,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 AB/RACT FROM ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI1 ,ALLISON @& ,BUSBY1 #a#i#g#g2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 #a#i#i1 AS A PAMPHLET2 
,TRANSLAT$ & ,$IT$3 BY ,ALIX ,HOLT2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 = M>XI/S4ORG2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,LEAV+ IT TO ! B\RGEOIS S*OL>S TO ABSORB !MSELVES 9 DISCUSSION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! SUP]IORITY ( ONE SEX OV] ! O!R1 OR 9 ! WEI<+ ( BRA9S & ! COMP>+ ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL /RUCTURE ( M5 & WOM51 ! FOLL[]S ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM FULLY ACCEPT ! NATURAL SPECIFICITIES ( EA* SEX & DEM& ONLY ?AT EA* P]SON1 :E!R MAN OR WOMAN1 HAS A REAL OPPORTUNITY = ! FULLE/ & FREE/ SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & ! WIDE/ SCOPE = ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( ALL NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS4 ,! FOLL[]S ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM REJECT ! EXI/5CE ( A SPECIAL WOMAN QUE/ION SEP>ATE FROM ! G5]AL SOCIAL QUE/ION ( \R DAY4 ,SPECIFIC ECONOMIC FACTORS W]E BEH9D ! SUBORD9ATION ( WOM52 NATURAL QUALITIES HAVE BE5 A SECOND>Y FACTOR 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,ONLY ! COMPLETE DISAPPE>ANCE ( !SE FACTORS1 ONLY ! EVOLUTION ( ?OSE =CES :I* AT SOME PO9T 9 ! PA/ GAVE RISE TO ! SUBJECTION ( WOM51 IS ABLE 9 A FUNDAM5TAL WAY TO 9FLU5CE & *ANGE !IR SOCIAL POSITION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WOM5 CAN BECOME TRULY FREE & EQUAL ONLY 9 A WORLD ORGANIZ$ ALONG NEW SOCIAL & PRODUCTIVE L9ES4 

,?IS1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! P>TIAL IMPROVEM5T ( WOMAN'S LIFE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! MOD]N SY/EM IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! RADICAL SOLUTION ( ! WORK]S' QUE/ION IS POSSIBLE ONLY ) ! COMPLETE RECON/RUCTION ( MODEM PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS2 BUT MU/ ?IS PREV5T US FROM WORK+ = RE=MS :I* W\LD S]VE TO SATISFY ! MO/ URG5T 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EA* NEW GA9 ( ! WORK+ CLASS REPRES5TS A /EP LEAD+ MANK9D T[>DS ! K+DOM ( FRE$OM & SOCIAL EQUALITY3 EA* RI<T ?AT WOMAN W9S BR+S H] NE>] ! DEF9$ GOAL ( FULL EMANCIPATION4 444 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS ! FIR/ TO 9CLUDE 9 ITS PROGRAM ! DEM& = ! EQUALIZATION ( ! RI<TS ( WOM5 ) ?OSE ( M52 9 SPEE*ES & 9 PR9T ! P>TY DEM&S ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E ! )DRAWAL ( LIMITATIONS AFFECT+ WOM52 IT IS ! P>TY'S 9FLU5CE ALONE ?AT HAS =C$ O!R P>TIES & GOV]NM5TS TO C>RY \T RE=MS 9 FAVOR ( WOM54 ,& 9 ,RUSSIA ?IS P>TY IS NOT ONLY ! DEF5D] ( WOM5 9 T]MS ( ITS !ORETICAL POSITIONS BUT ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E ADH]ES TO ! PR9CIPLE ( WOM5'S EQUALITY4 

,:AT1 9 ?IS CASE1 H9D]S \R 0EQUAL RI<T]S0 FROM ACCEPT+ ! SUPPORT ( ?IS /RONG & EXP]I5C$ P>TY8 ,! FACT IS ?AT H[EV] 0RADICAL0 ! EQUAL RI<T]S MAY BE1 !Y >E /ILL LOYAL TO !IR [N B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM IS AT ! MOM5T AN ESS5TIAL PR]EQUISITE = ! GR[? & P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE1 )\T IT1 ALL ! ECONOMIC WELF>E ( ! LATT] WILL TURN \T TO HAVE BE5 BUILT UPON S&4 ,! DEM& = POLITICAL EQUALITY IS = WOM5 A NECESSITY ?AT /EMS FROM LIFE ITSELF4 

,! SLOGAN ( 0ACCESS TO ! PR(ESSIONS0 HAS CEAS$ TO SUFFICE2 ONLY DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY PROMISES TO ASSI/ 9 RAIS+ WOM5'S ECONOMIC SITUATION4 ,H5CE ! PASSIONATE DESIRE ( WOM5 ( ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE TO GA9 ! FRAN*ISE1 & H5CE !IR HO/ILITY TO ! MOD]N BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM4 

,H[EV]1 9 !IR DEM&S = POLITICAL EQUALITY \R FEM9I/S >E LIKE !IR =EIGN SI/]S2 ! WIDE HORIZONS OP5$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC LE>N+ REMA9 ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO !M4 ,! FEM9I/S SEEK EQUALITY 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ CLASS SOCIETY1 9 NO WAY DO !Y ATTACK ! BASIS ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,!Y FI<T = PR]OGATIVES = !MSELVES1 )\T *ALL5G+ ! EXI/+ PR]OGATIVES & PRIVILEGES4 ,WE DO NOT ACCUSE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T ( FAILURE TO UND]/& ! MATT]2 !IR VIEW ( ?+S FL[S 9EVITABLY FROM !IR CLASS POSITION4 444 
,! ,/RUGGLE = ,ECONOMIC ,9DEP5D5CE 

,FIR/ ( ALL WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :E!R A S+LE UNIT$ WOM5'S MOVEM5T IS POSSIBLE 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CLASS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! WOM5 :O TAKE P>T 9 ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T DO NOT REPRES5T ONE HOMOG5E\S MASS IS CLE>1 TO EV]Y UNBIAS$ OBS]V]4 

,! WOM5'S WORLD IS DIVID$1 JU/ AS IS ! WORLD ( M51 9TO TWO CAMPS2 ! 9T]E/S & ASPIRATIONS ( ONE GR\P ( WOM5 BR+ IT CLOSE TO ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 :ILE ! O!R GR\P HAS CLOSE CONNECTIONS ) ! PROLET>IAT1 & ITS CLAIMS = LIB]ATION 5COMPASS A FULL SOLUTION TO ! WOMAN QUE/ION4 ,?US AL?\< BO? CAMPS FOLL[ ! G5]AL SLOGAN ( ! 0LIB]ATION ( WOM501 !IR AIMS & 9T]E/S >E DIFF]5T4 ,EA* ( ! GR\PS UNCONSCI\SLY TAKES ITS />T+ PO9T FROM ! 9T]E/S ( ITS [N CLASS1 :I* GIVES A SPECIFIC CLASS COLOR+ TO ! T>GETS & TASKS IT SETS ITSELF4 444 

,H[EV] APP>5TLY RADICAL ! DEM&S ( ! FEM9I/S1 ONE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! FEM9I/S CANNOT1 ON ACC\NT ( !IR CLASS POSITION1 FI<T = ?AT FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY )\T :I* ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 CANNOT BE COMPLETE4 

,IF 9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES ! %ORT-T]M TASKS ( WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES CO9CIDE1 ! F9AL AIMS ( ! TWO CAMPS1 :I* 9 ! LONG T]M DET]M9E ! DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T & ! TACTICS TO BE US$1 DIFF] %>PLY4 ,:ILE = ! FEM9I/S ! A*IEVEM5T ( EQUAL RI<TS ) M5 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ WORLD REPRES5TS A SUFFICI5TLY CONCRETE 5D 9 ITSELF1 EQUAL RI<TS AT ! PRES5T TIME >E1 = ! PROLET>IAN WOM51 ONLY A MEANS ( ADVANC+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ECONOMIC SLAV]Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FEM9I/S SEE M5 AS ! MA9 5EMY1 = M5 HAVE UNJU/LY SEIZ$ ALL RI<TS & PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES1 LEAV+ WOM5 ONLY *A9S & DUTIES4 ,= !M A VICTORY IS WON :5 A PR]OGATIVE PREVI\SLY 5JOY$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! MALE SEX IS CONC$$ TO ! 0FAIR SEX04 ,PROLET>IAN WOM5 HAVE A DIFF]5T ATTITUDE4 ,!Y DO NOT SEE M5 AS ! 5EMY & ! OPPRESSOR2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y ?9K ( M5 AS !IR COMRADES1 :O %>E ) !M ! DRUDG]Y ( ! DAILY R\ND & FI<T ) !M = A BETT] FUTURE4 ,! WOMAN & H] MALE COMRADE >E 5SLAV$ BY ! SAME SOCIAL CONDITIONS2 ! SAME HAT$ *A9S ( CAPITALISM OPPRESS !IR WILL & DEPRIVE !M ( ! JOYS & *>MS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SEV]AL SPECIFIC ASPECTS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y SY/EM LIE ) D\BLE WEI<T UPON WOM51 AS IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( HIR$ LABOR SOMETIMES TURN WORK+ WOM5 9TO COMPETITORS & RIVALS TO M54 ,BUT 9 !SE UNFAVORABLE SITUATIONS1 ! WORK+ CLASS KN[S :O IS GUILTY4 444 

,! WOMAN WORK]1 NO LESS ?AN H] BRO!R 9 MIS=TUNE1 HATES ?AT 9SATIABLE MON/] ) ITS GILD$ MAW :I*1 CONC]N$ ONLY TO DRA9 ALL ! SAP FROM ITS VICTIMS & TO GR[ AT ! EXP5SE ( MILLIONS ( HUMAN LIVES1 ?R[S ITSELF ) EQUAL GRE$ AT MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD4 ,?\S&S ( ?READS BR+ ! WORK+ MAN CLOSE4 ,! ASPIRATIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS WOMAN1 ON ! O!R H&1 SEEM /RANGE & 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,!Y >E NOT W>M+ TO ! PROLET>IAN HE>T2 !Y DO NOT PROMISE ! PROLET>IAN WOMAN ?AT BRI<T FUTURE T[>DS :I* ! EYES ( ALL EXPLOIT$ HUMANITY >E TURN$4 444 

,! PROLET>IAN WOM5'S F9AL AIM DOES NOT1 ( C\RSE1 PREV5T !M FROM DESIR+ TO IMPROVE !IR /ATUS EV5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CURR5T B\RGEOIS SY/EM1 BUT ! REALIZATION ( !SE DESIRES IS CON/ANTLY H9D]$ BY OB/ACLES ?AT D]IVE FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,A WOMAN CAN POSSESS EQUAL RI<TS & BE TRULY FREE ONLY 9 A WORLD ( SOCIALIZ$ LABOR1 ( H>MONY & JU/ICE4 ,! FEM9I/S >E UNWILL+ & 9CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ ?IS2 IT SEEMS TO !M ?AT :5 EQUALITY IS =MALLY ACCEPT$ BY ! LETT] ( ! LAW !Y WILL BE ABLE TO W9 A COM=TABLE PLACE = !MSELVES 9 ! OLD WORLD ( OPPRESSION1 5SLAVEM5T & BONDAGE1 ( TE>S & H>D%IP4 ,& ?IS IS TRUE UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,= ! MAJORITY ( WOM5 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 EQUAL RI<TS ) M5 W\LD MEAN ONLY AN EQUAL %>E 9 9EQUALITY1 BUT = ! 0*OS5 FEW01 = ! B\RGEOIS WOM51 IT W\LD 9DE$ OP5 DOORS TO NEW & UNPREC$5T$ RI<TS & PRIVILEGES ?AT UNTIL N[ HAVE BE5 5JOY$ BY M5 ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ALONE4 ,BUT EA* NEW CONCESSION WON BY ! B\RGEOIS WOMAN W\LD GIVE H] YET ANO!R WEAPON = ! EXPLOITATION ( H] Y\NG] SI/] & W\LD GO ON 9CREAS+ ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! WOM5 ( ! TWO OPPOSITE SOCIAL CAMPS4 ,!IR 9T]E/S W\LD BE MORE %>PLY 9 CONFLICT1 !IR ASPIRATIONS MORE OBVI\SLY 9 CONTRADICTION4 

,:]E1 !N1 IS ?AT G5]AL 0WOMAN QUE/ION08 ,:]E IS ?AT UNITY ( TASKS & ASPIRATIONS AB\T :I* ! FEM9I/S HAVE SO MU* TO SAY8 ,A SOB] GLANCE AT REALITY %[S ?AT SU* UNITY DOES NOT & CANNOT EXI/4 ,9 VA9 ! FEM9I/S TRY TO ASSURE !MSELVES ?AT ! 0WOMAN QUE/ION0 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ?AT ( ! POLITICAL P>TY & ?AT 0ITS SOLUTION IS POSSIBLE ONLY ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL P>TIES & ALL WOM502 AS ONE ( ! RADICAL ,G]MAN FEM9I/S HAS SAID1 ! LOGIC ( FACTS =CES US TO REJECT ?IS COM=T+ DELUSION ( ! FEM9I/S4 444 

,! CONDITIONS & =MS ( PRODUCTION HAVE SUBJUGAT$ WOM5 ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY1 & HAVE GRADUALLY RELEGAT$ !M TO ! POSITION ( OPPRESSION & DEP5D5CE 9 :I* MO/ ( !M EXI/$ UNTIL N[4 

,A COLOSSAL UPHEAVAL ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE WAS REQUIR$ BE=E WOM5 C\LD BEG9 TO RETRIEVE ! SIGNIFICANCE & 9DEP5D5CE !Y HAD LO/4 ,PROBLEMS :I* AT ONE TIME SEEM$ TOO DIFFICULT = ! MO/ TAL5T$ ?9K]S HAVE N[ BE5 SOLV$ BY ! 9ANIMATE BUT ALL-P[]FUL CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SAME =CES :I* = ?\S&S ( YE>S 5SLAV$ WOM5 N[1 AT A FUR!R /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 >E LEAD+ !M ALONG ! PA? TO FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE4 444 

,! WOMAN QUE/ION ASSUM$ IMPORTANCE = WOMAN ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES APPROXIMATELY 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY - A CONSID]ABLE TIME AFT] ! PROLET>IAN WOM5 HAD >RIV$ 9 ! LABOR >5A4 ,UND] ! IMPACT ( ! MON/R\S SUCCESSES ( CAPITALISM1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ! POPULATION W]E HIT BY WAVES ( NE$4 ,! ECONOMIC *ANGES HAD R5D]$ ! F9ANCIAL SITUATION ( ! PETTY & MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE UN/ABLE1 & ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 W]E FAC$ ) A DILEMMA ( M5AC+ PROPORTIONS1 EI!R ACCEPT POV]TY1 OR A*IEVE ! RI<T TO WORK4 ,WIVES & DAU<T]S ( !SE SOCIAL GR\PS BEGAN TO KNOCK AT ! DOORS ( ! UNIV]SITIES1 ! >T SALONS1 ! $ITORIAL H\SES1 ! (FICES1 FLOOD+ TO ! PR(ESSIONS ?AT W]E OP5 TO !M4 ,! DESIRE ( B\RGEOIS WOM5 TO GA9 ACCESS TO SCI5CE & ! HI<] B5EFITS ( CULTURE WAS NOT ! RESULT ( A SUDD51 MATUR+ NE$ BUT /EMM$ FROM ?AT SAME QUE/ION ( 0DAILY BREAD04 

,! WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE MET1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/1 ) /IFF RESI/ANCE FROM M54 ,A /UBBORN BATTLE WAS WAG$ BETWE5 ! PR(ESSIONAL M51 ATTA*$ TO !IR 0COZY LITTLE JOBS01 & ! WOM5 :O W]E NOVICES 9 ! MATT] ( E>N+ !IR DAILY BREAD4 ,?IS /RUGGLE GAVE RISE TO 0FEM9ISM0 - ! ATTEMPT ( B\RGEOIS WOM5 TO /& TOGE!R & PIT !IR COMMON /R5G? AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 AGA9/ M54 ,AS !Y 5T]$ ! LABOR >5A !SE WOM5 PR\DLY REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS ! 0VANGU>D ( ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T04 ,!Y =GOT ?AT 9 ?IS MATT] ( W9N+ ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE !Y W]E1 AS 9 O!R FIELDS1 TRAVEL+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( !IR Y\NG] SI/]S & REAP+ ! FRUITS ( ! EF=TS ( !IR BLI/]$ H&S4 

,IS IT !N REALLY POSSIBLE TO TALK ( ! FEM9I/S PIONE]+ ! ROAD TO WOM5'S WORK1 :5 9 EV]Y C\NTRY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 HAD FLOOD$ ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 TAK+ OV] ONE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY AFT] ANO!R1 BE=E ! B\RGEOIS WOM5'S MOVEM5T WAS EV] BORN8 ,ONLY ?ANKS TO ! FACT ?AT ! LABOR ( WOM5 WORK]S HAD RECEIV$ RECOGNITION ON ! WORLD M>KET W]E ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 ABLE TO OCCUPY ! 9DEP5D5T POSITION 9 SOCIETY 9 :I* ! FEM9I/S TAKE SO MU* PRIDE4 444 

,WE F9D IT DIFFICULT TO PO9T TO EV5 ONE FACT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAN WOM5 TO IMPROVE !IR MAT]IAL CONDITIONS TO :I* ! G5]AL FEM9I/ MOVEM5T HAS CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,:ATEV] ! PROLET>IAN WOM5 HAVE A*IEV$ 9 ! SPH]E ( RAIS+ !IR [N LIV+ /&>DS IS ! RESULT ( ! EF=TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 G5]AL & ( !MSELVES 9 P>TICUL>4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ WOM5 = BETT] CONDITIONS ( LABOR & = A MORE DEC5T LIFE IS ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT = ITS LIB]ATION4 

,:AT1 IF NOT ! FE> ( A DANG]\S EXPLOSION ( PROLET>IAN DISSATISFACTION1 =CES ! FACTORY [N]S TO RAISE ! PRICE ( LABOR1 R$UCE H\RS & 9TRODUCE BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS8 ,:AT1 IF NOT ! FE> ( 0LABOR UNRE/01 P]SUADES ! GOV]NM5T TO E/ABLI% LEGISLATION TO LIMIT ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL8 444 

,!RE IS NOT ONE P>TY 9 ! WORLD ?AT HAS TAK5 UP ! DEF5SE ( WOM5 AS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS DONE4 ,! WORK+ WOMAN IS FIR/ & =EMO/ A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! MORE SATISFACTORY ! POSITION & ! G5]AL WELF>E ( EA* MEMB] ( ! PROLET>IAN FAMILY1 ! GREAT] ! B5EFIT 9 ! LONG RUN TO ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 444 

,9 FACE ( ! GR[+ SOCIAL DIFFICULTIES1 ! S9C]E FI<T] = ! CAUSE MU/ /OP 9 SAD BEWILD]M5T4 ,%E CANNOT BUT SEE H[ LITTLE ! G5]AL WOM5'S MOVEM5T HAS DONE = PROLET>IAN WOM51 H[ 9CAPABLE IT IS ( IMPROV+ ! WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! FUTURE ( HUMANITY MU/ SEEM GRAY1 DRAB & UNC]TA9 TO ?OSE WOM5 :O >E FI<T+ = EQUALITY BUT :O HAVE NOT ADOPT$ ! PROLET>IAN WORLD \TLOOK OR DEVELOP$ A FIRM FAI? 9 ! COM+ ( A MORE P]FECT SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,:ILE ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ WORLD REMA9S UN*ANG$1 LIB]ATION MU/ SEEM TO !M 9COMPLETE & IMP>TIAL4 ,:AT DESPAIR MU/ GRIP ! MORE ?\<TFUL & S5SITIVE ( !SE WOM54 ,ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS IS CAPABLE ( MA9TA9+ MORALE 9 ! MOD]N WORLD ) ITS DI/ORT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,) FIRM & MEASUR$ /EP IT ADVANCES /EADILY T[>DS ITS AIM4 ,IT DRAWS ! WORK+ WOM5 TO ITS RANKS4 ,! PROLET>IAN WOMAN BRAVELY />TS \T ON ! ?ORNY PA? ( LABOR4 ,H] LEGS SAG2 H] BODY IS TORN4 ,!RE >E DANG]\S PRECIPICES ALONG ! WAY1 & CRUEL BEA/S ( PREY >E CLOSE AT H&4 

,BUT ONLY BY TAK+ ?IS PA? IS ! WOMAN ABLE TO A*IEVE ?AT DI/ANT BUT ALLUR+ AIM - H] TRUE LIB]ATION 9 A NEW WORLD ( LABOR4 ,DUR+ ?IS DIFFICULT M>* TO ! BRI<T FUTURE ! PROLET>IAN WOMAN1 UNTIL REC5TLY A HUMILIAT$1 D[NTRODD5 SLAVE ) NO RI<TS1 LE>NS TO DISC>D ! SLAVE M5TALITY ?AT HAS CLUNG TO H]1 /EP BY /EP %E TRANS=MS H]SELF 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T WORK]1 AN 9DEP5D5T P]SONALITY1 FREE 9 LOVE4 ,IT IS %E1 FI<T+ 9 ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :O W9S = WOM5 ! RI<T TO WORK2 IT IS %E1 ! 0Y\NG] SI/]01 :O PREP>ES ! GR\ND = ! 0FREE0 & 0EQUAL0 WOMAN ( ! FUTURE4 

,= :AT REASON1 !N1 %\LD ! WOMAN WORK] SEEK A UNION ) ! B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S8 ,:O1 9 ACTUAL FACT1 W\LD /& TO GA9 9 ! EV5T ( SU* AN ALLIANCE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ! WOMAN WORK]4 ,%E IS H] [N SAVIOR2 H] FUTURE IS 9 H] [N H&S4 ,! WORK+ WOMAN GU>DS H] CLASS 9T]E/S & IS NOT DECEIV$ BY GREAT SPEE*ES AB\T ! 0WORLD ALL WOM5 %>E04 ,! WORK+ WOMAN MU/ NOT & DOES NOT =GET ?AT :ILE ! AIM ( B\RGEOIS WOM5 IS TO SECURE !IR [N WELF>E 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIETY ANTAGONI/IC TO US1 \R AIM IS TO BUILD1 9 ! PLACE ( ! OLD1 \TDAT$ WORLD1 A BRI<T TEMPLE ( UNIV]SAL LABOR1 COMRADELY SOLID>ITY & JOYFUL FRE$OM4 444 

,M>RIAGE & ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FAMILY 

,LET US TURN \R ATT5TION TO ANO!R ASPECT ( ! WOMAN QUE/ION1 ! QUE/ION ( ! FAMILY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ?AT ! SOLUTION ( ?IS URG5T & COMPLEX QUE/ION HAS = ! G5U9E EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 IS WELL KN[N4 ,! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS1 = ! RI<T TO RECEIVE DOCTORATES & O!R ACADEMIC DEGREES1 & = EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK1 IS NOT ! FULL SUM ( ! FI<T = EQUALITY4 ,TO BECOME REALLY FREE WOMAN HAS TO ?R[ (F ! HEAVY *A9S ( ! CURR5T =MS ( ! FAMILY1 :I* >E \TMOD$ & OPPRESSIVE4 ,= WOM51 ! SOLUTION ( ! FAMILY QUE/ION IS NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! A*IEVEM5T ( POLITICAL EQUALITY & ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 

,9 ! FAMILY ( TODAY1 ! /RUCTURE ( :I* IS CONFIRM$ BY CU/OM & LAW1 WOMAN IS OPPRESS$ NOT ONLY AS A P]SON BUT AS A WIFE & MO!R1 9 MO/ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD ! CIVIL CODE PLACES WOM5 9 A GREAT] OR LESS] DEP5D5CE ON H] HUSB&1 & AW>DS ! HUSB& NOT1 ONLY ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( H] PROP]TY BUT ALSO ! RI<T ( MORAL & PHYSICAL DOM9ANCE OV] H]4 444 

,:]E ! (FICIAL & LEGAL S]VITUDE ( WOM5 5DS1 ! =CE WE CALL 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 BEG9S4 ,?IS PUBLIC OP9ION IS CREAT$ & SUPPORT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ) ! AIM ( PRES]V+ 0! SACR$ 9/ITUTION ( PROP]TY04 ,! HYPOCRISY ( 0D\BLE MORALITY0 IS ANO!R WEAPON4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY CRU%ES WOMAN ) ITS SAVAGE ECONOMIC VICE1 PAY+ = H] LABOR AT A V]Y L[ RATE4 ,! WOMAN IS DEPRIV$ ( ! CITIZ5'S RI<T TO RAISE H] VOICE 9 DEF5SE ( H] 9T]E/S3 9/EAD1 %E IS GIV5 ONLY ! GRACI\S ALT]NATIVE ( ! BONDAGE ( M>RIAGE OR ! EMBRACES ( PRO/ITUTION - A TRADE DESPIS$ & P]SECUT$ 9 PUBLIC BUT 5C\RAG$ & SUPPORT$ 9 SECRET4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ! D>K SIDES ( CONTEMPOR>Y M>RI$ LIFE & ! SUFF]+S WOM5 EXP]I5CE 9 CONNECTION ) !IR POSITION 9 ! PRES5T FAMILY /RUCTURE8 ,SO MU* HAS ALREADY BE5 WRITT5 & SAID ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,LIT]ATURE IS FULL ( DEPRESS+ PICTURES ( ! SN>ES ( M>RI$ & FAMILY LIFE4 ,H[ MANY PSY*OLOGICAL DRAMAS >E 5ACT$6 ,H[ MANY LIVES >E CRIPPL$6 ,H]E1 IT IS ONLY IMPORTANT = US TO NOTE ?AT ! MOD]N FAMILY /RUCTURE1 TO A LESS] OR GREAT] EXT5T1 OPPRESSES WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES & ALL LAY]S ( ! POPULATION4 ,CU/OMS & TRADITIONS P]SECUTE ! Y\NG MO!R :ATEV] ! /RATUM ( ! POPULATION TO :I* %E BELONGS2 ! LAWS PLACE B\RGEOIS WOM51 PROLET>IAN WOM5 & PEASANT WOM5 ALL UND] ! GU>DIAN%IP ( !IR HUSB&S4 

,HAVE WE NOT DISCOV]$ AT LA/ ?AT ASPECT ( ! WOMAN QUE/ION OV] :I* WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES CAN UNITE8 ,CAN !Y NOT /RUGGLE JO9TLY AGA9/ ! CONDITIONS OPPRESS+ !M8 ,IS IT NOT POSSIBLE ?AT ! GRIEF & SUFF]+ :I* WOM5 %>E 9 ?IS 9/ANCE WILL S(T5 ! CLAWS ( CLASS ANTAGONISM & PROVIDE COMMON ASPIRATIONS & COMMON ACTION = ! WOM5 ( ! DIFF]5T CAMPS8 ,MI<T IT NOT BE ?AT ON ! BASIS ( COMMON DESIRES & AIMS1 COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 & ! PROLET>IAN WOM5 MAY BECOME A POSSIBILITY8 ,! FEM9I/S >E /RUGGL+ = FRE] =MS ( M>RIAGE & = ! 0RI<T TO MAT]NITY02 !Y >E RAIS+ !IR VOICES 9 DEF5SE ( ! PRO/ITUTE1 ! HUMAN BE+ P]SECUT$ BY ALL4 ,SEE H[ RI* FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE IS 9 ! SE>* = NEW =MS ( RELATION%IPS & 9 5?USIA/IC DEM&S = ! 0MORAL EQUALITY0 ( ! SEXES4 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT :ILE 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 LAG BEH9D ! MANY-MILLION /RONG >MY ( PROLET>IAN WOM5 :O >E PIONE]+ ! WAY = ! 0NEW WOMAN01 9 ! FI<T = ! SOLUTION1 ( ! FAMILY QUE/ION ! LAURELS GO TO ! FEM9I/S8 

,H]E 9 ,RUSSIA1 WOM5 ( ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE - ?AT >MY ( 9DEP5D5T WAGE-E>N]S ?R[N ON TO ! LABOR M>KET DUR+ ! #a#h#fS - HAVE LONG S9CE SETTL$ 9 PRACTICE MANY ( ! CONFUS$ ASPECTS ( ! M>RIAGE QUE/ION4 ,!Y HAVE C\RAGE\SLY REPLAC$ ! 0CONSOLIDAT$0 FAMILY ( ! TRADITIONAL *UR* M>RIAGE ) MORE ELA/IC TYPES ( RELATION%IP ?AT MEET ! NE$S ( ?AT SOCIAL LAY]4 ,BUT ! SUBJECTIVE SOLUTION ( ?IS QUE/ION BY 9DIVIDUAL WOM5 DOES NOT *ANGE ! SITUATION & DOES NOT RELIEVE ! OV]ALL GLOOMY PICTURE ( FAMILY LIFE4 ,IF ANY =CE IS DE/ROY+ ! MOD]N =M ( ! FAMILY1 IT IS NOT ! TITANIC EF=TS ( SEP>ATE & /RONG] 9DIVIDUALS BUT ! 9ANIMATE & MI<TY =CES ( PRODUCTION1 :I* >E UNCOMPROMIS+LY BUDD+ LIFE1 ON NEW F\NDATION'S4 444 

,! H]OIC /RUGGLE ( 9DIVIDUAL Y\NG WOM5 ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 :O FL+ D[N ! GANTLET & DEM& ( SOCIETY ! RI<T TO 0D>E TO LOVE0 )\T ORD]S & )\T *A9S1 \<T TO S]VE AS AN EXAMPLE = ALL WOM5 LANGUI%+ 9 FAMILY *A9S - ?IS IS :AT IS PREA*$ BY ! MORE EMANCIPAT$ FEM9I/S ABROAD & \R PROGRESSIVE EQUAL RI<T]S AT HOME4 ,! M>RIAGE QUE/ION1 9 O!R WORDS1 IS SOLV$ 9 !IR VIEW )\T REF]5CE TO ! EXT]NAL SITUATION2 IT IS SOLV$ 9DEP5D5TLY ( *ANGES 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY4 ,! ISOLAT$1 H]OIC EF=TS ( 9DIVIDUALS IS 5\<4 ,LET A WOMAN SIMPLY 0D>E01 & ! PROBLEM ( M>RIAGE IS SOLV$4 

,BUT LESS H]OIC WOM5 %AKE !IR HEADS 9 DI/RU/4 0,IT IS ALL V]Y WELL = ! H]O9ES ( NOVELS BLESS$ BY ! PRUD5T AU?OR ) GREAT 9DEP5D5CE1 UNSELFI% FRI5DS & EXTRAORD9>Y QUALITIES ( *>M1 TO ?R[ D[N ! GANTLET4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ?OSE :O HAVE NO CAPITAL1 9SUFFICI5T WAGES1 NO FRI5DS & LITTLE *>M80 ,& ! QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY PREYS ON ! M9D ( ! WOMAN :O /RIVES = FRE$OM4 ,IS 0FREE LOVE0 POSSIBLE8 ,CAN IT BE REALIZ$ AS A COMMON PH5OM5ON1 AS ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ NORM RA!R ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL EXCEPTION1 GIV5 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( \R SOCIETY8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO IGNORE ! ELEM5T ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 CONTEMPOR>Y M>RIAGE8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 9 AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC WORLD1 TO IGNORE ! =MAL M>RIAGE CONTRACT )\T DAMAG+ ! 9T]E/S ( WOM58 ,= ! M>ITAL CONTRACT IS ! ONLY GU>ANTEE ?AT ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ( MAT]NITY WILL NOT FALL ON ! WOMAN ALONE4 ,WILL NOT ?AT :I* ONCE HAPP5$ TO ! MALE WORK] N[ HAPP5 TO ! WOMAN8 ,! REMOVAL ( GUILD REGULATIONS1 )\T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW RULES GOV]N+ ! CONDUCT ( ! MA/]S1 GAVE CAPITAL ABSOLUTE P[] OV] ! WORK]S4 ,! TEMPT+ SLOGAN 0FRE$OM ( CONTRACT = LABOR & CAPITAL0 BECAME A MEANS = ! NAK$ EXPLOITATION ( LABOR BY CAPITAL4 0,FREE LOVE01 9TRODUC$ CONSI/5TLY 9TO CONTEMPOR>Y CLASS SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( FREE+ WOMAN FROM ! H>D%IPS ( FAMILY LIFE1 W\LD SURELY %\LD] H] ) A NEW BURD5 - ! TASK ( C>+1 ALONE & UNAID$1 = H] *ILDR54 

,ONLY A :OLE NUMB] ( FUNDAM5TAL RE=MS 9 ! SPH]E ( SOCIAL RELATIONS - RE=MS TRANSPOS+ OBLIGATIONS FROM ! FAMILY TO SOCIETY & ! /ATE - C\LD CREATE A SITUATION :]E ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FREE LOVE0 MI<T TO SOME EXT5T BE FULFILL$4 ,BUT CAN WE S]I\SLY EXPECT ! MOD]N CLASS /ATE1 H[EV] DEMOCRATIC IT MAY BE1 TO TAKE UPON ITSELF ! DUTIES T[>DS MO!RS & *ILDR5 :I* AT PRES5T >E UND]TAK5 BY ?AT 9DIVIDUALI/IC UNIT1 ! MOD]N FAMILY8 ,ONLY ! FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( ALL PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS C\LD CREATE ! SOCIAL PR]EQUISITES TO PROTECT WOM5 FROM ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( ! 0FREE LOVE0 =MULA4 ,>E WE NOT AW>E ( ! DEPRAVITY & ABNORMALITIES ?AT 9 PRES5T CONDITIONS >E ANXI\S TO PASS !MSELVES (F UND] ?IS CONV5I5T LABEL8 ,CONSID] ALL ?OSE G5TLEM5 [N+ & ADM9I/]+ 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES :O =CE WOM5 AMONG !IR WORK=CE & CL]ICAL /AFF TO SATISFY !IR SEXUAL :IMS1 US+ ! ?REAT ( DISMISSAL TO A*IEVE !IR 5DS4 ,>E !Y NOT1 9 !IR [N WAY1 PRACTIC+ 0FREE LOVE08 ,ALL ?OSE 0MA/]S ( ! H\SE0 :O RAPE !IR S]VANTS & ?R[ !M \T PREGNANT ON TO ! /REET1 >E !Y NOT ADH]+ TO ! =MULA ( 0FREE LOVE08 

,BUT WE >E NOT TALK+ ( ?AT K9D ( 'FRE$OM' OBJECT ! ADVOCATES ( FREE M>RIAGE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE DEM& ! ACCEPTANCE ( A 'S+LE MORALITY' EQUALLY B9D+ = BO? SEXES4 ,WE OPPOSE ! SEXUAL LIC5SE ?AT IS CURR5T1 & VIEW AS MORAL ONLY ! FREE UNION ?AT IS BAS$ ON TRUE LOVE40 ,BUT1 MY DE> FRI5DS1 DO Y\ NOT ?9K ?AT Y\R IDEAL ( 0FREE M>RIAGE01 :5 PRACTIC$ 9 ! CONDITIONS ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 MI<T PRODUCE RESULTS ?AT DIFF] LITTLE FROM ! DI/ORT$ PRACTICE ( SEXUAL FRE$OM8 ,ONLY :5 WOM5 >E RELIEV$ ( ALL ?OSE MAT]IAL BURD5S :I* AT ! PRES5T TIME CREATE A DUAL DEP5D5CE1 ON CAPITAL & ON ! HUSB&1 CAN ! PR9CIPLE ( 0FREE LOVE0 BE IMPLEM5T$ )\T BR++ NEW GRIEF = WOM5 9 ITS WAKE4 ,AS WOM5 GO \T TO1 WORK & A*IEVE ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 C]TA9 POSSIBILITIES = 0FREE LOVE0 APPE>1 P>TICUL>LY = ! BETT]-PAID WOM5 ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,BUT ! DEP5D5CE ( WOM5 ON CAPITAL REMA9S1 & ?IS DEP5D5CE 9CREASES AS MORE & MORE PROLET>IAN WOM5 SELL !IR LABOR P[]4 ,IS ! SLOGAN 0FREE LOVE0 CAPABLE ( IMPROV+ ! SAD EXI/5CE ( !SE WOM51 :O E>N ONLY JU/ 5\< TO KEEP !MSELVES ALIVE8 ,& ANYWAY1 IS NOT 0FREE LOVE0 ALREADY PRACTIC$ AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES & PRACTIC$ SO WIDELY ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAS ON MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION RAIS$ ! AL>M & CAMPAIGN$ AGA9/ ! 0DEPRAVITY0 & 0IMMORALITY0 ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT :5 ! FEM9I/S 5?USE AB\T ! NEW =MS ( COHABITATION \TSIDE M>RIAGE ?AT %\LD BE CONSID]$ BY ! EMANCIPAT$ B\RGEOIS WOMAN1 !Y SPEAK ( 0FREE LOVE01 BUT :5 ! WORK+ CLASS IS UND] DISCUSSION !SE RELATION%IPS >E SCORNFULLY REF]R$ TO AS 0DISORD]LY SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE04 ,?IS SUMS UP !IR ATTITUDE4 

,BUT = PROLET>IAN WOM5 AT ! PRES5T TIME ALL RELATION%IPS1 :E!R SANCTIFI$ BY ! *UR* OR NOT1 >E EQUALLY H>% 9 !IR CONSEQU5CES4 ,! CRUX ( ! FAMILY & M>RIAGE PROBLEM LIES = ! PROLET>IAN WIFE & MO!R NOT 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! SACR$ OR SECUL> EXT]NAL =M1 BUT 9 ! ATT5DANT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC1 CONDITIONS :I* DEF9E ! COMPLICAT$ OBLIGATIONS ( ! WORK+-CLASS WOMAN1 ( C\RSE IT MATT]S TO H] TOO :E!R H] HUSB& HAS ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( H] E>N+S1 :E!R HE HAS ! RI<T BY LAW TO =CE H] TO LIVE ) HIM :5 %E DOES NOT WANT TO1 :E!R ! HUSB& CAN =CIBLY TAKE H] *ILDR5 AWAY ETC4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT SU* P>AGRAPHS ( ! CIVIC CODE ?AT DET]M9E ! POSITION ( WOMAN 9 ! FAMILY1 NOR IS IT !SE P>AGRAPHS :I* MAKE = ! CONFUSION & COMPLEXITY ( ! FAMILY PROBLEM4 ,! QUE/ION ( RELATION%IPS W\LD CEASE TO BE SU* A PA9FUL ONE = ! MAJORITY ( WOM5 ONLY IF SOCIETY1 RELIEV$ WOM5 ( ALL ?OSE PETTY H\SEHOLD C>ES :I* >E AT PRES5T UNAVOIDABLE 7GIV5 ! EXI/5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL1 SCATT]$ DOME/IC ECONOMIES71 TOOK OV] RESPONSIBILITY = ! Y\NG] G5]ATION1 PROTECT$ MAT]NITY & GAVE ! MO!R TO ! *ILD = AT LEA/ ! FIR/ MON?S AFT] BIR?4 

,9 OPPOS+ ! LEGAL & SACR$ *UR* M>RIAGE CONTRACT1 ! FEM9I/S >E FI<T+ A FETI%4 ,! PROLET>IAN WOM51 ON ! O!R H&1 >E WAG+ W> AGA9/ ! FACTORS ?AT >E BEH9D ! MOD]N =M ( M>RIAGE & FAMILY4 ,9 /RIV+ TO *ANGE FUNDAM5TALLY ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 !Y KN[ ?AT !Y >E ALSO HELP+ TO RE=M RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! SEXES4 ,H]E WE HAVE ! MA9 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN APPROA* TO ! DIFFICULT PROBLEM ( ! FAMILY4 

,! FEM9I/S & ! SOCIAL RE=M]S FROM ! CAMP ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 NAIVELY BELIEV+ 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( CREAT+ NEW =MS ( FAMILY & NEW TYPES ( M>ITAL RELATIONS AGA9/ ! DISMAL BACKGR\ND ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y CLASS SOCIETY1 TIE !MSELVES 9 KNOTS 9 !IR SE>* = !SE NEW =MS4 ,IF LIFE ITSELF HAS NOT VET PRODUC$ !SE =MS1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 !Y SEEM TO IMAG9E1 TO ?9K !M UP :ATEV] ! CO/4 ,!RE MU/1 !Y BELIEVE1 BE MOD]N =MS ( SEXUAL RELATION%IP :I* >E CAPABLE ( SOLV+ ! COMPLEX FAMILY PROBLEM UND] ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,& ! IDEOLOGI/S ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD - ! J\RNALI/S1 WRIT]S & PROM95T WOM5 FI<T]S = EMANCIPATION ONE AFT] ! O!R PUT =W>D !IR 0FAMILY PANACEA01 !IR NEW 0FAMILY =MULA04 

,H[ UTOPIAN !SE M>RIAGE =MULAS S\ND4 ,H[ FEEBLE !SE PALLIATIVES1 :5 CONSID]$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! GLOOMY REALITY ( \R MOD]N FAMILY /RUCTURE4 ,BE=E !SE =MULAS ( 0FREE RELATION%IPS0 & 0FREE LOVE0 CAN BECOME PRACTICE1 IT IS ABOVE ALL NECESS>Y ?AT A FUNDAM5TAL RE=M ( ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE TAKE PLACE2 FUR!RMORE1 ! MORAL & SEXUAL NORMS & ! :OLE PSY*OLOGY ( MANK9D W\LD HAVE TO UND]GO A ?OR\< EVOLUTION1 IS ! CONTEMPOR>Y P]SON PSY*OLOGICALLY ABLE TO COPE ) 0FREE LOVE08 ,:AT AB\T ! JEAL\SY ?AT EATS 9TO EV5 ! BE/ HUMAN S\LS8 ,& ?AT DEEPLY-ROOT$ S5SE ( PROP]TY ?AT DEM&S ! POSSESSION NOT ONLY ( ! BODY BUT ALSO ( ! S\L ( ANO!R8 ,& ! 9ABILITY TO HAVE ! PROP] RESPECT = ! 9DIVIDUALITY ( ANO!R8 ,! HABIT ( EI!R SUBORD9AT+ ONESELF TO ! LOV$ ONE1 OR ( SUBORD9AT+ ! LOV$ ONE TO ONESELF8 ,& ! BITT] & DESP]ATE FEEL+ ( DES]TION1 ( LIMITLESS LONEL9ESS1 :I* IS EXP]I5C$ :5 ! LOV$ CEASES TO LOVE & LEAVES8 ,:]E CAN ! LONELY P]SON1 :O IS AN 9DIVIDUALI/ TO ! V]Y CORE ( HIS BE+1 F9D SOLACE8 ,! COLLECTIVE1 ) ITS JOYS & DISAPPO9TM5TS & ASPIRATIONS1 IS ! BE/ \TLET = ! EMOTIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL 5]GIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT IS MOD]N MAN CAPABLE ( WORK+ ) ?IS COLLECTIVE 9 SU* A WAY AS TO FEEL ! MUTUALLY 9T]ACT+ 9FLU5CES8 ,IS ! LIFE ( ! COLLECTIVE REALLY CAPABLE1 AT PRES5T1 ( REPLAC+ ! 9DIVIDUAL'S PETTY P]SONAL JOYS8 ,)\T ! 0UNIQUE10 0ONE-&-ONLY0 TW9 S\L1 EV5 ! SOCIALI/1 ! COLLECTIVI/1 IS QUITE ALONE 9 ! PRES5T ANTAGONI/IC WORLD2 ONLY 9 ! WORK+ CLASS DO WE CAT* ! PALE GLIMPSE ( ! FUTURE1 ( MORE H>MONI\S & MORE SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,! FAMILY PROBLEM IS AS COMPLEX & MANY-FACET$ AS LIFE ITSELF4 ,\R SOCIAL SY/EM IS 9CAPABLE ( SOLV+ IT4 

,O!R M>RIAGE =MULAS HAVE BE5 PUT =W>D4 ,SEV]AL PROGRESSIVE WOM5 & SOCIAL ?9K]S REG>D ! M>RIAGE UNION ONLY AS A ME?OD ( PRODUC+ PROG5Y4 ,M>RIAGE 9 ITSELF1 !Y HOLD1 DOES NOT HAVE ANY SPECIAL VALUE = WOMAN - MO!RHOOD IS H] PURPOSE1 H] SACR$ AIM1 H] TASK 9 LIFE4 ,?ANKS TO SU* 9SPIR$ ADVOCATES AS ,RU? ,BRAY & ,ELL5 ,KEY1 ! B\RGEOIS IDEAL ?AT RECOGNIZES WOMAN AS A FEMALE RA!R ?AN A P]SON HAS ACQUIR$ A SPECIAL HALO ( PROGRESSIV5ESS4 ,=EIGN LIT]ATURE HAS SEIZ$ UPON ! SLOGAN PUT =W>D BY !SE ADVANC$ WOM5 ) 5?USIASM4 ,& EV5 H]E 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! POLITICAL /ORM .<( #a#i#e.>1 BE=E SOCIAL VALUES CAME 9 = REVISION1 ! QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY HAD ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! DAILY PRESS4 ,! SLOGAN 0! RI<T TO MAT]NITY0 CANNOT HELP PRODUC+ LIVELY RESPONSE 9 ! BROADE/ CIRCLES ( ! FEMALE POPULATION4 ,?US1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ALL ! SUGGE/IONS ( ! FEM9I/S 9 ?IS CONNECTION W]E ( ! UTOPIAN V>IETY1 ! PROBLEM WAS TOO IMPORTANT & TOPICAL NOT TO ATTRACT WOM54 

,! 0RI<T TO MAT]NITY0 IS ! K9D ( QUE/ION ?AT T\*ES NOT ONLY WOM5 FROM ! B\RGEOIS CLASS BUT ALSO1 TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T1 PROLET>IAN WOM5 AS WELL4 ,! RI<T TO BE A MO!R - !SE >E GOLD5 WORDS ?AT GO /RAI<T TO 0ANY WOM5'S HE>T0 & =CE ?AT HE>T TO BEAT FA/]4 ,! RI<T TO FE$ 0ONE'S [N0 *ILD ) ONE'S [N MILK1 & TO ATT5D ! FIR/ SIGNS ( ITS AWAK5+ CONSCI\SNESS1 ! RI<T TO C>E = ITS T9Y BODY & %IELD ITS T5D] S\L FROM ! ?ORNS & SUFF]+S ( ! FIR/ /EPS 9 LIFE - :AT MO!R W\LD NOT SUPPORT !SE DEM&S8 

,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT WE HAVE AGA9 /UMBL$ ON AN ISSUE ?AT C\LD S]VE AS A MOM5T ( UNITY BETWE5 WOM5 ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL LAY]S3 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT WE HAVE F\ND1 AT LA/1 ! BRIDGE UNIT+ WOM5 ( ! TWO HO/ILE WORLDS4 ,LET US LOOK CLOS]1 TO DISCOV] :AT ! PROGRESSIVE B\RGEOIS WOM5 UND]/& BY 0! RI<T TO MAT]NITY04 ,!N WE CAN SEE :E!R1 9 FACT1 PROLET>IAN WOM5 CAN AGREE ) ! SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEM ( MAT]NITY 5VISAG$ BY ! B\RGEOIS FI<T]S = EQUAL RI<TS4 ,9 ! EYES ( ITS EAG] APOLOGI/S1 MAT]NITY POSSESSES AN ALMO/ SACR$ QUALITY4 ,/RIV+ TO SMA% ! FALSE PREJUDICES ?AT BR& A WOMAN = 5GAG+ 9 A NATURAL ACTIVITY - ! BE>+ ( A *ILD - BECAUSE ! ACTIVITY HAS NOT BE5 SANCTIFI$ BY ! LAW1 ! FI<T]S = ! RI<T TO MAT]NITY HAVE B5T ! /ICK 9 ! O!R DIRECTION3 = !M1 MAT]NITY HAS BECOME ! AIM ( A WOMAN'S LIFE4 444 

,ELL5 ,KEY'S DEVOTION TO ! OBLIGATIONS ( MAT]NITY & ! FAMILY =CES H] TO GIVE AN ASSURANCE ?AT ! ISOLAT$ FAMILY UNIT WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/ EV5 9 A SOCIETY TRANS=M$ ALONG SOCIALI/ L9ES4 ,! ONLY *ANGE1 AS %E SEES IT1 WILL BE ?AT ALL ! ATT5DANT ELEM5TS ( CONV5I5CE OR ( MAT]IAL GA9 WILL BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! M>RIAGE UNION1 :I* WILL BE CONCLUD$ ACCORD+ TO MUTUAL 9CL9ATIONS1 )\T RITUALS OR =MALITIES - LOVE & M>RIAGE WILL BE TRULY SYNONYM\S4 ,BUT ! ISOLAT$ FAMILY UNIT IS ! RESULT ( ! MOD]N 9DIVIDUALI/IC WORLD1 ) ITS RAT-RACE1 ITS PRESSURES1 ITS LONEL9ESS2 ! FAMILY IS A PRODUCT ( ! MON/R\S CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,& YET ,KEY HOPES TO BEQUEA? ! FAMILY TO SOCIALI/ SOCIETY6 ,BLOOD & K9%IP TIES AT PRES5T (T5 S]VE1 IT IS TRUE1 AS ! ONLY SUPPORT 9 LIFE1 AS ! ONLY REFUGE 9 TIMES ( H>D%IP & MIS=TUNE4 ,BUT WILL !Y BE MORALLY OR SOCIALLY NECESS>Y 9 ! FUTURE8 ,KEY DOES NOT ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION4 ,%E HAS TOO LOV+ A REG>D = ! 0IDEAL FAMILY01 ?IS EGOI/IC UNIT ( ! MIDDLE B\RGEOISIE TO :I* ! DEVOTEES ( ! B\RGEOIS /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY LOOK ) SU* REV]5CE4 

,BUT IT IS NOT ONLY ! TAL5T$ ?\< ]RATIC ,ELL5 ,KEY :O LOSES H] WAY 9 ! SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,!RE IS PROBABLY NO O!R QUE/ION AB\T :I* SOCIALI/S !MSELVES >E SO LITTLE 9 AGREEM5T AS ! QUE/ION ( M>RIAGE & ! FAMILY4 ,W]E WE TO TRY & ORGANIZE A SURVEY AMONG SOCIALI/S1 ! RESULTS W\LD MO/ PROBABLY BE V]Y CURI\S4 ,DOES ! FAMILY WI!R AWAY8 OR >E !RE GR\NDS = BELIEV+ ?AT ! FAMILY DISORD]S ( ! PRES5T >E ONLY A TRANSITORY CRISIS8 ,WILL ! PRES5T =M ( ! FAMILY BE PRES]V$ 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 OR WILL IT BE BURI$ ) ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ SY/EM8 ,!SE >E QUE/IONS :I* MI<T WELL RECEIVE V]Y DIFF]5T ANSW]S4 444 

,) ! TRANSF] ( $UCATIVE FUNCTIONS FROM ! FAMILY TO SOCIETY1 ! LA/ TIE HOLD+ TOGE!R ! MOD]N ISOLAT$ FAMILY WILL BE LOOS5$2 ! PROCESS ( DIS9TEGRATION WILL PROCE$ AT AN EV5 FA/] PACE1 & ! PALE SILH\ETTES ( FUTURE M>ITAL RELATIONS WILL BEG9 TO EM]GE4 ,:AT CAN WE SAY AB\T !SE 9DI/9CT SILH\ETTES1 HIDD5 AS !Y >E BY PRES5T-DAY 9FLU5CES8 

,DOES ONE HAVE TO REPEAT ?AT ! PRES5T COMPULSORY =M ( M>RIAGE WILL BE REPLAC$ BY ! FREE UNION ( LOV+ 9DIVIDUALS8 ,! IDEAL ( FREE LOVE DRAWN BY ! HUNGRY IMAG9ATION ( WOM5 FI<T+ = !IR EMANCIPATION UND\BT$LY CORRESPONDS TO SOME EXT5T TO ! NORM ( RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! SEXES ?AT SOCIETY WILL E/ABLI%4 ,H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL 9FLU5CES >E SO COMPLEX & !IR 9T]ACTIONS SO DIV]SE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO =ETELL :AT ! RELATION%IPS ( ! FUTURE1 :5 ! :OLE SY/EM HAS FUNDAM5TALLY BE5 *ANG$1 WILL HE LIKE4 ,BUT ! SL[LY MATUR+ EVOLUTION ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES IS CLE> EVID5CE ?AT RITUAL M>RIAGE & ! COMPULSIVE ISOLAT$ FAMILY >E DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>4 
,! ,/RUGGLE = ,POLITICAL ,RI<TS 

,! FEM9I/S ANSW] \R CRITICISMS BY SAY+3 EV5 IF ! >GUM5TS BEH9D \R DEF5SE ( ! POLITICAL RI<TS ( WOM5 SEEM TO Y\ MI/AK51 IS ! IMPORTANCE ( ! DEM& ITSELF1 :I* IS EQUALLY URG5T = FEM9I/S & = REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 !REBY R$UC$8 ,CANNOT ! WOM5 ( ! TWO SOCIAL CAMPS1 = ! SAKE ( !IR COMMON POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS1 SURM\NT ! B>RI]S ( CLASS ANTAGONISM ?AT DIVIDE !M8 ,SURELY !Y >E CAPABLE ( WAG+ A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! HO/ILE =CES ?AT SURR\ND !M8 ,DIVISION BETWE5 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN IS 9EVITABLE AS F> AS O!R QUE/IONS >E CONC]N$1 BUT 9 ! CASE ( ?IS P>TICUL> QUE/ION1 ! FEM9I/S IMAG9E11 ! WOM5 ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL CLASSES HAVE NO DIFF]5CES4 

,FEM9I/S KEEP RETURN+ TO !SE >GUM5TS ) BITT]NESS & BEWILD]M5T1 SEE+ PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS ( P>TISAN LOYALTY 9 ! REFUSAL ( REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO JO9 =CES ) !M 9 ! /RUGGLE = WOM5'S POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,IS ?IS REALLY ! CASE8 

,IS !RE A COMPLETE ID5TITY ( POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS1 OR DOES ANTAGONISM H9D] ! CREATION ( AN 9DIVISIBLE1 ABOVE-CLASS >MY ( WOM5 9 ?IS 9/ANCE AS 9 ALL O!RS8 ,WE HAVE TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION BE=E WE CAN \TL9E ! TACTICS ?AT PROLET>IAN WOM5 WILL EMPLOY 9 W9N+ POLITICAL RI<TS = !IR SEX4 

,! FEM9I/S DECL>E !MSELVES TO BE ON ! SIDE ( SOCIAL RE=M1 & SOME ( !M EV5 SAY !Y >E 9 FAVOR ( SOCIALISM - 9 ! F> DI/ANT FUTURE1 ( C\RSE - BUT !Y >E NOT 9T5D+ TO /RUGGLE 9 ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS = ! REALIZATION ( !SE AIMS4 ,! BE/ ( !M BELIEVE1 ) A NAIVE S9C]ITY1 ?AT ONCE ! DEPUTIES' SEATS >E )9 !IR REA* !Y WILL BE ABLE TO CURE ! SOCIAL SORES :I* HAVE 9 !IR VIEW DEVELOP$ BECAUSE M51 ) !IR 9H]5T EGOISM1 HAVE BE5 MA/]S ( ! SITUATION4 ,H[EV] GOOD ! 9T5TIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL GR\PS ( FEM9I/S T[>DS ! PROLET>IAT1 :5EV] ! QUE/ION ( CLASS /RUGGLE HAS BE5 POS$ !Y HAVE LEFT ! BATTLEFIELD 9 A FRI<T4 ,!Y F9D ?AT !Y DO NOT WI% TO 9T]F]E 9 ALI5 CAUSES1 & PREF] TO RETIRE TO !IR B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM :I* IS SO COM=TABLY FAMILI>4 

,NO1 H[EV] MU* ! B\RGEOIS FEM9I/S TRY TO REPRESS ! TRUE AIM ( !IR POLITICAL DESIRES1 H[EV] MU* !Y ASSURE !IR Y\NG] SI/]S ?AT 9VOLVEM5T 9 POLITICAL LIFE PROMISES IMMEASURABLE B5EFITS = ! WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ?AT P]VADES ! :OLE FEM9I/ MOVEM5T GIVES A CLASS COLOR+ EV5 TO ! DEM& = EQUAL POLITICAL RI<TS ) M51 :I* W\LD SEEM TO BE A G5]AL WOM5'S DEM&4 ,DIFF]5T AIMS & UND]/&+S ( H[ POLITICAL RI<TS >E TO BE US$ CREATE AN UNBRIDGEABLE GULF BETWE5 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN WOM54 ,?IS DOES NOT CONTRADICT ! FACT ?AT ! IMM$IATE TASKS ( ! TWO GR\PS ( WOM5 CO9CIDE TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 = ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL CLASSES :I* HAVE RECEIV$ ACCESS TO POLITICAL P[] /RIVE ABOVE ALL TO A*IEVE A REVIEW ( ! CIVIL CODE1 :I* 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T1 DISCRIM9ATES AGA9/ WOM54 ,WOM5 PRESS = LEGAL *ANGES ?AT CREATE MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( LABOR = !MSELVES2 !Y /& TOGE!R AGA9/ ! REGULATIONS LEGALIZ+ PRO/ITUTION ETC4 ,H[EV]1 ! CO9CID5CE ( !SE IMM$IATE TASKS IS ( A PURELY =MAL NATURE4 ,= CLASS 9T]E/ DET]M9ES ?AT ! ATTITUDE ( ! TWO GR\PS TO !SE RE=MS IS %>PLY CONTRADICTORY4 444 

,CLASS 9/9CT - :ATEV] ! FEM9I/S SAY - ALWAYS %[S ITSELF TO BE MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! NOBLE 5?USIASMS ( 0ABOVE-CLASS0 POLITICS4 ,SO LONG AS ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 & !IR 0Y\NG] SI/]S0 >E EQUAL 9 !IR 9EQUALITY1 ! =M] CAN1 ) COMPLETE S9C]ITY1 MAKE GREAT EF=TS TO DEF5D ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( WOM54 ,BUT ONCE ! B>RI] IS D[N & ! B\RGEOIS WOM5 HAVE RECEIV$ ACCESS TO POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 ! REC5T DEF5D]S ( ! 0RI<TS ( ALL WOM50 BECOME 5?USIA/IC DEF5D]S ( ! PRIVILEGES ( !IR CLASS1 CONT5T TO LEAVE ! Y\NG] SI/]S ) NO RI<TS AT ALL4 ,?US1 :5 ! FEM9I/S TALK TO WORK+ WOM5 AB\T ! NE$ = A COMMON /RUGGLE TO REALIZE SOME 0G5]AL WOM5'S0 PR9CIPLE1 WOM5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E NATURALLY DI/RU/FUL4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,BASIS ( ! ,WOM5'S ,QUE/ION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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