,*APT] #a 
,*APT] ,T53 ,! ,ROAD TO ,REVOLUTION 

#ai<ai< 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,EL ,BI5IO ,NEGRO 

,! P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #a#i#c#c1 BR\<T AN OV]:ELM+ VICTORY TO ! RI<T & U%]$ 9 :AT ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T WAS TO CALL EL BI5IO NEGRO--! TWO BLACK YE>S4 ,YET DESPITE ?IS H>% *>ACT]IZATION1 ! P]IOD G5]ALLY FELL F> %ORT ( ! FE>FUL PROGNOSES ADVANC$ BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,NEWLY ORGANIZ$ FASCI/ GR\PS SU* AS ! ,J,O,N,S & ! ,FALANGE1 ! LATT] L$ BY ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A1 ! DICTATOR'S *>ISMATIC SON1 HAD SUPPORT$ ! RI<T4 ,!Y SUPPLI$ IT ) A SUFFICI5T AM\NT ( /REET ?UGG]Y TO >\SE FE>S ?AT ,SPA9 WAS FOLL[+ ! SAME PA? ?AT HAD JU/ BR\<T ! ,NAZIS TO P[] 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT ! ,FALANGE1 EV5 AFT] IT HAD ABSORB$ ! FASCI/IC ,J,O,N,S1 7,JUNTAS DE ,(5SIVA ,NATIONAL ,S9DICALI/A71 B>ELY NUMB]$ #c1 MEMB]S4 ,DESPITE ! ADULATION ! Y\NG ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A >\S$ AM,O,TG REACTION>Y UNIV]SITY /UD5TS & >I/OCRATIC Y\?1 HIS 9FLU5CE ON L>G] SECTIONS ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION WAS NEGLIGIBLE4 

,! REAL VICTORS ( ,NOVEMB] CONSI/$ L>GELY ( 9DECISIVE COALITIONS ( ! C5T] AS WELL AS ! RI<T1 NOTABLY ,ALEJ&RO ,L]R\X'S OPPORTUNI/IC ,RADICALS & ,JOSE ,M>IA ,GIL ,ROBLES'S ,C,$,A 7,CONF$]ATION ,ESPATIOLA DE ,D]E*OS ,AUTONOMOS1 OR ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AUTONOM\S ,RI<T ,P>TIES71 A COALITION ( ,CA?OLIC & ,MON>*I/ GR\PS ?AT M\!D ! REACTION>Y PLATITUDES ( 0,RELIGION10 0,FAMILY10 0,FA!RL&10 0,WORK10 0,ORD]10 & 0,PROP]TY0 AGA9/ SECUL>ISM1 LABOR 0DISORD]S10 & 0AN>*Y40 ,! ,C,$,A1 ) #aa SEATS1 BECAME ! L>GE/ S+LE P>TY 9 ! ,CORTES1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,RADICALS ) #a SEATS4 ,GIL ,ROBLES'S COALITION ACQUIR$ ITS SUPPORT PRIM>ILY FROM 9DU/RIALI/S1 L&[N]S1 ,C>LI/ PEASANTS1 CL]ICS1 & DEV\T ,CA?OLICS1 NO SMALL NUMB] ( :OM W]E NEWLY 5FRAN*IS$ WOM5 :O VOT$ ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( !IR LOCAL PRIE/S4 ,! ,RADICAL ,P>TY MU/]$ MO/ ( ITS VOTES FROM ANTI-,SOCIALI/ URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,! GREATE/ P>LIAM5T>Y PROBLEM FAC+ ! ,C,$,A & ! ,RADICALS WAS ! NE$1 FIR/1 TO ALLAY ! FE>S ( TR\BL$ ,LIB]ALS :O1 :ILE DRIFT+ TO ! RI<T1 W]E DEEPLY MI/RU/FUL ( ,GIL ,ROBLES'S REACTION>Y & MILIT>Y CONNECTIONS1 & SECOND1 P]HAPS MORE S]I\SLY1 TO RECONCILE ! DEV\TLY ,CA?OLIC ,C,$,A ) ! TRADITIONALLY ANTICL]ICAL ,RADICALS4 

,! NEW REGIME BEGAN BY TRY+ TO KEEP ,GIL ,ROBLES 9 ! BACKGR\ND & ?RU/+ ,L]R\X =W>D AS PRIME M9I/]4 ,L]R\X1 A PURE ADV5TUR]11 OCCUPI$ HIMSELF BY REPLAC+ ONE DEMAGOGIC P]SONALITY ) ANO!R4 ,! ANTICL]IC ( YE/]YE> BECAME A#a GU>DIAN ( ! *UR*4 ,9 FAIRLY RAPID ORD] ! ,L]R\X M9I/RY RE/OR$ MO/ ( ! CL]ICAL SAL>IES :I* ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES GUID$ BY ,AZANA HAD ABOLI%$1 ALSO RETURN+ SUB/ANTIAL *UR* PROP]TIES :I* ?AT ,CORTES HAD CONFISCAT$4 ,*UR* S*OOLS W]E REOP5$ & ANY OBJECTIONABLE ANTICL]ICAL LEGISLATION :I* WAS NOT DIRECTLY REPEAL$ WAS SIMPLY IGNOR$4 

,HAV+ MADE ITS PEACE ) ! *UR*1 ! NEW M9I/RY BEGAN AN UNCONSCIONABLE ASSAULT UPON ! MEAG] SOCIAL LEGISLATION 5ACT$ BY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,CORTES4 ,AGR>IAN RE=M1 LIMIT$ AS IT WAS1 CAME TO A DEAD HALT4 ,PRO-9DU/RY *AIRM5 REPLAC$ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S PROLABOR 7MORE PRECISELY1 PRO-,SOCIALI/7 APPO9TEES4 ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE 9CREASES A*IEV$ UND] ! ,AZANA COALITION W]E ROLL$ BACK #d-#e P]C5T &1 AS IF TO W>N ! PEASANTS & WORK]S ( ! FUTILITY ( RESI/ANCE1 ! NUMB] ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS WAS 9CREAS$ BY A ?\S&4 ,! CAB9ET EV5 TRI$ TO RE/ORE ! DEA? P5ALTY1 BUT ITS EF=TS W]E FRU/RAT$ BY ! ,CORTES4 

,DESPITE ! H>%NESS ( ! ,L]R\X PROGRAM1 IT FAIL$ MIS]ABLY4 ,LIKE ! ,AZANA COALITION1 ! NEW M9I/RY SATISFI$ NO ONE ON ! RI<T & S]V$ ONLY TO 9CREASE ! MILITANCY ( ! LEFT4 ,L]R\X BECAME SN>L$ 9 %>P DISPUTES OV] ATTEMPTS TO GRANT AMNE/Y TO ! ,SANJURJO MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS :O HAD RIS5 E>LI] 9 ,SEVILLE4 ,HE WAS REPLAC$ BY ANO!R ,RADICAL1 ,RIC>DO ,SAMP]1 :O1 9 TURN1 F\ND HIMSELF BELEAGU]$ BY ! PROBLEMS ( ,BASQUE & ,CATALAN NATIONALISM1 BY CONTRAB& >MS ?AT W]E FL[+ 9TO ! C\NTRY & REA*+ ! LEFT AS WELL AS ! RI<T 7EV5 ! OLD ,SOCIALI/ RI<T-W+]1 ,9DAJECIO ,PRIETO1 WAS 9VOLV$ 9 SMUGGL+ >MS 9TO ,A/URIAS71 BY GUNPLAY BETWE5 ,FALANGI/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 & ,AN>*I/S1 & F9ALLY BY ! ,C,$,A'S ?REAT TO D5Y ! ,RADICAL M9I/RY ITS VOTE ( CONFID5CE IF IT WAS D5I$ PO/S 9 ! CAB9ET4 

,:E!R OR NOT RI<T & C5T] P>TIES ON !IR [N C\LD HAVE WON ! ,NOVEMB] ELECTIONS1 ?IS MU* IS C]TA93 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN HAD CONTRIBUT$ DECISIVELY TO ! MAGNITUDE ( !IR VICTORY4 ,! AB/5TIONI/ PROPAG&A ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAD BE5 CONDUCT$ UND] ! SLOGAN3 0,FR5TE A LAS URNAS1 LA REVOLUTION SOCIAL0--0,BE=E BALLOT BOXES1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,HAV+ ADVANC$ REVOLUTION AS ! ALT]NATIVE TO P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M1 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S N[ HAD TO DELIV] ! GOODS4 ,BUT C\LD !Y DO SO8 ,! ,JANU>Y 9SURRECTIONS ( #aicb & #a#i#c#c4HAD TAK5 !IR TOLL 9 ?\S&S ( IMPRISON$ MILITANTS1 DEPLET$ RES\RCES1 & L[]$ MORALE4 ,AT A PL5UM ( REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS HELD 9 ,OCTOB]1 MO/ ( ! DELEGATES PROBABLY OPPOS$ AN UPRIS+1 0BUT NOT OP5LY10 AS ,A4,M4 ,LEHN+ REPORT$4 ,ONLY A FEW DELEGATIONS1 MO/ NOTABLY ! ,>AGONESE1 PRESS$ = AN UPRIS+4 ,! O!R DELEGATIONS M]ELY PROMIS$ TO GIVE :AT AID !Y C\LD4 ,?IS LAGG+ ( 5?USIASM WAS PORT5T\S4 ,FAILURE WAS BE+ BUILT 9TO ! 9SURRECTION WELL 9 ADVANCE ( ITS OCCURR5CE &1 GIV5 ! LACK ( ANY TACTICAL S5SE ( TIM+ & RES\RCES1 RHETORIC WAS BE+ (F]$ AS A SUB/ITUTE = EV5 ! MO/ REMOTE POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O HAD BE5 SO 9/RUM5TAL 9 FOM5T+ E>LI] FAI/A UPRIS+S1 BROKE OP5LY ) ,DURRUTI = ! FIR/ TIME BY ATTACK+ AN 9SURRECTION AS ABSURD4 

,! UPRIS+ WAS TIM$ = ,DECEMB] #h1 #a#i#c#c1 ! OP5+ DAY ( ! NEW ,CORTES4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 IT BEGAN ) A SPECTACUL> PRISON BREAK 9 :I* MANY MILITANTS :O HAD BE5 IMPRISON$ = P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,T>ASSA EV5TS TUNNEL$ !IR WAY TO FRE$OM4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 AL]T TO ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PLANS1 HEAD$ (F /RIKES BY DECL>+ A /ATE ( EM]G5CY1 >RE/+ LEAD+ C5ETI/AS & FAI/AS1 IMPOS+ PRESS C5SOR%IP1 & CLOS+ D[N ! SYNDICATES4 ,SIMIL> /EPS W]E TAK5 9 ,MADRID & O!R POSSIBLE 9SURRECTION>Y C5T]S4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA1 :]E ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE1 ! /RIKE ORD]S ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE W]E L>GELY IGNOR$4 

,ONLY ,>AGON ROSE ON ANY SIGNIFICANT SCALE1 P>TICUL>LY ,S>AGOSSA1 :]E FAI/A NOTABLES SU* AS ,DURRUTI1 ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 & ,CIPRIANO ,M]A HAD GONE TO ORGANIZE ! 9SURRECTION4 ,AGA91 ! GOV]NM5T ACT$ DECISIVELY TO =E/ALL AN UPRIS+2 ON ! NI<T ( ! EI<?1 NE>LY A HUNDR$ MILITANTS 79CLUD+ ,DURRUTI1 ,PU5TE1 & ,M]A7 W]E >RE/$4 ,DEPRIV$ ( !IR ABLE/ PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S NEV]!LESS RE>$ B>RICADES1 ATTACK$ PUBLIC BUILD+S1 & 5GAG$ 9 HEAVY /REET FI<T+4 ,BUT ! UPRIS+ WAS DISORGANIZ$ & QUICKLY SUBDU$4 ,FOLL[+ ! PATT]N ( PREVI\S 9SURRECTIONS1 MANY VILLAGES DECL>$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & P]HAPS ! HEAVIE/ FI<T+ TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! V9EY>D WORK]S 9 ,RIOJA & ! AU?ORITIES4 ,)9 F\R DAYS1 ! 5TIRE 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS CRU%$4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y BREAK 9 ! FAI/A PATT]N ( ILL-PREP>$ RIS+1 SPORADIC CONFLICTS1 %ORTLIV$ LOCALIZ$ VICTORIES1 & SWIFT TRIUMPHS BY ! >MY OCCURR$ 9 ,VILLANUEVA DE ,S]5A1 :]E A GR\P ( SOLDI]S UND] A ,S]GEANT ,SOP5A JO9$ ! 9SURRECTION4 ,= ! RE/1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MILITANTS W]E >RE/$ 9 ! ?\S&S1 !IR PRESSES /OPP$1 & !IR SYNDICATES CLOS$ D[N4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BR5AN1 0,:AT WAS REM>KABLE AB\T ?IS RIS+ WAS ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,SPA9 CLE> 9/RUCTIONS W]E ISSU$ = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,MILLS & FACTORIES W]E TAK5 OV] BY ! WORK]S1 & FACTORY COMMITTEES SET UP4 ,O!R COMMITTEES = FOOD1 TRANSPORT & SO ON W]E ORGANIZ$ ON ! L9ES SET D[N BY ,KROPOTK94 ,! RIS+ WAS REG>D$ AS A REHE>SAL = ! COM+ REVOLUTION1 IF NOT AS ! ACTUAL BEG9N+ ( IT40 ,P]HAPS--BUT ,I HAVE F\ND NO?+ EXCEPTIONAL AB\T ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+ AS COMP>$ ) ITS PR$ECESSORS4 ,:]EV] POSSIBLE1 E>LI] 9SURRECTIONS HAD C>RI$ \T 9DU/RIAL & AGR>IAN TAKEOV]S & E/ABLI%$ COMMITTEES = WORK]S' & PEASANTS' CONTROL1 LIB]T>IAN SY/EMS ( LOGI/ICS & DI/RIBUTION--9 %ORT1 A M9IATURE SOCIETY 0ORGANIZ$ ON ! L9ES SET4D[N BY ,KROPOTK940 ,9DE$1 :AT IS P]HAPS MO/ /RIK+ AB\T ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+ IS ! EXT5T TO :I* IT WAS LOCALIZ$ 9 ,>AGON1 ! PALPABLE LACK ( 5?USIASM = IT1 & ! OPPOSITION IT 5C\NT]$ FROM FLAGG+ MILITANTS LIKE ,G>CIA ,OLIV]4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ) ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+1 ! ,AN>*I/-L$ 0CYCLE ( 9SURRECTIONS0 HAD COME TO ITS 5D4 ,AZANA HIMSELF VIRTUALLY ADMITT$ ?AT !SE 9SURRECTIONS CONTRIBUT$ TO HIS D[NFALL4 ,! ELECTORAL AB/5TIONI/ CAMPAIGN HAD ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! VICTORY ( ! ,RADICALS & ! ,C,$,A4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM HAD PROV5 ITSELF ! =CE MO/ LIKE TO EXAC]BATE POL>IZATION1 LABOR UNRE/1 & SOCIAL DISEQUILIBRIUM 9 ,SPA94 ,TO CONDEMN ! ,AN>*I/S = PRODUC+ 0AN>*Y0 IS SIMPLY SILLY2 = ! MORE IDEALI/IC ,AN>*I/S NOT TO FOM5T UNRE/1 REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS1 & ULTIMATELY SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY \T ( *>ACT]4 ,ONE CAN SNICK] AT !IR TACTICS1 NAIVETE1 & RECKLESSNESS BUT MORE ?AN ANY O!R S+LE =CE 9 ,SPA9 !Y HAD %ATT]$ ! FACADE ( LIB]ALISM & PAV$ ! WAY = AN HI/ORIC CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! GREAT CONT5D+ SOCIAL CLASSES 9 ! P59SULA4 

,AS = ! ,DECEMB] REVOLT1 F> FROM BE+ 0A REHE>SAL = ! COM+ REVOLUTION10 IT WAS ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE EX]CISE 9 FUTILITY EV]1 UND]TAK5 BY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I4 ,9DE$1 IT SIGNIFICANTLY ]OD$ ! FI<T+ P[] ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS4 ,P]HAPS ! EXAMPLE SET BY ! UPRIS+ SUCCE$$ 9 FO/]+ ! MILITANCY ( ! GR[+ LEFT FACTIONS 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 BUT AP>T FROM /RIKE ACTIONS & T]RORISM1 IT COMPLETELY EXHAU/$ ! MOVEM5T4 ,H5CE=?1 ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E TO OCCUPY !MSELVES PRIM>ILY ) RECOV]+ !IR =CES & UNIT+ !IR RANKS4 ,! 9ITIATIVE = REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS TO PASS TO ! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,A/URIAN M9]S & ! NEWLY CONV]T$ PEASANTS ( ! S\?4 ,! GREAT ,OCTOB] ,9SURRECTION 9 ! M9+ DI/RICTS ( ,A/URIAS WAS DRAW+ NE>--& ) IT1 ! REAL 0REHE>SAL = ! COM+ REVOLUTION44440 ,BUT 9 ?IS 0REHE>SAL10 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( NEI!R ! ,U,G,T NOR ! ,C,N,T PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE AS SU*2 RA!R1 ! WORK]S W]E ! PR9CIPAL S\RCES ( REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT !SE WORK]S BEHAV$ AS ,AN>*I/S EV5 :5 !Y W]E AV[$LY COMMITT$ TO ,SOCIALISM4 

,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 TO BE SURE1 W]E /ILL 9TACT1 DESPITE ! >RE/S1 LOSSES1 & DISORGANIZATION !Y HAD SUFF]$ OV] ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S4 ,EV5 ,S>AGOSSA1 :I* HAD SUFF]$ ! HEAVIE/ CASUALTIES 9 ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+1 HAD NOT LO/ ITS CELEBRAT$ F]VOR & MILITANCY4 ,9 ,APRIL ! ,>AGONESE CITY WAS P>ALYZ$ BY ONE ( ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y G5]AL /RIKES TO OCCUR 9 ! /ORMY HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T--A /RIKE LA/+ NE>LY FIVE WEEKS :OSE SPIRIT ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 SOLID>ITY1 & T5ACITY REA*$ H]OIC PROPORTIONS4 ,! /RIKE WAS OCCASION$ BY ACTS ( POLICE BRUTALITY :I* FOLL[$ ! EXPLOSION ( A BOMB 9 FRONT ( ! POLICE HEADQU>T]S4 ,! TWO-DAY PROTE/ /RIKE :I* FOLL[$ ! MI/REATM5T ( >RE/$ WORK]S WAS EXT5D$ 9TO A #c#f-DAY G5]AL /RIKE :5 SEV]AL BUS & TRAM DRIV]S :O REFUS$ TO RETURN TO WORK W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR LIC5SES4 ,BE=E ! WEEK WAS \T1 9DU/RY1 TRANSPORTATION1 & NE>LY ALL S]VICES 9 ,S>AGOSSA W]E AT A COMPLETE /&/ILL4 

,TYPICALLY1 ! CIVIL GOV]NOR COMP\ND$ ! CRISIS BY DECL>+ ! /RIKE ILLEGAL & CALL+ \T ! TROOPS4 ,! WORK]S1 MORE DET]M9$ ?AN EV]1 DOGG$LY CONT9U$ TO /AY PUT DESPITE 5ORM\S MAT]IAL SACRIFICES4 ,! 5TIRE ,C,N,T1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 N[ RALLI$ BEH9D ITS ,S>AGOSSA COMRADES4 ,TO LI<T5 ! BURD5 ( ! ,S>AGOSSA WORK]S1 ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT UND] ,DURRUTI ORGANIZ$ A SPECTACUL> C>AVAN TO BR+ ! *ILDR5 ( ! /RIK]S TO ,CATALONIA4 ,FLEETS ( TAXIS W]E MOBILIZ$ TO CONVEY #a#c1 *ILDR5 TO ! ?\S&S ( C5ETI/A FAMILIES :I* HAD PL$G$ TO C>E = !M4 ,H]E1 AS ,BR5AN OBS]VES1 ! C5ETI/AS REVEAL$ :]E !IR REAL /R5G? LAY3 0NOT 9 !IR >M$ REVOLTS1 BUT 9 !IR P[]S ( SYNDICAL RESI/ANCE4444 ,:5 ONE REMEMB]S ?AT' ! ,C,N,T HAD NO /RIKE FUNDS1 ONE CAN APPRECIATE ! C\RAGE & 5DURANCE REQUIR$ 9 !SE CONTE/S4 ,IF ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S C\LD NOT BR+ (F !IR REVOLUTION1 !Y AT ALL EV5TS KNEW H[ TO KEEP A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ALIVE40 

,BY N[ A NEW ISSUE BEGAN TO COME TO ! =E4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 PRESSUR$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ,AN>*I/ 9TRANSIG5CE1 BY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( NEWLY RECRUIT$1 (T5 FEV]I%LY MILITANT RURAL WORK]S1 DISILLUSION$ BY !IR ALLIANCE ) ! ,LIB]ALS1 & FE>FUL ( :AT SEEM$ LIKE A DRIFT T[>D FASCISM 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 BEGAN TO RAISE ! CRY = AN ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A--7OR A 0UNIT$ FRONT0 ( ALL ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS ,ALIANZA1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( POLICIES ?AT BEGAN TO PREVAIL AMONG LEFTI/ POLITICAL GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ ! MID-#a#i#cS1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] A BITT]LY CONFLICT$ ,G]MAN LEFT HAD CAPITULAT$ TO ,HITL]1 WAS TO BE ADVANC$ BY ,L>GO ,CABALL]O4 ,! SLOGAN1 9 FACT1 HAD BE5 RAIS$ AS E>LY AS ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#c1 :5 ,PE/ANA1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,TRE9TI/AS1 SPELL$ \T ! NE$ = AN 05T5TE10 A 0COALITION0 ( ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T TO /OP FASCISM 9 ,SPA94 ,PEIRO1 9 ELUCIDAT+ ?IS POSITION1 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A WAS NOT TO BE CONCEIV$ AS AN ELECTORAL PACT1 9DE$1 ?AT IT IMPLI$ DIRECT ACTION 9 OPPOSITION TO FASCISM & ON BEHALF ( A 0,F$]ALI/ ,SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC40 ,A PACT BETWE5 FACTIONS ( ! ,CATALAN LEFT HAD1 9 FACT1 COME 9TO EXI/5CE %ORTLY AFT] ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+ ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 BUT IT DID NOT 9CLUDE ! ,C,N,T OR ! ,F,A,I :O W]E W>Y ( ! NEW 0ALLIES40 ,EXP]I5CE HAD NURTUR$ A DEEP MI/RU/ AMONG ! ,AN>*I/S T[>D ! ,U,G,T1 ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AFFILIATES ( ,B>CELONA1 ,MAUR9'S ,WORK]-,PEASANT ,BLOC1 ,N9'S ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 & ! UNION ( ! V9EY>D WORK]S 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,RABASSAIRES1 :O W]E UND] ! CONTROL ,LUIS ,COMPANYS'S LIB]AL NATIONALI/ P>TY1 ! ,ESQU]RA4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT !SE DISP>ATE1 G5]ALLY AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS =M$ AN ALLIANCE1 ! ,AN>*I/S C\LD REG>D IT ONLY AS A MIS*IEV\S ONE :I* HAD TO BE %UNN$4 

,NOT UNEXPECT$LY1 ! ,ALIANZA RECEIV$ CONSID]ABLE SUPPORT FROM ! MOD]ATE ,C,N,T 9 ,A/URIAS4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S DRIFT TO ! LEFT AFT] ! ELECTIONS ( #aicc HAD MADE A PACT ) ! ,U,G,T MORE S$UCTIVE ?AN EV]4 ,AL?\< ! ,C,N,T AS A :OLE RETA9$ ITS HO/ILITY T[>D ! ALLIANCE1 AT A ,JUNE PL5UM ( REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS ITS OPPOSITION WAS MODIFI$ TO ALL[ = AGREEM5TS ) ! ,U,G,T ON A LOCAL LEVEL4 ,?IS QUALIFICATION SIMPLY RATIFI$ AN 9DEP5D5T ALLIANCE :I* ! ,A/URIAN ,C,N,T HAD MADE F\R MON?S E>LI] ) ! LOCAL ,U,G,T1 !REBY SETT+ ! /AGE = ! =?COM+ ,OCTOB] UPRIS+ ( ! ,A/URIAN M9]S4 ,(FICIALLY1 H[EV]1 & TO A L>GE DEGREE 9 PRACTICE1 ! ,C,N,T PRES]V$ ITS ALO(NESS T[>D ! ,ALIANZA4 ,9 E>LY AUTUMN1 ! ,C,N,T1 AP>T FROM ITS ,A/URIAN CONF$]ATION1 RESPOND$ TO A SPATE ( ,ALIANZA -9SPIR$ /RIKES ) QUALIFI$ SUPPORT AT BE/ OR ) TOTAL 9DIFF]5CE4 ,! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A HAD MU* LESS MAGNETISM ?AN HAS BE5 IMPUT$ TO IT 9 MANY DISCUSSIONS ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,EV5 ,MAUR9 ( ! ,WORK]-,PEASANT ,BLOC FAIL$ TO 0RECALL ! 5?USIASM ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM 9 ,BR5AN'S ACC\NT10OBS]VES ,GABRIEL ,JACKSON 9 A NOTE BAS$ ON AN 9T]VIEW ) ,MAUR94 0,HE SPOKE ( ! ,ALIANZA AS HAV+ BE5 CRIPPL$ FROM ! />T BY ANTIPA?Y BETWE5 ,CABALL]O & ! ,CATALANS1 NOR DOES ,EL ,SOCIALI/A .<! ORGAN ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'--,M4,B4.> = ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aicd GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! NEW MOVEM5T WAS V]Y IMPORTANT40 

,! /ATUS ( ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 H[EV]1 WAS TO *ANGE SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,AS AUTUMN APPROA*$1 A HEI<T5$ S5SE ( MILITANCY1 P>ALLEL+ ! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T1 BEGAN TO SWEEP OV] ! RI<T4 ,9T]NAL PRESSURES ON ,GIL ,ROBLES TO /AKE \T ! ,C,$,A'S M9I/]IAL CLAIMS ON ! ,RIC>DO ,SEMP] GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAD RESI/$ ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,$,A 9TO ! CAB9ET1 M\NT$ /EADILY4 ,) ! CONV5+ ( ! ,CORTES ON ,OCTOB] #a1 ! ,C,$,A1 DEM&+ SEATS 9 ! CAB9ET1 DRAMATICALLY TOPPL$ ! ,RADICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,DESPITE HIS PR(\ND HO/ILITY TO ,GIL ,ROBLES1 ,PRESID5T ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA HAD NO *OICE BUT TO ACC$E TO ! ,C,$,A'S DEM&S4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! CAB9ET CRISIS1 ! PRESID5T CALL$ UPON ,L]R\X TO =M A SECOND CAB9ET1 ?IS TIME ONE 9 :I* ! ,C,$,A W\LD BE GRANT$ ?REE M9I/RIES4 

,TODAY1 LOOK+ BACK AFT] MORE ?AN =TY YE>S1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONVEY ! IMPACT ?IS CONCESSION HAD ON ! ,SPANI% LEFT4 ,! ,C,$,A1 A ,CA?OLIC P>TY SUPPORT$ L>GELY BY FUNDS FROM RABIDLY REACTION>Y ,MON>*I/ CONTRIBUTORS1 SEEM$ TO BE ! EXACT ,SPANI% C\R@5]P>T ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,CA?OLICS :O HAD RAIS$ ,DOLLFUSS TO P[] 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 ,ONLY %ORTLY BE=E ! ,C,$,A HAD RECEIV$ SEATS 9 ! CAB9ET1 ,DOLLFUSS HAD PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF VIRTUAL DICTATOR ( ,AU/RIA & HIS ASC5T TO P[] HAD BE5 M>K$ BY ! H>% SUPPRESSION ( A ,SOCIALI/ UPRIS+ 9 ,VI5NA AFT] A WEEK ( SEV]E /REET FI<T+4 ,>TILL]Y HAD BE5 CALL\SLY TURN$ ON ! ,K>L ,M>X H\SES1 A COOP]ATIVE COMPLEX ( WORK]S' DWELL+S 9 ! ,AU/RIAN CAPITAL4 ,AMONG ! ,SOCIALI/S ! CRY QUICKLY W5T UP1 0,BETT] ,VI5NA ?AN ,B]L910 AN UNMI/AKABLE ALLUSION TO ! FACT ?AT ! HOPELESS BUT C\RAGE\S RESI/ANCE ( ! ,AU/RIAN PROLET>IAT TO FASCISM WAS BETT] ?AN ! SUP9E ACQUIESC5CE ( ! ,G]MAN LEFT TO ,HITL]4 

,! CRISIS TRIGG]$ BY ! ,C,$,A'S 5TRY 9TO ! CAB9ET WAS NOT LIMIT$ TO ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT ALSO HAD ITS E*O AMONG ! ,CATALAN AUTONOMI/S4 ,DESPITE ! L>GE ,LLIGA DELEGATION 9 ! ,CORTES1 REPRES5T+ ! VICTORY ( ! CONS]VATIVE ,CATALAN 9DU/RIALI/S 9 ! #aicc ELECTIONS1 ! ,CATALAN ,G5]ALITAT :I* GOV]N$ ! PROV9CE ON A LOCAL LEVEL WAS CONTROLL$ BY ,LUIS ,COMPANYS'S ,ESQU]RA 7! ,CATALAN ,LEFT71 AN AUTONOMI/ MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEM5T :OSE VIEWS1 UND] ,COMPANYS'S 9FLU5CE1 W]E MORE CLOSELY W$D$ TO ,AZANA'S ,REPUBLICANS ?AN TO ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES )9 ,CATALAN NATIONALISM4 ,! ,ESQU]RA HAD COME TO P[] 9 ! LOCAL ELECTIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! #aicc FIASCO1 AFT] MANY ,CATALAN C5ETI/AS HAD SECOND ?\<TS AB\T ! IMPACT ( !IR ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN & HAD VOT$1 AT LEA/ LOCALLY1 = ,LIB]AL GR\PS4 ,UND] ,COMPANYS1 ! ,ESQU]RA HAD BEGUN TO AB&ON ! UNEQUIVOCALLY SEP>ATI/ POLICIES ( ITS F\ND]1 ,COLONEL ,MACIA 7:O DI$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#c7 & WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( ORI5T+ ITSELF T[>D AUTONOMY )9 ! ,SPANI% REPUBLIC4 ,COMPANYS1 A %REWD POLITICIAN1 HAD ACQUIR$ A C]TA9 /ATUS AS A CRYPTO-RADICAL4 ,AT CONSID]ABLE P]SONAL RISK1 HE HAD US$ HIS LEGAL TAL5TS TO DEF5D MANY C5ETI/A MILITANTS 9 ! TRIALS ( ! #a#i#bS4 ,P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY REPUBLICAN POLITICIAN 9 ,SPA91 HE RETA9$ IMPORTANT CONNECTIONS & UNDES]V$LY HI< CR$IBILITY ) ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP LONG AFT] LIB]ALS ( HIS BRE$ W]E TO BE COMPLETELY DISCR$IT$ ) ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 ,COMPANYS WAS ALSO A MAJOR RIVAL ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,HE COMPET$ ) ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S BY ORGANIZ+ T5ANT F>M]S ( ! V9EY>DS 9TO ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES1 AN ,ESQU]RA-CONTROLL$ TRADE UNION4 ,! ,ESQU]RA1 TO RETA9 ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! RURAL >EAS ( ! PROV9CE1 HAD PROMOT$ & PASS$ A LEY 'DE CULTIVOS 9 ! ,G5]ALITAT EMP[]+ V9EY>D T5ANTS :OSE LEASES W]E EXPIR+ TO ACQUIRE TITLE TO L& !Y HAD CULTIVAT$ = FIFTE5 YE>S OR MORE4 ,COMPLETELY REGIONAL 9 *>ACT]1 ?IS LAW WAS CONF9$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ,CATALONIA2 IT HAD BE5 PASS$ BY A PROV9CIAL AU?ORITY :OSE POLITICAL 9T]E/S W]E LIMIT$ TO LOCAL CONC]NS4 ,YET 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#c1 EV5 ?IS CIRCUMSCRIB$ PIECE ( LEGISLATION WAS SO ANTI!TICAL TO ,MADRID'S CONS]VATIVE AGR>IAN POLICIES ?AT IT WAS OV]TURN$ BY ! ,TRIBUNAL ( ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,GU>ANTEES1 ! ,SPANI% EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,SUPREME ,C\RT4 ,BY VOT+ AGA9/ ! LEY DE CULTIVOS ! C\RT UPHELD NOT ONLY ! L&LORDS AGA9/ ! T5ANTS1 BUT ! P[] ( ,MADRID TO CURB REGIONALI/ LEGISLATION4 ,EV5 ! CONS]VATIVE1 /RONGLY ,CA?OLIC ,BASQUE DEPUTIES TO ! ,CORTES PROTE/$1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE !Y HAD BE5 REPAID = !IR SUPPORT ( ,L]R\X & ! ,C,$,A ) FRU/RAT+ 9DIFF]5CE T[>D A PROPOS$ ,BASQUE AUTONOMY /ATUTE4 

,! ,BASQUES N[ ?REW !IR SUPPORT TO ! ,CATALAN ,LEFT ON ! ,RABASSAIRES LAW4 ,!IR ACTION WAS A PORT5T ( ! FUTURE ,POPUL> ,FRONT ALIGNM5T ( #a#i#c#f1 :I* WAS TO UNITE ,BASQUE CONS]VATIVES1 ! ,CATALAN ,LEFT1 ! ,AZANA ,REPUBLICANS1 ! ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 AN ILL-FITT+ ELECTORAL BLOC AGA9/ REACTION & ! ?REAT ( FASCISM4 ,! ,C,$,A'S M9I/]IAL DEM&S HAD DIVID$ EV5 ! ,RADICALS4 ,SAMP]1 ! \T-GO+ ,RADICAL PRIME M9I/]1 W>N$ D>KLY ON ,OCTOB] #a3 0,CONFRONT$ BY A P]IOD ( OPPRESSION & %AME1 NO WAY \T REMA9S EXCEPT = A REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAK4 ,IF ,GIL ,ROBLES' =CES ( ! ,RI<T DO NOT EV9CE ANY UND]/&+ .<( ! EM]G+ SITUATION.>1 ! ROAD TO LEGALITY WILL BE REMOV$40 

,?IS V]BAL SAB]-RATTL+ %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TOO S]I\SLY4 ,AS EV5TS W]E TO %[1 = MO/ ,RADICALS1 9DE$ EV5 = ,COMPANYS1 IT WAS M]E RHETORIC4 ,COMPANYS1 URG$ BY HIS FOLL[]S TO PURSUE AN 9SURRECTION>Y C\RSE AFT] ! LEY DE CULTIVOS HAD BE5 OV]TURN$ BY ! C\RTS1 WAS MORE ! VICTIM ( A CRISIS )9 ! ,ESQU]RA ?AN )9 ! ,CORTES4 ,SECTIONS ( ! ,ESQU]RA1 ITSELF A BLOC ( DISP>ATE ELEM5TS1 HAD BE5 MOV+ T[>D !IR [N V]SION ( MILITANCY4 ,! ESCAMOTS 7OR SQUADS71 A QUASI-FASCI/IC1 P>AMILIT>Y Y\? GR\P ( ! ,ESQU]RA1 EX]T$ M\NT+ PRESSURE ON ,COMPANYS & HIS MOD]ATES TO SEIZE P[] & DECL>E AN 9DEP5D5T ,CATALAN REPUBLIC4 ,L$ BY ,JOSE ,D5CAS1 A C\NCILOR ( PUBLIC ORD] :O DETE/$ ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 ! ESCAMOTS HAD BEGUN TO OCCUPY PORTIONS ( ,B>CELONA 9 OP5 DEFIANCE ( ! VACILLAT+ ,COMPANYS4 ,TOGE!R ) O!R SEP>ATI/S1 !Y DEM&$ A CLE>-CUT SEP>ATION ( ,CATALONIA FROM ,MADRID4 

,COMPANYS1 9 ! MEANTIME1 WAS SECRETLY MAK+ FRANTIC TELEPHONE CALLS TO ! PRESID5T ( ! REPUBLIC 9 ,MADRID 7:O DID NOT RESPOND TO !M P]SONALLY71 W>N+ ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA'S SECRET>Y ?AT HE C\LD NOT CONTA9 ! ,RABASSAIRES ON ! LEFT & ! ESCAMOTS ON ! RI<T4 ,HUGE CR[DS COLLECT$ BE=E ! BUILD+ ?AT H\S$ ! ,G5]ALITAT1 DEM&+ DECISIVE ACTION2 9DE$1 ,B>CELONA WAS PLAC>D$ ) DEM&S = AN 9DEP5D5T ,CATALONIA4 ,! SITUATION HAD DEG5]AT$ TO OP]A B\FFE4 ,COMPANYS1 HIS BACK TO ! WALL1 W5T ?R\< ! PUBLIC MOTIONS ( DECL>+ A 0,CATALAN ,/ATE )9 ! ,F$]AL ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC0 7A F> CRY FROM ! \TRI<T 9DEP5D5CE ! CR[DS W]E CLAMOR+ =7 & QUICKLY B>RICAD$ HIMSELF 9SIDE ! ,G5]ALITAT BUILD+1 AWAIT+ RESCUE BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T'S TROOPS4 ,A 0SURR5D]0 ) 0DIGNITY0 WAS >RANG$ AT DAWN & ,COMPANYS WAS PROVID$ ) ! SAFETY ( A PRISON CELL ON *>GES ( 0REBELLION40 ,D5CAS1 :E!R BECAUSE HE SC5T$ FAILURE1 AS ,JACKSON OBS]VES1 OR BECAUSE HE HAD BE5 A ,C,$,A AG5T PROVOCATEUR1 AS ,BR5AN >GUES1 TOOK TO HIS HEELS ACROSS ! FRONTI] & F9ALLY F\ND POLITICAL ASYLUM 9 ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /RESS !SE EV5TS BECAUSE !Y EX]CIS$ A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ,AN>*I/ POLICY DUR+ ! ,OCTOB] ,9SURRECTION ( ! ,A/URIAN M9]S4 ,AS A SC5>IO ( ?+S TO COME1 !Y PROVIDE A REM>KABLE IMAGE ( H[ ! ,LIB]ALS1 :E!R 9 ,MADRID OR ,CATALONIA1 W]E TO RESPOND TO ! MORE S]I\S MILIT>Y REBELLION ( ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,IRRESOLUTION1 P>ALYZ+ PANIC1 & ABOVE ALL1 A GREAT] FE> ( ! WORK+ CLASSES ?AN ( ANY ?REAT POS$ BY REACTION1 HAD BE5 ! +RA9$ TRAITS ( ,LIB]AL BEHAVIOR4 ,AS = ! ,CATALAN AUTONOMI/S & SEP>ATI/S1 !Y HAD HOP$ TO A*IEVE !IR GOALS BY RID+ ON ! CRE/ ( A G5]AL /RIKE 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS /RIKE1 CALL$ (FICIALLY 9 ! NAME ( ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 =M$ ! ,U,G,T'S /RATEGIC RESPONSE TO ! SECOND ,L]R\X M9I/RY ) ITS ?REE ,C,$,A MEMB]S4 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 NO SU* /RIKE C\LD POSSIBLY HOPE TO SUCCE$ )\T ,C,N,T SUPPORT4 ,! ,C,N,T1 :I* HAD BE5 LEFT TO ITS [N DEVICES 9 ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! FIR/ ,L]R\X CAB9ET1 WAS 9 NO MOOD TO RESPOND TO ,SOCIALI/ APPEALS ( AN ILL-DEF9$ PROGRAMMATIC *>ACT]4 ,9 ,AN>*I/ EYES ! ,ALIANZA HAD FALL5 F> %ORT ( A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,T[>D ! ,ESQU]RA ! ,C,N,T HAD GOOD REASONS TO N\RI% ! /RONGE/ FEEL+S ( ANTIPA?Y3 ! NI<T BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,ALIANZA /RIKE1 ! ,G5]ALITAT'S POLICE HAD >RE/$ SCORES ( ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS1 9CLUD+ ,DURRUTI1 & CLOS$ D[N ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A4 ,ATTEMPTS BY C5ETI/AS TO REOP5 SYNDICATE HEADQU>T]S ?AT HAD BE5 CLOS$ S9CE ! ,DECEMB] RIS+ 5C\NT]$ >M$ RESI/ANCE FROM ! ESCAMOTS1 :O FIR$ DIRECTLY ON ! WORK]S4 ,D5CAS' TOOK TO ! RADIO & D5\NC$ FAI/AS AS 0AN>*I/ PROVOCATEURS 9 ! PAY ( REACTION10 CALL+ UPON HIS ESCAMOTS & ! POLICE TO TAKE FIRM MEASURES AGA9/ !M4 ,! ,G5]ALITAT1 MORE FE>FUL ( ! WORK]S ?AN ! ,C,$,A M9I/]S1 HAD EV5 ALI5AT$ ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A4 ,AL?\< ,COMPANYS WAS QUITE WILL+ TO DECL>E A 0,CATALAN ,/ATE0 9 COMPLICITY ) ! ,ALIANZA BY 9VIT+ IT 9 TO HIS 0NEW0 GOV]NM5T1 ! ,ESGU]RA-CONTROLL$ ,G5]ALITAT FLATLY REFUS$ TO >M ! WORK]S4 ,BITT]NESS & DISILLUSIONM5T 9FECT$ ! ,CATALAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ,C,N,T1 :I* P>TICIPAT$ HALF-HE>T$LY 9 ! ,ALIANZA /RIKE1 ORD]$ ITS MEMB]S BACK TO WORK1 DISSOCIAT+ ITSELF FROM ! 5TIRE ADV5TURE4 ,) ! SURR5D] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! AUTONOMI/ MOVEM5T COLLAPS$ ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA4 

,ELSE:]E1 ! G5]AL /RIKE CALL$ BY ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A HAD MIX$ CONSEQU5CES1 9DE$1 9 SOME >EAS HI<LY DRAMATIC & HI/ORIC ONES4 ,SUPRIS+LY1 9 ,SOCIALI/ ,MADRID1 ! /RIKE ALMO/ ASSUM$ ! COMIC OP]A =MS IT HAD ACQUIR$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,AL?\< ! ,SOCIALI/S HAD PRESUMABLY BE5 PLANN+ ! /RIKE 9 ! ,SPANI% CAPITAL S9CE ! SUMM]1 ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( ! PLAN W5T AWRY4 ,! POLICE W]E WELL-9=M$ AB\T ! ,SOCIALI/S' 9T5TIONS & >RE/$ ! ,SOCIALI/-CONTOLL$ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,GOV]NM5T BE=E IT C\LD BE 9/ALL$4 ,! >RE/S NETT$ ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 :O WAS 9 *>GE ( ! /RIKE & ! RIS+4 ,A CURI\S LI/LESSNESS SEEM$ TO AFFLICT ! ,MADRID LEAD]%IP4 ,! WRIT+ ( ! ,ALIANZA'S PROGRAM HAD BE5 LEFT TO ! RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/ ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 :O LI/$ A S]IES ( DEM&S H>DLY DIFF]+ FROM ?OSE ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 PREP>$ BY ,LIB]AL ,REPUBLICANS4 ,COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! /RIK+ GR\PS 9 ! ,ALIANZA PROV$ TO BE 9CR$IBLY %ABBY & AMATEURI%4 ,A MASSIVE /RIKE 9 ,MADRID1 :I* WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! 5TIRE LEFT1 F\ND]$ = WANT ( >MS & A REVOLUTION>Y S5SE ( DIRECTION4 

,AS USUAL1 ! ,SOCIALI/S EM]G$ AS UNRELIABLE ALLIES ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I TO COORD9ATE !IR [N OP]ATIONS1 WAS D5I$ DIRELY NE$$ WEAPONS BY ! ,U,G,T4 ,! >MS1 AS IT TURN$ \T1 HAD BE5 CONV5I5TLY 9T]CEPT$ BY GOV]NM5T TROOPS4 ,BUT EV5 IF !Y HAD BE5 AVAILABLE1 IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S W\LD-NOT HAVE %>$ !M ) ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,9DE$1 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! TWO MAJOR SECTORS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY BE5 POISON$ BY ! FAILURE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? & ! ,U,G,T TO KEEP ! ,C,N,T ADEQUATELY 9=M$ ( !IR PLANS OR TO CONF] ) ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ DELEGATES4 ,DESPITE HEAVY FI<T+ 9 ,MADRID1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I W]E OBLIG$ TO FUNCTION L>GELY ON !IR [N4 ,:51 AT L5G?1 A ,U,G,T DELEGATE 9=M$ ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE ?AT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS NOT 9T]E/$ 9 COMMON ACTION ) ! ,C,N,T1 ! COMMITTEE DISB&$4 ,LAT]1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS TO OBS]VE ) AMPLE JU/IFICATION ?AT ,SOCIALI/ ATTEMPTS TO BLAME ! FAILURE ( ! ,OCTOB] ,9SURRECTION ON ,AN>*I/ AB/5TION WAS A %ABBY FALSEHOOD3 

,CAN !RE BE TALK ( AB/5TION ( ! ,C,N,T & C5SURE ( IT BY ?OSE :O GO ON /RIKE )\T W>N+ \R ORGANIZATION AB\T IT1 :O REFUSE TO MEET ) ! DELEGATES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE .<( ! ,C,N,T.>1 :O CONS5T TO LET ! ,L]R\X-,GIL ,ROBLES ,GOV]NM5T TAKE POSSESSION ( ! >MY DEPOSITS & LET !M GO UNUS$ BE=E H&+ !M OV] TO ! ,CONF$]ATION & ! ,F,A,I8 

,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO1 ONE ( ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S MO/ TRU/$ COLLEAGUES1 GIVES US A REM>KABLY C&ID 9SI<T 9TO ,SOCIALI/ POLICY DUR+ ! OP5+ DAYS ( ! UPRIS+4 ,NE>LY ALL ! ADV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT 5SN>L$ ! 9SURRECTION 0C\LD HAVE BE5 P>TLY (FSET IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 TOO MU* DELAY AB\T ! ORD] TO />T10 HE OBS]VES4 

,! TW5TY-F\R H\RS DUR+ :I* ! GOV]NM5T WAS BE+ =M$ .<BY ,L]R\X & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA.> W]E DECISIVE4 ,TO ! V]Y LA/1 ,CABALL]O1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ,PRIETO1 NURS$ ! HOPE ?AT ,PRESID5T ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA W\LD NOT TAKE 9TO ! CAB9ET KN[N 5EMIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,:5 ! NEWS CAME ?AT ! COALITION GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 COMPLET$1 ,CABALL]O WAS ) ,PRIETO & A C\PLE ( O!R LEAD]S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,CABALL]O'S COMM5T REVEAL$ HIS /UBBORN DESIRE TO TRU/ ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA3 0,UNTIL ,I SEE IT 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,GAZETTE1 ,I WON'T BELIEVE IT40 ,CABALL]O'S CLOSE/ ASSOCIATES1 9CLUD+ MYSELF1 E>NE/LY 9SI/$ ?AT ! RIS+ %\LD BEG9 ?AT SAME NI<T1 ,OCTOB] #d4 ,9 ! 5D ,CABALL]O GAVE 91 BUT BY !N IT WAS TOO LATE4 ,IT HAD TO BE PO/PON$ UNTIL ! NEXT NI<T4 ,DUR+ ?OSE TW5TY-F\R H\RS M>TIAL LAW WAS DECL>$1 & ?IS MEANT ! COLLAPSE BY ITS [N WEI<T ( ! PLAN = MILIT>Y COOP]ATION4 ,UND] M>TIAL LAW ALL (FIC]S1 PRO & ANTI-REPUBLICAN1 W]E CONF9$ TO B>RACKS4 ,?US1 :5 ! RIS+ F9ALLY GOT UND] WAY1 ITS *ANCES W]E MU* DIM9I%$4 ,WE F\ND \RSELVES LACK+ ! MILIT>Y SUPPORT ON :I* WE HAD C\NT$2 ! ,SOCIALI/ MILITIAS W]E 9 ! /REET BUT W]E UNABLE BY !MSELVES TO C>RY \T ! CRUCIAL MISSIONS ASSIGN$ TO !M4 

,:AT IS ABS5T 9 ,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO'S ACC\NT IS ?AT1 MILIT>Y SUPPORT OR NOT1 ! CONSID]ABLE ,AN>*I/ =CES 9 ! CAPITAL W]E COLDLY REBUFF$4 

,ALMO/ UNKN[N TO ,MADRID1 9DE$ TO ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 A MAJOR RIS+ WAS LAUN*$19 ! M9+ DI/RICTS '( ,A/URIAS--ONE :I* WAS TO ADD A HAUNT+ S5SE ( TRAG$Y & GR&EUR TO ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS4.<#d#c.> ,! M9]S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR POLITICAL AFFILIATION1 TOOK ! CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,AS ,S4,J4 ,BRADEMAS OBS]VES1 ! ,A/URIAN M9]S ( ALL UNIONS REG>D$ ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A AS 0MORE ?AN PI\S REVOLUTION>Y J>GON40 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,OCTOB] #d1 TO ! S\ND ( SIR5S 9 ! VALLEY T[NS ALONG ! ,ALL] & ,NALON RIV]S1 ! M9]S BEGAN !IR /RIKE ) ATTACKS ON ,CIVIL ,GU>D & ,ASSAULT ,GU>D B>RACKS4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! ,A/URIAN M9]S BELONG$ TO ! ,U,G,T1 AL?\< ! ,C,N,T 5JOY$ A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ( ITS [N4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD ASSUM$ CONTROL ( SEV]AL UNION LOCALS & PRESUMABLY IT WAS 9 ! ,COMMUNI/-CONTROLL$ T[N ( ,MI]ES ?AT ! MO/ DRAMATIC 9ITIATIVES W]E REPORT$4.<#d#d.> ,!RE1 SOME #b MILITANTS BESIEG$ ! POLICE B>RACKS & T[N HALL ) AB\T #c RIFLES1 FIR+ ! SAME RIFLES FROM DIFF]5T POSITIONS TO CREATE AN EXAGG]AT$ IMPRESSION ( !IR /5G?4 ,FOLL[+ ! SURR5D] ( ! ,CIVIL & ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 !Y PROCE$$ TO OCCUPY T[NS ALONG ! R\TE TO ,OVI$O1 ! PROV9CIAL CAPITAL ( ,A/URIAS1 UNTIL ON ,OCTOB] #f !Y ATTACK$ ! CITY ITSELF4 ,9 FACT AT ?IS TIME A M9]S' COLUMN ( #h11 A =CE WELL BEYOND ! NUMB]S ! ,COMMUNI/S C\LD HAVE MOBILIZ$1 BEGAN TO OCCUPY ALL ( ,OVI$O ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,PELAGO & ,SANTA ,CL>A B>RACKS1 :]E SIZABLE GOV]NM5T TROOPS CONT9U$ TO HOLD \T4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ! FAM\S ,A/URIAN D9AMIT]OS APPE>$ 9 =CE3 ! RECKLESSLY BOLD M9]S :O W]E TO COMP5SATE = !IR LACK ( GUNS & >TILL]Y ) /ICKS ( DYNAMITE4 ,! ,A/URIANS HAD LE>N$ TO DO MORE ?AN M9E COAL2 !Y W]E ALSO SKILL$ BLA/]S :O W]E TO GA9 AN AWESOME REPUTATION 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd & LAT] 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> = !IR SKILL ) EXPLOSIVES & !IR UNSURPASSABLE C\RAGE4 

,)9 A MATT] ( DAYS1 ! M9]S HAD OCCUPI$ MO/ ( ! ,ALL] & ,NALON VALLEY T[NS1 NE>LY ALL ( ,OVI$O1 & ! 9DU/RIAL CITY ( ,LA ,FELGU]A4 ,ATTEMPTS W]E ALSO BE+ MADE TO SEIZE ! /RATEGIC SEAPORTS ( ,GIJON & ,AVILES1 & IT WAS H]E ?AT ! 9SURRECTION CAME UP AGA9/ ITS GRAVE/ POLITICAL OB/ACLES4 ,! WORK]S ( ,AVILES & ,GIJON W]E L>GELY UND] ,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,!Y TOO HAD JO9$ ! UPRIS+ UND] ! LOCAL ,ALIANZA SLOGAN ( 0,UNION1 ,H]MANOS ,PROLET>IAS0 70,UNITY1 ,PROLET>IAN ,BRO!RS071 ! FAM\S 0,U,H,P0 :I* WAS TO BE 9ITIAL$ ON WALLS1 VEHICLES1 FACTORIES1 & TROOP TRA9S ?R\<\T ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,SO F> AS ! ,AVILES & ,GIJON ,AN>*I/S W]E CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 !IR ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ 0BRO!RS0 W]E TO HONOR ! SLOGAN ONLY 9 ! BREA*4 ,:5 ,AN>*I/ DELEGATES FROM ! SEAPORTS >RIV$ 9 ,OVI$O ON ,OCTOB] #g1 PLEAD+ = >MS TO RESI/ ! IMM95T L&+S ( GOV]NM5T TROOPS1 !IR REQUE/S W]E TOTALLY IGNOR$ BY ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S :O1 AS ,JACKSON NOTES1 0CLE>LY MI/RU/$ !M44440 ,! ,OVI$O ,COMMITTEE WAS TO PAY A BITT] PRICE = ITS REFUSAL4 ,! NEXT DAY1 :5 ,AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE1 HAMP]$ BY ! PITIFUL SUPPLY ( WEAPONS1 FAIL$ TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T FROM L&+ ITS TROOPS1 ! WAY 9TO ,A/URIAS LAY OP54 ,! TWO SEAPORTS BECAME ! PR9CIPAL MILIT>Y BASES = LAUN*+ ! SAVAGE REPRESSION ( ! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION ?AT OCCUPI$ SO MU* ( ,OCTOB] & CLAIM$ ?\S&S ( LIVES4 

,! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION LA/$ SOME TWO WEEKS1 R\<LY FROM ,OCTOB] #e TO ,OCTOB] #a#h4 ,DUR+ ?IS BRIEF P]IOD1 ! M9]S HAD BEHAV$ ) EXEMPL>Y DIGNITY & MORAL RECTITUDE4 0,= ! BE/ ( ! MILITANT ELEM5TS10 OBS]VES ,JACKSON1 0! REVOLUTION>Y REGIME WAS TO BE A DEMON/RATION ( PROLET>IAN MORALITY4 ,B\RGEOIS RECEIV$ ! SAME FOOD RATIONS AS DID WORK]S4 ,9 ! HOSPITAL1 DOCTORS W]E 9/RUCT$ TO TREAT EQUALLY ! GOV]NM5T W\ND$ & ! REVOLUTION>Y W\ND$4 ,NONPOLITICAL MIDDLE-CLASS & PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE W]E TO BE PROTECT$1 EV5 AT ! RISK ( LIFE1 BY ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA40 ,AN>*I/S1 F> FROM RUNN+ 0AMOK0 7AS SO (T5 PR$ICT$ BY !IR OPPON5TS ON ! LEFT AS WELL AS ! RI<T71 W]E P]HAPS EV5 MORE EXEMPL>Y 9 !IR BEHAVIOR ?AN ! D\R ,COMMUNI/S & MANY ,SOCIALI/S1 :OSE AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES FO/]$ A REPRESSIVE ATMOSPH]E 9 ! >EAS UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,PEIRATS1 9 FACT1 REG>D$ ! ,A/URIAN ,AN>*I/S AS EXCESSIVELY NAIVE [+ TO ! FEEL+S ( RECONCILIATION & GOOD-NATUR$NESS ?AT M>K$ !IR BEHAVIOR T[>D ]/:ILE SOCIAL 5EMIES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 :5 MILIT>Y REPRESSION BY ! GOV]NM5T REPLAC$ PROLET>IAN DIGNITY1 0MANY A SURVIV+ SOLDI] & PRIE/ TE/IFI$ TO ! EF=TS ( ! .<REVOLUTION>Y.> COMMITTEE LEAD]S TO PREV5T ! ASSASS9ATION ( PRIE/S & PRISON]S1 9T]V5TION :I* HAD SAV$ DOZ5 ( LIVES40 

,NOT)/&+ ! PROPAG&A ( ! P]IOD--A PROPAG&A 9SPIR$ AS MU* BY ! ,COMMUNI/S AS BY ! GOV]NM5T--! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION MADE NO ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% SOVIETS1 MU* LESS A 0SOVIET REPUBLIC40 ,/RUCTURALLY1 ! 9SURRECTION WAS MANAG$ BY HUNDR$S ( SMALL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES :OSE DELEGATES W]E DRAWN FROM UNIONS1 P>TIES1 ! ,F,A,I1 & EV5 ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS4 ,R>ELY1 IF AT ALL1 W]E !RE L>GE C\NCILS 7OR 0SOVIETS07 COMPOS$ ( DELEGATES FROM FACTORIES4 ,9DE$1 ! NOTION ( C\NCILS1 ON ! ,RUSSIAN MODELS ( #aie & #a#i#a#g1 WAS ALI5 TO ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S G5]ALLY FUNCTION$ ?R\< TI<TLY KNIT COMMITTEES1 COMMONLY HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & ) /RONG BUREAUCRATIC PROCLIVITIES4 ,9 ,A/URIAS1 ! ,U,G,T TRI$ TO P]PETUATE ?IS =M :]EV] POSSIBLE1 AT MO/ ADMITT+ ,COMMUNI/S & MOD]ATE C5ETI/AS 9TO !IR 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES40 ,BUT ! M\NTA9\S T]RA9 ( ,A/URIAS MADE SU* COMMITTEES DIFFICULT TO COORD9ATE1 SO ?AT EA* ONE BECAME AN ISOLAT$ M9IATURE C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ITS [N1 (T5 RETA9+ ITS TRADITIONAL AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 FAVOR$ LOOS] /RUCTURES1 (T5 QUASI-C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( FACTORY WORK]S & ASSEMBLIES COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS4 ,! AMBIANCE ( !SE FAIRLY DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES1 !IR IMPROVISATORY *>ACT] & LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT1 FO/]$ AN ALMO/ FE/IVE ATMOSPH]E 9 ,AN>*I/-HELD >EAS4 

,?IS DIFF]5CE IS VIVIDLY CONVEY$ BY ,AVEL9O ,GONZALEZ ,MELLADA1 :O COMP>ES ,AN>*I/-CONTROLL$ ,LA ,FELGU]A ) ,M>XI/-CONTROLL$ ,SAMA4 ,BO? T[NS1 HE OBS]VES1 W]E ( EQUAL SIZE & W]E SEP>AT$ FROM EA* O!R ONLY BY ! ,NALON RIV]4 ,!Y W]E L9K$ TO EA* O!R BY TWO BRIDGES4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,9SURRECTION1 

TRIUMPH$ IMM$IATELY 9 ! METALLURGICAL & 9 ! M9+ T[N4444 ,SAMA WAS ORGANIZ$ ALONG MILIT>Y L9ES4 ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 R$ >MY1 ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 DISCIPL9E1 AU?ORITY4444 ,LA ,FELGU]A OPT$ = COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO3 ! PEOPLE 9 >MS1 LIB]TY TO COME & GO1 RESPECT = ! TE*NICIANS ( ! ,DURO-,FELGU]A METALLURGICAL PLANT1 PUBLIC DELIB]ATIONS ( ALL ISSUES1 ABOLITION ( MONEY1 ! RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD & CLO?+4 ,5?USIASM & GAIETY 9 ,LA ,FELGU]A2 ! SULL5NESS ( ! B>RACKS 9 ,SAMA4 ,! BRIDGES .<( ,SAMA.> W]E HELD BY A CORP ( GU>DS COMPLETE ) (FIC]S & ALL4 ,NO ONE C\LD 5T] OR LEAVE ,SAMA )\T A SAFE-CONDUCT PASS1 OR WALK ?R\< ! /REETS )\T PASSWORDS4 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS RIDICUL\SLY USELESS1 BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T TROOPS W]E F> AWAY & ! ,SAMA B\RGEOISIE WAS DIS>M$ & NEUTRALIZ$4444 ,! WORK]S ( ,SAMA :O DID NOT ADH]E TO ! ,M>XI/ RELIGION PREF]R$ TO GO TO ,LA ,FELGU]A1 :]E AT LEA/ !Y C\LD BREA!4 ,SIDE BY SIDE !RE W]E TWO CONCEPTS ( SOCIALISM3 ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ! LIB]T>IAN2 ON EA* BANK ( ! ,NALON1 TWO POPULATIONS ( BRO!RS BEGAN A NEW LIFE2 ) A DICTATOR%IP 9 ,SAM A2 ) LIB]TY 9 ,LA ,FELGEURA4444 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SEV]ELY DELIMIT$ ,M>XI/ COMMITTEE 9 ,SAMA1 ,LA ,FELGU]A WORK]S MET 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 :]E !Y SOCIALIZ$ ! 9DU/RIAL CITY'S ECONOMY4 ,! POPULATION WAS DIVID$ 9TO W>DS1 EA* ( :I* ELECT$ DELEGATES TO SUPPLY & DI/RIBUTION COMMITTEES4 ,! COMMITTEES DET]M9$ ! CONSUMPTION NE$S ( ! W>DS1 MANAG$ TRANSPORT FACILITIES1 & ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! M$ICAL & SANIT>Y NE$S ( ! CITY4 ,! ,LA ,FELGU]A COMMUNE1 SO R>ELY M5TION$ 9 MO/ ACC\NTS ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T1 PROV$ TO BE SO SUCCESSFUL1 9DE$ SO ADMIRABLE1 ?AT SURR\ND+ COMMUNITIES 9VIT$ ! ,LA ,FELGU]A ,AN>*I/S TO ADVISE !M ON REORGANIZ+ !IR [N SOCIAL ORD]4 ,R>ELY W]E COMP>ABLE 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S &1 :]E !Y DID EM]GE1 IT WAS ON ! 9SI/5CE ( ! RANK-&-FILE WORK]S4 ,AT ,MI]ES1 BY CONTRA/1 ! ,COMMUNI/S E/ABLI%$ A CRASSLY AU?ORIT>IAN COMITE DE GU]RA1 :I* EV5 PREEMPT$ ! RI<TS ( ! T[N'S REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEE4 ,SO PREOCCUPI$ W]E ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S ) ASS]T+ !IR SECT>IAN CONTROL OV] ,A/URIAN T[NS ?AT ,M>XI/ MILITIAS :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 FI<T+ 9 DESP]ATELY BELEAGU]$ ,OVI$O W]E KEPT AT HOME = /RICTLY POLITICAL PURPOSES4 

,EV]Y ONE ( !SE SITUATIONS WAS TO REAPPE> 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> TWO YE>S LAT]1 & ON A L>G]1 MORE T]RIFY+ SCALE4 ,AN>*I/ MILITIAS W]E TO BE D5I$ >MS & SUPPORT 9 DESP]ATE MILIT>Y SITUATIONS :ILE ! *OICE/ WEAPONS W]E TO BE RES]V$ = ,COMMUNI/ & ,REPUBLICAN POLICE DETA*M5TS BEH9D ! FRONT L9ES4 ,!SE DETA*M5TS W]E TO S]VE MORE AS =CES TO SUBV]T SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AN TO F]RET \T ,FRANCO SUPPORT]S4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I W]E TO EXP]I5CE ! FULL GAMUT ( TREA*]Y AT ! H&S ( EV]Y GR\P 9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT--FROM ! ,CABALL]O 0LEFT0 ,SOCIALI/S TO ! OP5LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/S4 ,ALMO/ ALONE1 ! ,AN>*I/S W]E TO CREATE VIABLE REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS /RUCTUR$ >\ND WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY & PEASANTS' CONTROL ( ! L&4 ,?AT !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E TO BE DUPLICAT$ BY ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S & PEASANTS WAS TO BE DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ,AN>*I/ EXAMPLE RA!R ?AN ,SOCIALI/ PRECEPT4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ,A/URIAN M9]S & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 V>I\S COMMUNITIES E/ABLI%$ DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! LOCAL ECONOMY & /RUCTUR$ !IR COMMITTEES ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES1 !SE A*IEVEM5TS W]E DUE TO ,AN>*I/ PREC$5TS & LONG YE>S ( PROPAG&A & $UCATION4 

,! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTION REVEAL$ NOT ONLY ! DEEP-SEAT$ DIVISIONS ?AT P]MEAT$ ! LEFT BUT ! CAPACITY = SAVAGE REPRESSION ?AT WAS TO M>K ! RI<T 9 LAT] YE>S4 ,L]R\X1 DI/RU/FUL ( ,SPANI% TROOPS ON ! P59SULA1 DISPAT*$ ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION 7,T]CIO7 & M]C5>Y ,MOORI% TROOPS 7,REGULATES7 TO ,AVILES & ,GIJON1 M]CILESSLY UNLEA%+ !M ON ! ,A/URIAN 9SURRECTIONI/S4 ,! JOB ( COMM&+ ! CAMPAIGN WAS ASSIGN$ TO A ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 :O HAD E>N$ A REPUTATION = MOLD+ ! ,T]CIO 9TO ! MO/ EFFECTIVE FI<T+ =CE 9 ! ,SPANI% >MY4 ,?IS USE ( ! ,REGULATES & ,T]CIO WAS )\T PREC$5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,SPA94 ,! IRONY ( US+ ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION & ! ,MUSLIM ,REGUL>ES ON ! SACR$ ,*RI/IAN SOIL ( ,A/URIAS IS CONVEY$ ) TELL+ EFFECT BY ,BR5AN3 

,9 #a#i#c#a1 JU/ BE=E ! FALL ( ! MON>*Y1 A REGIM5T ( ! ,T]DO HAD BE5 BR\<T OV] FROM ,AFRICA ON ! ,K+'S EXPRESS WI% TO PUT D[N ! EXPECT$ REPUBLICAN RIS+4 ,!Y HAD BROK5 \T & COMMITT$ !IR USUAL DEPR$ATIONS & ,MAJOR .<,RAMON.> ,FRANCO1 ! FAM\S CROSS-,ATLANTIC FLI]1 HAD PROTE/$ OV] ! B>B>ITY ( !IR BE+ US$ ON ,SPANI% SOIL4 ,N[ IT WAS ,MAJOR ,FRANCO'S BRO!R1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO1 :O HAD ORD]$ !IR DISPAT* & EMPLOYM5T4444 ,BUT IF ! DISPAT* ( ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION TO FI<T ! M9]S %OCK$ PUBLIC OP9ION1 :AT IS ONE TO SAY ( ?AT ( ! ,MOORS8 ,= EI<T HUNDR$ YE>S ! ,CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,MOORS HAD BE5 ! C5TRAL !ME ( ,SPANI% HI/ORY3 !Y /ILL CONT9U$ TO BE ! H]$IT>Y 5EMY--! ONLY 5EMY1 9 FACT1 AGA9/ :I* ! ,SPANI% >MIES HAD EV] F\<T4 ,!IR SAVAG]Y 9 W> WAS WELL KN[N--ONLY A DOZ5 YE>S BE=E !SE SAME TRIBESM5 HAD SURR\ND$ A ,SPANI% >MY & MASSACR$ EV]Y MAN ( !M EXCEPT ! (FIC]S1 :OM !Y HELD = RANSOM4 ,YET !Y W]E N[ BE+ BR\<T TO FI<T 9 ,A/URIAS1 ?AT ONE SACR$ CORN] ( ,SPA9 :]E ! ,CRESC5T HAD NEV] FL[N4 ,BY ?IS S+LE ACT ! ,SPANI% ,RI<T HAD %[N ?AT NEI!R TRADITION NOR RELIGION--! TWO ?+S = :I* !Y PR(ESS$ TO /&--RHAD ANY MEAN+ = !M4 ,9 ! T]ROR PRODUC$ 9 !M BY ! REBELLION ( #d1 M9]S1 !Y %[$ ?AT !Y W]E RE@5DY TO SACRIFICE ALL !IR PR9CIPLES4 

,! REPRESSION ( ! M9]S WAS M>K$ BY WANTON C>NAGE 9 BATTLE2 LAT]1 BY ! TORTUR+ & HORRIBLE MUTILATION ( CAPTUR$ M9]S1 MANY ( :OM W]E %OT 9 BAT*ES )\T TRIAL OR [+ TO ! SLI<TE/ :IM & PROVOCATION4 ,E/IMATES ( !SE EXECUTIONS NUMB]$ 9 ! ?\S&S4 ,AFT] ! EXECUTIONS CAME ! TORTURE SQUADS1 :I* BY EV]Y DIS9T]E/$ ACC\NT MAT*$ ! SAVAG]Y ( ! ,NAZI TORTUR]S 9 ,G]MANY'S CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,9 ALL1 AP>T FROM ! ?\S&S ( DEAD1 #c-#d1 PRISON]S FILL$ ,SPANI% JAILS4 ,DESPITE ATTEMPTS BY ! RI<T TO DEPICT ! ,A/URIAN M9]S AS KILL]S ( PRIE/S1 NUNS1 & MEMB]S ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 ! V]Y EXTRAVAGANCE ( ! *>GES1 C\PL$ ) ACKN[L$GM5TS BY ! ALLEG$ VICTIMS ?AT ! M9]S HAD BEHAV$ ) REM>KABLE MORAL PROBITY1 PROV$ TO BE SELF-DEFEAT+4 ,ONE 9VE/IGAT+ GR\P AFT] ANO!R REVEAL$ ?AT MO/ ( ! GOV]NM5T'S *>GES W]E FALSE2 ?AT IT WAS ! ,T]CIO1 ,REGULATES1 & POLICE :I* 5GAG$ 9 UNSPEAKABLE ACTS ( B>B>ITY4 ,AS ! FACTS SL[LY FILT]$ \T1 ! C\NTRY WAS OV]:ELM$ ) %OCK & REVULSION3 ! RI<T WAS TO PAY DE>LY = ITS SAVAG]Y4 

,! CRISES :I* HAD BE5 %AK+ ,SPA9 = YE>S CAME TO A HEAD :5 ! RI<T OV]REA*$ ITSELF BY SEEK+ NOT ONLY TO UND]M9E ! LEFT & ! ,REPUBLICANS1 BUT ALSO TO SUBV]T ITS C5TRI/ ALLIES4 ,V5GEFUL TO ! PO9T ( BL9DNESS1 ,GIL ,ROBLES HAD S\<T TO CONVICT SEV]AL LEAD+ ,A/URIAN ,SOCIALI/S--ONE ( !M A MOD]ATE :O HAD OPPOS$ ! RIS+4 ,AL?\< ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA & ,L]R\X HAD ACCEPT$ ) EQUANIMITY ! EXECUTIONS ( PROV5 ,A/URIAN MILITANTS1 !Y BALK$ AT ! VICTIMIZATION ( 9NOC5T OR H>MLESS ,SOCIALI/S :O SC>CELY DES]V$ ! DEA? P5ALTY EV5 BY RI<TI/ /&>DS4 ,!IR S5T5CES W]E COMMUT$1 :]EUPON ! ,C,$,A AT ! 5D ( ,M>* )DREW FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 PROVOK+ ANO!R M9I/]IAL CRISIS4 ,BUT NO GOV]NM5T C\LD BE =M$ )\T ! ,C,$,A4 ,GIL ,ROBLES1 FEEL+1 P[] )9 HIS GRASP1 PRESS$ HIS ADVANTAGE UNREL5T+LY4 ,A NEW CAB9ET WAS =M$ 9 :I* MO/ ( ! SEATS W]E OCCUPI$ EI!R BY ! ,C,$,A OR BY ,C,$,A-CONTROLL$ M9I/]S ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,P>TY1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ,SPA9'S MAJOR L&[N]S4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT /ABILITY UND] ! EGIS ( A C5T]-RI<T COALITION ?AT ,GIL ,ROBLES WAS SEEK+4 ,EXUB]ANT OV] ! 9FLUX ( REACTION>IES 9TO ! ,C,$,A1 ,GIL ,ROBLES HAD OV]TLY BEGUN TO FULFILL ! BLEAKE/ PR$ICTIONS ( ! LEFT4 ,IT 4REQUIR$ NO POLITCAL A/UT5ESS4TO SEE ?AT HE 5VISAG$ HIMSELF AS ,SPA9'S ,DOLLFUSS4 ,AB&ON+ VIRTUALLY ALL PROSPECTS ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RE=M1 ,GIL ,ROBLES BEGAN TO DIRECT HIS 5]GIES T[>D CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGES ?AT W\LD HAVE ULTIMATELY REPLAC$ ,SPANI% REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS BY QUASI-FASCI/IC CORPORATIVE =MS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AS M9I/] ( W>1 HE BEGAN TO REORGANIZE ! >MY1 REMOV+ (FIC]S :OM HE SUSPECT$ ( LEFTI/ OR ,REPUBLICAN SYMPA?IES4 ,DESPITE ! ODIUM ?AT SURR\ND$ ! ,T]CIO1 HE APPO9T$ ,FRANCO AS ,*IEF ( ,/AFF ( ! ,SPANI% >MY4 

,! C5T]-RI<T COALITION1 LIMP+ ?R\< #a#i#c#e1 BEGAN TO LOSE ITS SUPPORT AMONG ! 9*OATE MIDDLE-CLASSES ( ,SPA94 ,IT HAD REJECT$ L& RE=M1 RE/OR$ ,JESUIT PROP]TIES1 & />V$ LAY $UCATION4 ,ITS TAX POLICIES BRAZ5LY FAVOR$ ! WEAL?Y OV] O!R CLASSES 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,IT HAD %AK5 :AT LITTLE POPUL> CONFID5CE ! >MY 5JOY$ AS A PROTECTOR ( ! REPUBLIC BY ADVANC+ FASCI/IC-M9D$ (FIC]S TO KEY POSITIONS AT ALMO/ EV]Y E*ELON4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,C,$,A COMPLETELY AB&ON$ ITS ALLIANCE ) ! ,RADICALS :5 ,L]R\X & HIS ASSOCIATES BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 SEV]AL %ADY SC&ALS >\ND GAMBL+ LIC5SES & >MY SUPPLY CONTRACTS4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 ,L]R\X WAS =C$ TO /EP D[N2 9DE$1 ! 5TIRE ,RADICAL ,P>TY HAD BECOME A USELESS & DISCR$IT$ AN>*RONISM4 0,! ONLY P>TY 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 TO HAVE NO POLITICAL IDEALS10 OBS]VES ,BR5AN1 0ALL .<! ,RADICALS.> WANT$ WAS ?AT ! C\NTRY %\LD JOG ALONG QUIETLY4 0,BUT ,SPA9 WAS POL>IZ+ %>PLY4 ,NEI!R ! LEFT NOR RI<T APPE>$ WILL+ TO GIVE QU>T]1 LEA/ ( ALL TO AN >*AIC P>TY :OSE LEAD]S SEEM$ TO BE L9+ !IR [N POCKETS4 ,IRONICALLY1 :AT F9ALLY F9I%$ ,L]R\X'S M9I/]IAL C>E] W]E NOT ! SC&ALS ?AT GA!R$ >\ND HIM BUT HIS EF=TS TO TAX ! L&[N]S BY RAIS+ 9H]ITANCE TAXES FROM #a TO #c4#e P]C5T4 ,CONSI/5T ) ITS 9TRANSIG5T REACTIONISM1 ! ,C,$,A )DREW FROM ! CAB9ET OV] ?IS ISSUE1 F9ALLY T]M9AT+ ! TWO-YE>S ( C5T]-RI<T RULE4 

,CLE>LY1 ,GIL ,ROBLES WAS CONV9C$ ?AT1 ) ! ,RADICALS DISCR$IT$1 ! TIME HAD >RIV$ = ! ,C,$,A TO TAKE FULL CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! WAY1 IT APPE>$1 WAS N[ OP5 = AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME4 ,BUT ! RI<TI/ LEAD] HAD TOTALLY MISJUDG$ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! PRESID5T4 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA'S M9I/]IAL AIM WAS TO RE/ORE ! P[] ( ! C5T]1 NOT TO DELIV] ,SPA9 9TO ! H&S ( A QUASI-FASCI/ RI<T4 ,DESPITE HIS [N CONS]VATIVE \TLOOK1 HE WAS A DEF5D] ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#d1 TO ! UTT] A/ONI%M5T ( ! RI<T1 ,ALCALA1 ,ZAMORA TURN$ ! GOV]NM5T OV] TO A C>ETAK] PRIME M9I/]1 ,MANUEL ,PORTELA ,YALLAD>ES1 =M]LY ,L]R\X'S M9I/] ( 9T]IOR & AN OPPON5T ( ,GIL ,ROBLES'S ATTEMPTS TO TRANSF] ! ,CIVIL ,GU>DS TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,W>4 ,)9 ?REE WEEKS1 ,PORTELA LIFT$ ! PRESS C5SOR%IP :I* HAD EXI/$ S9CE ! ,A/URIAN UPRIS+ & HAD VIRTUALLY /IFL$ ANY DISCUSSION 9 ,SPA9 = OV] A YE>4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE DISSOLV$ ! ,CORTES & ANN\NC$ NATIONAL ELECTIONS = ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#c#f4 ,EL BR5IO NEGRO1 ! TWO BLACK YE>S ( REACTION>Y RULE1 REPRESSION1 & ! DRIFT T[>D A CORPORATIVE /ATE1 HAD COME TO AN 5D4 

,FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,JULY 

,WE MAY IGNORE ANY ACC\NT ( ,GIL ,ROBLES'S FURY AT ?IS C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,HIS PLAN TO USE REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS TO UNDO ! REPUBLIC HAD REA*$ AN HI/ORIC IMPASSE4 ,?R\<\T #a#i#c#e1 ! LEFT & ! ,REPUBLICANS HAD ALSO UND]GONE !IR [N S]IES ( CRISES4 ,9 TRY+ TO 9VOLVE ,AZANA 9 ! ,ESQU]RA DEBACLE ( ,OCTOB]1 ! RI<T HAD TOTALLY ALI5AT$ ! ,REPUBLICANS & DRIV5 !M T[>D ! LEFT4 ,AZANA1 :O HAD GONE TO ,B>CELONA SOLELY TO PREV5T ! ,ESQU]RA FROM RIS+ AGA9/ ,MADRID1 HAD BE5 PLAC$ 9 ! DOCK BY ! RI<T & ACCUS$ ( 5G9E]+ ! 5TIRE ,OCTOB] REVOLT4 ,! *>GES W]E TOO PREPO/]\S TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY & S]V$ ONLY TO DISCR$IT ! RI<T4 ,9DE$1 TO ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICANS ( ALMO/ EV]Y V>IETY1 ! V9DICTIVNESS ( ! ,C,$,A MEANT ?AT ALL ITS V]BAL COMMITM5TS TO A /ABLE ,REPUBLICAN ORD] W]E MEAN+LESS4 ,UNIT+ >\ND ,AZANA1 ! ,LIB]ALS =M$ A NEW COALITION1 ! ,IZQUI]DA ,REPUBLICANA OR 0,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS10 US+ A POLITICAL NOM5CLATURE ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ?REE YE>S E>LI]4 ,! CONDITIONS W]E FULLY RIPE = A COALITION BETWE5 ! ,LIB]ALS & ! LEFTI/ P>TIES--A COALITION ?AT W\LD %ORTLY TAKE ! HI/ORIC =M ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT40 

,! ,SOCIALI/S TOO HAD RESPOND$ TO ! ,C,$,A'S V9DICTIV5ESS BY VE]+ FUR!R TO ! LEFT4 ,RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S LIKE ,BE/EIRO1 :O HAD OPPOS$ ! ,OCTOB] RIS+1 OR ,PRIETO1 :O HAD FL$ TO ,FRANCE AFT] ITS FAILURE1 HAD LO/ VIRTUALLY ALL PRE/IGE ) ! P>TY EXCEPT = ITS H>D5$ BUREAUCRACY4 ,CABALL]O1 AT LEA/1 HAD REMA9$ BEH9D4 ,BY M]ELY SITT+ 9 PRISON 7:]E HE READ ,M>X = ! FIR/ TIME71 HE HAD BECOME ! IDOL ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? & ! P>TY'S GR[+ LEFT W+4 ,NO MATT] ?AT HE HAD %REWDLY 5SCONC$ HIMSELF 9 HIS AP>TM5T AFT] ! />T ( ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS TO GU>D HIMSELF AGA9/ LEGAL ACCUSATIONS2 ! 0,SPANI% ,L5910 AS HE WAS SOON TO BE CALL$1 BECAME 9TOXICAT$ BY A MESSIANIC S5SE ( HIS HI/ORIC MISSION4 ,IF ,SPA9 WAS TO MOVE T[>D REVOLUTION1 HE HAD BE5 *OS5 BY HI/ORY TO LEAD IT--OR1 AS EV5TS W]E TO %[1 TO SUBV]T IT4 ,= ! PRES5T1 AS ,JACKSON NOTES1 HE F\ND HIMSELF 9 PRISON 09 ! COMPANY ( >DGNT Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS :O REGRETT$ !IR [N B\RGEOIS BACKGR\ND & :O IDOLIZ$ HIM D\BLY1 AS AN AU!NTIC PROLET>IAN1 & AS ! SPIRITUAL SUCCESSOR 'EL ABUELO'--! EQUALLY PROLET>IAN1 EQUALLY AU/]E1 EQUALLY HONORABLE ,PABLO ,IGLESIAS40 ,SOON TO BE RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 HE BECAME ! 9DUBITABLE LEAD] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT & ANO!R >*ITECT ( ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT0 COALITION ?AT WAS TO TAKE P[] 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f4 

,! ,AN>*I/S1 DESPITE !IR COMP>ATIVE 9ACTIVITY DUR+ ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS1 HAD SUFF]$ NO LESS HEAVILY ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,UNJU/LY ACCUS$ ( AB/5TIONISM BY ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S ALIKE1 ! ,C,N,T HAD LO/ A MEASURE ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y PRE/IGE :ILE ITS MO/ ABLE MILITANTS HAD BE5 PACK$ (F TO PRISON BY ! ?\S&S4 ,9 PROPORTION TO !IR /R5G? 9 ,A/URIAS1 P]HAPS AS MANY ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAD P]I%$ 9 ! UPRIS+ AS ,SOCIALI/S1 YET !Y RECEIV$ LITTLE CR$IT = !IR SACRIFICES4 ,:AT WAS EV5 MORE GALL+1 ! TREA*]Y !Y HAD SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S HAD GONE VIRTUALLY UNNOTIC$4 ,! COM+ ELECTIONS 9 ,FEBM>Y (F]$ !M NO CONSOLATION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S HAD %[N ?AT !Y W]E NO MORE CAPABLE ( HONORABLE OR COMRADELY BEHAVIOR 9 #aicd ?AN !Y HAD BE5 9 #a#i#c#b1 :5 ,CABALL]O HAD TRI$ TO SMA% ! ,C,N,T SYNDICATES4 ,C\LD ! ,AN>*I/S EXPECT ANY BETT] FROM ,AZANA'S ,LIB]ALS :O1 9 #a#i#c#b1 HAD FAVOR$ ! ,U,G,T OV] ! ,C,N,T1 C5SOR$ ! LIB]T>IAN PRESS1 & IMPRISON$ !M BY ! ?\S&S8 ,) ?IS GRIM RECORD1 ! ,C,N,T HAD NO CAUSE TO BE ELAT$ OV] A ,LIB]AL OR ,SOCIALI/ VICTORY 9 ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,BUT IT HAD MORE REASON TO BE AL>NI$ OV] A RI<TI/ ONE4 ,CAU<T 9 ! OLD DILEMMA ( 0LESS] EVILS10 ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO SEEK A REGR\PM5T ( ITS [N1 P]HAPS A NEW 5T5TE ( ALL LIB]T>IAN =CES1 H[EV] DISP>ATE !IR TACTICAL & /RATEGIC VIEWPO9TS4 ,! DAYS ( ! FAI/A 9SURRECTIONS W]E N[ OV] = GOOD4 ,! DIRE PROSPECTS OP5$ BY A RI<TI/ VICTORY 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS MADE IT DIFFICULT TO FALL BACK ON TRADITIONAL ME?ODS ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ACTION2 SU* A VICTORY W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY LEAD TO A ,DOLLFUSS-TYPE ( REACTION1 FOLL[$ BY ! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( ! LEFT4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT DESPITE ITS MILITANT RHETORIC BETWE5 ,DECEMB] & ,FEBRU>Y1 ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO TURN TO ITS [N V]SION ( REALPOLITIK4 

,! ,C,N,T'S FIR/ /EPS T[>D A LIB]T>IAN REGR\PM5T W]E TAK5 BY E/ABLI%+ CORDIAL RELATIONS ) ! ,S9DKATOS DE ,OPOSICION1 ! ONCE-DETE/$ ,TRE9TI/AS L$ BY ,PE/ANA1 ,PEIRO ,LOPEZ1 & ! SO-CALL$ ' SIMPLE SYNDICALI/S0 :O FAVOR$ PRAGMATIC TRADE UNIONISM4 ,?IS WAS NO M]E ORGANIZATIONAL MANEUV] TO 9FUSE ! ,CON F$]ATION ) ADDITIONAL =CES2 IT WAS A SIGNIFICANT POLTICAL ACT :I* L$ T[>D COLLABORATION FIR/ ) ! ,U,G,T1 EV5TUALLY ) ! ,SOCIALI/S1 & F9ALLY ) ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,! BASIS = UNITY BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES HAD BE5 CLE>$ 9 GREA P>T :5 ,PE/ANA1 /RIK+ \T ON HIS [N1 BROKE ) ! PEOPLE ( HIS [N FACTION & MOV$ T[>D DIRECT POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 =M+ HIS [N ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY4 ,! NEW P>TY SOON JO9$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT & ACQUIR$ TWO SEATS 9 ! ,CORTES AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS4 ,DESPITE ,CATALAN OPPOSITION1 ! MOVEM5T = UNIT+ ! ,C,N,T ) ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES GREW /EADILY4 ,AS E>LY AS ,MAY #a#i#c#e1 A NATIONAL PL5UM ( ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATIONS HAD 9VIT$ ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NEXT NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ALBEIT ) A VOICE & NOT A VOTE4 

,DESPITE MANY VACILLATIONS ON BO? SIDES 9 ! 5SU+ MON?S1 CONTACTS BETWE5 ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S BECAME 9CREAS+LY CORDIAL4 ,BO? LIB]T>IAN T5D5CIES HAD SUFF]$ HEAVILY FROM ! BI5IO NEGRO REPRESSION & EA* HAD T5D$ TO SUPPORT ! O!R AT ! LEVEL ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 9 P]IODS ( ACUTE CRISIS4 ,! PROBLEM ( CONF$]AL UNITY CAME TO A HEAD 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9VIT$ =M] ,TRE9TI/AS TO ATT5D ! =?COM+ CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION AT ,S>AGOSSA ON ,MAY #a/4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES W]E (FICIALLY READMITT$ TO ! ,C,N,T4 ,FUSION MEET+S HELD 9 ALL LOCALITIES :]E DUPLICATE SYNDICATES EXI/$ 9TEGRAT$ ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS COMPLETELY4 ,SOME #g1 OPPOSITIONI/S REJO9$ ! P>5T ORGANIZATION4 ,! UNIFICATION HAD BR\<T ,PEIRO1 ,LOPEZ1 & O!R SYNDICALI/ RI<T W+] BACK TO POSITIONS ( CONF$]AL P[]1 A SITUATION ?AT WAS TO RE9=CE ! GR[+ ORI5TATION ( ! ,C,N,T'S LEAD]%IP T[>D POLITICAL ACTION4 ,DESPITE ITS MILITANT RHETORIC AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS TO BECOME MORE SYNDICALI/ ?AN ,AN>*I/1 :ILE T[+ ! ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES BEH9D IT4 ,AS MANY ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E LAT] TO COMPLA91 IT WAS NOT ! ,F,A,I ?AT *ANG$ ! ,C,N,T BUT RA!R ! ,C,N,T ?AT BEGAN TO *ANGE ! ,F,A,I4 

,BUT MO/ ( !SE *ANGES /ILL LAY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,BETWE5 ,DECEMB] #aice & ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#f1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POLICIES SEEM$ TO MOVE AT CURI\S CROSS-PURPOSES TO EA* O!R4 ,! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< BITT]LY HO/ILE TO ! 0POLITICAL0 ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 SEEM$ RA!R NAIVELY TO BE HI<LY RECEPTIVE TO COMMON ACTION ) ! ,U,G,T1 AS ?\< ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,U,G,T W]E NOT /AFF$ BY ,SOCIALI/S4 ,HAV+ 9ITIAT$ ! CONCEPT ( AN ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 ! ,SOCIALI/S & ! ,U,G,T1 9 TURN1 SEEM$ RECEPTIVE ONLY TO LOCAL ALLIANCES & RESI/$ ATTEMPTS TO RAISE ! ,ALIANZA TO ! DIM5SIONS ( A NATIONAL MOVEM5T4 ,! 0,U,H,P0 SLOGAN HAD YET TO EXT5D ITSELF BEYOND ,A/URIAS4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 9 FACT1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY HAD MOV$ T[>D AN ELECTORAL BLOC ) ,AZANA'S ,REPUBLICANS1 L>GELY IGNOR+ ! ,C,N,T'S EF=TS TO FO/] TRADE-UNION COLLABORATION ON A MORE RADICAL BASIS4 

,9 MID-,JANU>Y #a#i#c#f1 A PACT TO =M A ,POPUL> ,FRONT WAS F9ALLY E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,U,G,T1 ! ,LEFT ,REPUBLICANS & !IR ALLIES (-! ,REPUBLICAN ,UNION1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\?1 ,PE/ANA'S ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & SUPRIS+LY1 ! NEWLY =M$ ,P,\,M 7COMPOS$ L>GELY ( ,N9'S ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/S1 =M]LY A ,TROTSKYI/ ORGANIZATION1 & ,MAM9'S ,WORK]-,PEASANT ,BLOC74 ,! PACT WAS LIMIT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO PRACTICAL COLLABORATION 9 ! COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,ITS PROGRAM WAS /RICTLY MIDDLE-CLASS--DESIGN$1 9 ,PORTELA'S WORDS1 NOT TO FRI<T5 ITS MOD]ATE CON/ITU5CY4 ,IT ?REAT5$ NO NATIONALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 NO WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 NOT EV5 UNEMPLOYM5T COMP5SATION4 ,TO ! LEFT1 IT M]ELY (F]$ ! PROMISE ( AMNE/Y = ITS ?\S&S ( JAIL$ WORK]S & A LIB]AL P>LIAM5T>Y %IELD AGA9/ AU?ORIT>IAN REACTION4 ,AL?\< ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT PACT RE9=C$ DEM&S )9 ! ,C,N,T TO PRESS ! ,U,G,T = AN ALLIANCE BAS$ ON A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM1 PRESUMABLY 9 ORD] TO RESCUE ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS FROM RE=MISM1 !SE DEM&S1 :E!R S9C]E OR NOT1 W]E ESS5TIALLY MEAN+LESS4 ,! 0,SPANI% ,L5910 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O1 HAD COMMITT$ ! ,U,G,T TO POLITICAL COLLABORATION ) ! ,REPUBLICANS2 ! ,C,N,T PROMPTLY D5\NC$ ?IS AS CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,ANY UNITY BETWE5 ! TWO MAJOR LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA9 WAS ?US ALMO/ 9DEF9ITELY PRECLUD$4 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! ,C,N,T WAS 5TIRELY HO/ILE TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,AS ! ELECTIONS DREW NE>1 ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO REVEAL A DISCONC]T+ LOOS5+ ( ITS =M] ANTIPOLITICAL /ANCE4 ,ON ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#c#f1 AT A CONF]5CE ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 ANGRY DELEGATES BLUNTLY *>G$ ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ) A TEMPORIZ+ ATTITUDE T[>D ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,! ,C,N,T1 9 CONTRA/ TO ITS VIGOR\S AB/5TIONI/ CAMPAIGN ( #a#i#c#c1 REFUS$ TO URGE ITS MEMB]S TO /AY HOME4 ,:ILE REIT]AT+ ITS TRADITIONAL OPPOSITION TO ELECTORAL POLICIES1 ! ORGANIZATION MA9TA9$ A DISCREET SIL5CE 9 ! FACE ( DEM&S TO BOYCOTT ! POLLS4 ,9DE$1 ! PROM95T ,AN>*I/ DYNA/ ,URALES HAD ALREADY ADMITT$ QUITE BLUNTLY 0,I W\LD CONSID] IT A GREAT ]ROR ON ! P>T ( ! AN>*I/S IF1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR ACTION DUR+ ! ELECTORAL P]IOD1 ! RI<TI/S TRIUMPH$ OV] ! LEFTI/S40 

,?IS /ATEM5T BY P]HAPS ! MO/ V5]AT$ ,AN>*I/ ( HIS DAY1 ! F\ND] ( A DI/+UI%$ FAMILY ?AT 9CLUD$ ! BE/-KN[N WOMAN FAI/A1 ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5EY1 UNQUE/IONABLY AFFECT$ ! /RATEGY ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I = ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS4 ,A P59SUL> PL5UM ( ! ,F,A,I1 HELD 9 ,B>CELONA ON ,JANU>Y #c & ,FEBRU>Y #a1 RATIFI$ ! ELECTORAL POSITION ( ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL CONF]5CE4 0,P>A SALV> LAS AP>I5CIAS0 7TO SAVE APPE>ANCES71 ! ,F,A,I REAFFIRM$ ITS 0COMPLETE AB/5TION FROM ALL DIRECT & 9DIRECT COLLABORATION ) ! POLICY ( ! ,/ATE10 BUT ?IS ALMO/ LEGALI/IC V]BIAGE WAS F> REMOV$ 9 SPIRIT & EMPHASIS FROM AN ACTIVE POLICY ( AB/5TION4 

,BRADEMAS GIVES A DEVA/AT+ DESCRIPTION ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I POLICY T[>D ! ELECTIONS4 

,DUR+ !SE LA/ DAYS ( ,JANU>Y & ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ( ,FEBRU>Y #aicc ! ,C,N,T BOOM$ TO ! SURFACE ALL OV] ,SPA9 ) MEET+S PROTE/+ AGA9/ FASCISM1 AGA9/ ! DEA? P5ALTY 7RE/OR$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d7 & 444 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y UNION ( ! ,U,G,T & ! ,C,N,T &--( C\RSE--AMNE/Y = ! PRISON]S4 ,BUT !RE W]E NO ANTI-ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS4 ,! WORDS 0,DON'T VOTE60 & 0,AB/5TION60 W]E NOT TO BE F\ND 9 PRE-ELECTION MANIFE/OS4 0,DURRUTI10 SAID ,SANTILLAN1 0WAS NOT GIV5 TO SUBTLETIES & HE1 AS DID SOME O!RS1 BEGAN OP5LY TO ADVISE ATT5DANCE AT ! POLLS40 

,! ,C,N,T'S & ,F,A,I'S ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT WAS NO M]E ISSUE ( EPISODIC AB/5TION OR P>TICIPATION 9 A SPECIFIC ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN 7AS SOME ,AN>*I/S W]E TO CLAIM71 NOR WAS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT AN 9DIG5\S PRODUCT ( ,SPANI% POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,! /RATEGY1 =MULAT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! ,FRANCO-,SOVIET NONAGGRESSION PACT ( #a#i#c#d1 WAS A B>ELY DISGUIS$ DIPLOMATIC RESPONSE TO ! ?REAT ,HITL] SEEM$ TO POSE TO ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,FROM A POLICY ( M9DLESS 9SURRECTION>Y RHETORIC1 9 :I* ! 5TIRE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T HAD BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS 0SOCIAL FASCI/S--9DE$1 AS GREAT] 5EMIES ?AN ! FASCI/S !MSELVES--! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ! WORLD VE]$ OV] TO A POLICY ( \TRI<T CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,SO COMPLETELY WAS ! CRY ( 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0 SUBORD9AT$ TO ONE ( DEF5D+ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY AT ALL CO/S AGA9/ 0FASCISM10 ?AT EV5 MILD CONS]VATIVE OPPON5TS PROVID$ AN EXCUSE = ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES TO FO/] BLOCS ) ! MO/ V5AL & DISCR$IT$ LIB]AL P>TIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BY #aicf ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ LEFT ) CONSID]ABLE JU/IFICATION C\LD MOCK ! ,COMMUNI/S ) ! CRY3 0,TO SAVE ,SPA9 FROM ,M>XISM1 VOTE ,COMMUNI/60 

,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 9 EFFECT1 WAS NO T5TATIVE ACT ( COLLABORATION BETWE5 ! GR[+ LEFT & ! DECL9+ C5T] TO OB/RUCT ! ,C,$,A & ITS ALLIES4 ,IT REFLECT$ A F>-REA*+ %IFT 9 POLICY :I* ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA IMPOS$ ON ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ! WORLDS SO ?AT JO9T NONAGGRESSION OR DEF5SE PACTS AGA9/ ,NAZI ,G]MANY MI<T BE SIGN$ ) ! WE/]N DEMOCRACIES4 ,! POLICY HAD ITS ORIG9 9 /RICTLY ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL 9T]E/S &1 P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 9 ! ID5TIFICATION ( !SE 9T]E/S NOT ) ! WORLD LABOR MOVEM5T & CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM1 BUT ) ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE & ! P]PETUATION ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA HAD DROPP$ ANY PRET5SE ?AT ! WORD 0SOCIALISM0 HAD ANY VIABLE MEAN+ 9 9T]NATIONAL POLICY OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 9 ! EXECUTION ( 9T]NAL POLICY4 ,EV5 ! MEMORY ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 = ALL ITS LIMITATIONS1 WAS TO BE DR[N$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ! ,OLD ,BOL%EVIKS1 NE>LY ALL ( :OM W]E TO BE PURG$ SECRETLY OR1 9 %[ TRIALS1 DUR+ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT YE>S4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 9 TURN1 W]E TO TRY TO FOI/ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT POLICY ON ! LEFT 9 ! MO/ %AMELESSLY DECEPTIVE & MANIPULATIVE MANN] ) ! GOAL ( /R5G!N+ !IR CONTROL OV] ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS 9 ! CASE ( ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC POLICY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS CONTROL WAS A*IEV$1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES W]E CONC]N$ NOT TO ADVANCE SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT TO PREV5T IT4 ,9DE$1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT WAS CONSCI\SLY DESIGN$ TO DEMON/RATE TO ! FULL SATISFACTION ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 LIKE ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 C\LD BE C\NT$ UPON TO PROMOTE CLASS COLLABORATION1 TO NEUTRALIZE ANY REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & IF NECESS>Y1 TO ASSASS9ATE REVOLUTION>Y SPOKESM5 & SUPPRESS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,KN[+LY OR NOT1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I W]E RID+ ! BACK ( A TIG]4 ,FROM A POLICY ( 0NONAB/5TION0 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 !Y W]E TO BE L$ 9TO A POLICY ( P>TICIPATION 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 & ULTIMATELY1 9 ! LAT] YE>S ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 9TO A POLICY ( COLLABORATION ) !IR MO/ DANG]\S OPPON5TS4 ,!SE OPPON5TS W]E NOT SIMPLY ! RI<T-W+ ,SOCIALI/S1 :O AT LEA/ HAD SOME S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S1 A SMALL GR\P :OSE GR[? & 9FLU5CE DEP5D$ UPON ! IMPACT ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA ON ,SPANI% EV5TS4 ,AP>T FROM ! MY?OLOGY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SEEM$ TO VALIDATE ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AS A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ORGANIZATION1 ! CONDITIONAL MILIT>Y AID :I* ,RUSSIA SPOON-F$ TO ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS TO GIVE ! ,COMMUNI/S IMM5SE CONTROL OV] ! C\RSE ( EV5TS4 

,! ELECTIONS ( ,FEBRU>Y #aicf BR\<T ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES TO P[] BY A M>G9 ( SOME #g1 VOTES4 ,( #bga SEATS ACQUIR$ BY ! COALITION1 A NUMB] :I* CON/ITUT$ AN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY 9 ! ,CORTES1 ! ,REPUBLICANS 79CLUD+ ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO'S ,REPUBLICAN ,UNION AS WELL AS ,AZANA'S ,IZQUI]DA7 W]E GIV5 #aag SEATS1 ! ,SOCIALI/S #i1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S #a#f4.<#d#e.> ,! ELECTORAL VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT HAD BE5 MU* N>R[] ?AN ! #g1 RECEIV$ \T ( ! MILLION VOTES CA/4 0,9 ! FIR/ R\ND ( VOT+10 OBS]VES ,/ANLEY ,G4 ,PAYNE1 REF]R+ TO ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 

! LEFT .<?AT IS1 ! LEFT-LIB]AL COLAITION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT--,M4,B4.> WON ALTOGE!R SLI<TLY MORE ?AN #b SEATS \T ( ! TOTAL ( #dgc ?AT MADE UP ! ,CORTES4 ,! PLURALITY WAS NOT DUE TO AN EQUIVAL5T LEAD 9 ! POPUL> VOTE1 = 9 ! TOTAL BALLOT+ = ! FIR/ R\ND ! POPUL> VOTE = LEFT & RI<T WAS APPROXIMATELY EQUAL4 ,UND] ! COMPLICAT$ LI/-VOT+ SY/EM1 H[EV]1 ! DECISIVE FACTOR WAS NOT PROPORTIONATE CUMULATIVE VOTE1 BUT ! CONC5TRATION ( BALLOTS PROV9CE BY PROV9CE4 ,POPUL> ,FRONT VOTES W]E COMB9$ MU* MORE EFFECTIVELY = MAJORITY LI/S 9 ! L>G] DI/RICTS4 ,! SECOND RUN(F CONTE/S W]E HELD AT ! 5D ( ! MON? UND] LEFTI/ SUP]VISION & CONSID]ABLE PRESSURE FROM ! LEFTI/ /REET MOB4 ,9 ! RUN(FS ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9CREAS$ ITS PLURALITY FUR!R1 ?\< CON/ITUTIONAL LEGALITY ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! VOTE WAS' DUBI\S4 

,PAYNE NEGLECTS TO TELL US1 ?AT ! SAME 0COMPLICAT$ LI/ VOT+ SY/EM0 HAD ASSUR$ ! RI<T ITS [N SWEEP+ VICTORY 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,:AT HAD FAVOR$ ! RI<T ?REE YE>S E>LI] N[ FAVOR$ ! LEFT4 ,NOR DOES ,PAYNE GIVE SUFFICI5T ATT5TION TO ! RI<TI/ 0/REET MOB10 NOTABLY ! HIR$ PI/OL]OS ( ! ,FALANGE :O CREAT$ SO MU* BLOODY DISORD] DUR+ ! FIR/ FIVE MON?S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT REGIME1 ! REACTION>Y /UD5TS & S5ORITOS :O BROKE UP MEET+S ( ! LEFTI/ GR\PS1 ! RI<TI/ ?UGS :O FIR$ PO9T-BLANK 9TO CR[DS ( WORK]S' B>RIOS FROM SPE$+ MOTOR VEHICLES1 ! POLICE ( ,GRANADA :O KEPT WORK]S & PEASANTS FROM ! POLL+ PLACES1 ! CACIQUES :O ?REAT5$ PUNITIVE ACTION AGA9/ 5TIRE VILLAGES ?AT FAIL$ TO RETURN RI<TI/ C&IDATES1 & ! L&LORDS' AG5TS :O ?REAT5$ TO DIS*>GE AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & T55TS :O FAIL$ TO VOTE ! REACTION>Y TICKET4 ,!SE QUALIFICATIONS ASIDE1 ,PAYNE'S FACTUAL CONCLUSIONS >E CORRECT4 ,:AT REALLY EM]GES FROM ! #g1-VOTE PLURALITY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT WAS NOT SO MU* ! FACT ?AT ! RUN(FS W]E CONDUCT$ UND] 0LEFTI/ SUP]VISION0 OR ?AT ! 0LEFTI/ /REET MOB0 PLAY$ ANY L>G] ROLE 9 9FLU5C+ ! VOTE ?AN ! RI<TI/ ?UGS & S5ORITOS1 BUT ?AT ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT W\LD NOT HAVE COME TO P[] )\T ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ELECTORAL SUPPORT4 

,F> FROM CONCEAL+ ?IS MAJOR DEP>TURE FROM ,AN>*I/ PRECEPT1 ! LEAD+FAI/A ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS TO EMPHASIZE IT4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 HE OBS]VES1 0P>TICIPATION 9 ! ELECTIONS WAS ADVISABLE4 ,WE GAVE P[] TO ! LEFTI/S1 CONV9C$ UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES !Y W]E ! LESS] EVIL40 ,?IS C\LD BE CON/RU$ AS A REASONABLE & HONE/ /ATEM5T IF ACTION BAS$ ON ! 0LESS] EVIL0 WAS SE5 = :AT IT REALLY WAS--A DI/9CT DEP>TURE FROM PR9CIPLE_/OP5LY ADMITT$ TO BE SU*1 A BITT] PILL TO BE SWALL[$ TO DEAL ) AN ACUTE ILLNESS4 ,GIV5 HI<LY CRITICAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD BOYCOTT$ ELECTIONS )\T BECOM+ ,AN>*I/S & ONE C\LD 5VISION A SITUATION :]E ,AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE VOT$ 9 ELECTIONS )\T BECOM+ ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,FROM H9DSI<T1 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS'S OBS]VATION ?AT A CONS]VATIVE VICTORY 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 F> LESS ( A SETBACK = ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T ?AN ! SLAU<T] ?AT FOLL[$ ! G5]ALS' REBELLION IS A TEMPT+ CONCLUSION :I* W\LD HAVE PRES]V$ ,AN>*I/ PURISM4 ,BUT ,GIL ,ROBLES SEEM$ DEF9ITELY 9T5T ON BECOM+ ,SPA9'S ,DOLLFUSS 7HIS PUBLIC SPEE*ES HAD ACQUIR$ AN UNPREC$5T$LY VIOL5T *>ACT]7 & ! ,C,$,A'S ELECTORAL PO/]S HAD A DI/9CTLY FASD/IC FLAVOR1 APPEAL+ = ! 0,M9I/RY ( ,W> & ALL ! P[]10 0,ALL P[] TO ! ,LEAD]10 & ! LIKE4 

,9 SU* OM9\S SITUATIONS1 :O CONTROLS ! /ATE1 ) ITS >MS & MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE1 IS NOT A MATT] ( COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE4 ,BOX$ 9TO AN ISOLAT$ L& MASS BEH9D ! ,PYR5EES & 7AS EV5TS W]E TO %[7 LACK+ 9 SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9 #aicf DID NOT HAVE ! REVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGES 5JOY$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS 9 #a#i#a#g1 NOTABLY 9T]NATIONAL OPPON5TS BITT]LY DIVID$ BY A WORLD W>1 SCATT]$ DOME/IC OPPON5TS ALSO 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R1 VA/ SPACES 9TO :I* TO RETREAT1 ACTIVE AID FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT1 & P]HAPS ABOVE ALL1 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN >MY1 :I* NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO OPPOSE ! TAKEOV] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS BUT :I* PROVID$ !M ) AN 5ORM\S >MAM5T>IUM ( WEAPONS 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,CZ>I/ W> EF=T & A RES]VOIR ( HI<LY TRA9$ MILIT>Y MANP[]4 ,IF ,GIL ,ROBLES TODAY SEEMS LIKE A MILD FIGURE BESIDE ,FRANCO1 MU* ! SAME C\LD HAVE BE5 SAID 9 COMP>+ ,DOLLFUSS TO ,HITL]4 ,BUT ALL APPE>ANCES ASIDE1 ,DOLLFUSS EFFECTIVELY SMA%$ ! ,AU/RIAN LABOR MOVEM5T LONG BE=E ! ,G]MAN >MY CROSS$ HIS FRONTI]S4 ,?AT HI/ORY NEV] TE/$ ,GIL ,ROBLES'S CAPACITY TO DO ! SAME 9 ,SPA9 IS DUE1 IRONICALLY1 TO ! FACT ?AT ,LIB]ALS CONTROLL$ ! ,SPANI% /ATE ?R\<\T #a#i#c#f1 NOT ! ,C,$,A4 ,?IS WAS NO TRIFL+ FACTOR 9 ! SWEEP+ LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 H[EV] MU* ,AN>*I/S PREF] TO D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( :O CONTROLS ! /ATE & UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES !Y CONTROL IT4 ,IT TOOK CONSID]ABLE C\RAGE = A MOD]ATE ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ SU* AS ,JUAN ,PEIRO TO WRITE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#e3 0,I HAVE SAID1 & ,I REPEAT IT H]E1 ?AT IF AN ELECTORAL CLASS FRONT %\LD APPE> AGA9/ ! FASCI/S :O N[ GOV]N US1 ,I1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 MY LIFE1 W\LD VOTE44440 

,BUT AFT] ?IS HAS BE5 SAID1 ONE MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 PREPO/]\S TO EXPECT A 0LESS] EVIL0 TO BEHAVE ) NOBLE VIRTUE4 ,HAV+ VOT$ 9 A B\RGEOIS ELECTION1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ACKN[L$GE ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ACT & TO RECOGNIZE ?AT POLITICAL MANEUV]+ ON ! P>T ( LIB]T>IANS C\LD DEVELOP 9TO A BAD HABIT4 ,9 FACT1 ! GRAVE/ OB/ACLE TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS NOT ! G5]ALS ALONE BUT =CES )9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ITSELF1 NOTABLY AN 9CREAS+LY P[]FUL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* EMPLOY$ DUPLICITY & F9ALLY OP5 VIOL5CE TO SUPPRESS REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES4 ,! BE/ ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I C\LD HAVE HOP$ = FROM ! NEWLY ELECT$ /ATE W\LD HAVE BE5 NEUTRALITY2 TO BASE ONE IOTA ( !IR POLICY ON ACTIVE /ATE SUPPORT WAS NOT ONLY ABSURD1 BUT M>K$ ! 9ITIAL /EPS T[>D ! 0POLITICIZATION0 ( ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ITS-EV5TUAL CONV]SION 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,YET SO OBLIVI\S W]E MANY ( ! ,AN>*I/ LEAD]S TO ?IS POSSIBILITY ?AT :5 ! NEWLY ELECT$ ,G5]ALITAT1 OV]:ELM+LY ,ESQU]RA 9 *>ACT]1 FAIL$ TO ACT DECISIVELY 5\< 9 RESOLV+ TWO ,C,N,T /RIKES 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,DURRUTI C\LD PEEVI%LY COMPLA93 0,WE DIDN'T COME H]E TO CELEBRATE ! >RIVAL ( A GR\P ( M54 ,WE CAME TO TELL ! ,LEFT FFIAT WE W]E ! ONES :O DECID$ Y\R TRIUMPH & WE >E ! ONES :O >E MA9TA9+ TWO CONFLICTS .<! /RIKES 9 QUE/ION--,M4,B4.> :I* MU/ BE SOLV$ IMM$IATELY4 ,IT WAS \R G5]OSITY ?AT @5 DECID$ ! RECONQUE/ ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#f?40 

,! /ATEM5T WAS REM>KABLE AS EVID5CE ( ! TR5D IT SEEM$ TO REVEAL4 ,! ,AN>*I/S1 EV5 MILITANTS SU* AS ,DURRUTI1 W]E SL[LY BECOM+ CLI5TS ( ! CREATURE !Y MO/ PR(ESS$ TO OPPOSE3 ! /ATE P[] ITSELF4 ,TWQ BITT] YE>S ( REPRESSION &1 BY CONTRA/1 ! OBVI\S P[] !Y FELT 7& 5JOY$7 9 TIPP+ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT TO ! SIDE ( VICTORY1 S]V$ NOT TO R5D] !IR ?9K+ MORE GU>D$1 SUBTLE1 & FLEXIBLE1 BUT RA!R MORE NAIVE1 CRUDE1 & COMPLAC5TLY RIGID4 ,HAV+ TAK5 TO ! VOTE1 !Y BEGAN TO TAKE TO POLITICS4 ,?IS T5D5CY1 :I* ! ,F,A,I HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 CREAT$ TO BLOCK1 WAS RE9=C$ BY ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,AS ,RI*>DS NOTES1 

!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT :IL/ PAY+ LIP-S]VICE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( AB/5TION 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T WAS WORK+ BEH9D ! SC5ES1 (F]+ ! ,LEFT POLITICIANS ! POT5TIAL VOTE ( ! ,CONF$]ATION REPRES5T$ 9 RETURN P]HAPS = GU>ANTEES ?AT ! POLITICAL PRISON]S W\LD BE RELEAS$ 9 ! EV5T ( A ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY4 ,!SE >E F> FROM BE+ WILD SPECULATIONS4 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT )9 ! ,C,N,T !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 /RONG P]SONALITIES :O1 AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE ) ?OSE :O W\LD RIDE R\<%OD OV] BASIC PR9CIPLES1 DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE ! PRACTICAL M51 ! REALI/S ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,! UNION ) ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES :I* LAT] WAS TO OCCUR 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( !SE 0/RONG P]SONALITIES0 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! PROBLEM ( H[ TO DEAL ) !M HAD NOT BE5 ADEQUATELY WORK$ \T 9 ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T1 ANY MORE ?AN IT HAS 9 MOVEM5TS = HUMAN FRE$OM G5]ALLY1 A FAILURE = :I* ALL HAVE PAID DE>LY4 

,BUT ,FEBRU>Y #aicf & ! FOLL[+ SPR+ DID NOT SEEM LIKE A TIME = DEEP REFLECTION & CRITICAL SELF-ANALYSIS1 BUT AN OCCASION = EXALTATION1 HOPE1 & DIRECT ACTION4 ,)9 A WEEK AFT] ,AZANA =M$ ! FIR/ ,POPUL> ,FRONT CAB9ET1 CR[DS ( WORK]S OP5$ ! JAILS & RELEAS$ !IR COMRADES2 9 ! CASE ( ,BURGOS1 ! PRISON]S LIT]ALLY TOOK OV] ! JAIL !MSELVES4 ,G5]AL /RIKES W]E DECL>$ BY ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T DEM&+ A BROAD & IMM$IATE AMNE/Y1 A DEM& :I* ,AZANA WAS OBLIG$ TO SATISFY IF HE HOP$ TO PRES]VE ANY P5AL SY/EM AT ALL4 ,9 ! FIVE-MON? P]IOD ?AT FOLL[$1 ,SPA9 WAS TO BE CONVULS$ BY /RIKES1 MASSIVE DEMON/RATIONS1 /REET BATTLES BETWE5 CONT5D+ CR[DS1 REPEAT$ %OOT-\TS BETWE5 PI/OL]O GR\PS1 L& SEIZURES1 FACTIONAL MANEUV]S )9 & BETWE5 ,POPUL> ,FRONT P>TIES1 ACCUSATIONS ( CONSPIRACY1 & F9ALLY1 ASSASS9ATIONS & NE>-REBELLIONS ?AT W]E TO EXCE$ ! UNRE/ ?AT M>K$ ! ,AZANA COALITION ( ! E>LY #a#i#cS4 ,POL>IZ+ ALMO/ SAVAGELY TO ! EXTREMES ( RI<T & LEFT1 ! P59SULA HAD 5T]$ 9TO A PR]EVOLUTION>Y CRISIS ?AT C\LD BE RESOLV$ ONLY BY >M$ CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! TWO SIDES4 

,TO UNRAVEL ?IS COMPLEX SKE9 ( EV5TS1 9 :I* YE>S ( SOCIAL UNRE/ SEEM$ TO BE COMPRESS$ 9TO A FEW MON?S1 W\LD REQUIRE A WORK ( ITS [N4 ,ONLY ! BROADE/ TR5DS & MO/ SIGNIFICANT OCCURR5CES CAN BE CIT$ H]E4 ,! FIR/ TR5D ?AT REQUIRES CONSID]ATION IS ! UNABAT$ /RIKE WAVE ?AT EXPLOD$ ACROSS ,SPA9 %ORTLY AFT] ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY4 ,AL?\< BO? ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T LAUN*$ SO-CALL$ 0LI<TN+0 /RIKE ACTIONS ?R\<\T ! SPR+1 IT IS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T E/ABLI%$ ! PACE & REMA9$ ALMO/ CONT9UALLY 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,H>DLY A WEEK PASS$ )\T SYNDICATES 9 ONE ( ! TWO UNIONS CALL+ \T WORK]S1 AT TIMES 9 G5]AL /RIKES ?AT P>ALYZ$ MAJOR CITIES4 ,9 LATE ,M>*1 BO? ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T /EEL WORK]S LEFT !IR F\NDRIES2 9 MID-,APRIL ! ,C,N,T 9ITIAT$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,MADRID ?AT GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( ! ,U,G,T WORK]S1 TO BE FOLL[$ 9 E>LY ,JUNE BY /ILL ANO!R /RIKE1 ?IS TIME ( CON/RUCTION & ELEVATOR WORK]S4 ,SALVOS ( /RIKES SWEPT ! C\NTRY1 9VOLV+ NE>LY EV]Y SECTOR ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,ACCORD+ TO DATA GA!R$ BY ,GIL ,ROBLES & ACCEPT$ AS FACT BY ,PEIRATS1 !RE W]E AB\T #aac /RIKES 9VOLV+ AN 5TIRE BRAN* ( AN 9DU/RY1 & NE>LY #bc P>TIAL /RIKES4 ,! MOVEM5T1 MA9LY ,C,N,T-9SPIR$1 REA*$ SU* ACUITY ?AT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S NEWLY E/ABLI%$ LEFT ,SOCIALI/ P]IODICAL1 ,CL>IDAD1 JO9$ ,EL ,SOCIALI/A 9 C\NSEL+ MOD]ATION & RE/RA9T4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T1 OR AT LEA/ ITS RANK & FILE1 CONT9U$ ! PRESSURE RI<T UP TO ! MILIT>Y REBELLION 9 ,JULY4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS P]HAPS LESS S5SATIONAL BUT NO LESS SIGNIFICANT4 ,! RURAL POOR ( WE/]N & S\!RN ,SPA9 W]E N[ L>GELY ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/-CONTROLL$ ,F$]ATION ( ,L& ,WORK]S 7,F$]ATION ,ESPANOLA DE ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,TI]RA OR ,F,E,T,T71 BUT ! ,F$]ATION'S LEAD]%IP HAD BE5 SO LEFTI/ POLITICALLY FROM ! V]Y />T ( ! ,F,E,T,T 9 #aica & IT WAS SO ORI5T$ T[>D DIRECT ACTION AS TO BE VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! ,C,N,T1 :I* /ILL RETA9$ ITS TRADITIONAL /RON<OLDS 9 ! S\? & EA/4 ,AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 BO? ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO 5C\RAGE ! \TRI<T OCCUPANCY ( ! L&4 ,9 ,M>*1 SOME #b#e1 HECT>ES W]E TAK5 OV] BY SQUATT]S1 AB\T #a#e1 9 ,APRIL1 & MORE ?AN #i1 9 ,MAY & ,JUNE TOGE!R4 ,DESPITE ?IS DECL9E 9 FIGURES1 POSSIBLY REFLECT+ BO? GOV]NM5T MEASURES TO ACCEL]ATE ! PASSAGE ( L& RE=M LEGISLATION & ! RE/RA9+ H& ( DIEH>D ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,MADRID1 ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS SEE?+ ) PEASANT REVOLT4 ,?\S&S ( PEASANT FAMILIES HAD TAK5 TO ROADS & W]E LOOK+ = WORK2 O!RS1 UND] ,AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE1 SEIZ$ ! L& & CLAIM$ IT AS !IR [N IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY P5D+ OR EXI/+ LEGISLATION4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 :5 ,CIVIL ,GU>DS REOCCUPI$ EXPROPRIAT$ L&1 ! PEASANTS LEFT TEMPOR>ILY1 ONLY TO RETURN :5 ! ,GU>DIA HAD DEP>T$4 ,! L&LORDS W]E 9 A PANIC4 ,RECALL+ ! UPRIS+S & BAM-BUM+S ( E>LI] TIMES1 !Y & !IR FAMILIES FL$ TO ! SAFETY ( ! CITIES1 LEAV+ 5TIRE PLANTATIONS DES]T$4 ,! PEASANT SEIZURES W]E NO LONG] ! EPISODIC FL>E-UPS ( ! PA/1 RIS+ & SUBSID+ FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 NOR C\LD !Y BE CONTA9$ BY S5D+ A DIVISION OR TWO 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO PACIFY A /R+ ( ISOLAT$ PUFFLOS4 ,SPA9 WAS 9 ! ?ROES ( A FULL-SCALE REVOLUTION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 COMP>ABLE 9 EV]Y WAY TO ! GREAT L& REVOLTS ( ,MEXICO & ,RUSSIA4 

,! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T FLAIL$ \T HELPLESSLY 9 ALL DIRECTIONS & FAIL$ MIS]ABLY :]EV] IT /RUCK4 ,TO ! L>GELY ,C,N,T-9SPIR$ /RIKE WAVE1 IT RESPOND$ ) SEV]ELY REPRESSIVE MEASURES :ILE IT TRI$ TO PLACATE ! LEFT'S ANG] OV] RI<TI/ T]RORISM BY >RE/+ ! ,FALANGI/ LEAD]%IP1 9CLUD+ ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A WAS C5SOR$ SO SY/EMATICALLY & /R+5TLY ?AT MANY ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S C\LD CLAIM ) SOME JU/ICE ?AT !IR PRESS HAD 5JOY$ MORE FRE$OM UND] ! BI5IO NEGRO ?AN ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,! GOV]NM5T CLOS$ D[N SYNDICATE HEADQU>T]S & >RE/$ ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS 9 SIZABLE NUMB]S1 EV5 DETA9+ ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,BUT ! 9EFFICACY ( !SE MEASURES SOON BECAME OBVI\S4 ,MADRID HAD PLA9LY LO/ CONTROL OV] EV5TS & ! SYNDICATES1 9 FLAGRANT DISREG>D ( (FICIAL AU?ORITY1 REOP5$ !IR HEADQU>T]S ALMO/ AS RAPIDLY AS !Y HAD BE5 CLOS$4 ,! /RUGGLE WAS PASS+ FROM ! ,CORTES & ! BUREAUCRATIC (FICES ( ! /ATE 9TO ! /REETS :]E MASSIVE DEMON/RATIONS1 CLA%ES BETWE5 CR[DS1 & %OOT+S ( POLITICAL OPPON5TS SEEM$ TO REVEAL EV5 MORE DRAMATICALLY ?AN ! /RIKES & L& SEIZURES ! BREAKD[N ( TRADITIONAL AU?ORITY4 

,EV]YONE S5S$ ! IMP5D+ EXPLOSION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? & ! ,FALANGE HAD =M$ !IR [N P>AMILIT>Y =CES & W]E TRA9+ ALMO/ )9 SI<T ( EA* O!R 9 ,MADRID4 ,FALANGI/ T]RORISM BEGAN TO REA* M5AC+ PROPORTIONS ALMO/ DIRECTLY AFT] ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY1 :5 A GR\P ( ,FALANGI/ /UD5TS TRI$ TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,SOCIALI/ DEPUTY ,JIM5EZ DE ,ASDA4.<#d#f.> ,! 0LEFTI/ /REET MOB0 RESPOND$ BY P>TIALLY BURN+ TWO *UR*ES & ! PR9T+ PLANT ( ,LA ,NACION1 A P>TICUL>LY REACTION>Y P]IODICAL4 ,SC>CELY F\R DAYS LAT]1 %OTS W]E FIR$ AT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S HOME4 ,! P]IOD ( ASSASS9ATIONS BY BO? SIDES N[ BEGAN 9 E>NE/4 ,)9 A WEEK AFT] ! ATTACK ON ,CABALL]O'S HOME1 ! RI<TI/ DEPUTY ,ALFR$O ,M>T9EZ WAS KILL$ 9 ,OVI$O2 9 ,APRIL1 A BOMB WAS F\ND 9 ! HOME ( ! ,LIB]AL DEPUTY ,ORTEGA Y ,GASSET1 FOLL[$ BY FUR!R ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ,REPUBLICAN DVIL GOV]NORS1 MAYORS FROM ALL P>TS ( ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM1 J\RNALI/S1 & ! MURD] ( ,JUDGE ,MANUEL ,P$REGAL1 :O HAD S5T5C$ A ,FALANGI/ ?UG TO A LONG PRISON T]M = KILL+ A NEWSBOY :O SOLD LEFTI/ PAP]S4 ,>M$ CLA%ES BROKE \T BETWE5 ,FALANGI/S & LEFTI/S1 POLICE & PEASANTS2 EV5 ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T WORK]S DISPUT$ UNION RIVALRIES & /RIKE ISSUES GUN 9 H&4 

,! RIVALRIES )9 ! LEFT W]E P>ALLEL$ BY RIVALRIES )9 ! RI<T4 ,FALANGI/S W]E N[ ATTACK+ LEAD]S & SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C,$,A = TEMPORIZ+ & BEHAV+ TOO MOD]ATELY BY FASD/IC /&>DS4 ,GIL ,ROBLES MAY NOT HAVE BE5 WRONG :5 HE LI/$ NE>LY #bg DEA?S & MORE ?AN #a1#b W\ND$ AS A RESULT ( /REET FI<T+ & ASSASS9ATIONS 9 ! MON?S FOLL[+ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY4 ,9 MO/ ( !SE CASES ! 9ITIATIVE PROBABLY CAME FROM ! RI<T1 BUT !Y 9V>IABLY CALL$ =? VIOL5T REACTIONS FROM ! LEFT4 0,IDEOLOGICALLY SPEAK+10 OBS]VES ,JACKSON1 0H]OIC VIOL5CE BELONG$ MORE TO ! FASD/ SPIRIT ?AN TO ! ,LEFT1 BUT ! ,SODALI/ ,Y\?1 M$ITAT+ ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S49 #aicc & ! ,AU/RIANS 9 #a#i#c#d1 *OSE TO FI<T FIRE ) FIRE40 ,C]TA9LY ! ,AN>*I/S W]E AS S5SITIVE TO ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN LABOR MOVEM5TS AS ! ,SODALI/S1 AL?\< !Y SEEM$ TO 5GAGE 9 LESS VIOL5CE DUR+ ?AT SPR+ ?AN O!R GR\PS ON ! LEFT & RI<T4 

,9 FACT ! ,SOCIALI/S W]E UND]GO+ ! MO/ TUMULTU\S *ANGES 9 !IR HI/ORY S9CE ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S ,CONV]SION TO REVOLUTION HAD PRODUC$--& REVEAL$--A CRISIS )9 ! P>TY4 ,) ! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> FRONT1 AN UNAVOIDABLE QUE/ION EM]G$3 %\LD ! ,SOCIALI/S =M ANO!R COALITION ) ! ,REPUBLICANS8 ,F\R YE>S E>LI] ?IS QUE/ION W\LD HAVE RAIS$ NO S]I\S FACTIONAL DISPUTES )9 ! P>TY2 9DE$1 ,CABALL]O HAD OCCUPI$ ! PO/ ( M9I/] ( LABOR ) TELL+ EFFECT UPON ! ,C,N,T4 ,N[ ! RE=MI/ ( YE/]YE> :O HAD WILL+LY COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A DICTATOR%IP HAD BECOME ! 0,SPANI% ,L5940 ,HE HAD A HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL PAP] ( HIS [N1 ,CL>IDAD2 HE WAS ! ADOR$ ,A*ILLES ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? & SPOKESMAN = GR[+ LEFTI/ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,U,G,T4 ,AS ! 0,SPANI% ,L5910 HE OPPOS$ ! 5TRY ( ANY ,SOCIALI/S 9TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT CAB9ET4 ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD EM]G$ AS ! SPOKEMAN = ! P>TY BUREAUCRACY1 :I* PREA*$ ! V]ITIES ( MOD]ATION1 & = MANY ,A/URIAN M9]S :O HAD PAID DE>LY = ! REVOLUTION>Y ADV5TURES ( #a#i#c#d4 ,PRIETO *>T$ A DI/ICTLY RE=MI/ PA? = ! P>TY & FAVOR$ M9I/]IAL COLLABORATION ) ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,AL?\< NOM9ALLY 9 CONTROL ( ! P>TY1 HIS 9FLU5CE ) ! RANK & FILE SEEM$ TO BE DW9DL+ RAPIDLY4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,CABALL]I/S & ,PRIETI/S REA*$ ACUTE =M 9 MID-,SPR+ :5 BO? SIDES DID NOT HESITATE TO USE PHYSICAL VIOL5CE AGA9/ EA* O!R AT P>TY MEET+S4 

,BUT ,CABALL]O'S 9FLU5CE WAS T5TATIVE AT BE/ & TURN$ \T TO BE L>GELY ILLUSORY SO F> AS ! P>TY'S DIEH>DS W]E CONC]N$4 ,AT ! P>TY ELECTIONS ( ,JUNE #c1 ,PRIETO'S SUPPORT]S RECEIV$ A L>G] PROPORTION ( ! VOTES ?AN ,CABALL]O'S4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! /ALW>TS )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY W]E REALLY MOD]ATES AFT] ALL2 TO ! DEGREE ?AT ,CABALL]O CONT9U$ TO BEAT ! DRUMS ( REVOLUTION1 ! MEMB]%IP GRADUALLY BACK$ (F4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,CABALL]O HAD LO/ HIS H>D-CORE SUPPORT :5 HE P]MITT$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? TO COMB9E ORGANICALLY ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\? 9 A S+LE ORGANIZATION4 ,GROSSLY ILL-ADVIS$ BY HIS CLOSE FRI5D ,JULIO ,ALV>EZ DEL ,VAYO1 :O HAD JU/ RETURN$ FROM A DAZZL+ TRIP TO ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA1 HE HAD BE5 L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT A FUSION BETWE5 ! #b1 Y\NG ,SOCIALI/S & SOME #e1 ,COMMUNI/ ,Y\? W\LD P]MIT ! ASSIMILATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/S BY ! ,SOCIALI/S1 !REBY /R5G!N+ HIS H& 9 ! /RUGGLE ) ,PRIETO4 ,A SIMIL> PLOY WAS LAT] PLANN$ = ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S FUZ$ UND] ,JUAN ,COMOR]A TO F\ND ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA 7,P,S,U,C74 ,BUT ?IS /RATEGY BACKFIR$1 PRODUC+ ! V]Y REV]SE ( :AT HAD BE5 9T5D$4 ,BY #aicf IT REQUIR$ EXCEPTIONAL POLITICAL MYOPIA NOT TO SEE ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD BECOME MA/]S AT SWALL[+ UP 9DEP5D5T ORGANIZATIONS UND] ! CRY ( 0UNITY40 ,= ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AS = ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES EV]Y:]E1 0UNITY0 HAD BECOME ! TALISMAN = CANNIBALIZ+ ! 5TIRE LEFT & MAK+ IT OV] 9TO A M]*&ISABLE 9/RUM5T = ,RUSSIAN =EIGN POLICY 9 G5]AL & LOCAL ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5TS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT WAS ! ,COMMUNI/S :O ACQUIR$ CONTROL OV] ! ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? & ! ,CATALAN ,SOCIALI/S1 DEPRIV+ ,CABALL]O ( HIS MO/ IMPORTANT SUPPORT]S4 ,NEI!R ! ,CABALL]I/ POLICY ( 0REVOLUTION0 NOR ! ,PRIETI/ POLICY ( COLLABORATION WON \T4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY M]ELY /UMBL$ ?R\< ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#f1 LACK+ A POLICY ?AT W\LD HAVE UNIFI$ EI!R ! =CES = REVOLUTION OR ?OSE = MOD]ATION4 

,! TRAJECTORY ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I SEEM$ TO FOLL[ A DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE C\RSE4 ,:ILE ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS TORN BY DIVISIONS1 ! ,C,N,T WAS UNIT+ ) ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES4 ,!ORETICALLY1 ! ,C,N,T FAVOR$ UNITY ) ! ,U,G,T BUT ON T]MS SO REVOLUTION>Y ?AT !Y MADE COLLABORATION ON A NATIONAL SCALE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,CABALL]O HAD C\NT$ HEAVILY ON GA9+ WIDE SUPPORT NOT ONLY FROM ! LEFT ( HIS [N P>TY1 BUT FROM ! ,AN>*OSYDICALI/S AS WELL4 ,! LATT]1 H[EV]1 MI/RU/$ HIM COMPLETELY4 ,HIS APPEALS = ,U,G,T-,C,N,T UNITY FAIL$ TO EVOKE A POSITIVE REACTION )9 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ RANKS1 :I* HAD /OR$ UP GNAW+ RECOLLECTIONS ( TREA*]Y & BETRAYAL AT HIS H&S4 ,HIS APPE>ANCE AT ! ,C,N,T'S NATIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,MAY AT ,S>AGOSSA YIELD$ NO DECISIVE RESULTS4 ,! TE/ ( ,CABALL]O'S 9T5TIONS CAME 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#f1 :5 #d1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S & #c1 ELECTRICIANS & ELEVATOR REPAIRM51 BO? GR\PS DRAWN FROM ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T1 W5T \T ON /RIKE 9 ,MADRID4 ,! /RIKE UNN]V$ ! ,SOCIALI/S COMPLETELY4 ,EV5 MANY ,CABALL]I/S PROV$ RELUCTANT TO MAT* !IR REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC ) REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S WANT$ TO CONCLUDE ! /RIKE AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 HOPEFULLY BY >BITRATION & CONV5TIONAL NEGOTIAT+ ME?ODS4 ,! ,C,N,T1 ON ! O!R H&1 OP5LY PRESSUR$ ! WORK]S = A REVOLUTION>Y TYPE ( CONFLICT4 ,:5 !IR FUNDS RAN \T C5ETI/A /RIK]S W]E 5C\RAG$ TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO3 !Y SIMPLY TOOK !IR MEALS AT RE/AURANTS & COLLECT$ !IR GROC]IES )\T PAY+ = !M4 ,EMB>RASS$ BY SU* TACTICS1 ! ,U,G,T LEAD]S VACILLAT$ OV] ! QUE/ION ( A CONT9UATION ( ! /RIKE4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y )DREW4 ,! ,C,N,T1 H[EV]1 C>RI$ IT =W>D1 & CLA%ES BETWE5 RETURN+ UGETI/AS & /RIK+ C5ETI/AS RESULT$ 9 SEV]AL DEA?S4 

,CABALL]O WAS TOTALLY DISCR$IT$4 ,HIS POLICY ( ,U,G,T-,C,N,T COLLABORATION HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO A %AMBLES4 ,! MILITANCY ( ! ,C,N,T HAD NOT ONLY FRI<T5$ (F MANY ( HIS LEFT-W+ SUPPORT]S BUT HAD CORROBORAT$ ! WOR/ SUSPICIONS ( ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AB\T ! S9C]ITY ( HIS NEW REVOLUTION>Y /ANCE4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! /RIKE ITSELF1 ) ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONNOTATIONS1 ?OR\<LY AL>M$ ! MIDDLE CLASS ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,IF ! /RIKE WAS 9 ANY WAY A H>B+] ( ! 0,SPANI% ,L59'S0 POLICIES & HIS DECLAMATIONS 9 FAVOR ( A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ! MIDDLE CLASS PLA9LY WANT$ NO P>T ( !M4 

,P]HAPS ! AL>M WAS GREATE/ )9 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 ,IF ,PRIETO'S POLICY WAS TO /R5G!N ! ,REPUBLICANS ) A ,SOCIALI/ COALITION1 ,CABALL]O'S WAS TO WEAK5 ?AT COALITION BY AB/A9+ FROM ANY M9I/]IAL SUPPORT4 ,! ,CABALL]I/S1 9 EFFECT1 W]E WAIT+ = ,AZANA TO DISCR$IT HIMSELF1 AFT] :I* ! ,SOCIALI/ LEFT W\LD TAKE OV] ! GOV]NM5T COMPLETELY4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( ,CABALL]O AS ! 0,SPANI% ,L590 C>RI$ ! UNMI/AKABLE IMPLICATION ?AT ,AZANA WAS ! 0,SPANI% ,K]5SKY40 ,?IS WAS A POSITION ,AZANA W\LD HAVE NEV] P]MITT$ HIMSELF TO OCCUPY4 ,BY #a#i#c#f1 BO? M5 HAD TO COME TO DETE/ EA* O!R1 BUT P]SONAL CONSID]ATIONS ASIDE1 ,AZANA WAS 9 AN EXCELL5T POSITION TO BLOCK ! LEFT ,SOCIALI/ /RATEGY4 ,AL?\< HIS POPUL>ITY WAS WAN+ RAPIDLY AMONG EV]Y SECTOR ( ! ,SPANI% POPULATION1 9 ,MAY HE HAD *ANG$ ! ROBES ( PRIME M9I/] ( A ,POPUL> ,FRONT CAB9ET = ?AT ( PRESID5T ( ! REPUBLIC1 !REBY FREE+ HIMSELF FROM ! VICISSITUDES ( AN UNEASY M9I/]IAL ALLIANCE & P>LIAM5T>Y VOTES ( CONFID5CE4 ,HE WAS N[ 9 A POSITION TO SELECT ! APPROPRIATE PRIME M9I/] = ! COALITION & HE HAD *OS5 AS HIS SUB/ITUTE ONE ( HIS CLOSE/ FRI5DS & COLLABORATORS1 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 A CONSUMPTIVE :O1 9 ,BR5AN'S WORDS1 0REACT$ TO ! DANG] ( ! SITUATION BY AN OPTIMISM ?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ 9SANE IF IT W]E NOT A SYMPTOM ( HIS DISEASE40 ,AZANA HIMSELF HAD GR[N LI/LESS1 ALMO/ 9DIFF]5T2 HIS DREAM ( A /ABLE REPUBLIC SEEM$ TO BE TURN+ 9TO A NI<TM>E :OSE C\RSE HE C\LD NO LONG] CONTROL & :OSE DE/9Y IMBU$ HIM ) ! D>KE/ PESSIMISM4 ,BUT IF HE WAS C]TA9 ( ANY?+1 IT WAS ?AT ,CABALL]O W\LD NOT PLAY 0,L590 TO HIS 0,K]5SKY40 ,?US ON ! EVE ( ! MO/ FATEFUL MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TO 9 ,SPANI% HI/ORY1 ,REPUBLICAN POLICY1 H[EV] MU* IT VACILLAT$1 WAS CONSI/5T 9 AT LEA/ ONE RESPECT3 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ESPECIALLY ITS ,CABALL]I/ FACTION1 W\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO ACQUIRE P[]4 ,/AT$ 9 BROAD] SOCIAL T]MS1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT CAB9ET WAS COMMITT$ ABOVE ALL ELSE TO PREV5T+ ! WORK+ CLASS FROM TAK+ OV] ,SPA94 ,! V]Y CLASS ?AT HAD CONTRIBUT$ MO/ MAT]IALLY TO ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY WAS VIEW$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ?AT GOV]NM5T AS ITS MO/ =MIDABLE & DANG]\S 5EMY4 

,:ILE ,SPA9 DRIFT$ T[>D CIVIL W>1 ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E OCCUPI$ ) CEM5T+ !IR [N RANKS AT ! FAM\S NATIONAL CONGRESS ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MAY #aicf AT ,S>AGOSSA4 ,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ! MON?1 NE>LY #fe DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ #ihb SYNDICATES ) A MEMB]%IP ( #e#e11 CONV5$ AT ! ,IRIS ,P>K4 ,?IS CONGRESS1 LA/+ T5 DAYS1 WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ONE ( ! MO/ MEMORABLE MEET+S 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT NOT ONLY BR\<T ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES BACK TO !IR P>5T ORGANIZATION BUT OP5$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT DISCUSSION ON ! NATURE ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY TO EV] OCCUPY A MAJOR WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION4 

,VIRTUALLY ALL ! SPEAK]S AT ! CONGRESS SEEM$ TO FEEL ?AT ,SPA9 WAS 5T]+ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,!IR SEEM+LY UTOPIAN DISCUSSIONS ( H[ ! FUTURE SOCIETY ?AT FOLL[$ ?AT REVOLUTION W\LD BE ORGANIZ$ ?US HAD PRACTICAL1 9DE$1 IMM$IATE SIGNIFICANCE4 ,AMID ! WELT] ( PETTY SQUABBLES OV] DELEGATE CR$5TIALS1 P]SONALITIES1 & ! FATE ( ! ,OPPOSITION ,SYNDICATES1 ! CONGRESS F\ND TIME TO DISCUSS PROBLEMS AS F>-RANG+ AS SEXUAL RI<TS & COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ FASC9AT+ ( ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS'S RESOLUTIONS DEALT ) 0,! ,CONF$]AL ,CONCEPTION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM40 ,AL?\< ?IS RESOLUTION RECEIV$ F> LESS CONV5TIONAL NEWSPAP] COV]AGE 7! B\RGEOIS PRESS LIK$ TO TITILLATE ITS READ]S ) REPORTS ( DISCUSSIONS ( 0FREE LOVE071 IT BECAME ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT /ATEM5TS ( LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES BY ! ,C,N,T4 

,! RESOLUTION WAS C>EFUL TO D5Y ?AT IT S\<T 0TO PR$ICT ! /RUCTURE ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY 444 S9CE !RE IS (T5 A GREAT *ASM BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE40 ,NOR WAS ! REVOLUTION :I* U%]$ 9 ?AT FUTURE SOCIETY TO BE REG>D$ AS A SUDD5 ACT ( VIOL5CE1 = MU* DEP5D$ UPON REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AS 0A PSY*OLOGICAL PH5OM5ON 9 OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE ( ?+S ?AT OPPRESSES ! ASPIRATIONS & NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL40 ,VIOL5CE WAS NOT ! TOTALITY ( ! REVOLUTION BUT M]ELY ! FIR/ /EP :I* ABOLI%ES 0PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ! ,/ATE1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CLASS DIVISION ( M5 9TO EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$1 OPPRESSORS & OPPRESS$40 ,ITS EMPHASIS ON REVOLUTION AS A PSY*OLOGICAL PH5OM5ON & ITS ABHORR5CE ( AU?ORITY M>KS ! RESOLUTION AS A /RICTLY ,AN>*I/ DOCUM5T4 ,9DE$1 SU* AN ORI5TATION W\LD HAVE SEEM$ \T ( PLACE AMID ! 0SCI5TIFIC10 0OBJECTIVE10 DEP]SONALIZ$ RHETORIC ( A ,M>XI/ DOCUM5T4 

,! RESOLUTION W5T ON TO DESCRIBE ! /RUCTURAL DETAILS ( COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS & !IR F$]ATION4 ,ECONOMIC PLANN+ HAD'ITS BASE 9 0! PRODUC]1 ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! CELL1 AS ! CORN]/ONE ( ALL SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC & MORAL CREATION10 :O FUNCTIONS ?R\< ! WORK PLACE1 ! SYNDICATE1 & ! GEOGRAPHIC COMMUNE4 ,NO CONTRADICTION NE$ EXI/ BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & FREE COMMUNAL 5TITIES4 0,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 AS WE HAVE /AT$ ABOVE1 ALL M5 WILL HA/5 TO FULFILL ! VOLUNT>Y DUTY--:I* WILL BE CONV]T$ 9TO A TRUE RI<T :5 M5 WORK FREELY--( GIV+ HIS ASSI/ANCE TO ! COLLECTIVE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS /R5G? & CAPABILITIES1 & ! COMMUNE WILL ACCEPT ! OBLIGATION ( SATISFY+ HIS NE$S40 ,! FAM\S ,COMMUNI/ SLOGAN1 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$10 WAS TO GUIDE ! COMMUNE 9 ITS ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES & ITS CLAIMS ON HUMAN LABOR4 

,! RESOLUTION DID NOT TRY TO >GUE 0?AT ! E>LY DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION0 W\LD BE EASY ONES4 0,ANY CON/RUCTIVE P]IOD CALLS = SACRIFICE & 9DIVIDUAL PROBLEMS & ( NOT CREAT+ DIFFICULTIES = ! WORK ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION :I* WE WILL ALL BE REALIZ+ 9 AGREEM5T40 ,BUT ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,COMMUNES :I* ! NEW SOCIETY W\LD E/ABLI% W\LD ALL[ = MANY V>IEGAT$ =MS4 0,NATURI/S & NUDI/S0 7NATURI/AS-DESNUDI/AS7 OR OPPON5TS ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY1 AS WELL AS TRADITIONAL ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 W\LD BE FREE TO CREATE !IR [N COMMUNAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AMUS+ AS ?IS MI<T HAVE SEEM$ TO B\RGEOIS J\RNALI/S MORE ?AN =TY YE>S AGO1 TODAY1 :5 \R PURITANICAL DI/ANCE FROM ! NATURAL WORLD MAY WELL LIE AT ! ROOT ( ! MOD]N ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 ! LIB]ATORY SPIRIT ( !SE L9ES SEEMS ALMO/ PROPHETIC4 ,9 TIME1 0! NEW SOCIETY %\LD ASSURE EA* COMMUNE ( ALL ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = ITS AUTONOMY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! BIOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE :I* AFFIRMS ?AT ! MAN1 & 9 ?IS CASE1 ! COMMUNE1 IS MO/ FREE1 :O HAS LEA/ NE$ ( O!RS40 

,! RESOLUTION EXUD$ A LIB]TY-LOV+ G5]OSITY T[>D ! CAPACITY ( PEOPLE TO MANAGE SOCIETY FREELY & DIRECTLY4 0,ALL ( !SE FUNCTIONS WILL HAVE NO BUREAUCRATIC OR EXECUTIVE *>ACT]4 ,AP>T FROM ?OSE :O WORK AS TE*NICIANS OR SIMPLY /ATI/ICIANS1 ! RE/ WILL SIMPLY BE C>RY+ \T !IR JOB AS PRODUC]S1 GA!R$ TOGE!R AT ! 5D ( ! WORK+ DAY TO DISCUSS QUE/IONS ( DETAIL :I* DO NOT CALL = REF]5CE TO A G5]AL ASSEMBLY40 ,NO SY/EMS ( HI]>*Y H]E2 NO REPRES5TATIVES 9VE/$ ) ! P[] TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS2 NO ORGANIZATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9TO A SY/EM ( AU?ORITY4 ,9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ! RESOLUTION1 EV5 ! SOCIAL 5EMIES ( TODAY W\LD BE WON OV] EV5TUALLY TO ! ,AN>*I/ IDEALS ( LOVE1 LIB]TY1 & $UCATION4 0,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ANY PUNITIVE REGIME1 :I* IMPLIES ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PUNITIVE JU/ICE & ALL ITS 9/RUM5TS1 SU* AS PRISONS40 ,= 0MAN IS NOT BAD BY NATURE1 & ?AT DELIQU5CY IS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( ! /ATE ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE 9 :I* WE LIVE40 ,CLE>LY1 0:5 HIS NE$S >E SATISFI$ & HE IS GIV5 RATIONAL & HUMANE $UCATION1 .<! CAUSES ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE.> WILL DISAPPE>40 

,! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT TRY TO DE/ROY ! FAMILY1 :I*1 AT ITS BE/1 HAD PLAY$ A SOLID>IZ+ ROLE 9 SOCIETY4 ,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 H[EV]1 0PROCLAIMS FREE LOVE1 ) NO MORE REGULATION ?AN ! ! FREE WILL ( ! M5 & WOM5 CONC]N$1 GU>ANTEE+ ! *ILDR5 ) ! SECURITY ( ! COMMUNITY40 ,?IS RESOLUTION WAS C>RI$ UNANIM\SLY BY ! DELEGATES ( ! CONGRESS4 ,IT WAS WRITT51 DISCUSS$1 & ADOPT$ NOT 9 ! 05LI<T5$0 #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 BUT 9 ! SEV]ELY PATRI>*AL ,CA?OLIC ,SPA9 ( #a#i#c#f4 ,TODAY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = AN URBANE & MOD]NI/IC G5]ATION TO REALIZE H[ F> !SE ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ WORK+M5 & WORK+WOM5 W]E 9 ADVANCE ( !IR TIME4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ! MOVEM5T !Y REPRES5T$ IS ?AT !IR DREAM WAS TO BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD & WA%$ AWAY 9TO ! MO/ REMOTE CORRIDORS ( HI/ORY4 ,O!R PEOPLE1 LIV+ 9 ANO!R AGE1 W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO R$ISCOV] IT )\T ANY KN[L$GE ?AT IT HAD >TICULAT$ ! DREAMS & HOPES ( 9NUM]ABLE WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,:5 ! DELEGATES F9ALLY DISP]S$--MANY TO DIE A FEW MON?S LAT] 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>--! VISION ( ?IS SOCIETY SEEM$ TO OV]RIDE MANY PRACTICAL PROBLEMS4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY?+ 0UTOPIAN0 AB\T ! ,S>AGOSSA CONGRESS1 IT WAS NOT ITS RESOLUTION ON A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY BUT 7AS ,V]NON ,RI*>DS PO9TS \T7 0! LACK ( ANY DISCUSSION ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT MI<T FACE ! ORGANIZATION DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD40 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 

:AT WAS TO BE ! ATTITUDE ( ! ORGANIZATION ON ! MORR[ ( ! DEFEAT ( ! MILIT>Y PUTS* :5 IT F\ND ITSELF SUDD5LY AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,SU* A POSSIBILITY C\LD EASILY BE 5VISAG$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 IF NOT 9 ! PROV9CES UND] ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,P]HAPS = ! RANK & FILE ! ANSW] WAS A SIMPLE ONE3 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT 9 ! LI<T ( SUBSEQU5T ACTIONS1 = ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T IT WAS NOT AS SIMPLE AS ALL ?AT4 ,YET !SE PROBLEMS & D\BTS W]E NOT FAC$ AT ! ,CONGRESS1 & = !SE S]I\S OMISSIONS ( =ESI<T1 OR P]HAPS ( REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S PAID DE>LY 9 ! MON?S ?AT FOLL[$4 

,AS E>LY AS ,M>*1 SC>CELY MORE ?AN A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT HAD COME TO P[]1 ! G5]ALS & POLITICANS :O W]E TO /AGE ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ( ,JULY #ag MET SECRETLY 9 ,MADRID TO =MULATE !IR PLANS4 ,! NATURAL LEAD] = ! REVOLT SEEM$ TO BE ,G5]AL ,JOSE ,SANJURJO1 ORGANIZ] ( ! ABORT$ PRONUNCIAMI5TO ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#b1 :O LIV$ 9 ,PORTUGAL BUT KEPT HIMSELF 9TIMATELY 9=M$ ( EV5TS ACROSS ! FRONTI]4 ,A MILIT>Y CONSPIRACY ALONE1 H[EV]1 H>DLY SEEM$ T5ABLE4 ,POLITICAL SUPPORT WAS NE$$4 ,SANJURJO WAS A ,MON>*I/ & SO TOO W]E 0AN APPRECIABLE NUMB] ( (FIC]S 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONSPIRACY4 ,NO ONE SEEM$ MORE SUITABLE TO ADVANCE !IR CAUSE AMONG CIVILIAN ,MON>*I/S ?AN ,JOSE ,CALVO ,SOTELO1 ! =M] M9I/] ( F9ANCE 9 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S GOV]NM5T1 :O 5JOY$ A REPUTATION AS A =MIDABLE ORATOR & A %REWD POLITICIAN4 ,CALVO ,SOTELO HAD TRAVEL$ WIDELY ?R\< ,EUROPE1 :]E HE BECAME 5AMOR$ ( CORPORATIVE & FASCI/ IDEOLOGIES4 ,9 ! ,CORTES HE WAS ! AV[$ SPOKEMAN ( ! ,MON>*I/S1 P]HAPS ( ! 5TIRE MILITANT RI<T4 ,BY ,JUNE1 HIS SPEE*ES HAD VIRTUALLY DISRUPT$ P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES3 HE AV[$ FASCI/IC BELIEFS1 ATTACK$ ! 0ANTIMILIT>Y0 POLICIES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & FREELY DELIV]$ HIMSELF ( 9SULT+ P]SONAL REM>KS TO ,REPUBLICAN (FICIALS4 ,! LEFT SAW HIM AS A CONT9UAL PROVOCATION & VIEW$ HIM AS ! V]Y 9C>NATION ( FASCISM 9 ,SPA94 

,MORE SYMBOLIC ?AN REAL AT !SE CONSPIRATORIAL MEET+S WAS ! FIGURE ( ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,:ILE 9 PRISON ! SON ( ! =M] DICTATOR HAD BECOME ! H]O ( ! EXTREME RI<T4 ,FROM ! WELT] ( ,C>LI/1 CONS]VATIVE1 & CL]ICAL GR\PS1 ! ,FALANGE WAS TO EV5TUALLY EM]GE AS ! POLITICAL BACKBONE ( :AT WAS LAT] TO BE CALL$ ! 0,NATIONALI/0 CAUSE & ,JOSE ,ANTONIO WAS TO BECOME ITS M>TYR AFT] HIS EXECUTION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,BEH9D ! P>TIES & G5]ALS /OOD ! 5TR5*$ WEAL? & P[] ( ,SPA9'S GREAT L& MAGNATES1 9DU/RIALI/S1 >I/OCRATS1 CL]GY1 & SECTORS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 

,BUT ! REAL RESPONSIBILITY = ! REVOLT RE/$ 9 ! H&S ( ! G5]ALS & !IR SUCCESS REQUIR$ C>EFUL PLANN+4 ,COLONEL ,VAL5T9 ,GAL>ZA REPRES5T$ ,SANJURJO4 ,HE WAS JO9$ BY ! PRESUMABLY LIB]AL ,G5]AL ,MOLA1 ,COLONEL ,YAGUE ( ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION1 ! MOD]ATE ,REPUBLICAN ,G5]AL ,GONZALO ,QUEIPO DE ,LLANO1 :O HAD AB&ON$ HIS SL5D] LOYALTIES TO ! GOV]NM5T ) ! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ,G5]ALS ,VILLEGAS & ,FANJUL1 :O HAD ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ /ATION$ 9 ,MADRID1 ,G5]AL ,GOD$1 & ONLY LAT]1 BY ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO4 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS NOT UNM9DFUL ( ! POT5TIAL = A MILIT>Y PRONUNCIAMI5TO4 ,IT HAD BE5 QUIETLY %IFT+ REACTION>Y (FIC]S TO REMOTE PO/S--,FRANCO HAD BE5 PACK$ (F TO ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S1 ,GOD$ TO ! ,BALE>ICS4 ,! M9I/] ( W>1 AU?ORIZ$ TO IGNORE RULES ( S5IORITY 9 APPO9T+ COMM&S1 FILL$ KEY VACANCIES ) (FIC]S KN[N TO BE SYMPA!TIC TO ! REPUBLIC4 ,UNLUCKILY1 ,MOLA1 :O HELD ! MA9 ?READS ( ! CONSPIRACY 9 HIS H&S1 HAD BE5 ASSIGN$ TO ! ,PAMPLONA MILIT>Y DI/RICT 9 ! HE>T ( ,NAV>RE1 :]E HE C\LD C\NT ON ,C>LI/ SUPPORT4 

,! RIS+ WAS S*$UL$ TO OCCUR BETWE5 ,JULY #a & #b1 AT :I* TIME ,SANJURJO WAS TO RETURN TO ,SPA9 BY AIRPLANE & TAKE OV] COMM& ( ! REBEL =CES4 ,MOLA WAS TO LEAD ! G>RISONS ( ,PAMPLONA & ,BURGOS2 ,VILLEGAS1 ! ,MADRID G>RISON4 ,CABANELLAS WAS TO SEIZE ,AN>*I/ ,S>AGOSSA2 ,GOD$1 ,B>CELONA2 & ,QUEIPO DE ,LLANO1 ,SEVILLE4,TRU/$ JUNIOR (FIC]S W]E TO LEAD \T !IR G>RISONS 9 O!R CITIES4 ,FRANCO WAS TO FLY TO ,SPANI% ,MOROCCO1 :]E HE W\LD TAKE COMM& ( ! >MY ( ,AFRICA4 ,IT WAS G5]ALLY AGRE$ ?AT ! LEAD+ MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS W\LD =M A ,DIRECTORY ) ! P[] TO ISSUE LAWS1 LAT] TO BE RATIFI$ BY A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ELECT$ IRFID] AN IMPLICITLY RE/RICT$ SUFFRAGE4 ,! PRONUNCIAMI5TO SEEM$1 AS YET1 TO BE 9SPIR$ MORE BY ! PREC5D5T ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A ?AN BY ,HITL]'S1 AL?\< IT WAS SL[LY TO ACQUIRE MANY FASCI/IC FEATURES4 ,! BLOODY ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,FALANGE1 & P]HAPS ! V9DICTIVE P]SONALITY ( ,FRANCO1 :O WAS DE/9$ TO REPLACE ,SANJURJO AFT] ! LATT] WAS ACCID5TLY KILL$ 9 ! FLI<T TO ,SPA91 W\LD GIVE ! MOVEM5T ! MO/ VICI\S ?RU/ ( ANY MOD]N CIVIL W> 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,! UPRIS+ ( ! G5]ALS HAD BE5 PR$ICT$ BY LEFT-W+ SPOKESM5 MON?S BE=E IT OCCURR$4 ,AS E>LY AS ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 ! ,C,N,T HAD ISSU$ A PROPHETIC MANIFE/O W>N+ ?AT DAY BY DAY1 0! SUSPICION GR[S ?AT RI<T-W+ ELEM5TS >E READY TO PROVOKE A MILIT>Y C\P4 ,MOROCCO APPE>S TO BE ! FOCAL PO9T ( ! CONSPIRACY4 ,! 9SURRECTION IS SUBJECT TO ! \TCOME ( ! ELECTIONS4 ,! PLAN WILL BE PUT 9TO EFFECT IF ! ,LEFT W9S4 ,WE DO NOT SUPPORT ! ,REPUBLIC1 BUT WE WILL CONTRIBUTE ALL \R EF=TS TO AN ALL-\T FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ! TRADITIONAL OPPRESSORS ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 WAS M]E GUESSWORK4 ,IT TELLS US MORE AB\T ! C\RSE ! ,C,N,T WAS TO FOLL[ 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> & ITS 9ABILITY TO =MULATE A POLICY TO DEAL ) ! CONSEQU5CES ( ITS ELECTORAL SUPPORT ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ?AN IT DOES AB\T ! ACTUAL BEHAVIOR ( ! RI<T ON ! EVE ( ! ELECTIONS4 ,REPUBLICAN (FIC]S ) MORE SUB/ANTIAL FACTS HAD 9=M$ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,APRIL ?AT MILIT>Y CONSPIRACIES W]E UND]WAY4 ,ON ,MAY #a/1 ,PRIETO ) UNCANNY PRESCI5CE NOT ONLY HAD W>N$ ( A MILIT>Y REVOLT BUT HAD S+L$ \T ,FRANCO AS ! MO/ LIKELY C&IDATE = ! DICTATOR ( ,SPA94 ,! GOV]NM5T WAS WELL AW>E ( ,FANJUL'S OP]ATIONS 9 ,MADRID4 ,EV5 CONS]VATIVE DEPUTIES :OM ,CALVO ,SOTELO HAD TRI$ TO 5LI/ 9 ! CONSPIRACY REPORT$ HIS EF=TS TO ! CAB9ET4 

,AS ! EVID5CE 9CREAS$1 SO DID ! GOV]NM5T'S P>ALYZES 9 ! FACE ( ! IMP5D+ CRISIS4 ,9DE$1 %ORTLY BE=E ! REBELLION1 ,AZANA PUBLICLY ASSUR$ J\RNALI/S & POLITICAL COLLEAGUES ?AT ! CURR5T UNRE/ WAS TEMPOR>Y & W\LD SOON BE FOLL[$ BY A MORE TRANQUIL ATMOSPH]E4 ,BUT T5SION CONT9U$ TO M\NT4 ,ON ,JULY #a#a1 A GR\P ( ,FALANGI/S BRIEFLY SEIZ$ ! RADIO /ATION ( ,VAL5CIA & BROADCA/ ! FOLL[+ MESSAGE3 0,RADIO ,VAL5CIA4 ,! ,SPANI% ,FALANGE HAS TAK5 POSSESSION ( ! TRANSMITT] BY =CE ( >MS4 ,TOMORR[ ! SAME ?+ WILL HAPP5 AT ALL ! RADIO /ATIONS 9 ,SPA940 ,?IS EV5T FOLL[$ BY ONLY A FEW H\RS A CONFID5TIAL W>N+ TO ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA ?AT A MILIT>Y UPRIS+ WAS IMM95T1 TO :I* ! PRIME M9I/] FLIPPANTLY REPLI$3 0,SO Y\ >E ASSUR+ ME ?AT ! (FIC]S >E GO+ TO RISE6 ,V]Y WELL1 G5TLEM51 LET !M RISE4 ,I1 9 CONTRA/1 AM GO+ TO LIE D[N40 ,! NEXT DAY1 ON ,JULY #a#b1 A ,SOCIALI/ LIEUT5ANT ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS WAS %OT TO DEA? BY A GR\P ( ,FALANGI/ GUNM54 ,)9 H\RS ( ! ASSASS9ATION1 ! VICTIM'S ANGRY COMRADES HAD DECID$ UPON A DRAMATIC ACT ( REV5GE4 ,>RIV+ AT ,CALVO ,SOTELO'S HOME 9 A POLICE C>1 !Y 0>RE/$0 ! RI<T-W+ P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD]1 DROVE (F ) HIM 9 !IR VEHICLE1 & %OT HIM1 DUMP+ HIS BODY 9 ! ,MADRID CEMET]Y4 ,! G5]ALS HAD F\ND !IR M>TYR4 ,! DAY ( ! UPRIS+ WAS PU%$ =W>D TO ,JULY #ag TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! S5SATION PRODUC$ BY ! ASSASS9ATIONS >ID ! COMM&]S W]E PLAC$ 9 A /ATE ( READ9ESS4 

,9 ,MADRID ! LEFTI/ P>TIES1 HEAD$ BY ,CABALL]O REQUE/$ >MS BUT ! GOV]NM5T COLDLY REFUS$4 ,UP TO ! V]Y PO9T ( REBELLION1 :5 TRANSMITT]S SEIZ$ BY ! >MY 9 ,MOROCCO W]E BROADCA/+ ! NEWS ( ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,LIB]AL ,REPUBLICANS WAS TO SPEAK \T 0AGA9 TO CONFIRM ! ABSOLUTE TRANQUILITY ( ! :OLE ,P59SULA0 & 9=M ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ?AT !Y %\LD 0GU>ANTEE ! NORMALITY ( DAILY LIFE1 9 ORD] TO SET A HI< EXAMPLE ( S]5ITY & ( CONFID5CE 9 ! MEANS ( ! MILIT>Y /R5G? ( ! GOV]NM5T0--A 0MILIT>Y /R5G?0 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T NO LONG]1 5JOY$4 ,:ILE ! GOV]NM5T 5JO9$ ! WORK]S' P>TIES TO PASSIVITY & 0S]5ITY10 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ,MADRID OBLIG+LY ISSU$ A JO9T DECL>ATION ( !IR [N OP9+ ?AT ! 0MOM5T IS A DIFFICULT ONE BUT BY NO MEANS DESP]ATE40 ,! DECL>ATION CONCLUD$ ) ! /IRR+ 9JUNCTION3 0,! ,GOV]NM5T COMM&S & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT OBEYS40 ,! WORK]S ( ,MADRID W]E ASSUR$ ?AT ! 0,GOV]NM5T IS C]TA9 ?AT IT HAS SUFFICI5T RES\RCES TO OV]COME ! CRIM9AL ATTEMPT40 ,9 RESPONSE TO ,CALVO ,SOTELO'S ASSASS9ATION1 ! GOV]NM5T 9 FACT HAD CLOS$ D[N NOT ONLY ! ,MON>*I/ & ,C>LI/ HEADQU>T]S 9 ! CAPITAL 7PRESUMABLY TO PREV5T DISORD]S7 BUT ALSO ! ,AN>*I/ C5T]S4 ,?IS ATTEMPT TO NEUTRALIZE ! MO/ MILITANT ELEM5TS 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T ALL BUT ASSUR$ ?AT ,MADRID W\LD REMA9 0S]5E40 ,A CONFUS$ SITUATION EM]G$ 9 ! CAPITAL3 ! ,C,N,T1 0ON W> FOOT+ EV] S9CE ! BUILD+ /RIKE10 OBS]VE ,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEMIME 9 !IR P]CEPTIVE ACC\NT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION' & ,CIVIL ,W>1 0DECID$ TO USE =CE TO REOP5 ITS (FICES CLOS$ BY ! POLICE & BEGAN TO4 REQUISITION C>S & SE>* = >MS4 ,DAVID ,ANTONA1 SECRET>Y ( ITS ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 WAS FRE$ .<FROM PRISON.> ON ! MORN+ ( #ai ,JULY2 HE W5T TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR & ?REAT5$ TO S5D HIS M5 TO ATTACK ! PRISONS & RELEASE ! MILITANTS :O W]E /ILL IMPRISON$ !RE40 ,! LEFT ,SOCIALI/S UNE>!D & DI/RIBUT$ ! >MS !Y HAD CONCEAL$ S9CE ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS ( #a#i#c#d4 ,WORK]S' PATROLS BEGAN TO APPE> ON ! /REETS4 ,YET ,MADRID1 ON ! :OLE1 WAS /RANGELY GU>D$ 9 ITS ACTIONS4 ,NO ASSAULTS W]E MADE ON ! B>RACKS2 9DE$1 ONE REBEL REGIM5T MADE ITS WAY \T ( ! CAPITAL1 APP>5TLY )\T OPPOSITION1 TO JO9 =CES ) ,MOLA 9 ! NOR?4 ,U,G,T CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 DUTIFULLY OBEY+ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,LABOR'S /RIKE AW>DS1 RETURN$ TO !IR JOBS4 ,! ,C,N,T CDNT9U$ ITS /RIKE1 AL?\< BY N[ BO? UNIONS HAD GIV5 ORD]S = A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,NO DECISIVE FI<T+ OCCURR$ ON EI!R SIDE 9 ,MADRID UNTIL TWO DAYS AFT] ! PRONUNDAMI5TO :5 L\DSPEAK]S 9 ! /REETS BROADCA/ ! NEWS ?AT ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 VICTORI\S 9 AN OP5 /RUGGLE ) ,GOD$'S TROOPS4 

,IT WAS 9 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA--& VIRTUALLY 9 ?AT CITY ALONE--?AT S]I\S PREP>ATIONS & ! MO/ EFFECTIVE EF=TS W]E UND]TAK5 TO COPE ) ! MILIT>Y REBELLION4 ,9/EAD ( ISSU+ REASSUR+ /ATEM5TS AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ,MADRID1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I PLAC$ ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ( ! CITY ON ! AL]T4 ,C5ETI/A WORK]S FILL$ !IR SYNDICATE HALLS CLAMOR+ = >MS4 ,AL?\< ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAD =M$ A LIASON COMMITTEE ) ! ,G5]ALITAT TO COPE ) ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ 9 A UNIT$ MANN]1 ,COMPANYS RESPOND$ TO !SE DEM&S BY DECL>+ ?AT NO WEAPONS W]E AVAILABLE4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ,B>CELONA1 NOT ,MADRID1 :]E 0,! ,GOV]NM5T COMM&S & ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT OBEYS40 ,) *>ACT]I/IC 9DEP5D5CE1 A GR\P ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ DOCK WORK]S L$ BY ,JUAN ,YAGUE SECRETLY BO>D$ %IPS 9 ! H>BOR1 /RIPP$ !M ( WEAPONS1 & DEPOSIT$ ! >MS 9 A SYNDICATE HEADQU>T]S4 ,! HEADQU>T]S WAS SOON SURR\ND$ BY POLICE & AFT] DELICATE NEGOTIATIONS SOME ( ! WEAPONS W]E RETURN$ TO AVOID A CONFLICT ) ! POLICE1 MANY ( :OM W]E SYMPA!TIC TO ! WORK]S' CAUSE & W]E LAT] TO AID !M 9 FI<T+ ! REBEL TROOPS4 ,DUR+ ! AFT]NOON ( ! #a#h?1 C5ETI/AS RAID$ SPORT+ GOODS /ORES & :ATEV] >MS DEPOTS !Y C\LD F9D2 !Y ALSO SEIZ$ DYNAMITE FROM ! DOCKY>DS4 ,SYMPA!TIC ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS DI/RIBUT$ >MS FROM !IR B>RACKS4 ,FROM ! BUILD+ SYNDICATE1 :I* HAD N[ BECOME A SORT ( 0W>0 HEADQU>T]S = ! ,C,N,T1 PLANS W]E DRAWN UP = RESI/ANCE4 ,PRIVATE C>S1 SPLA%$ ) ! LETT]S 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I10 PR[L$ ! /REETS AS A W>N+ ?AT ! ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/S W]E PREP>$ = BATTLE 9 ! EV5T ( ANY UPRIS+4 ,WORK]S1 (T5 ACT+ L>GELY ON !IR [N1 BEGAN TO >RE/ KN[N ,FALANGI/S & RI<TI/S1 /OPP+ ALL SUSPICI\S PASS]SBY NE> GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & B>RACKS4 ,C,N,T WORK]S M\NT$ A #b#d-H\R GU>D ON !IR HEADQU>T]S :ILE ALL OV] T[N !IR COMRADES1 >M$ ) MAKE%IFT WEAPONS1 LAY 9 WAIT = ANY SUSPICI\S ACTION BY ! TROOPS4 

,ON ,JULY #a#h1 ! G5]ALS DECL>$ !IR PRONUNDAMI5TO &1 9 ! MORN+ H\RS ( ! NEXT DAY1 SOLIDI]S ( ! ,B>CELONA G>RISON1 P]HAPS ! L>GE/ 9 ,SPA91 BEGAN TO LEAVE !IR QU>T]S TO OCCUPY /RATEGIC C5T]S ( ! CITY4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y:]E !Y 5C\NT]$ WORK]S MASS$ BEH9D B>RICADES1 SNIP]S FROM RO(TOPS1 & IMM5SE CR[DS WALK+ T[>D !M ) !IR FEW WEAPONS RAIS$ OV] !IR HEADS1 PLEAD+ ) ! SOLDI]S NOT TO %OOT !IR PROLET>IAN BRO!R & SI/]S4 ,:]E !SE PLEAS W]E DISREG>D$1 ! TROOPS 5C\NT]$ FURI\S RESI/ANCE BY >M$ WORK]S OR1 TO !IR UTT] AMAZEM5T1 W]E SIMPLY OV]:ELM$ BY CR[DS ?AT SURG$ =W>D 9 TOTAL DISREG>D ( ! MILIT>Y'S SUP]IOR FIRE-P[]4 ,! G5]ALS' UPRIS+ HAD BEGUN--BUT SO TOO HAD ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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