,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#a4 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,DIE SOZIALI/IS*E ,KRISE 9 ,FRANKREI*1 FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #e 9/ALLM5TS 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#i_/#a#i#a & FILLS #fi PAGES 9 ! ,GESAMMELTE ,W]KE4 
,S\RCE3 ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,JULY #a#i#c#i1 PP4#a#i#h-#b#c2 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#i1 PP4#b#c#c-#b#c#g2 ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#i1 PP4#c#a-#c#a#c 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,]NE/ ,]B] 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S 
,PUBLIC ,DOMA93 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE #b#e4 ,?IS WORK IS COMPLETELY FREE4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9TRODUCTORY ,NOTE 

,?IS WORK ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,CRISIS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i-#a 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 ! *IEF !ORETICAL ORGAN ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS WRITT5 DUR+ ! 0,MILL]& ,CRISIS0 9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 CAUS$ BY ! 5TRY ( ,ALEX&RE ,MILL]&1 ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/1 9TO ! 0CAB9ET ( REPUBLICAN DEF5SE0 =M$ BY ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU 9 #a#h#i#i4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME A SOCIALI/ LEAD] HAD ACCEPT$ A PORTFOLIO 9 A B\RGEOIS M9I/RY4 ,SUPPORT$ BY ,JAURES1 ,MILL]& JU/IFI$ HIS ACTION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC WAS ?REAT5$ BY A C\P D'ETAT FROM MON>*I/ & NATIONALI/ CAMPS4 ,LUXEMBURG'S BRILLIANT DEMON/RATION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT DEF5D ITS DEMOCRATIC CLAIMS BY JO9+ =CES ) !IR CLASS 5EMIES HAS1 UN=TUNATELY1 BE5 ( TIMELY 9T]E/ EV] S9CE %E ORIG9ALLY WROTE IT YE>S AGO4 

,! PRES5T WORK WAS RE-ISSU$ AS A PAMPHLET BY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 ,G]MANY 9 #aibb :5 ! RANK & FILE ( ! 9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ P>TY W]E HESITAT+ BETWE5 FOLL[+ !IR LEAD]S 9TO ! RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7!N PRACTIC+ ! SAME SORT ( CLASS COLLABORATION AS ,MILL]& & ,JAURES HAD PRACTIC$ TWO DECADES E>LI]7 OR BREAK+ AWAY & JO9+ ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 0,! PAMPHLET10 WRITES ,FROLI*1 $ITOR ( ,LUXEMBURG'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 0PROV$ ( IMM5SE VALUE 9 W9N+ OV] DECISIVE SECTIONS ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ P>TY MEMB]%IP40 

,! BASIC QUE/ION DEALT ) H]E BY ,LUXEMBURG ONCE MORE PRES5TS ITSELF 9 ! ,AM]ICA ( #a#i#c#i1 DIFF]5T 9 =M BUT ID5TICAL 9 CONT5T4 ,TODAY ! RATIONALISATON ADVANC$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 ! SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 & ! O!R LEFT-W+ FELL[-TRAVEL]S ( ! ,NEW ,DEAL IS NEI!R ROYALI/ C\PS NOR ,JUNK] PLOTS BUT ! EQUALLY REMOTE ?REAT TO \R DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS FROM ! >M$ ATTACK ( FASCI/ P[]S ON O!R SIDE ( ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,! NAMES & DETAILS *ANGE1 BUT ! ESS5CE REMA9S SAME4 ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU MU/ BE SUPPORT$ BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,EB]T & ,S*EIDEMANN MU/ BE SUPPORT$ BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,FRANKL9 ,ROOSEVELT MU/ BE SUPPORT$ BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC IS 9 DANG]6 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S REM>K MAKES ITS FIR/ APPE>ANCE 9 ,5GLI% AT AN ESPECIALLY APPROPRIATE MOM5T 9 \R HI/ORY4 

,LUXEMBURG'S ANALYSIS MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 RELATION TO ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND ( ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,! REPUBLIC ( #agia & ! REPUBLIC ( #ahdh W]E ! *ILDR5 ( SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS1 BUT ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC WAS BORN ( ! DISA/R\S DEFEAT ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 9 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>4 ,ITS FIR/ MOVE WAS ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ! MASS EXECUTION ( SOME #c1 ,COMMUN>DS4 ,A CREATION ( MILIT>Y DEFEAT1 CONSOLIDAT$ ON ! CORPSES ( ! MO/ POLITICALLY ADVANC$ WORK]S ( ,FRANCE1 ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC WAS = LONG A SICKLY GR[?4 ,= ! FIR/ TW5TY YE>S1 ITS EXI/5CE SEEM$ TO HANG BY A ?READ4 ,= A TIME1 ! MON>*I/S ACTUALLY HAD A MAJORITY 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 & ONLY ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E SPLIT BETWE5 ,LEGITIMI/S & ,ORLEANI/S PREV5T$ AN IMM$IATE OV]?R[ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,!IR 9FLU5CE DECL9$ /EADILY1 H[EV]1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( ! 9EPTNESS ( !IR LEAD]%IP BUT *IEFLY BECAUSE1 AS ,LUXEMBURG PO9TS \T1 ! ,REPUBLIC SOON PROV$ ITSELF TO BE AN EV5 BETT] TOOL ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AN ! MON>*Y HAD BE54 

,AL?\< !RE W]E CON/ANT AL>MS ( MON>*I/ PLOTS & C\PS ! *IEF DANG] TO ! ,REPUBLIC CAME NOT FROM \TSIDE BUT FROM ITS [N 9/ABILITY1 & ESPECIALLY FROM ITS CORRUPTION4 ,A S]IES ( T]RIBLE GOV]NM5TAL SC&ALS1 LIKE ! ,\/RIC & ,/AVISKY AFFAIRS 9 \R [N TIME1 5C\RAG$ ! REACTION>IES TO HAT* CONSPIRACIES AGA9/ ! WEAK5$ ,REPUBLIC4 ,TYPICAL WAS ! VAGUE BUT ?REAT5+ MOVEM5T L$ BY ! MILIT>Y ADV5TUR]1 ,G5]AL ,B\LANG]1 :OSE POPUL>ITY 9CREAS$ AS ! ,REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS SANK DEEP] 9TO SC&AL1 & :O WAS LOOK$ TO BY ! MON>*I/-NATIONALI/ COALITION AS !IR 0,MAN ON A ,:ITE ,HORSE04 ,! 0,WILSON ,AFFAIR01 :I* 9VOLV$ ! SON-9-LAW ( ! ,PRESID5T 9 SELL+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! ,LEGION ( ,HONOR1 GAVE ,B\LANG] A GREAT OPPORTUNITY1 :I* HE LET SLIP4 ,HE WAS F9ALLY =C$ 9TO EXILE 9 #a#h#h#i1 & COMMITT$ SUICIDE TWO YE>S LAT]4 

,EV5 MORE S]I\S ?AN ! ,B\LANG] AFFAIR1 & 9 FACT ! SITUATION :I* ,MILL]& US$ TO JU/IFY HIS 5TRY 9TO A B\RGEOIS M9I/RY1 WAS ! LONG DRAWN-\T /RUGGLE ( ! ,DREYFUS ,CASE4 0,! REPUBLIC N[ HAS A CORPSE 9 ITS H\SE - ! ,DREYFUS ,AFFAIR10 ,LUXEMBURG WROTE1 0& S9CE IT CANNOT GET RID ( IT BY ITS [N /R5G?1 IT IS 9 DANG] ( SUFFOCAT+ 9 ! POLLUT$ AIR40 ,!RE IS SPACE H]E = ONLY ! SALI5T PO9TS 9 ?IS LONG & TORTU\S BUS9ESS4 ,9 #ahid ,CAPTA9 ,ALFR$ ,DREYFUS1 A ,JEWI% (FIC] ( ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 WAS CONVICT$ BY SECRET C\RT-M>TIAL ( SELL+ MILIT>Y SECRETS TO A =EIGN P[] & WAS S5T TO ,DEVIL'S ,ISL& = LIFE4 ,IT SOON BECAME CLE> TO IMP>TIAL OBS]V]S ?AT ,DREYFUS HAD BE5 FRAM$ 9 ORD] TO HIDE ! GUILT ( AN >I/OCRATIC 7& NON-,JEWI%7 FELL[ (FIC]1 & ?AT ! HI<E/ CIRCLES ( ! ,>MY COMM& HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! CONSPIRACY4 ,! AGITATION = HIS RELEASE1 L$ BY ,ZOLA & ,CLEM5CEAU1 GREW MORE VIOL5T AS ! ,>MY HI< COMM& REFUS$ TO TAKE ACTION1 & !N1 :5 ITS H& WAS =C$1 RESORT$ TO NEW FRAME-UPS4 ,! *IEF ( ! MILIT>Y 9TELLIG5CE /AFF WAS DEGRAD$ :5 HE 9SI/$ ON PRES5T+ PRO(S ,DREYFUS' 9NOC5CE4 ,HIS SUCCESSOR COMPLAISANTLY =G$ DOCUM5TS TO PROVE ,DREYFUS' GUILT1 & CUT HIS ?ROAT :5 ! =G]Y WAS DETECT$4 ,! AFFAIR DREW EV] WID] SECTIONS ( ,FR5* SOCIETY 9TO ITS ORBIT1 AS RABID P>TIZANS ( ONE SIDE OR ! O!R4 ,AGA9/ ,DREYFUS W]E RANG$ ! ,>MY1 ! ,CA?OLIC CL]GY1 ! MON>*I/S & ! OLD >I/OCRACY4 ,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE & ! SECTION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T L$ BY ,JAURES CAME TO ! DEF5SE ( ,DREYFUS4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU1 ONE ( ! ABLE/ LEAD]S ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE HAS EV] HAD1 BECAME PREMI]T 9 #ahii ?AT ! DANG]\S T5SIONS ( ! ,AFFAIR W]E SOME:AT RELAX$ BY ! P>DON ( ,DREYFUS4 

,ANO!R 9TELLIG5T MOVE ( ,WALDECK ,R\SSEAU WAS TO (F] ! M9I/RY ( COMM]CE 9 HIS 0CAB9ET ( REPUBLICAN DEF5SE0 TO ,MILL]&4 ,! EXCUSE ,MILL]& MADE = ACCEPT+ WAS ! MON>*I/ ?REATS OV] ! ,DREYFUS ,CASE1 BUT1 AS ,LUXEMBURG %[S1 ?IS WAS - AN EXCUSE4 ,! MON>*I/S W]E NEV] A S]I\S ?REAT3 9 ! NATIONAL ELECTIONS ( ! YE> BE=E1 !Y HAD POLL$ ONLY #a#b.0 ( ! VOTE1 TO ! #b.0 POLL$ BY SOCIALI/ C&IDATES4 ,?IS LATT] FACT UND\BT$LY WORRI$ ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU AS MU* AS ! ,DREYFUS ,CASE4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 /RIKES AT ?IS P]IOD - ANO!R 9DICATION ( A GR[+ WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! 9CLUSION ( ,MILL]& 9 ! CAB9ET - HE TOOK HIS SEAT ALONGSIDE ,G5]AL ,GALLIFET1 ! EXECUTION] ( ! ,COMMUN>DS 9 #a#h#g#a1 :O BECAME M9I/] ( W> - OBVI\SLY HAD ITS UTILITY1 TO ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC IF NOT TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AS TO :AT HAPP5$ ONCE ,MILL]& WAS SEAT$ ALONGSIDE ,G5]AL ,GALLIFET AT ! C\NCIL TABLE1 LET ! DRY PHRASES ( ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA TELL ! /ORY3 0,HIS PROGRAM 9CLUD$ ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! 9T]NATIONAL ASSOCIATION ( LABOR BUT :5 9 ,JUNE #ahii HE 5T]$ ,WALDECK-,R\SSEAU'S CAB9ET ( 'REPUBLICAN DEF5SE' AS M9I/] ( COMM]CE1 HE LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO PRACTICAL RE=MS 444 ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! M]CANTILE M>9E 444 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE 444 TE*NICAL $UCATION 444 ! PO/AL SY/EM 4440 ,9 A FEW YE> EV5 ,JAURES WAS DISILLUSION$ & BROKE %>PLY ) ,MILL]&1 :O WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY1 AS W]E ,BRI& & ,VIVIAN :O HAD FOLL[$ HIS PA? FROM ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9TO ! CAB9ET4 ,WISE TOO LATE1 ,JAURES D5\NC$ ALL ?REE AS 0TRAITORS :O HAD LET !MSELVES BE US$ TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM04 

,BUT AT ! TIME ,MILL]& MADE HIS MOVE HE DID IT ) ! FULL SUPPORT ( ,JAURES4 ,! RESULT WAS A CRY/ALLIZATION ( ! RI<T & ! LEFT W+S ( ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! MAJORITY W]E P]SUAD$ BY ,JAURES1 ABLY BACK$ BY ! ORATORY ( ,BRI& & ,VIVIANI1 TO APPROVE ,MILL]&'S /EP4 ,!Y =M$ ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 7,P>TI ,SOCIALI/ ,FRANCAIS7 9 #a#i1 >\ND ! NUCLEUS ( ! ,9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S1 A GR\P ( LEFT-W+ B\RGEOIS RADICALS :O 9 #ahic HAD COME \T = SOCIALISM4 ,9 #aia ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,FRANCE 7,P>TI ,SOCIALI/ DE ,FRANCE7 WAS =M$ BY A M]G] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 A ,BLANQUI/ GR\P L$ BY ! ,COMMUN>D ,VAILLANT1 & ! ,FR5* ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 :I* ,JULES ,GUESDE1 ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE1 ,M>X'S SON-9-LAW1 & O!RS HAD F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h4 ,IF ! ,JAURES GR\P C\LD BE DESCRIB$ BY WITS AS 0SOCIALI/S ON LEAVE ( ABS5CE01 ! ,GUESDE GR\P WAS REVOLUTION>Y & 0,M>XI/0 TO ! PO9T ( SECT>IANISM4 

,JAURES' RE=MI/ & PACIFI/ ILLUSIONS W]E ALL ! MORE TRAGIC BECAUSE ( HIS GREAT QUALITIES AS A LEAD] ( ! MASSES4 

0,JAURES WAS ! REAL LEAD] ( ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS10 WRITES ,PAUL ,FROLI*4 0,HE \T/RIPP$ ! 9FLEXIBLE ,M>XI/1 ,GUESDE1 9 POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 & QUICKLY TOOK A PLACE 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL SECOND ONLY TO ,BEBEL4 ,A POLITICAL LEAD] ( GREAT ABILITY1 HE WAS ! BE/ TYPE ( WORK+ CLASS P>LIAM5T>IAN4 ,AL?\< HE WAS NOT SO DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT AS ,BEBEL1 HE WON ITS CONFID5CE ) HIS TIRELESS ACTIVITY1 HIS SACRIFICES1 & HIS UNDY+ 5?USIASM4 ,BUT HIS PRACTICE %[$ A /RANGE CONTRADICTION BETWE5 A CRY/AL-CLE> UND]/&+ ( POLITICAL TACTICS & A DEEP 9SI<T 9TO ! REAL PURPOSES ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 A *ILDI% FAI? 9 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & A VISION>Y OPTIMISM AS TO ! TRIUMPH ( PACIFISM4 

0,A DISCIPLE ( ,KANT & ,HEGEL1 ,JAURES ALSO CONSID]$ HIMSELF A ,M>XI/ - ?\< HE HAD ONLY GLANC$ 9TO ! FRONT Y>D ( ,M>XISM4 ,HE ACCEPT$ HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 BUT DECL>$ ?AT ?IS DID NOT CONTRADICT AN IDEALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY 444 ,LACK+ ALL UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 HE GLORIFI$ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 444 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE CONSID]$ HIMSELF AN OPPON5T ( ! REVISIONISM ( ,B]N/E91 :I* HE REJECT$ 9 !ORY ONLY TO ACCEPT 9 PRACTICE4 ,JAURES /OOD = CLASS COLLABORATION1 & S\<T A COMMON GR\ND ON :I* TO RECONCILE PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE4 ,FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 HIS EXP]IM5TS 9 M9I/]IALISM SEEM$ HI<LY SUCCESSFUL4 ,= ,JAURES1 ! CONQUE/ ( ONE CAB9ET PO/ AFT] ANO!R - ?AT WAS ! CONQUE/ ( P[]60 

,! L9E :I* EA* W+ ( ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TOOK T[>DS ! ,DREYFUS ,CASE WAS *>ACT]I/IC4 ,GUESDE & HIS FOLL[]S /EADFA/LY REFUS$ TO TAKE EI!R SIDE - 0NI L'UN NI L'AUTRE01 NEI!R ! WELL-TO-DO ,JEWI% (FIC] NOR ! ,G5]ALS & ! ,JESUITS4 ,:Y ALL ?IS FUSS AB\T A S+LE (FIC] UNJU/LY CONDEMN$ :5 #c1 WORK]S HAD BE5 MASSACR$ 9 #ahga )\T ANY B\RGEOIS VOICE BE+ RAIS$ 9 !IR DEF5SE8 ,:AT CONC]N ( ! WORK]S WAS ?IS SQUABBLE BETWE5 V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS8 ,JAURES1 ON ! O!R H&1 LEAP$ 9TO ! FRAY & WORK$ 5]GETICALLY ALONGSIDE ,ZOLA & ,CLEM5CEAU4 ,HE PLUNG$ 9 SO DEEPLY1 9DE$1 & F\<T = ,JU/ICE ) SU* SIMPLE-HE>T$ IDEALISM AS TO MAKE HIS AGITATION 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,CLEM5CEAU & ! B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS4 

0,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ACCUS$ BO? T5D5CIES10 WRITES ,FROLI*1 0( FAIL+ TO GRASP ! PROBLEM ( ALL PROLET>IAN TACTICS3 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DAILY /RUGGLE & ! F9AL GOAL4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,GUESDE REMA9$ PASSIVE & !RE=E NEGLECT$ ! TASK ( ! H\R - ! FI<T AGA9/ MILIT>ISM4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,JAURES SAIL$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! FLOTILLA ( ONE GR\P ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 FI<T+ UND] ! BATTLEFLAG1 ',ET]NAL ,TRU? & ,JU/ICE'1 )\T REG>D = EI!R DI/ANCE OR DIRECTION4 

0,! RESULT WAS ! ISOLATION & EXCLUSION ( ONE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY FROM ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY1 & ! B9D+ ( ! DE/9IES ( ! O!R TO ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICANS4 ,?US ! SPLIT 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T GREW /ILL WID]4 ,FUR!R EFFECTS W]E3 M9I/]IALISM1 ,MILL]&'S COALITION POLITICS1 ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TY & ITS POLICY1 & ! )DRAWAL ( DISILLUSION$ PROLET>IAN MASSES FROM ! POLITICAL >5A40 

,DWI<T ,M,A,C,D,O,N,A,L,D 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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