,! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM OR ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

,P]HAPS ! READ] ?9KS HE HAS F\ND A FLAW 9 ! ABOVE TITLE & ?AT ! SOVIET SY/EM & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT >E ONE & ! SAME ?+8 ,NO4 ,!Y >E TWO RADICALLY DIFF]5T IDEAS :I*1 F> FROM BE+ MUTUALLY COMPLEM5T>Y1 >E MUTUALLY OPPOS$4 ,ONLY AN UNHEAL?Y P>TY LOGIC C\LD ACCEPT A FUSION :5 :AT REALLY EXI/S IS AN IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITION4 

,! IDEA ( 0SOVIETS0 IS A WELL DEF9$ EXPRESSION ( :AT WE TAKE TO BE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 BE+ AN ELEM5T BELONG+ 5TIRELY TO ! CON/RUCTIVE SIDE ( SOCIALISM4 ,! ORIG9 ( ! NOTION ( DICTATOR%IP IS :OLLY B\RGEOIS & AS SU*1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO H>NESS ! TWO T]MS TOGE!R >TIFICIALLY1 IF IT IS SO DESIR$1 BUT ALL ONE W\LD GET W\LD BE A V]Y POOR C>ICATURE ( ! ORIG9AL IDEA ( SOVIETS1 AM\NT+1 AS SU*1 TO A SUBV]SION ( ! BASIC NOTION ( SOCIALISM4 

,! IDEA ( SOVIETS IS NOT A NEW ONE1 NOR IS IT ONE ?R[N UP1 AS IS FREQU5TLY BELIEV$1 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT >OSE 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ W+ ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T AT A TIME :5 ! WORK+ CLASS EM]G$ FROM ! *RYSALIS ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM TO BECOME 9DEP5D5T4 ,?AT WAS 9 ! DAYS :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION A*IEV$ ITS GR&IOSE PLAN TO GA!R TOGE!R WORK]S FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES 9TO A S+LE HUGE UNION1 SO AS TO OP5 UP TO !M A DIRECT R\TE T[>DS !IR REAL EMANCIPATION4 ,AL?\< ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS BE5 ?\<T ( AS A BROAD BAS$ ORGANIZATION COMPOS$ ( PR(ESSIONAL BODIES1 ITS /ATUTES W]E DRAFT$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO ALL[ ALL ! SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! DAY TO JO9 ) ! SOLE PROVISO ?AT !Y AGREE ) ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( ! ORGANIZATION3 ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 

,NATURALLY 5\<1 AT ! TIME ( ITS F\NDATION1 ! IDEAS ( ?IS GREAT ,ASSOCIATION W]E F> FROM BE+ AS CLE>LY DEF9$ AS !Y W]E AT ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS 9 #ahff OR ! ,LAUSANNE 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,! MORE EXP]I5C$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME ! MORE IT MATUR$ & SPREAD ?R\<\T ! WORLD AS A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION1 ! CLE>] & MORE OBJECTIVE ! ?9K+ ( ITS ADEPTS APPE>$4 ,! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY >IS+ \T ( ! DAY TO DAY BATTLE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR L$1 ( ITSELF1 TO A DEEP] UND]/&+ ( BASIC PR9CIPLES4 

,AFT] ! ,BRUSSELS CONGRESS ( #ahfh ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAD COME \T 9 FAVOR ( COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! SOIL1 ! SUBSOIL & ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 & ! GR\NDWORK HAD BE5 LAID D[N = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,AT ! ,BASEL CONGRESS ( #ahfi ! 9T]NAL EVOLUTION ( ! GREAT WORK]S' ASSOCIATION REA*$ ITS Z5I?4 ,AP>T FROM ! ISSUE ( ! SOIL & SUBSOIL1 FRE%LY CONSID]$ BY ! CONGRESS1 ! *IEF ISSUE WAS H[ WORK]S' UNIONS W]E TO BE SET UP1 RUN & US$4 ,A REPORT ON ?IS ISSUE1 PRES5T$ BY ! ,BELGIAN ,H9S & HIS FRI5DS1 EXCIT$ A LIVELY 9T]E/ AT ! CONGRESS4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! TASKS :I* ! WORK]S' UNIONS W]E TO TACKLE AS WELL AS ! IMPORTANCE ( ?OSE UNIONS WAS SET \T 9 AN UTT]LY UNMI/AKABLE WAY1 REM9ISC5T1 TO A DEGREE1 ( ! ?9K+ ( ,ROB]T ,[54 ,?US IT WAS ANN\NC$ AT ,BASEL 9 CLE> & UNMI/AKABLE T]MS ?AT ! TRADES UNION1 ! LOCAL F$]ATION1 WAS MORE ?AN M]ELY AN ORD9>Y & TEMPOR>Y BODY :OSE ONLY REASON TO EXI/ WAS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & :I* WAS FAT$ TO DISAPPE> :5 IT DID4 ,ACCORD+ TO :AT ,H9S SET \T1 ! /ATE SOCIALI/ VIEW ?AT ! WORK]S' UNIONS \<T TO CONF9E !IR ACTIVITIES TO IMPROV+ ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S 9 T]MS ( WAGES1 NO MORE & NO LESS1 WAS RADICALLY AM5D$4 

,! REPORT BY ,H9S & HIS FRI5DS %[S H[ ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE CAN BE REG>D$ AS CELLS ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 & ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S TASK IS TO $UCATE !SE LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS TO EQUIP !M TO C>RY \T !IR HI/ORIC MISSION ,9DE$1 ! CONGRESS DID ADOPT ! ,BELGIAN VIEW2 BUT WE KN[ TODAY ?AT MANY DELEGATES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE FROM ! ,G]MAN LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 NEV] HAD ANY WI% TO PUT ! RESOLUTION 9TO PRACTICE )9 ! B\ND ( !IR 9FLU5CE4 

,AFT] ! ,BASEL CONGRESS1 & ESPECIALLY AFT] ! W> ( #a#h#g1 :I* ?RU/ ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T ALONG QUITE A DIFF]5T R\TE1 IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT !RE W]E TWO T5D5CIES 9SIDE ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 T5D5CIES SO IRRECONCILABLY OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R ?AT ?IS OPPOSITION W5T AS F> AS A SPLIT4 ,LAT] AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO R$UCE !IR DISAGREEM5TS TO ! LEVEL ( A P]SONAL SQUABBLE BETWE5 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 & ,K>L ,M>X1 ! LATT] ) HIS ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,LONDON4 ,!RE C\LD NOT BE A MORE MI/AK51 GR\NDLESS ACC\NT ?AN ?IS ONE1 :I* IS BAS$ ON UTT] IGNORANCE ( ! FACTS4 ,( C\RSE1 P]SONAL CONSID]ATIONS DID HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY 9 !SE CLA%ES1 AS !Y USUALLY DO 9 SU* SITUATIONS4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT WAS ,M>X & ,5GELS :O RESORT$ TO EV]Y CONCEIVABLE IMPROPRIETY 9 !IR ATTACKS ON ,BAKUN94 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,K>L ,M>X'S BIOGRAPH]1 ! AU?OR ,]ANZ ,MEHR+1 WAS UNABLE TO KEEP SIL5T ON ?IS FACT1 S9CE1 BASICALLY1 IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( VA9 SILLY SQUABBL+1 BUT ( A CLA% BETWE5 TWO IDEOLOGICAL \TLOOKS :I* DID & DO HAVE A C]TA9 NATURAL IMPORTANCE4 

,9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL F\ND ITS PR9CIPAL SUPPORT1 ! WORK]S W]E ACTIVE ?R\< !IR ORGANIZATIONS ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,TO !IR EYES1 ! /ATE WAS ! POLITICAL AG5T & DEF5D] ( ! POSSESS+ CLASSES1 &1 ?IS BE+ ! CASE1 ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] WAS NOT TO BE PURSU$ 9 ANY GUISE = IT WAS NO?+ O!R ?AN A PRELUDE TO A NEW TYRANNY & A SURVIVAL ( EXPLOITATION4 ,= ?AT REASON1 !Y AVOID$ IMITAT+ ! B\RGEOISIE BY SETT+ UP YET ANO!R POLITICAL P>TY ?AT W\LD SPAWN A NEW RUL+ CLASS CAPTA9$ BY PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 ,!IR OBJECTIVE WAS TO GET CONTROL ( MA*9ES1 9DU/RY1 ! SOIL & ! SUBSOIL2 & !Y =ESAW CORRECTLY ?AT ?IS APPROA* DIVID$ !M RADICALLY FROM ! ,JACOB9 POLITICIANS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+ = ! SAKE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,! ,LAT9 9T]NATIONALI/S REALIZ$ ?AT MONOPOLY ( [N]%IP HAD TO GO1 AS WELL AS MONOPOLY ( P[]2 ?AT ! :OLE LIFE ( ! SOCIETY TO COME HAD TO BE F\ND$ UPON :OLLY NEW BASES4 ,TAK+ AS !IR />T+ PO9T ! FACT ?AT 0MAN'S DOM9ATION OV] HIS FELL[ MAN0 WAS A ?+ ( ! PA/1 !SE COMRADES TRI$ TO GET TO GRIPS ) ! IDEA ( 0! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S40 ,!Y REPLAC$ ! POLITICS ( P>TIES 9SIDE ! /ATE ) ! ECONOMIC POLITICS ( LABOR4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y REALIZ$ ?AT ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9 A SOCIALI/ S5SE HAD TO BE UND]TAK5 9SIDE 9DU/RY ITSELF1 ?IS BE+ ! ROOT IDEA BEH9D ! NOTION ( ! C\NCILS 7OR SOVIETS74 

,9 AN EXTREMELY CLE> & PRECISE WAY1 ! CONGRESSES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION W5T MORE DEEPLY 9TO !SE IDEAS ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN W+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & DEVELOP$ !M4 ,?AT IS :]E ! T]MS 0JUNTAS0 & 0WORK]S' C\NCILS0 7MEAN+ ! SAME ?+ AS SOVIETS7 CAME FROM4 

,! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL REALIZ$ FULL WELL ?AT SOCIALISM CANNOT BE DECRE$ BY A GOV]NM5T1 BUT HAS TO GR[1 ORGANICALLY1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,!Y UND]/OOD1 ALSO1 ?AT IT WAS = ! WORK]S ALONE TO UND]TAKE ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & PRODUCTION &1 SIMIL>LY1 DI/RIBUTION = EQUAL CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS WAS ! OV]RID+ IDEA :I* !Y HAVE OPPOS$ TO ! /ATE SOCIALISM ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICIANS4 

,AS ! YE>S HAVE PASS$1 & EV5 TODAY1 ! LABOR MOVEM5TS ( !SE ,LAT9 C\NTRIES HAVE UND]GONE SAVAGE P]SECUTIONS4 ,?IS BLOODY POLICY CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! REPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,LAT]1 REACTION>Y EXCESSES ( ?AT SORT SPREAD TO ,SPA9 & ,ITALY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! IDEA ( 0C\NCILS0 HAS REC$$ 9TO ! BACKGR\ND1 S9CE ALL OP5 PROPAG&A WAS SUPPRESS$ & 9 ! CL&E/9E MOVEM5TS ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATION HAD TO SET UP1 MILITANTS W]E CON/RA9$ TO DEPLOY ALL !IR 5]GIES1 ALL !IR RES\RCES1 TO FI<T+ ! REACTION & DEF5D+ ITS VICTIMS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALISM & ! ,IDEA ( ,C\NCILS 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM HAS UNE>!D ?IS IDEA & BREA!D NEW LIFE 9TO IT4 ,DUR+ ! MO/ ACTIVE P]IOD ( ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM BETWE5 #ai & #aig ! C\NCILS IDEA WAS PURSU$ 9 ITS MO/ COMPREH5SIVE1 WELL DEF9$ =M4 

,A GLANCE AT ! WRIT+S ( ,P\GET1 ,GRIFFUELHES1 ,MONATTE1 ,YVETOT & SOME O!RS1 ESPECIALLY ,PELL\TI]1 IS 5\< TO P]SUADE ONE ?AT NEI!R 9 ,RUSSIA NOR ANY:]E ELSE HAS AN IOTA BE5 ADD$ TO :AT ! PROPAG&I/S ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM =MULAT$ FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN EV5TS ( #a#i#a#g4 

,?R\<\T ?OSE YE>S ! SOCIALI/ WORK]S' P>TIES REJECT$ ! IDEA ( C\NCILS \T ( H&4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O TODAY >E ADVOCATES ( ! IDEA ( SOVIETS 7ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY7 SCORN$ IT YE/]DAY AS SOME 0NEW UTOPIA40 ,L591 NO LESS1 /AT$ TO ! PRESID5T ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DELEGATES' C\NCIL 9 #aie ?AT ! C\NCILS SY/EM WAS AN \TMOD$ 9/ITUTION ) :I* ! P>TY HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON4 

,& SO ?IS NOTION ( C\NCILS1 ! CR$IT = :I* IS DUE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 M>KS ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T & CON/ITUTES ! KEY/ONE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 ?ANKS TO :I* WE %ALL BE P]MITT$ TO ADD ?AT ! C\NCILS SY/EM IS ! ONLY 9/ITUTION LIKELY TO LEAD TO SOCIALISM BECOM+ A REALITY1 S9CE ANY O!R PA? WILL BE A MI/AK5 ONE4 0,UTOPIA0 HAS WON OV] 0SCI5CIFICISM40 

,EQUALLY1 IT IS BEYOND QUE/ION ?AT ! C\NCIL IDEA >ISES NATURALLY \T ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ VISION :I* HAS SO TAK5 ROOT 9 A L>GE P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! /ATE IDEA ) ITS WAKE ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGICAL TRADITIONS4 

,! 0,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT10 AN ,9H]ITANCE FROM ! ,B\RGEOISIE 

,?AT IS ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID ( DICTATOR%IP1 S9CE IT IS NOT A PRODUCT ( SOCIALI/ ?9K+4 ,DICTATOR%IP IS NO *ILD ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT A REGRETTABLE 9H]ITANCE FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 PASS$ 9TO ! PROLET>IAN CAMP TO GU>ANTEE ITS 0HAPP9ESS40 ,DICTATOR%IP IS CLOSELY L9K$ ) ! LU/ = POLITICAL P[]1 :I* IS LIKEWISE B\RGEOIS 9 ITS ORIG94 

,DICTATOR%IP IS ONE ( ! =MS :I* ! /ATE1 EV] GRE$Y = ,P[]1 IS APT TO ASSUME4 ,IT IS ! /ATE ON A W> FOOT+4 ,LIKE O!R ADVOCATES ( ! /ATE IDEA1 ! SUPPORT]S ( DICTATOR%IP W\LD--PROVISIONALLY 787--IMPOSE !IR WILL UPON ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS CONCEPT ALONE IS AN IMP$IM5T TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! V]Y LIFE'S BLOOD ( :I* IS PRECISELY ! CON/RUCTIVE P>TICIPATION & DIRECT 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES4 

,DICTATOR%IP IS ! D5IAL1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ORGANIC BE+1 ( ! NATURAL =M ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS FROM ! BOTTOM UPW>DS4 ,SOME CLAIM ?AT ! PEOPLE >E NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY MATURE TO TAKE *>GE ( !IR [N DE/9Y4 ,SO !RE HAS TO BE A RUL] OV] ! MASSES1 TUTELAGE BY AN 0EXP]T0 M9ORITY4 ,! SUPPORT]S ( DICTATOR%IP C\LD HAVE ! BE/ 9T5TIONS 9 ! WORLD1 BUT ! LOGIC ( ,P[] WILL OBLIGE !M ALWAYS TO TAKE ! PA? ( ! MO/ EXTREME DESPOTISM4 

,\R /ATE SOCIALI/S ADOPT$ ! NOTION ( DICTATOR%IP FROM ?AT PRE-B\RGEOIS P>TY1 ! ,JACOB9S4 ,?AT P>TY DAMN$ /RIK+ AS A CRIME & BANN$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS UND] PA9 ( DEA?4 ,! MO/ ACTIVE SPOKESM5 = ?IS OV]BE>+ CONDUCT W]E ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,C\?ON1 :ILE ,ROBESPI]RE OP]AT$ UND] ! SAME 9FLU5CE4 

,! FALSE1 ONESID$ WAY ?AT B\RGEOIS HI/ORIANS USUALLY DEPICT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ MO/ SOCIALI/S1 & CONTRIBUT$ MI<TILY TO GIV+ ! ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP AN ILL DES]V$ PRE/IGE1 :ILE ! M>TYRDOM ( ITS *IEF LEAD]S SEEMS TO HAVE 9CREAS$4 ,G5]ALLY1 FOLK >E EASY PREY = ! CULT ( M>TYRS1 :I* DISABLES !M FROM /UDI$ CRITICISM ( IDEAS & DE$S4 

,! CREATIVE LABOR ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS WELL KN[N--IT ABOLI%$ FEUDALISM & ! MON>*Y4 ,HI/ORIANS HAVE GLORIFI$ ?IS AS ! WORK ( ! ,JACOB9S & REVOLUTION>IES ( ! ,CONV5TION1 BUT NONE!LESS1 ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME ?AT PICTURE HAS TURN$ \T TO BE AN ABSOLUTE FALSIFICATION ( ! :OLE HI/ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,TODAY WE KN[ ?AT ?IS MI/AK5 9T]PRETATION IS BAS$ ON ! WILLFUL IGNORANCE ( HI/ORICAL FACT1 ESPECIALLY ! TRU? ?AT ! BONA FIDE CREATIVE WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ! PEASANTS & ! PROLET>IAT FROM ! T[NS 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & ! ,CONV5TION4 ,! ,JACOB9S & ! ,CONV5TION W]E ALWAYS RA!R VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ TO RADICAL *ANGES1 UP UNTIL !Y W]E A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 ?AT IS1 UNTIL POPUL> ACTIONS IMPOS$ SU* *ANGES UPON !M4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CONV5TION'S PROCLAMATION ?AT ! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS ABOLI%$ WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN (FICIAL RECOGNITION ( 9ROADS MADE DIRECTLY BY ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS 9TO ! OLD OPPRESSIVE SY/EM1 9 SPITE ( ! FI]CE OPPOSITION !Y HAD HAD TO FACE FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! DAY4 

,AS LATE AS #a#g#i#b1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY HAD NOT T\*$ ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! FOLL[+ YE> ?AT ! SAID REVOLUTION>Y ,ASSEMBLY CONDESC5D$ TO PROVE 0! MOB ( ! C\NTRYSIDE0 RI<T BY SANCTION+ ! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL RI<TS1 SOME?+ ! PEOPLE HAD ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ BY POPUL> DECISION4 ,! SAME ?+1 OR ALMO/1 GOES = ! (FICIAL ABOLITION ( ! MON>*Y4 

,JACOB9 ,TRADITIONS & ,SOCIALISM 

,! FIR/ F\ND]S ( A POPUL> SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE CAME FROM ! ,JACOB9 CAMP1 SO IT IS NATURAL ?AT ! POLITICAL 9H]ITANCE ( #agib %\LD WEI< HEAVILY UPON !M4 

,:5 ,BABEUF & ,D>!Y SET UP ! CONSPIRACY ( 0,! ,EQUALS10 !Y AIM$ TO TURN ,FRANCE1 BY MEANS ( DICTATOR%IP1 9TO AN AGR>IAN COMMUNI/ /ATE &1 AS COMMUNI/S1 !Y APPRECIAT$ ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE TO SET AB\T SOLV+ ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION IF !Y W]E EV] TO ATTA9 ! IDEAL ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT1 AS ,JACOB9S1 0,! ,EQUALS0 BELIEV$ !Y C\LD ATTA9 !IR OBJECTIVE BY RE9=C+ ! /ATE1 CONF]R+ VA/ P[]S ON IT4 ,) ! ,JACOB9S1 BELIEF 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! /ATE REA*$ ITS ACME & SO ?OR\<LY P]MEAT$ !M ?AT !Y W]E 9CAPABLE ( CONCEIV+ ANY ALT]NATIVE S*EME TO FOLL[4 

,HALF-DEAD1 ,BABEUF & ,D>!Y W]E DRAGG$ TO ! GUILLOT9E1 BUT !IR IDEAS LIV$ ON AMONG ! PEOPLE1 TAK+ REFUGE 9 SECRET SOCIETIES1 LIKE ! 0,EGALIT>IANS0 DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE4 ,M5 LIKE ,B>BES & ,BLANQUI WORK$ ALONG ! SAME L9ES1 FI<T+ = A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT DESIGN$ TO MAKE ! AIMS ( ! COMMUNI/S A REALITY4 

,IT WAS FROM !SE M5 ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS 9H]IT$ ! NOTION ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* !Y SET \T 9 !IR ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,BY ?AT MEANS !Y W]E TO >RIVE AT A C5TRAL P[] ) UNCONTE/$ CAPABILITIES1 ! TASK ( :I* IT W\LD BE TO CRU% ! POT5TIAL ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?R\< RADICAL CO]CIVE LAWS &1 :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE1 REORGANIZE SOCIETY 9 ! SPIRIT ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 

,M>X & ,5GELS AB&ON$ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY = ! SOCIALI/ CAMP1 !IR ?9K+ PR(\NDLY %AP$ BY ,JACOB9 9FLU5CE4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS1 AT ?AT TIME1 9SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ TO COME UP ) AN AU!NTIC PA? ( ITS [N4 ,! SOCIALISM ( BO? ( ! TWO LEAD]S WAS MORE OR LESS SUBJECT TO B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS GO+ BACK TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,EV]Y?+ = ! ,C\NCILS 

,?ANKS TO ! GR[? ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! DAYS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 SOCIALISM F\ND ITSELF 9 A POSITION TO %RUG (F ! LA/ REMNANTS ( B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS & TO BECOME 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T4 ,! CONCEPT ( C\NCILS AB&ON$ ! NOTION ( ! /ATE & ( P[] POLITICS UND] ANY GUISE :ATEV]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT WAS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ANY SUGGE/ION ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 FACT1 IT NOT ONLY ATTEMPT$ TO /RIP AWAY ! 9/RUM5TS ( P[] FROM ! =CES ?AT POSSESS$ !M & FROM ! /ATE1 BUT IT ALSO T5D$ TO 9CREASE ITS [N SWAY AS F> AS POSSIBLE4 

,! =]UNN]S ( ! C\NCIL SY/EM APPRECIAT$ WELL ?AT ALONG ) ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN W\LD HAVE TO VANI% ALSO ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,!Y REALIZ$ ?AT ! /ATE1 BE+ ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 CANNOT BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! EMANCIPATION ( LABOR4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT WAS !IR VIEW ?AT ! PRIM>Y TASK ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS TO BE ! DEMOLITION ( ! OLD P[] /RUCTURE1 TO REMOVE ! POSSIBILITY ( ANY NEW =M ( EXPLOITATION & RETREAT4 

,LET NO ONE OBJECT ?AT ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 CANNOT BE COMP>$ TO RUN ( ! MILL DICTATOR%IP BECAUSE IT IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS4 

,DICTATOR%IP ( A CLASS CANNOT EXI/ AS SU*1 = IT 5DS UP1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 AS BE+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( A GIV5 P>TY :I* >ROGATES TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO SPEAK = ?AT CLASS4 ,?US1 ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ DESPOTISM1 US$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PEOPLE40 ,9 P>TIES :I* HAVE NEV] 5JOY$ ! USE ( P[]1 ! LU/ = P[] OR ! DESIRE TO WIELD IT ASSUME AN EXTREMELY DANG]\S =M4 

,?OSE :O HAVE REC5TLY WON P[] >E EV5 MORE OBNOXI\S ?AN ?OSE :O POSSESS$ IT4 ,! EXAMPLE ( ,G]MANY IS ILLUM9AT+ 9 ?IS RESPECT3 ! ,G]MANS >E CURR5TLY LIV+ UND] ! P[]FUL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! C5TRALI/IC FUNCTION>IES ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,!Y F9D NO MEASURE TOO BASE OR BRUTAL TO APPLY & SUBDUE ! MEMB]S ( !IR 0[N0 CLASS :O D>E TO TAKE ISSUE ) !M4 ,:5 !SE G5TLEM51 R5EG+ ON SOCIALISM1 0W5T UND]0 !Y TOSS$ AWAY EV5 ?OSE GA9S MADE BY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS GU>ANTEE+ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( FRE$OM & P]SONAL 9VIOLABILITY4 ,:AT'S MORE !Y HAVE ALSO FA!R$ ! MO/ HORR5D\S POLICE SY/EM1 GO+ SO F> AS TO >RE/ ANYONE :O IS UNGRATEFUL TO ! AU?ORITIES & R5D]+ HIM H>MLESS = A TIME AT LEA/4 ,! CELEBRAT$ 0LETTRES DE CA*ET0 ( ! ,FR5* DESPOTS & ! ADM9I/RATIVE DEPORTATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN CZ>I/ SY/EM HAVE BE5 EXHUM$ & APPLI$ BY !SE UNIQUE *AMPIONS ( DEMOCRACY4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 !SE NEW DESPOTS PRATEL ON 9SI/5TLY AB\T SUPPORT = A CON/ITUTION ?AT GU>ANTEES EV]Y POSSIBLE RI<T TO GOOD ,G]MANS2 BUT ?AT CON/ITUTION EXI/S ONLY ON PAP]4 ,EV5 ! ,FR5* REPUBLICAN CON/ITUTION ( #agic SUFF]$ FROM ! SAME FLAW--IT WAS NEV] PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,ROBESPI]RE & HIS H5*M5 TRI$ TO EXPLA9 !MSELVES BY /AT+ ?AT ! FA!RL& WAS 9 DANG]4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 0,9CORRUPTIBLE0 & HIS M5 MA9TA9$ A DICTATOR%IP :I* L$ TO ,!RMIDOR1 ! DISGRACEFUL RULE ( ! ,DIRECTORY1 &1 ULTIMATELY1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! SWORD UND] ,NAPOLEON4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME WE 9 ,G]MANY HAVE REA*$ \R ,DIRECTORY3 ! ONLY ?+ MISS+ IS ! MAN :O WILL PLAY ! ROLE ( ,NAPOLEON4 

,WE ALREADY KN[ ?AT A REVOLUTION CANNOT BE MADE ) ROSEWAT]4 ,& WE KN[1 TOO1 ?AT ! [N+ CLASSES WILL NEV] YIELD UP !IR PRIVILEGES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,ON ! DAY ( VICTORI\S REVOLUTION ! WORK]S WILL HAVE TO IMPOSE !IR WILL ON ! PRES5T [N]S ( ! SOIL1 ( ! SUBSOIL & ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* CANNOT BE DONE--LET US BE CLE> ON ?IS--)\T ! WORK]S TAK+ ! CAPITAL ( SOCIETY 9TO !IR [N H&S1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 )\T !IR HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ! AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURE :I* IS1 & WILL CONT9UE TO BE1 ! =TRESS KEEP+ ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE UND] DOM9ION4 ,SU* AN ACTION IS1 )\T D\BT1 AN ACT ( LIB]ATION2 A PROCLAMATION ( SOCIAL JU/ICE2 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! UTT]LY B\RGEOIS PR9CIPLE ( DICTATOR%IP4 

,! FACT ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE RALLI$ TO ! IDEA ( C\NCILS1 :I* IS ! PROP] M>K ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 IS A CONFESSION1 RECOGNITION ?AT ! TACK !Y HAVE TAK5 UP UNTIL N[ HAS BE5 ! PRODUCT ( A FALSIFICATION1 A DI/ORTION1 & ?AT ) ! C\NCILS ! LABOR MOVEM5T MU/ CREATE = ITSELF A S+LE ORGAN CAPABLE ( C>RY+ 9TO EFFECT ! UNMITIGAT$ SOCIALISM ?AT ! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT LONGS =4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT \<T NOT TO BE =GOTT5 ?AT ?IS ABRUPT CONV]SION MNS ! RISK ( 9TRODUC+ MANY ALI5 FEATURES 9TO ! C\NCILS CONCEPT1 FEATURES1 ?AT IS1 ) NO RELATION TO ! ORIG9AL TASKS ( SOCIALISM1 & :I* HAVE TO BE ELIM9AT$ BECAUSE !Y POSE A ?REAT TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NCILS4 ,!SE ALI5 ELEM5TS >E ABLE ONLY TO CONCEIVE ?+S FROM ! DICTATORIAL VIEWPO9T4 ,IT MU/ BE \R TASK TO FACE UP TO ?IS RISK & W>N \R CLASS COMRADES AGA9/ EXP]IM5TS :I* CANNOT BR+ ! DAWN ( SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ANY NE>]1 :I* 9DE$1 TO ! CONTR>Y1 POSITIVELY PO/PONE IT4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 \R ADVICE IS AS FOLL[S3 ,EV]Y?+ = ! C\NCILS OR SOVIETS6 ,NO P[] ABOVE !M6 ,A SLOGAN :I* AT ! SAME TIME WILL BE ?AT ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM OR ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM OR ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/