N$ ! LOCAL LIFE ( ! PUEBLOS & REGIONS4 ,SPA9 & ! ,SPANI% /ATE BEGAN TO ACQUIRE 9EFFABLE QUALITIES4 ,AL?\< ! MON>*Y HAD ALL ! TRAPP+S ( ABSOLUTISM1 ITS CONTROL OV] ! C\NTRY WAS (T5 NOM9AL OR NONEXI/5T4 ,SPA9 C\LD BE DEF9$ ) GEOGRAPHIC EXACTITUDE ON A MAP 9 P]IODS ( PEACE1 BUT AN 9VAD] SOON F\ND1 MU* TO HIS *AGR91 ?AT IT DISSOLV$ 9TO MANY ,SPA9S 9 TIMES ( W>4 ,M>X %REWDLY OBS]VES ?AT ,NAPOLEON1 :O REG>D$ ,SPA9 0AS AN 9ANIMATE CORPSE10 WAS A/ONI%$ TO F9D 0?AT :5 ! ,SPANI% ,/ATE WAS DEAD1 ,SPANI% SOCIETY WAS FULL ( LIFE1 & EV]Y P>T ( IT OV]FL[+ ) P[]S ( RESI/ANCE40 ,! FU]OS1 :I* ?IS UNIQUE DEVELOPM5T FO/]$1 HELP$ TO PROVIDE A /URD9ESS TO ! PUEBLO ?AT NO AM\NT ( BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTUR+ C\LD POSSIBLY MAT*4 ,!Y ALSO G5]AT$ ?OSE C5TRIFUGAL =CES ?AT CONT9UALLY ?REAT5$ ! C5TRAL P[]1 OR AT LEA/ *ALL5G$ ! VALIDITY ( ITS FUNCTIONS4 ,:AT NE$ HAD ,SPANI>DS = A DI/ANT1 BUREAUCRATIC1 ANONYM\S /ATE :5 !IR PUEBLOS1 HUMAN 9 SCALE1 9TIMATE 9 COHESION1 ) A COM=T+ SOLID>ITY & SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID1 C\LD MEET MO/ ( !IR SOCIAL & MAT]IAL NE$S8 ,:AT NE$ WAS !RE = A REMOTE POLITICAL 5TITY1 = VAGUE LEGAL G5]ALITIES1 :5 ! FU]OS PROVID$ ,SPANI>DS ) HIDS GRAD$ !IR ALLEGIANCES FROM BEL[ TO ABOVE1 FROM PUEBLO TO LOCALITY1 FROM LOCALITY TO REGION1 & FROM REGION TO PROV9CE1 RES]V+ ! LEA/ LOYALTY1 IF ANY /ILL REMA9$1 = ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9 ,MADRID4 ,?IS 9T5SE FEEL+ = COMMUNITY1 = ! HUMAN SCALE1 = SELFMANAGEM5T1 MADE ! ,SPANI>D HIIAN IDEAS & ME?ODS4 ,TRANSPORT$ 9TO AN URBAN 5VIRONM5T1 ?IS PROP5SITY = LOCALISM TURN$ ! CITY 9TO A COMPOSITE ( PUEBLOS1 ! TRADE UNION 9TO A PATRIA *ICA1 ! FACTORY 9TO A COMMUNITY4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/