,*APT] #ac 
,AN>*ISM & ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLT1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#a 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CON/ANCE ,BANTMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,QUAIL 

,AU?OR 3 ,NICK ,HEA? 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#c4 ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,& ,! ,O,R,I,G,9,S ,( ,! ,S,Y,N,D,I,C,A,L,I,/ ,R,E,V,O,L,T1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#a 

,SOCIALI/S DEVELOP !ORETICAL IDEAS ( ! NATURE ( !IR SOCIETY1 ! NATURE ( A MORE DESIRABLE FUTURE & ! MANN] ( ! TRANSITION BETWE5 !M4 ,MASS ACTION DEVELOPS ?R\< =MS DESIGN$ = IMM$IATE USE :I* CAN HAVE GREAT IMPLICATIONS H>DLY P]CEIV$ BY ! MAJORITY ( P>TICIPANTS4 ,SOCIALI/ !ORY & MASS ACTION MAY NOT COMB9E ON ANY GREAT SCALE4 ,:5 !Y DO BO? >E TRANS=M$4 ,! RESULT IS AN EXPLOSION ( POPUL> CREATIVITY1 A 'POSITIVE SELF-CONSCI\SNESS' :I* MAKES P>TICUL> /RUGGLES 9TO G5]AL ONES & AB/RACT DISCUSSION 9TO URG5T QUE/IONS ( PRACTICE4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( SU* SITUATIONS >E REVOLUTION>Y & CIRCUM/ANCES CAN MAKE !M SO4 

,TWO SU* 'PRE-REVOLUTION>Y' SITUATIONS OCCUR 9 \R P]IOD4 ,ONE IS ?AT ( #a#h#h#i-#a#h#i#c1 ! O!R IS ! P]IOD ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ REVOLT1 #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d1 & AGA9 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE4 ,IT IS ! LATT] :I* CONC]NS US H]E1 AL?\< SOME FUR!R REM>KS ON ! =M] >E NECESS>Y4 ,?\< ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE WAS MASSIVELY CONC]N$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( TRADES UNIONS 9 #a#h#h#i-#a#h#i ! NET RESULT ( ITS CONC]N 9 ! LAT] #a#h#iS WAS AN 9CREASE 9 ELECTORAL ACTIVITY US+ TRADES UNIONS AS A BASE4 ,REM>KS APPE>$ 9 V>I\S SOCIALI/ PAP]S 7H]E DISREG>D+ ! AN>*I/S = ! MOM5T7 :I* CRITICIZ$ ! NEW TRADES UNIONS4 ,YET ! GI/ ( !SE CRITICISMS WAS ?AT TRADES UNION ACTIVITY BY ITSELF WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO BR+ AB\T SOCIALISM4 ,SEE = EXAMPLE A COMM5T 9 ,JU/ICE3 ! M5 0W]E L$ TO EXPECT TOO MU* & N[ F9D !Y CANNOT ACCOMPLI% EV]Y?+ ) !IR TRADE UNIONISM -- ?AT IT IS BUT A V]Y IMP]FECT WEAPON ) :I* TO FI<T ! CAPITALI/ -- !Y >E ?R[+ IT OV] ALTOGE!R AS NO GOOD1 9/EAD ( US+ AS A MEANS TO SOME?+ BETT]4 ,?IS IS WRONG4 ,/& BY Y\R UNIONS M56 ,& USE !M TO CONQU] POLITICAL P[] = Y\R CLASS40.<#c#h.> ,! CONTEXT MAKES IT CLE> ?AT 'POLITICAL P[]' MEANS P[] ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS LIKE P>LIAM5T4 ,S9CE ! CONC]N ( !SE SOCIALI/ BODIES WAS TO GA9 POLITICAL P[] ?R\< EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS !Y HAD SOME?+ ( A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 BELITTL+ ! P[] ( TRADES UNIONS OR ( 'ECONOMIC /RUGGLES' = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT !Y %[$ LITTLE CONC]N ) ! /RUCTURE ( TRADES UNIONS & !IR FITNESS 9 PROVID+ A FOCUS = SU* *ANGE4 ,) ! AN>*I/S ! SITUATION WAS RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,HO/ILE TO ELECTORAL ACTIVITY1 !Y W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) ! POSSIBILITIES = 'NONPOLITICAL' TRADES UNION ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y Y>D/ICK ! TRADES UNIONS W\LD BE REJECT$ 9 DISGU/ BY SOME SECTIONS & ?AT ! PRO- OR ANTI-TRADES-UNION DEBATE T5D$ TO DOM9ATE4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME AMONG ! PRO-TRADES UNIONI/S !RE WAS A REAL CONC]N TO DIS5TANGLE ! NATURE ( TRADES UNION /RUGGLES & TO ASSESS ! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = TRADES UNIONS TO BECOME REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS 9VE/IGATION W]E PAT*Y & 9CONCLUSIVE 9 ! FACE ( EV5TS4 ,YET AT V>I\S TIMES & 9 V>I\S WAYS !Y >TICULAT$ ! PRAGMATIC CONC]NS ?AT W]E TO BE SY/EMIZ$ BY SYNDICALISM4 

,! AN>*I/S 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS & E>LY #a#h#iS W]E HO/ILE TO '(FICIALISM' -- BUREAUCRACY AS WE %\LD CALL IT -- C\NT]POS+ SPONTANE\S SOLID>ITY4 ,!Y PREA*$ SOLID>ITY BETWE5 SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ SECTIONS & A CONC]N = ! UNEMPLOY$ BY ?OSE 9 WORK4 ,!Y W]E 9T]E/$ 9 EXT5D+ ! TACTICS US$ BY WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE & SAW SU* EXT5D$ /RUGGLES AS REHE>SALS = REVOLUTION4 ,!Y OPPOS$ CALLS = NATIONALIZATION4 ,A FEW EXAMPLES WILL SUFFICE H]E4 ,! REJECTION ( NATIONALIZATION WAS = ! MO/ P>T FROM FIR/ PR9CIPLES1 BAS$ 9 HO/ILITY TO ! /ATE4 ,YET PO9TS C\LD BE MADE :I* %[$ AN A/UTE ASSESSM5T ( ! SITUATION4 ,( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' /ATI/ OBSESSIONS1 ,FRE$OM COMM5T$3 0,SO ANXI\S >E !Y TO PUT 444 ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION UND] /ATE CONTROL ?AT !Y >E P]PETUALLY URG+ US NOT TO WAIT = ! REPAIR ( ! ANCI5T POLITICAL MA*9E1 I4E4 NOT TO CONC]N \RSELVES ) M]E POLITICS BUT TO JOYFULLY CONFIDE RAILWAYS OR L& OR :AT NOT TO ! CONTROL ( ,SALISBURY & ,BALF\R OR ,GLAD/ONE & ,MORLEY OR ,ROSEB]Y & ,CO41 TOMORR[ IF ONLY ?OSE *OS5 ( ! PEOPLE CAN BE P]SUAD$ TO UND]TAKE ! TASK40.<#c#h#a.> ,! PO9T REMA9S VALID TO ?IS DAY4 ,HAVE ! M9]S1 N[ 5JOY+ ALL ! B5EFITS ?AT NATIONALIZATION CAN BR+1 BE5 MORE NOTICEABLY CONT5T ) !IR LOT8 ,HAVE ! RAILWAYM58 ,YET ! 'SOCIALI/' CALLS CONT9UE = NATIONALIZATION AS SOME K9D ( PANACEA4 

,! G5]AL TACTICAL \TL9ES = TRADES UNION ACTIVITY W]E =MULAT$ AT ! ,ZURI* ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE DUR+ & AFT] ! *AOTIC ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS ( ?AT YE> FROM :I* ! AN>*I/S W]E EXPELL$ ON ! VOTES ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRAT MA*9E4 ,! 0PRACTICAL1 BUS9ESS-LIKE & ORD]LY0 MEET+S %[$ ! DIRECTION ?AT WAS ALREADY BE+ FOLL[$ BY ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,FR5* TRADES UNION MOVEM5T4 ,G5]AL PROPAG&A = ! G5]AL /RIKE1 SE5 AS A PREP>ATORY /EP = REVOLUTION1 WAS TO BE C\PL$ ) PRACTICAL DEM&S SU* AS ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,9 EA* P>TICUL> SITUATION DIRECT ACTION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES RA!R ?AN ! USE ( LEGISLATIVE BODIES WAS TO BE /RESS$4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD NOT TRY & BUILD A P>TY BUT MAKE A MOVEM5T4 ,!Y %\LD 5T] TRADE ORGANIZATIONS AS AGITATORS1 NOT (FICE SEEK]S4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD BE 0*AMPIONS ( ! WEAKE/ & WOR/ (F1 NOT FLATT]]S ( ?OSE :O HAD SLI<TLY BETT]$ !IR POSITION40 ,!Y %\LD USE EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO PREA* REBELLION4.<#c#h#b.> ,DELEGATES AT !SE MEET+S 9CLUD$ ,M[BRAY & ,ROL& ( ! ,WE/ ,5D TAILORS4 

,M[BRAY1 AT LEA/1 PROPAG&IZ$ !SE PR9CIPLES4 ,9 A PIECE ON ',TRADES ,UNIONISM & ! ,UNEMPLOY$' HE DEVELOP$ ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES = ,5GLI% CONDITIONS4 ,! TRADES UNIONS W]E SAY+ ?AT UNEMPLOY$ M5 %\LD NOT (F] !MSELVES = LESS ?AN ! UNION RATE & O!RWISE DID NO?+ = ! UNEMPLOY$1 LOOK+ D[N ON !M ) CONTEMPT4 ,MEAN:ILE A L>GELY 9EFFECTIVE POLICY ( ORGANIZ+ P>ADES ( ! UNEMPLOY$ WAS GO+ ON \TSIDE ! UNIONS4 ,:5 A DRA/IC DROP 9 UNION MEMB]%IP TOOK PLACE ! UNIONS W\LD BE/IR !MSELVES1 BUT ONLY TO ! EXT5T ( HOLD+ DISCUSSIONS ) VE/RIES4 ,?IS HAD ! EFFECT ( DEMOBILIZ+ AN ALREADY LESS ?AN P[]FUL UNEMPLOY$ AGITATION4 ,:AT %\LD BE DONE1 ,M[BRAY SAID1 WAS TO IMM$IATELY CAMPAIGN R\ND ! FOLL[+ POLICY ) BO? ! ORGANIZ$ & UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S3 ,OV]TIME %\LD BE /OPP$ IMM$IATELY2 A DAY ( EI<T H\RS OR LESS %\LD BE 5=C$ TO ABSORB ! UNEMPLOY$2 COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION %\LD BE />T$2 & PIECEWORK %\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,O!RWISE1 SAID ,M[BRAY1 IT WAS ! UNIONS' FAULT IF !RE WAS BLACKLEGG+4 ,POLITICAL LOBBY+ W\LD DO NO GOOD1 ECONOMIC P[] HAD TO BE APPLI$ TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC 5DS4.<#c#h#c.> ,9 A LAT] >TICLE HE URG$ PEOPLE TO JO9 UNIONS AS 'TRADE' MEMB]S -- ?AT IS1 MEMB]S :O W]E NOT 9VOLV$ ) ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY B5EFITS & ACTIVITIES3 0,! SOON] ! ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY P>T ( ,TRADES ,UNIONISM IS KILL$ ! BETT]10 HE WROTE4 ,IF TRADES UNIONS W]E TO FI<T CAPITALISM !Y %\LD /ICK TO ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 & A 0CLOS] WAT* ON (FICIALS & A G5]AL CUTT+ D[N ( USELESS EXP5DITURE W\LD DO NO H>M40.<#c#h#d.> ,9 SOME QU>T]S !SE PO9TS W]E UND]/OOD & MODE/ ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO IMPLEM5T !M4.<#c#h#e.> ,!SE HAVE TO BE UND]/OOD AS SUGGE/IONS TO BE TAK5 9 CONJUNCTION ) 'SELF-HELP' BY ! UNEMPLOY$ ALONG ! L9ES ( ,C4,C4 ,DAVIS AT ,BIRM+HAM4 

,A MORE SPECTACUL> ATTEMPT TO COMMIT A UNION TO DIRECT ACTION HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE 9 ,LEICE/] BY ,GEORGE ,CORES1 AN AN>*I/ ON ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,LEICE/] BRAN* ( ! ,BOOT & ,%OE ,MAK]S ,UNION4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! TRADE WAS HI<1 & ,CORES MOV$ A RESOLUTION AT A MEET+ ( AB\T #be MEMB]S :I* /AT$ ?AT 0HUNDR$S 444 >E 9 SU* A /ATE ( />VATION ?AT !Y WILL BE COMPELL$ & 5TITL$ TO TAKE ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE BY ILLEGAL MEANS UNLESS HELP IS SPE$ILY =?COM+40 ,ALD]MAN ,9SKIP1 A =M] (FICIAL ( ! UNION1 ATTEMPT$1 TO OPPOSE IT4 ,HE WAS %\T$ D[N1 MU* TO HIS A/ONI%M5T1 & ! MOTION WAS C>RI$ BY ACCLAMATION4 ,9SKIP1 H[EV]1 ORGANIZ$ A FUR!R MEET+ ) AB\T #a1 MEMB]S PRES5T1 & DESPITE APPEALS BY ,CORES TO 0RES5T (FICIAL DICTATION0 ! RESOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$4 ,! MEET+ BROKE UP 9 SU* EXTREME DISORD]1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS RESULT WAS ( DUBI\S VALUE4.<#c#h#f.> 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[ DIRECT ACTION WAS URG$ UPON ! M9]S DUR+ !IR /RIKE 9 #a#h#i#c1 BY ! ,COMMONWEAL & BY LOCAL AN>*I/S4 ,! M9]S1 IT WAS SUGGE/$1 %\LD BURN ! COAL /OCKS1 SABOTAGE ! MA*9]Y1 PAY NO R5T & LOOT FOOD %OPS4 ,ANY DI/A/E = A LIP-LICK+ RELI% = ! SPECTACUL> \<T NOT TO HIDE FROM US ! CONSI/5CY ( !SE SUGGE/IONS ) BO? ! ,FR5* SYNDICALISM !N DEVELOP+1 & ! IDEAS :I* LAT] BECAME CURR5T 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 H[EV]1 ! RESPONSE TO !SE CALLS BY ! AN>*I/S WAS LIMIT$1 ?\< ! ,HULL DOCK /RIKE E*O$ !M4 ,AS TIME PASS$1 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ! LATE #a#h#iS & E>LY #a#iS BECAME LESS & LESS CONDUCIVE TO EXPANSIVE DIRECT ACTION & AN>*I/S 9 ! UNIONS W]E =C$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO BE CAUTI\S4 

,! AN>*I/S 9 ,5GL&1 H[EV]1 DID PROVIDE ! MEANS :]EBY ! IDEAS ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S C\LD REA* A WID] AUDI5CE4 ,! E>LI] CONTACTS BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,FR5* & ! RE=MI/ ,5GLI% TRADES UNIONS HAD BE5 FRAU<T ) MISUND]/&+4 ,AT AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS CALL$ BY ! ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,T4,U4,C4 9 #ahhh 9 ,LONDON1 ,TORTELLI]1 0A NOTORI\S ,AN>*I/0 & A DELEGATE FROM ! ,JO9]S ,UNION 9 ,P>IS1 PUT AN AM5DM5T ON ! QUE/ION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,?IS WAS TO ! EFFECT ?AT ! WORK]S C\LD EXPECT NO?+ FROM LEGISLATORS & C\LD 0ONLY RELY ON !IR [N /R5G?40 ,A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT COMM5T$ LAT]3 0,HAD ,M4 ,TORTELLI] MEANT ! /R5G? ( ORGANIZATIONS OR ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS HE W\LD HAVE SAID SO4 ,BUT = SEV]AL YE>S IT HAS BE5 NOTORI\S ?AT ?IS ,AN>*I/ BELIEVES ONLY 9 ! /R5G? ( 9SURRECTION1 AID$ BY ! *EMICAL RES\RCES ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS RESOLUTION1 :I* REALLY PROCLAIM$ AS PLA9LY AS 9 COMMON PRUD5CE IT WAS POSSIBLE TO PROCLAIM1 ?AT REVOLUTION -- VIOL5T PHYSICAL =CE REVOLUTION -- ALONE C\LD SOLVE ! PROBLEM 444 WAS CORDIALLY 5DORS$ BY ! ,5GLI% DELEGATES4 444 ,SO ANXI\S W]E ! ,5GLI% TO AVOID ,SOCIALISM .<I4E4 ,LABOR REPRES5TATION.> ?AT !Y FELL 9TO ! >MS ( ! DYNAMITE P>TY40.<#c#h#g.> 

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW UNIONISM & 9 RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL & LEGAL DIFFICULTIES ! 9T]E/ ( TRADES UNION LEAD]%IPS 9 ,LABOR REPRES5TATION 9 ,P>LIAM5T GREW4 ,FREAKI% HAPP5+S LIKE ! #ahhh CONGRESS W]E NOT RELI%$ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ! TRADES UNIONS W]E DET]M9$ TO MAKE SURE !Y W]E NOT REPEAT$4 ,AT ! #ahif ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON !Y TRI$ TO 5=CE A /RICT APPLICATION ( ! ,ZURI* RESOLUTION EXPELL+ AN>*I/S FROM ! PROCE$+S4 ,WILL ,?ORNE1 ! SOCIALI/ SECRET>Y TO ! CONGRESS1 WROTE TO AN 9QUIR]3 0,9 REPLY ,I MAY SAY ?AT ALL ,TRADES ,UNIONS RECOGNIZE ! NECESSITY ( POLITICAL ACTION3 ?AT BE+ SO ! ,ZURI* RESOLUTION COV]S !M4 ,BUT !SE PEOPLE :O >E COMPLA9+ AB\T NOT BE+ ADMITT$ TO ! NEXT 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS DON'T BELIEVE 9 ! NECESSITY ( POLITICAL ACTION3 ,?AT BE+ SO ! ,ZURI* RESOLUTION WILL %UT !M \T4 ,BE/ WI%ES FROM1 Y\RS FRAT]NALLY1 ,WILL ,?ORNE40.<#c#h#h.> ,H[EV]1 ,TOM ,MANN & ,KEIR ,H>DIE1 AMONG O!RS1 PROTE/$ /RONGLY AT ! CONF]5CE SESSIONS & APPE>$ AT AN AN>*I/ MEET+ WELCOM+ ! =EIGN AN>*I/ DELEGATES TO REPEAT !IR PROTE/S4.<#c#h#i.> ,AFT] MU* HEAT ! CONGRESS VOT$ ?AT NO ONE %\LD BE EXCLUD$4 ,! ,FR5* TRADES UNIONS1 TOGE!R ) ! ,DUT*1 :O W]E ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY LIB]T>IAN & SYNDICALI/ IDEAS1 MADE A SIGNIFICANT %[+ AT ! CONGRESS1 MU* TO ! DI/A/E ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 

,SOME?+ ( ! NEW ,FR5* MOVEM5T BEGAN TO FILT] 9TO AN>*I/ PROPAG&A 9 ,5GL&4 ,! ',9T]NATIONAL ,NOTES' 9 ,FRE$OM GAVE REGUL> SNIPPETS ( NEWS4 ,OCCASIONAL >TICLES APPE>$ :I* %[$ A ,FR5* 9FLU5CE )\T NECESS>ILY MAK+ ANY GREAT EF=T TO ADAPT ! !ORY TO ,5GLI% PRACTICE4.<#c#i.> ,! PROPAG&A T5D$ TO REMA9 G5]AL3 0,9 EV]Y FACTORY & EV]Y FIELD TOIL ! M5 & WOM5 WE WI% TO $UCATE & 5LI<T54 ,WE DO NOT SEEK !IR VOTES2 WE ASK !M TO ?9K & TO ACT1 TO UNITE & TO ORGANIZE1 TO 5C\RAGE ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY ON ALL OCCASIONS & 444 USE ! WEAPON !Y HAVE 9 !IR [N H&S 444 ! ,G,5,],A,L ,/,R,I,K,E40.<#c#i#a.> ,YET1 9 PRIVATE DISCUSSION1 AN>*I/S W]E TALK+ OV] ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS :I* W]E TO BECOME SO MU* ( A G5]AL CONC]N 9 A LAT] P]IOD4 ,( UNIONS 9 ,LONDON IT WAS SAID 9 #aia ?AT !Y W]E EI!R TOO SMALL & 9EFFECTIVE OR TOO BIG4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE ! RESULT WAS BRAN* APA?Y & 'UNCONTROLL$ (FICIALISM'4 ,! ACTIVITY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :I* 9VOLV$ CAPTUR+ POSITIONS 9 ! UNIONS1 !N US+ ?OSE POSITIONS AS A BASE = A POLITICAL C>E]1 WAS SAID TO BE UND]M9+ ! ABILITY ( ! UNIONS TO FI<T ECONOMIC BATTLES4.<#c#i#b.> ,IT WAS ?IS RA!R SUBM]G$1 MORE PRAGMATIC /REAM ( ?\<T ( ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S ?AT WAS TO BE ( MORE IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE 9 ! LAT] /ORMY P]IOD4 ,FRE$OM CAN BE CRITICIZ$ = SMO!R+ P>TICUL> CASES ) OV]G5]ALIZATION4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ,FR5* 9FLU5CE WAS P]SI/5T1 IF SMALL1 9 ITS COLUMNS ?R\< ! YE>S ( REACTION 9 ! ,BO] ,W>4 

,AFT] ! ,BO] ,W> ! ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ 9FLU5CE WAS TO BE AUGM5T$ FROM ANO!R DIRECTION4 ,?IS HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 BATTLES )9 ! ,S4,D4,F4 DUR+ ! W> :I* 9ITIALLY HAD LITTLE TO DO ) DIRECT ACTION & ANTI-(FICIALISM1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS IT WAS DIRECT$ T[>DS ! LEAD]%IP ( ?AT BODY4 ,A GR\P ( ,SCOTTI% REBELS HAD GR[N 9CREAS+LY IRRITAT$ BY ! GR\P R\ND ,HYNDMAN1 :O EFFECTIVELY CONTROLL$ BO? JU/ICE & ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF4 ,!IR ANG] WAS DIRECT$ AT ! OPPORTUNI/ & *AUV9I/ BACKSLID+S ( ?IS CONTROLL+ GR\P FROM ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLE4 ,!IR ATTACKS W]E GIV5 !ORETICAL CONT5T BY ! WRIT+S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DANIEL DE ,LEON & 9CREAS+LY EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! COLUMNS ( ! ,NEW ,YORK DE ,LEONI/ NEWSPAP] ! ,WEEKLY ,PEOPLE4 ,! REBELS CONTROLL$ ! ,SCOTTI% BRAN*ES ( ! ,S4,D4,F4 & FROM ?IS BASE />T$ TO PRODUCE A PAP] -- ! ,SOCIALI/ -- 9 OPPOSITION TO ,JU/ICE1 FROM ,AUGU/ #a#i#b4 ,UNABLE TO QUICKLY SW+ ! ,5GLI% BRAN*ES BEH9D !M1 ?\< !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE DISCONT5T 9 ! ,5GLI% RANKS1 !Y SEEM$ TO HAVE RESOLV$ ON A SPLIT AT AN E>LY DATE4 ,! CRUN* CAME 9 #aic AT ! ,S4,D4,F4 ANNUAL CONF]5CE1 & ! ,SCOTS -- :O W]E EXPELL$ -- RETURN$ TO =M A SEP>ATE P>TY1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,S4,L4,P471 NAM$1 ON ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY'S BLUNT SUGGE/ION1 AFT] ! NAME ( DE ,LEON'S ,AM]ICAN ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,5GLI% ,M>XI/ PURI/ MALCONT5TS )9 ! ,S4,D4,F4 W]E EXPELL$ 9 #aid & =M$ A SEP>ATE ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7,S4,P4,G4,B47 -- ! PRECIPITATE ACTION ( ! ,SCOTS HAD COMPLETELY ALI5AT$ ! MAJORITY ( ! MORE DIFFICULTLY PLAC$ ,5GLI%4 ,! ,S4,P4,G4,B4 -- :I* SOME WAGS W]E LAT] TO SUGGE/ /OOD = ! ',SMALL ,P>TY ( ,GOOD ,BOYS' -- NEV] ESCAP$ FROM ! /ATUS ( COMPLETELY UN9FLU5TIAL SECT4 ,IT HAS BE5 SUGGE/$ BY AN 9=M$ OBS]V].<#c#i#c.> ?AT ! ,S4,L4,P4 W\LD HAVE SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE HAD IT NOT BE5 = EV5TS 9 ,AM]ICA :I* DE ,LEON'S DISCIPLES 9 ,SCOTL& SLAVI%LY COPI$4 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,S4,L4,P4 HAD FIR/ HAD A 'P>TY-C5T]$' ATTITUDE TO TRADES UNIONS :I* HAD L$ TO ! =MATION ( AN 9ITIALLY SUCCESSFUL ,S4,L4,P4-DOM9AT$ SEP>ATI/ ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADE & ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE4 ,?IS WAS SE5 AS A BULW>K AGA9/ & A REFUGE FROM CORRUPT & OPPORTUNI/ TRADES UNIONS & !IR (FICIALS 7'LABOR FAKIRS'74 ,! EMPHASIS %IFT$1 H[EV]1 & A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T GR\PS 79CLUD+ AN>*I/S :O APPROA*$ ! QUE/ION FROM A DIFF]5T DIRECTION7 BEGAN TO GIVE 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ! FIR/ PLACE & SEE 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM NOT ONLY AS A TRANSC5D5CE ( SECTIONAL TRADES UNIONISM BUT AS ! BASIS ( A NEW SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9DU/RIAL UNIONISM BO? ORGANIZ$ ! WORK]S AS A CLASS & PROVID$ ! =M ?R\< :I* ! WORK]S W\LD CONTROL 9DU/RY & SOCIETY4 ,POLITICAL P[] GA9$ ?R\< ELECTIONS REPRES5T$ ONLY A RUBB] /AMP+ ( A POSITION ALREADY GA9$ BY 9DU/RIAL ACTION4 ,?IS %IFT 9 EMPHASIS WAS 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ BY DE ,LEON & SO WAS ITS PRACTICAL \TCOME1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I4,W4,W471 :I* WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#e4 ,AFT] SOME CONFUSION ! ,BRITI% ,S4,L4,P4 5DORS$ ?IS RADICAL %IFT FROM OR?ODOX SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE4 ,!Y ASSIDU\SLY DI/RIBUT$ ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ PAMPHLETS & TOOK /EPS TO SET UP !IR [N 9DU/RIAL UNION4 ,9 ! EV5T A PROPAG&A BODY1 ! ,ADVOCATES ( ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM1 WAS F\ND$ 9 ,B9N+HAM 9 #aig TO =M ! CORE ( SU* 9DU/RIAL UNION4 

,BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ IDEAS WAS CONSID]ABLE AMONG ALL ! SOCIALI/ GR\PS BE=E ?IS TIME1 ?\< ! V>I\S USES TO :I* !SE IDEAS W]E TO BE PUT W]E NOT ALL TO ! LIK+ ( ! SECT>IAN & DOGMATIC ,S4,L4,P4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL EASY TO TRACE ! WAY 9 :I* IDEAS >E ADAPT$ & *ANG$1 US$ OR DISC>D$1 9 A CULTURE ?AT IS L>GELY UNWRITT54 ,= ALL ! DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE AVAILABLE TO US -- FILES ( NEWSPAP]S1 MEMOIRS1 CONF]5CE REPORTS1 ETC4 -- WE /ILL CANNOT PROP]LY GRASP ! %IFTS 9 ATMOSPH]E & IDEAS ?AT >E (T5 ( GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN ANY =MALIZATION 9 ORGANIZATIONAL SPLITS & RE%UFFLES4 ,NEV]!LESS IT IS CLE> ?AT ON ! SPEAK+ PIT*ES1 9 ! >GUM5TS 9 TEA %OPS & PUBS1 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM BECAME A TOPIC ( IMPORTANCE FROM AB\T #aid ONW>DS4 ,! EVID5CE W\LD SEEM TO %[ ?AT !RE WAS A QUICK5+ ( ! PULSE ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T BY MID-#a#i#c4 ,FRE$OM WAS WRIT+3 0,!RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT WE >E ON ! EVE ( A NEW REVIVAL ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ?IS & O!R C\NTRIES40 ,IT PO9T$ \T H[EV] ?AT :ATEV] =M ?IS NEW SOCIALISM TOOK IT W\LD NOT BE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC S9CE ONE ( ! REASONS = ITS EM]G5CE WAS 0PRECISELY ! FAILURE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO BR+ AB\T ! GREAT *ANGES :I* MANK9D NE$S40.<#c#i#d.> ,& ,FRE$OM WAS RI<T4 

,?IS S5SE ( WAK+ UP IS REFLECT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! REPORTS ( GR\PS PUBLI%$ 9 ,FRE$OM4 ,!Y DO NOT %[ A UNI=MLY /EADY GR[?4 ,GR\PS REPORT AFT] HAV+ COME 9TO BE+ & >E FULL ( 5?USIASM4 ,A SPREAD ( AN>*I/ IDEAS GETS GO+ & !N SEEMS TO RA!R FADE AWAY -- AT LEA/ AS F> AS REPORTS GO4 ,)\T ! MO/ DETAIL$ KN[L$GE ( ! SOCIALI/ MILIEU 9 A P>TICUL> T[N OR >EA ( A CITY AT A P>TICUL> TIME IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY TO :AT EXT5T !RE WAS A CON/ANT AN>*I/ PRES5CE4 ,NOR IS IT POSSIBLE TO ACCURATELY GAUGE ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A :5 WE KN[ IT TOOK PLACE4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D IT IS NEV]!LESS TRUE TO SAY ?AT 9 ,LONDON1 ,LE$S1 ,BIRM+HAM1 ,DUNDEE1 ,PAISLEY1 ,GLASG[1 ,$9BUR<1 ,OX=D & ,HULL1 A REVIVAL ( PROPAG&A TOOK PLACE BETWE5 #aic & #a#i#e4 ,9 ,LONDON1 ,SAM ,MA9W>+1 ! VET]AN ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE AN>*I/1 PUBLI%$ TWO NUMB]S ( A PAP] CALL$ ,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aic & ,M>* #a#i#d4 ,MA9W>+1 A MEMB] ( ! ,LONDON ,TRADES ,C\NCIL = ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,5G9E]S1 US$ HIS EXP]I5CE TO GIVE A DETAIL$ D5UNCIATION ( (FICIALISM 9 TRADES UNIONS4 7,?IS WAS 9 ! CONTEXT ( UN(FICIAL ACTION ON ! ,CLYDE :I* WAS CRU%$ BECAUSE ! ,5G9E]+ ,UNION (FICIALS W\LD ALL[ NO /RIKE PAY47 ,! PAP] ALSO GAVE NEWS ( /RIKE MOVEM5TS ABROAD4 ,AS AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY ,FR5* SYNDICALI/ ?9K+ TO ,5GLI% CONDITIONS IT WAS A BRAVE />T4 ,H[EV]1 #aid WAS A YE> ( QUITE WIDESPREAD UNEMPLOYM5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! 5G9E]+ TRADES1 & ,MA9W>+ HAD TO LEAVE ,LONDON = ,S\? ,WALES 9 SE>* ( WORK4 ,!RE WAS NO ONE PREP>$ TO C>RY ON ! PAP] & NO FUR!R ISSUES W]E PUBLI%$4 

,! MOVEM5T 9 ,SCOTL& WAS LESS TRANSI5T 9 ITS REVIVAL 9 #a#i#c4 ,GR\PS W]E ACTIVE 9 ,PAISLEY1 ,DUNDEE & ,GLASG[1 & LAT] 9 ,$9BUR<4 7,! ,PAISLEY GR\P =M$ R\ND A NUCLEUS EXPELL$ FROM ,PAISLEY ,I4,L4,P4 9 #aib = BE+ TA9T$ ) AN>*I/ IDEAS47 ,! PROPAG&A TOOK ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( OP5-AIR SPEAK+1 LIT]ATURE DI/RIBUTION1 ETC41 BUT AS 9 ,MA9W>+'S CASE !RE WAS A NOTICEABLE %IFT 9 EMPHASIS T[>DS SYNDICALISM4 ,PAISLEY & ,GLASG[ COOP]AT$ 9 BR++ \T A PAP]1 ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#d1 :I* URG$ DIRECT ACTION TRADES UNIONISM4 ,ONLY ONE ISSUE APPE>$4 ,) ?IS DISAPPO9TM5T ! HEAD ( /EAM SEEM$ TO DROP SOME:AT4 ,NEV]!LESS A MOTION AT ,PAISLEY ,TRADES ,C\NCIL :I* CALL$ UPON ?AT BODY TO 0COME 9TO L9E ) ?OSE ,TRADES ,UNIONS :I* /& ON ! BASIS ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE0 WAS C>RI$ BY A L>GE MAJORITY4.<#c#i#e.> ,! ,DUNDEE AN>*I/S W]E WORK+ ON ! PROJECT ( =M+ 0A LABOR UNION ON ,LIB]T>IAN L9ES40.<#c#i#f.> ,! PROSPECTS ( SUCCESS = ?IS LATT] V5TURE >E H>D TO ASSESS4 ,SU* A UNION DID NOT COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 YET 9 #aig ! ,DUNDEE AN>*I/S W]E TRY+ TO RE=M ! ,JUTE ,WORK]S ,UNION ON F$]ALI/ L9ES4 ,?IS PROJECT1 TOO1 FELL ?R\<4 ,9 ,LE$S ATTEMPTS W]E BE+ MADE TO =M AN ',9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LABOR ,UNION' 9 ,MAY & ,JUNE #a#i#f1 ITS OBJECT BE+ 0TO OBTA9 ,LABOR'S IMM$IATE DEM&S )\T RESORT+ TO POLITICAL TACTICS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT IS KN[N AS ,DIRECT ,ACTION & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE >E ! MEANS *OS5 = COMPELL+ CAPITALI/ CONCESSIONS :ILE OV]?R[ BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS IS KEPT CON/ANTLY 9 VIEW40.<#c#i#g.> ,REGUL> MEET+S W]E BE+ HELD4 ,NO?+ MORE IS HE>D ( ?IS EXP]IM5T %ORTLY AFT] ?IS PO9T1 ?\< IT IS PROBABLE ?AT IT WAS ( SOME IMPORTANCE AMONG IMMIGRANT ,JEWI% WORK]S4 

,!SE UNSUCCESSFUL BEG9N+S 9 PAP]S OR SEP>ATI/ TRADES UNIONS >E IMPORTANT BECAUSE !Y %[ ! DIRECTION 9 :I* AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E RUNN+4 ,!Y %[1 TOO1 ?AT !RE WAS 5\< CONFID5CE 7OR OV]CONFID5CE7 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO ALL[ SOME MILITANTS TO GO AHEAD ) !SE PROJECTS4 ,POOR ORGANIZATION AS MU* AS LACK ( RESPONSE TO !IR PROPAG&A EXPLA9S !IR DEMISE4 ,BY #aie !RE WAS BEG9N+ TO BE PUBLICITY = ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,BRITI% PRESS G5]ALLY4 ,YET SOME PREP>ATORY WORK HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE BY ! AN>*I/S & ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE WAS BECOM+ MORE EXT5SIVE & CONFID5T DESPITE ITS E>LY SETBACKS4 ,9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ & SYNDICALI/ IDEAS W]E BE+ ABSORB$ & EXP]IM5T$ )4 ,!Y NE$$ TIME & *ANG+ CONDITIONS TO BE> FRUIT4 

,GUY ,ALDR$1 A CURI\S FIGURE ( SOME IMPORTANCE 9 \R /ORY1 WAS AN OBSESSIVELY REGUL> ATT5D] AT OP5-AIR MEET+S FROM #aib ONW>DS1 9 0,NOR? ,LONDON1 ,CL]K5WELL ,GRE51 ,HYDE ,P>K & O!R C5T]S ( DISCUSSION40 ,9 HIM WE HAVE A P>TICUL> EXAMPLE ( ! WAY 9 :I* !SE NEW IDEAS W]E DEVELOP+4 ,9 HIS MEMOIRS1.<#c#i#h.> 9 ACC\NTS ( HIS ACTIVITIES :I* BETRAY A COLOSSAL EGOISM1 WE CAN F9D TANTALIZ+ GLIMPSES ( ! 9CR$IBLE V>IETY ( CAUSES ESP\S$ AS A MYRIAD ( RELIGI\S1 FREE-?\<T & POLITICAL SPEAK]S AS WELL AS PURE CRANKS BATTL$ = A HE>+4 ,?IS V>IETY BO? EXPLA9S ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS MORE AS A PROCESS ( SEEPAGE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE & ALSO DEMON/RATES ! DIFFICULTY ( SEP>AT+ ONE IDEOLOGICAL /R& FROM MANY4 ,ALDR$ HIMSELF DEVELOP$ FROM A ,*RI/IAN 'BOY PREA*]' TO A FREE-?\<T PROPAG&I/4 ,BY ,M>* #aie 7AT ! AGE ( EI<TE57 HE HAD BECOME A SOCIALI/ & HAD JO9$ ! ,S4,D4,F4 & WAS SPEAK+ FROM !IR PLAT=M 9 ,CL]K5WELL ,GRE5 & ELSE:]E4 ,BUT BY ?IS TIME HE HAD ALREADY BE5 COMPLETELY UNIMPRESS$ BY DE ,LEON AS A P]SON1 ?\< HE TOOK SOME NOTE ( HIS IDEAS4 ,HE HAD HE>D HIM SPEAK ON ,CL]K5WELL ,GRE5 9 #aid -- ! GREATE/ EFFECT BE+ APP>5TLY ?AT HE READ ,BAKUN9 AS A RESULT ( DE ,LEON'S BITT] D5UNCIATIONS ( AN>*ISM4 ,FROM ! ,S4,D4,F4 PLAT=M ,ALDR$ KEPT UP HIS FREE-?\<T PROPAG&A1 (T5 M5TION$ ,BAKUN9 9 A FRI5DLY MANN] & WAS BE+ C\RT$ BY ! ,S4,P4,G4,B4 ,BY #aif HE WAS READ+ 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ MAT]IAL ) QUICK5+ 9T]E/ &1 HE SAYS1 0,I /UDI$ ,AN>*ISM & BEGAN TO ASSOCIATE ) ,AN>*I/S40 ,?IS ECLECTIC SPR9T ?R\< MO/ ( ! IDEOLOGICAL FIELDS OP5 TO HIM1 9 LATE #a#i#f1 LEFT HIM AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN NE>-AN>*I/4 ,IT IS TEMPT+1 IF WRONG1 TO SEE 9 HIM A MODEL DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS A NECESS>Y CORRECTIVE P]HAPS IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT ,W4,C4 ,H>T'S BOOK ,CONFESSIONS ( AN ,AN>*I/1 :I* *RONICL$ ! DISILLUSIONM5T ( AN AN>*I/ MILITANT ( ! #a#h#iS1 WAS ALSO FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f4 ,IF ,ALDR$ REPRES5T$ ! WAVE ( ! FUTURE !RE W]E ALSO CONSID]ABLE CROSS-CURR5TS4 

,N9ETE5 HUNDR$ & SIX WAS1 )\T D\BT1 A KEY YE>4 ,9 ,JANU>Y !RE WAS A L&SLIDE ,LIB]AL ELECTION VICTORY :I* BR\<T ) IT ?IRTY ,LABOR ,P>TY ,M4,P4S TOGE!R ) ?IRTE5 ,LIB]AL-,LABOR ,M4,P4S REPRES5T+ ! M9]S4 ,GREAT ?+S W]E HOP$ = FROM ! ,LABOR REPRES5TATIVES2 YET !Y TURN$ \T TO BE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! SOCIALI/S1 A COMPLETE DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,!Y W]E CAUTI\S 9 ! EXTREME1 TAIL 5D+ ! ,LIB]ALS 9 MO/ ?+S & DID NOT EV5 ALL[ !MSELVES FLAMBOYANT W9D[ DRESS+ TO PLEASE !IR PUBLIC4 ,EV5 ! MOD]ATE ,RE=M]S ,H& ,BOOK = #aig HAD H>% ?+S TO SAY ( !M3 0444!IR HALF MEASURES HAVE PLEAS$ NOBODY 444 ,ON MANY MATT]S BO? LEGISLATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE !Y HAVE EXHIBIT$ AN ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE POLITICAL C[>DICE40 ,= ! MORE MILITANT SOCIALI/S ?IS REPRES5T$ ! FAILURE ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y TACTIC RA!R ?AN ANY LACK ( SUITABILITY ( ! C&IDATES4 ,9 ,JOHN ,BURNS !Y HAD AN EXAMPLE ( A MAN :O HAD RIS5 TO CAB9ET RANK DIRECTLY \T ( HIS FAME AS A LEAD] ( ! #ahhi DOCK /RIKE :O HAD APP>5TLY LO/ ANY SYMPA?Y = ! PEOPLE HE REPRES5T$4 ,9 ! CON=MI/ & C>EFUL BEHAVIOR ( ! ,LABOR MEMB]S !Y HAD AN EXAMPLE ( ! MUFFL+ EFFECT ?AT P>LIAM5T HAD ON SOCIALI/S4 ,DIRECT ACTION1 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ & SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A BEGAN TO APPE> F> MORE RELEVANT4 ,AS ,ALDR$ PUTS IT3 0,MY ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN & ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLT AGA9/ ,LABORISM DATES FROM ! ELEVATION ( ,JOHN ,BURNS TO ,CAB9ET RANK1 & ! DEF9ITE EM]G5CE ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY AS A FACTOR 9 ,BRITI% POLITICS40.<#c#i#i.> 

,! WORS5+ ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS DEEP5$ ! RELEVANCE ( ! NEW IDEAS4 ,BETWE5 #ai & #aiad PRICES /EADILY ROSE1 ) AN ACCEL]AT+ RISE AFT] #a#i#e4 ,WAGES LAGG$ BEH9D ! RISE 9 PRICES & A REAL DROP 9 LIV+ /&>DS WAS TAK+ PLACE4 ,DEPRESSION & UNEMPLOYM5T WAS TO HOLD BACK ACTIVE DISCONT5T TEMPOR>ILY 7?\< MANY /RIKES TOOK PLACE 9 #aih 9 ATTEMPTS TO /OP WAGE CUTS7 BUT BY #aiaa ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMY WAS BOOM+ & UNEMPLOYM5T WAS L[4 ,?IS SITUATION 5C\RAG$ A RISE 9 TRADES UNION MEMB]%IP1 /EADY AFT] #aie & EXTREMELY RAPID AFT] #a#i#a#a4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! TRADES UNION LEAD]%IPS W]E ABSORB$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y MANEUV]+S & W]E N]V\S ( SPOIL+ ! ELECTION IMAGE ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY & ! ALLIANCE ) ! ,LIB]ALS4 ,TRADES UNION CAUTION WAS ALSO DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! LEAD]%IPS HAD EM]G$ 9 ! DIFFICULT P]IOD ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,! RAPIDLY DEVELOP+ RANK-&-FILE DISCONT5T !RE=E F\ND ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION AS A MEANS ( IMPROV+ !IR LIVELIHOOD & F\ND ITSELF FRU/RAT$ BY A CAUTI\S & RE=MI/ BUREAUCRACY )9 ! UNIONS4 ,?US ! P]IOD FROM ! DISAPPO9TM5TS ( #aif TO ! EXPLOSIONS ( #a#i#a-#a#i#a#d WAS A MO/ IMPORTANT ONE ( PREP>ATION 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( DEEP5+ BITT]NESS4 

,C]TA9 *ANGES HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! NATURE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BY ?IS TIME4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#h#iS ! WORK+-CLASS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS BAS$ ON A NETWORK ( MILITANTS :O HAD DEVELOP$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,COMMONWEAL1 ! ,AN>*I/ & ,LIB]TY W]E ALL $IT$ BY EX-,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE MILITANTS4 ,FRE$OM & ! ,TOR* ALSO 9VOLV$ PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 9TIMATELY 9VOLV$ ) ! ,LEAGUE4 ,9EVITABLY1 !RE=E1 !RE WAS A C]TA9 'P>TY' S5SE AB\T ! MOVEM5T AT ?AT TIME4 7,! PHRASE 'AN>*I/ P>TY' WAS ACTUALLY US$ BY SOME AN>*I/S 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ?\< ADMITT$LY ! WORD ALSO !N HAD ! S5SE ( 'BODY ( OP9ION'47 ,! S5SE ( COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL ORIG9S GAVE A S5SE ( UNITY & SEP>AT5ESS4.<#d.> ,) ! COLLAPSE ( EV]Y PAP] EXCEPT ,FRE$OM & ! APP>5T DEMISE ( ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?IS S5SE WAS LO/4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,FRE$OM1 N[ NOT ONE ( A NUMB] ( AN>*I/ PAP]S BUT ! AN>*I/ PAP]1 CAME UND] ATTACK AT ! #ahig CONF]5CE AS A MIDDLE-CLASS PAP]1 \T ( T\* ) ! WORK+ CLASS1 & SO ON4 ,V>I\S MUFFL$ PLEAS1 D5UNCIATIONS & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVES CONNECT$ ) ! NE$ = A POPUL> AN>*I/ PROPAG&A PAP] EM]G$ FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,BE=E #a#i#g1 H[EV]1 NO SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT WAS MADE4 

,! RESULT WAS ?AT1 ?\< ,FRE$OM WAS US$ AS A M$IUM = NATIONAL COMMUNICATION BETWE5 GR\PS BY FURNI%+ ADDRESSES & SO ON1 ! GR[? ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,BO] ,W> WAS NOT C5T]$ ON ,FRE$OM1 NOR DID IT EM]GE 5 BLOC FROM ANY ONE SOCIALI/ GR\P AS A RESULT ( A MAJOR SPLIT4 ,ITS GR[? WAS DEC5TRALIZ$1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ODD LOCAL MILITANTS1 ! OCCASIONAL PAMPHLET SOLD ?R\< AN ,I4,L4,P4 CLUB BOOK/ALL OR :ATEV]4 ,! PROCESS MI<T BE HELP$ BY ! OCCASIONAL VISIT BY SOMEONE LIKE ,JOHN ,TURN]1 :O AFT] #ahih WAS /UMP+ ! C\NTRY AS NATIONAL ORGANIZ] = ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS ,UNION & DELIV]+ SPEE*ES TO AN>*I/-SPONSOR$ MEET+S ON ! SIDE4 ,CONTACT ) ! LOCAL ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ ,JEWI% AN>*I/S C\LD PLAY ITS P>T4 ,! V>I\S SOCIALI/ BODIES (T5 PROVID$ ! S]VICE = SOCIALI/S :I* ,M>X SAID CAPITALISM DID = ! WORK]S3 IT BR\<T !M TOGE!R & \T ( !IR ASSOCIATION PRODUC$ A C\NT]-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN>*I/ GR\PS (T5 EM]G$ FROM DISPUTES )9 ,S4,D4,F4 OR ,I4,L4,P4 BRAN*ES4 ,SO :ILE ,FRE$OM & ,FRE$OM ,PRESS PAMPHLETS C\LD PROVIDE SOME !ORETICAL >MAM5T1 ! GR[? ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS DEP5D5T ON LOCAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES FIRMLY PLAC$ ! AN>*I/S 9 !IR IMM$IATE SOCIALI/ MILIEU & LEFT !M OP5 TO NEW CURR5TS 9 ALL ! SOCIALI/ GR\P+S4 ,!Y W]E NOT JU/ BR++ IDEAS FROM \TSIDE1 !Y W]E DEVELOP+ !M ON ! SPOT4 ,?IS MI<T NOT BE P>TICUL>LY CONV5I5T FROM ! HI/ORIAN'S PO9T ( VIEW1 YET IT DOES EXPLA9 A P]VASIVE AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE )\T ANY APP>5T /RONG ORGANIZATION AT ! C5T] ( IT4 

,= IF ,FRE$OM WAS ! C5T] IT WAS A HOLL[ ONE4 ,IF ! MILITANT AN>*I/S W]E A P>T ( ! WID] MOVEM5T1 ,FRE$OM WAS AP>T FROM IT4 

,IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! MOVEM5T CONTROLL+ ! PAP] -- = BETT] OR WORSE ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ MODE ( PUBLI%+ NEWSPAP]S HAS BE5 BY AN AUTONOM\S GR\P MORE OR LESS S5SITIVE TO CRITICISMS FROM ! RE/ ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,!RE WAS A GR\P ( TWO 9VOLV$ 9 PUBLI%+ ,FRE$OM ) A PASSIVE GR\P ( CONTRIBUTORS :O TOOK LITTLE P>T 9 $ITORIAL ACTIVITY4 ,ALDR$ WROTE LAT] 0444! ,FRE$OM ,GR\P1 AT ?IS TIME1 AS A GR\P NEV] FUNCTION$4 ,I NEV] SAW ITS MEMB]S & !Y C]TA9LY NEV] HELD REGUL> MEET+S4 ,NOR DID ! GR\P SEEK CONV]TS4 ,IT OP]AT$ AS A CLOSE CORPORATION OR NOT AT ALL4 ,ITS POLICY WAS DECID$ BY ,KEELL :O WAS 9CAPABLE ( REALLY 9TELLIG5T DECISION 9SPIR$ BY IMAG9ATION2 & ,M>% :OSE ATTITUDE WAS DILETTANTE40.<#d#a.> ,! COMM5TS >E HO/ILE 9 SPIRIT BUT SUB/ANTIALLY TRUE 9 FACT4 7,KEELL HAD JO9$ ,FRE$OM 9 #aic AS PR9T]1 ON ! ILLNESS ( ,CANTWELL1 :O DI$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f47 ,M>%'S ABILITY TO KEEP ! PAP] AFLOAT ?R\< ! DIFFICULT YE>S ( ! ,BO] ,W> & REACTION WAS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT HE W\LD BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( & SPEAK TO ! NEW MILITANCY4 ,AN>*I/S SOLD ,FRE$OM BECAUSE !RE WAS NO?+ ELSE1 BUT ! CRITICAL ATTITUDES ( #ahig P]SI/$3 ,M>% & ,KEELL DEVOT$ !IR 5]GIES TO ,FRE$OM & TOOK NO P>T 9 ! G5]AL MOVEM5T AS SPEAK]S1 ETC41 & SO REMA9$ 9SULAT$ FROM CRITICISM4 

,H[EV]1 ONE MAN :O HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO ,FRE$OM & 9 ! LOOSE/ S5SE WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,FRE$OM ,GR\P WAS MORE 9 T\* ) ! G5]AL MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS ,JOHN ,TURN]4 ,HE WAS 9 CLOSE T\* ) ! ,JEWI% AN>*I/S ( ! ,EA/ ,5D.<#d#b.> & HAD SPOK5 AT MANY ( !IR MEET+S4 ,HE HAD A*IEV$ SOME NOTORIETY & MU* PUBLICITY AFT] BE+ REFUS$ 5TRY TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#i#c1 & AS AN AN>*I/ WAS HELD 9 ,ELLIS ,ISL& = SEV]AL MON?S P5D+ AN APPEAL4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 HE US$ HIS JOB TO 5ABLE HIM TO SPEAK TO MEET+S UP & D[N ! C\NTRY & SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AN ABLE EXPON5T ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,S9CE HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,FRE$OM W]E ON LABOR TOPICS & HE WAS HIMSELF A TRADES UNION (FICIAL ! NEW MOOD 9 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS IMM$IATELY APP>5T TO HIM4 ,HE TOOK /EPS TO PUBLI% A PAP] :I* W\LD FILL ! NE$ = POPUL> PROPAG&A & :I* WAS TO BE US$ AS A BASE R\ND :I* TO ORGANIZE 'DIRECT ACTIONI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS'4 ,?IS WAS ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aig AS A WEEKLY -- ! FIR/ SU* AN>*I/ PAP] S9CE ! ,COMMONWEAL4 

,! PAP] RAN UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE>4 ,ITS POLICY WAS \TL9$ 9 ITS FIR/ ISSUE3 0,DIRECT ,ACTION 444 IS :AT WE /& = 444 WE %ALL 9SI/ AT EV]Y TURN ?AT NO?+ IS GA9$ )\T ACTIVITY 9 ORGANIZATION1 9 AGITATION1 9 ! ,/RIKE 9 ALL ITS =MS & ?AT ONLY BY !SE MEANS WILL ! WORK]S 9 ! 5D BE ABLE TO CLAIM !IR [N40 ,?IS ACTIVITY WAS CON/ANTLY C\NT]POS$ TO P>LIAM5T>Y PASSIVITY 9 EV]Y ISSUE ( ! PAP]4 ,YET ?\< ! PAP] WAS WRITT5 9 A MU* MORE PUN*Y /YLE ?AN ,FRE$OM & ?\< ! COV]AGE ( LABOR DISPUTES 9 ,BRITA9 & ABROAD WAS FULL & RELEVANT1 !RE W]E DEVELOP+ CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! PAP]4 ,! DIRECT ACTION TALK$ ( BY ,JOHN ,TURN] WAS ACTION 9/IGAT$ & DIRECT$ BY ! (FICIAL /RUCTURES ( ! UNIONS4 ,HIS PROPAG&A WAS FUNDAM5TALLY DIRECT$ T[>DS TRADES UNIONI/S & WAS DESIGN$ TO 5C\RAGE !M TO FI<T DIRECTLY = GA9S 9 WAGES & CONDITIONS RA!R ?AN ALL[+ ,P>LIAM5T TO M$IATE !SE DEM&S4 ,EV5 H]E HE WAS PREP>$ TO COMPROMISE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HIS UNION1 ! ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS1 WAS COMMITT$ TO ABOLI%+ ! 'LIV+-9' SY/EM1 :]E EMPLOYES NOT ONLY LO/ A JOB IF !Y W]E SACK$ BUT ALSO LO/ A RO( OV] !IR HEADS4 ,?IS COMMITM5T WAS BE+ FOLL[$ ?R\< ) SOME SUCCESS BY 9DU/RIAL ACTION1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS ,UNION-SPONSOR$ ,M4,P4 WAS PRESS+ = LEGISLATION TO MAKE ! LIV+-9 SY/EM NON-COMPULSORY4 ,JOHN ,TURN]'S COMM5T WAS ONLY ?AT 9DU/RIAL ACTION MI<T WELL SUCCE$ BE=E ! BILL WAS MADE LAW4.<#d#c.> ,?US ,TURN] /OOD = MILITANT (FICIAL TRADES UNIONISM1 ?\< HE WAS PREP>$ TO C\NT5ANCE P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION IF IT HAD ANY PROSPECTS ( SUCCESS4 

,:AT HE DID NOT UND]/&1 & 9 HIS POSITION PROBABLY C\LD NOT UND]/&1 WAS ! RIS+ TIDE ( ANTI-(FICIALISM 9 ! UNIONS4 ,:5 REVOLTS AGA9/ ! (FICIALS ( A UNION TOOK PLACE IT WAS HIS OP9ION ?AT IT WAS BECAUSE ! (FICIALS W]E NOT DO+ !IR JOB & !Y HAD TO BE WEAN$ FROM :OR+ AFT] P>LIAM5T>Y GODS 9 ORD] TO DO SO4 ,IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$ TO HIM ?AT ! QUE/ION :I* WAS TO BE 9CREAS+LY PUT WAS3 ,:O %\LD CONTROL ! UNIONS1 ! (FICIALS OR ! MEMB]%IP8 ,MILITANT RE=MI/ LEAD]%IP MI<T R$UCE T5SION1 BUT IT C\LD NOT ABOLI% ! DEVELOP+ HORIZONTAL SPLIT 9 ! UNIONS4 

,MU* CAN BE EXPLA9$ BY ,JOHN ,TURN]'S EXP]I5CES4.<#d#d.> ,FROM ! TIME ( ! ,H>R[ ,ROAD 'RIOTS' 9 #ahia UNTIL ITS AMALGAMATION ) ANO!R SMALL UNION 9 #a#h#i#h1 ,TURN] HAD BE5 ! 7UNPAID7 PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS ,UNION4 ,ON AMALGAMATION ! TOTAL MEMB]%IP ( ! UNION WAS APPROXIMATELY #g4 ,TURN] BECAME PAID NATIONAL ORGANIZ] & ?REW HIMSELF 9TO A RECRUIT+ DRIVE >\ND ! C\NTRY4 ,! MEMB]%IP GREW RAPIDLY AS A RESULT ( PRODIGI\S EF=TS ON HIS P>T4 ,BUT HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ! ',UNIT$' ,UNION HAD BR\<T AB\T A *ANGE ( APPROA*4 ,BRAN*ES !N HAD COME 9TO BE+ AS DIFF]5T WORKPLACES HAD COME 9TO CONFLICT ) !IR EMPLOY]S & !N FAD$ AWAY AS VICTORY OR DEFEAT SEEM$ TO MAKE UNION MEMB]%IP LESS IMPORTANT OR MORE DANG]\S4 ,N[ ,TURN]1 TO 5SURE A /ABLE MEMB]%IP1 HAD 9TRODUC$ UNEMPLOYM5T & SICKNESS B5EFITS & AS A RESULT HAD MEMB]S 0( A GOOD TYPE1 PAY+ :AT WAS1 = ?OSE DAYS1 A FAIRLY HI< CONTRIBUTION40 ,HIS POLICY WORK$1 BUT HE WAS N[ PRIM>ILY ORGANIZ+ A UNION1 :]EAS PREVI\SLY HE HAD BE5 PRIM>ILY ORGANIZ+ CONFLICTS ) EMPLOY]S4 ,BY #aig ! PRESSURE HAD RELAX$ SOME:AT & ,TURN] WAS A FAIRLY COM=TABLY (F TRADES UNION (FICIAL ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 ,BY #aia ! ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS ,UNION HAD A MEMB]%IP ( #a#c1 9 ! ,LONDON >EA1 MAK+ IT ! L>GE/ UNION 9 ! DI/RICT4.<#d#e.> ,9 #aiab ,JOHN ,TURN] BECAME PRESID5T ( ! UNION4 ,AL?\< HE CALL$ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ UNTIL HE DI$ IT DID NOT %[ ITSELF 9 HIS UNION ACTIVITIES4 ,HE>TBREAK+ EXP]I5CE AS IT MI<T HAVE BE51 ! SMALL UNION BE=E #ahih HAD BE5 AN>*I/IC1 ?AT AFT] #ahih WAS NO DIFF]5T TO ! O!R 'NEW' UNIONS EI!R 9 P[] DI/RIBUTION OR POLICY4 ,!RE W]E /RAWS 9 ! W9D BY #a#i#f4 ,! EXECUTIVE ( ! UNION WAS BE+ SE5 9 SOME QU>T]S AS A BUREAUCRATIC 9T]F]5CE ) LOCAL MILITANCY & 9ITIATIVE4.<#d#f.> ,& COMPLA9TS W]E TO GR[4 ,BY #aii ,TURN] WAS BE+ ACCUS$ FROM ONE QU>T] ( PLAY+ ! 0ROLE ( ONE ( ! MO/ BLATANT REACTION>IES ) :I* ! ,TRADES ,UNION MOVEM5T WAS EV] CURS$40.<#d#g.> 

,?US ?\< HE WAS1 !OLOGICALLY SPEAK+1 AN AN>*I/1 HIS SOCIAL POSITION MADE HIM A SOME:AT ANOMAL\S $ITOR ( A PAP] PREA*+ DIRECT ACTION4 ,?+S />T$ QUITE WELL4 ,TURN] RECRUIT$ ,ALDR$ AFT] HE>+ HIS PROGRESSIVELY AN>*I/IC SPEE*ES FROM ! ,S4,D4,F4 PLAT=M ON ,CL]K5WELL ,GRE54 ,ALDR$1 :ATEV] HIS FAULTS1 WAS BLESS$ ) 9CR$IBLE 5]GY1 & HE WAS SOON SPEAK+ AT OP5-AIR MEET+S ! L5G? & BREAD? ( ,LONDON4 ,A NUMB] ( ALREADY EXI/+ AN>*I/ GR\PS W]E F$]AT$ TO =M ! RA!R GR&-S\ND+ ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION ( ,DIRECT ,ACTIONI/S 7,I4,U4,D4,A474 ,!RE W]E SIX GR\PS 9 ,LONDON1 AT ,CL]K5WELL1 ,LAMBE?1 ,PLAI/[1 ,WAL?AM/[1 ,WALWOR? & ,:ITE*APEL4 ,\TSIDE ,LONDON !RE W]E GR\PS AT ,LE$S1 ,LIV]POOL1 ,DOV] &1 PECULI>LY 5\<1 ,WE/ON-SUP]-,M>E4 ,9VOLV$ 9 ?IS V5TURE W]E OLD ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE AN>*I/S LIKE ,F4 ,G\LD+ & ,*>LES ,M[BRAY1 AS WELL AS NEW MILITANTS LIKE ,*>LES ,LAHR1 ,A4 ,RAY1 ,F4 ,L>GE1 ,BEAVAN 7,LIV]POOL71 ,MEL9SKY 7,LE$S7 & ,S4 ,C>LYLE ,POTT] 7,DOV]74.<#d#h.> ,?IS F$]ATION %\LD NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,EA* ( ! GR\PS CONC]N$ C>RI$ ON MU* AS BE=E ) !IR OP5-AIR PROPAG&A4 ,! ELABORATE BUS9ESS ) :I* ,ALDR$ SURR\ND$ ! ,I4,U4,D4,A4 DID NOT ALT] ! SITUATION MAT]IALLY4 ,NEV]!LESS #aig WAS A YE> ( 9CREAS+ ACTIVITY AMONG AN>*I/S4 ,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 ?\< NEV] \T ( F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES1 HAD A RIS+ CIRCULATION 7?\< NO FIGURES W]E PROVID$7 :I* CONT9U$ TO RISE DESPITE AN EXP]IM5T 9 BR++ \T  #a_/#b D .<HALFP5NY.> $ITIONS :I* NEWSAG5TS REFUS$ TO SELL4.<#d#i.> ,!RE W]E HOPES ?AT ! PAP] MI<T SOON BECOME SELF-SUPPORT+4 ,YET ! PAP] SUSP5D$ PUBLICATION 9 ,SEPTEMB]4 ,! REASONS GIV5 W]E F9ANCIAL4 ,!RE WAS MORE TO IT ?AN ?AT4 

,ALDR$ WAS ) ,JOHN ,TURN] -- AP>T FROM ! =EIGN CORRESPOND5TS -- ! MO/ REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR4 ,HIS MEMOIRS 9DICATE ?AT ,TURN] HAD RA!R TAK5 HIM UND] HIS W+4 ,YET ,ALDR$ C\LD NOT BUT BE AW>E ( ,TURN]'S POSITION AS A TRADES UNION (FICIAL & ! HO/ILITY T[>DS SU* PEOPLE 9 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ MAT]IAL4 7,! ,S4,L4,P41 = EXAMPLE1 DID NOT ALL[ TRADES UNION (FICIALS TO JO947 ,! BREAK CAME AFT] ,ALDR$'S VISIT TO ,LIV]POOL 9 LATE ,AUGU/ #a#i#g4 ,LIV]POOL HAD PROVID$ CRITICS ( ! ,FRE$OM ,GR\P 9 PREVI\S YE>S4 ,?IS CRITICAL ATTITUDE DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE *ANG$ & ,ALDR$ REPORTS ?AT 0! LOCAL COMRADES ANXI\SLY DISCUSS$ ) ME ,KROPOTK9'S RELATION%IP TO ! ,FRE$OM ,GR\P40 ,ALDR$ CONT9UES1 0,ON MY RETURN TO ,LONDON ,I GRADUALLY FELL \T ') ! ,FRE$OM ,AN>*I/S4 444 ,!IR ,AN>*Y WAS M]ELY ,TRADE ,UNION ACTIVITY :I* !Y MISCALL$ ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 ,!IR ANG] KNEW NO B\NDS :5 ,I 9SI/$ ?AT ,TRADES ,UNIONISM WAS ! BASIS ( ,LABOR ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 444 ,9 #aig ,I D5\NC$ ,JOHN ,TURN] AS A ,LABOR ,FAKIR4 ,! DESCRIPTION WAS CORRECT & WAS UTT]$ :5 *ALL5GE DREW IT =?40.<#d#a.> ,! OCCASION WAS A %OP ASSI/ANTS' /RIKE 9 ,K5TI% ,T[N :5 ,ALDR$ REFUS$ 0TO WRITE AN >TICLE 9 ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR BOOM+ ,J4 ,TURN]'S CONDUCT 444 :5 WE KNEW HE WAS ACT+ TREA*]\SLY T[>DS ! P>TIES CONC]N$ & S5D+ ,AN>*ISM TO ! DEVIL 9TO ! B>GA940.<#d#a#a.> 

,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR COLLAPS$ ?R\< 9T]NAL DISS5SION AS MU* AS LACK ( CA%4 ,JOHN ,TURN] WAS TO BE A REGUL> SPEAK] AT ! L>G] AN>*I/ MEET+S 9 ! ,LONDON >EA & TO WRITE PIECES 9 ,FRE$OM4 ,HE ALSO SPOKE ON BEHALF ( ,MANN'S ORGANIZATION1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SYNDICALI/ ,$UCATION ,LEAGUE4 ,BUT ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR WAS TO BE HIS LA/ REAL AGITATIONAL EF=T 9 ! MOVEM5T = TW5TY YE>S4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON HE 9CREAS+LY TURN$ TO PURELY TRADES UNION MATT]S4 ,ALDR$ H[EV] NEV] CEAS$ TO PLAY ! ROLE ( AGITATOR4 ,9 FACT 9 ! LA/ ISSUE ( ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR AN ADV]TISEM5T APPE>$ = A NEW =TNI<TLY J\RNAL1 ! ,H]ALD ( ! ,REVOLT1 TO BE $IT$ BY ,ALDR$ & S*$UL$ TO APPE> ON ! FIR/ ,SATURDAY 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#g4 

,= ONE REASON & ANO!R ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT DID NOT APPE> UNTIL #a#i#a4 ,FIR/LY !RE W]E DIFFICULTIES OV] PR9T+ A NUMB] ( PAMPHLETS4 ,!N ,ALDR$ BECAME 9VOLV$ ) ,ROSE ,WITCOP 7! SEV5TE5-YE>-OLD Y\NGE/ SI/] ( ,MILLY ,WITCOP1 ! COMPANION ( ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]74 ,?\< ! RELATION%IP WAS SOB] 5\< 9 ALL CONSCI5CE IT CAUS$ DOME/IC RUCTIONS ON BO? SIDES4 7,!SE W]E NOT SOO!D BY A PAMPHLET BY ,ALDR$ PUBLI%$ 9 LATE #aig ADVOCAT+ FREE LOVE47 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ,ALDR$ & ,ROSE ,WITCOP SET UP HOME 9 ,%EPH]D'S ,BU%1 A SUBURB ON ! !N F> WE/ ( ,LONDON -- WELL AWAY1 9 FACT1 FROM !IR PREVI\S ,EA/ ,LONDON HAUNTS4 ,H]E ,ALDR$ BEGAN A LOCAL PROPAG&A1 & ! RA!R >TIFICIALLY CON/RUCT$ ,I4,U4,D4,A4 FELL 9TO ITS CON/ITU5T P>TS4 ,S9CE ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT WAS APP>5TLY 9T5D$ TO FILL ! GAP LEFT BY ! DEMISE ( ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR & TO BE ! ,I4,U4,D4,A4 J\RNAL1 ! IMM$IATE PURPOSE ( ! PAP] DISAPPE>$4 ,!N 9 #aii HE BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 PUBLI%+ A PAP] CALL$ ! ,9DIAN ,SOCIOLOGI/1 :I* RESULT$ 9 A TWELVE-MON? JAIL S5T5CE4 ,! PAP]1 PUBLI%$ FROM ,P>IS BY A GR\P ( ,9DIAN NATIONALI/S1 HAD BE5 PR9T$ 9 ,5GL& = ?REE ISSUES4 ,IT HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$ :5 A PROM95T ,9DIAN CIVIL S]VICE (FIC] WAS ASSASS9AT$ 9 ,LONDON BY AN ,9DIAN NATIONALI/4 ,ALDR$ TOOK IT UPON HIMSELF TO PR9T ANO!R ISSUE ( ! PAP] BECAUSE IT WAS BANN$ RA!R ?AN BECAUSE HE AGRE$ ) ! AIMS ( ,9DIAN NATIONALISM4 ,HE WAS SPE$ILY >RE/$ & JAIL$4.<#d#a#b.> 

,YET DESPITE ! ABS5CE ( A POPUL> AN>*I/ PROPAG&A PAP] ! MOVEM5T CONT9U$ TO GR[4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #aig ! MOVEM5T 9 ,LONDON WAS REPORT$ AS GA9+ /R5G?4 ,! SAME MON? A CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ,MAN*E/] & ! ',9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ! ,5GLI% ,PROV9CES' WAS =M$4 ,?IS WAS 9T5D$ TO MAKE SPEAK+ T\RS POSSIBLE BY %>+ EXP5SES :]E POSSIBLE & TO HELP ISOLAT$ AN>*I/S TO CONDUCT PROPAG&A4 ,! FOLL[+ MON? A MEET+ ( ! ,F$]ATION NUMB]+ =TY DELEGATES HAD REPRES5TATIVES FROM ,MAN*E/]1 FROM TWO GR\PS 9 ,LIV]POOL1 FROM ,C>DIFF1 ,SWANSEA1 ,NEWCA/LE-ON-,TYNE1 ,GLASG[ & ,S\?PORT4 ,GR\PS W]E BE+ =M$ 9 ,BIRM+HAM1 ,SUND]L& &1 HOPEFULLY1 9 ,BURNLEY4 ,& ?IS TIME ! ACTIVITY WAS SU/A9$4 

,9 ,LIV]POOL DUR+ #aih ! AN>*I/S 0SET !MSELVES ! TASK ( BUILD+ UP AN 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 APPEAL+ TO ALL :O CAN ACT 9 SYMPA?Y FROM A CLASS-CONSCI\S & NON-P>LIAM5T>Y VIEWPO9T TO ASSI/40.<#d#a#c.> ,DISCUSSIONS W]E BE+ HELD ) ! ,I4,L4,P4 & ,S4,D4,F4 MEMB]S & HAD MET ) AN 9ITIALLY 5?USIA/IC RESPONSE4 ,! EXP]IM5T F\ND]$1 :E!R BECAUSE ( ! MILITANT ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ATTITUDES ( ! AN>*I/S OR BECAUSE ( N]V\SNESS ( LOS+ 9ITIATIVE ON ! P>T ( ! O!R GR\PS 9VOLV$4 ,?IS WAS A MO/ SUCCESSFUL PROPAG&A EX]CISE1 H[EV]1 S9CE ! QUE/IONS ( SYNDICALISM1 DIRECT ACTION & ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANISM HAD BE5 HOTLY DISCUSS$ = SEV]AL MON?S4 ,! ,LIV]POOL ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,GR\P KEPT ON P\ND+ AWAY AT !IR SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&A4 

,9 #aih ! AN>*I/S W]E ACTIVE 9 ! UNEMPLOY$ AGITATION 9 ,LE$S1 :]E SOME #a#e1 PEOPLE W]E \T ( WORK4 ,FOLL[+ ON !IR PROPAG&A A ',LE$S ,NON-,POLITICAL ,COMMITTEE ON ,UNEMPLOYM5T' ( #ce PEOPLE WAS =M$4 ,ITS AIMS W]E TO ORGANIZE ! UNEMPLOY$ ON ! BASIS ( DIRECT ACTION ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM2 TO BLOCK MANIPULATION BY POLITICAL P>TIES2 TO ASSESS ! EXT5T ( UNEMPLOYM5T & DI/RESS2 & TO ORGANIZE UNEMPLOY$ & EMPLOY$ TOGE!R TO DEM& !IR FULL %>E ( PRODUCTION4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ W]E HOLD+ TWO MEET+S A DAY 9 ,VICTORIA ,SQU>E ) ?\S&S PRES5T & W]E ADDRESS$ BY SPEAK]S 9CLUD+ ,KITSON1 AN AN>*I/ DESCRIB$ AS 0! ORGANIZ] ( ! UNEMPLOY$40 ,ON #a#g? ,SEPTEMB]1 A CR[D ( #e1 GA!R$ AT #iPM TO DEM& ?AT ! #b PEOPLE :O HAD NOT EAT5 ?AT DAY BE F$4 ,! MAYOR WAS S5T = 7IT APPE>S HE ?\<T IT POLITIC TO COME7 & A DEPUTATION WAIT$ ON HIM 0/AT+ ?AT IF ! HUNGRY PEOPLE DID NOT GET FOOD ?AT NI<T 9 A PEACEFUL MANN] !Y W\LD HAVE TO GET IT BY =CE40 ,SEV5 P\NDS WAS HURRI$LY GA!R$ TOGE!R & SP5T ON FOOD AT MIDNI<T4.<#d#a#d.> ,AT A DEMON/RATION ON #b#d? ,SEPTEMB]1 #b1 PEOPLE W]E PRES5T & PROPAG&A WAS />T$ TO ORGANIZE A ,NO ,R5T CAMPAIGN TO =CE AID = ! UNEMPLOY$4 

,H[EV] ! AU?ORITIES HAD !IR REV5GE4 ,A JO9T DEMON/RATION ( UNEMPLOY$ & SUFFRAGETTES WAS ATTACK$ BY ! POLICE :5 IT ATTEMPT$ TO H& 9 RESOLUTIONS TO ,ASQUI?1 :O WAS VISIT+4 ,KITSON WAS RA!R BADLY BEAT5 & >RE/$4 ,HIS >RE/ BR\<T ,*>LEY ,KEAN FROM ,BIRM+HAM :O CONT9U$ ! AGITATIONAL WORK4 ,:5 HE LEFT1 H[EV]1 ! AGITATION DEG5]AT$ & FELL 9TO ! H&S ( 0POLITICIANS0 :O 9DULG$ 9 0M]E BEGG+10 TO QUOTE ,FRE$OM4 ,9 ,DEPT=D1 ,LONDON1 A VIGOR\S 'DIRECT ACTION' UNEMPLOYM5T AGITATION WAS LIKEWISE UND] WAY & L$ TO SEV]AL CLA%ES ) ! POLICE & A NUMB] ( >RE/S4 

,BY ,SEPTEMB] #aii ! ,LONDON AN>*I/S HAD HELD CONF]5CES TO DISCUSS A MAXIMUM USE ( !IR PROPAG&A =CES & HAD E/ABLI%$ EI<T REGUL> SPEAK+ PIT*ES4 ,!SE W]E MANN$ BY A GR\P ( SPEAK]S 9CLUD+ ,RAY1 ,POND]1 ,KITZ1 ,PA91 ,B>RETT & O!RS4 ,?IS DID NOT 9CLUDE O!R PEOPLE :O W]E SPEAK+ MORE IRREGUL>LY -- OR 9DIVIDUALI/ICALLY -- 9 ,HYDE ,P>K1 ,REG5T'S ,P>K OR ,VICTORIA ,P>K & O!R PLACES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME DEBATES ) ,I4,L4,P4 & ,S4,D4,F4 BRAN*ES 9CREAS$ & A COMMON UND]/&+ WAS BEG9N+ TO DEVELOP ) SECTIONS ( ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/S -- P>TICUL>LY ) ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 \TSIDE ,LONDON NEW GR\PS W]E EM]G+ 9 ,LEICE/]1 ,BRAD=D & ,HUDD]SFIELD4 ,PROPAG&A WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ,$9BUR<1 ,KILM>NOCK1 ,PAISLEY1 ,D>L+TON & ,HULL1 :I* 9DICATES ?AT EV5 IF !RE W]E NO GR\PS 9 SOME ( !SE PLACES1 !RE W]E CONTACTS ) 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 ! PROV9CES1 TOO1 ! EMPHASIS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ON SYNDICALI/1 DIRECT-ACTION & 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ IDEAS4 

,!RE HAD BE5 DEVELOPM5TS 9 !SE IDEAS4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,JOHN ,TURN] HAD TRI$ TO ADAPT ,FR5* SYNDICALISM TO OR?ODOX ,5GLI% TRADES UNIONISM4 ,!RE W]E ANOMALIES 9 HIS POSITION1 YET IT WAS ! ONE L>GELY TAK5 BY ,TOM ,MANN 9 FOLL[+ YE>S & REPRES5T$ ONE P]SI/5T ASPECT ( ! UPSURGE4 ,A P]SI/5TLY GRUMBL+ ANTI-(FICIALISM WAS MORE AUDIBLE 9 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ QU>T]S4 ,H]E TOO !RE HAD BE5 ADAPTATIONS TO ,5GLI% CONDITIONS4 ,! ,S4,L4,P4 HAD =M$ ! ,BRITI% ,ADVOCATES ( ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONISM 9 #a#i#g1 :I* WAS AS F> AS !Y FELT ABLE TO GO 9 =M+ AN ORGANIZATION ON ! PATT]N ( ! ,I4,W4,W4 ,:5 ! ,I4,W4,W4 SPLIT 9 #aih AFT] POLITICAL ACTION CEAS$ TO BE AN AIM ( ! ORGANIZATION A SPLIT DEVELOP$ )9 ! ,B4,A4,I4,U4 ,! 'ANTI-POLITICAL' FACTION 9 :I* ,E4,J4,B4 ,ALL5 WAS PROM95T -- HE HAD BE5 $ITOR ( ! ,B4,A4,I4,U4 PAP]1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,UNIONI/ -- SET UP A PAP] 9 ,LONDON 9 ,JUNE #aih CALL$ ! ,9DU/RIALI/4 ,ITS ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANISM AT ?IS PO9T WAS PRAGMATIC & REPRES5T$ A READ+ ( DE ,LEONISM 9 CONFLICT ) ! DE ,LEONI/S4 ,S9CE ECONOMIC P[] PREC$$ POLITICAL P[] = ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! >GUM5T RAN1 ?IS MU/ BE ! CASE = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ECONOMIC P[] = ! WORK+ CLASS 0CONSI/S 9 !IR UNITY & ORGANIZATION ON CLASS L9ES 9 ! WORK%OPS40.<#d#a#e.> ,UNTIL ?IS WAS A*IEV$ !RE WAS NO PO9T 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,B4,A4,I4,U4 9CLUD$ MEMB]S ( ! V>I\S P>TIES :O BELIEV$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 AS WELL AS ?OSE -- LIKE ! AN>*I/S -- :O DID NOT4 ,BUT !Y HAD COME TOGE!R 0TO HELP TO BR+ AB\T REVOLUTION>Y UNITY 9 ! FIELD ( 9DU/RY :I* MU/ PREC$E ALL EFFICI5T ACTION ( :ATEV] SORT BY ! WORK+ CLASS40 

,AS A RESULT ( ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,9DU/RIALI/1 ! GR\P RESPONSIBLE W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,B4,A4,I4,U4 BY ITS ,S4,L4,P4-DOM9AT$ EXECUTIVE & ANO!R ORGANIZATION1 ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 WAS SET UP4 ,?IS />T$ ) SEV5 BRAN*ES -- ALL 9 ,LONDON EXCEPT = ONE 9 ,TR$EG> & A NUMB] ( CONTACTS ELSE:]E -- BUT BY ,AUGU/ #aii IT WAS BOA/+ F\RTE5 BRAN*ES SPREAD R\ND ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y W]E CONC]N$ AT ?IS PO9T TO MAKE IT PLA9 ?AT !Y W]E NOT AN AN>*I/ BODY1 ?\< AN>*I/S W]E FREE TO JO94.<#d#a#f.> ,YET !RE W]E 9T]LOCK+ ACTIVITIES BY BO? AN>*I/S & ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,JEWI% TAILOR+ WORK]S 9 ! ,EA/ ,5D :O BROKE AWAY FROM ! ,A4,S4,T4 OV] ! QUE/ION ( SYMPA?Y /RIKES & :O W]E HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,ROCK]'S GR\P R\ND ! ,WORK]S' ,FRI5D W]E HELP+ ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE SPEAK]S4.<#d#a#g.> ,E4,J4,B4 ,ALL5 SPOKE AT ! AN>*I/ ,*ICAGO COMMEMORATION MEET+ AT ! ,*>LOTTE ,/REET CLUB TOGE!R ) ,POND]1 AN AN>*I/ MEMB] ( ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 ,ROCK] & ,MALATE/A4 ,HE ALSO SPOKE AT ! ,*>LOTTE ,/REET CLUB ! FOLL[+ MON? ON ',ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IANISM'4.<#d#a#h.> ,IT HAS TO BE ADMITT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,E4,J4,B4 ,ALL5'S RELATION%IP ) ,FRE$OM BECAME SOME:AT COLD AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( HIS PAMPHLET ',REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONISM' 9 ,JUNE #a#i#i4 ,9 ! SECTION 5TITL$ ',! ,TREA*]Y ( ,(FICIALS' HE DETAIL$ A C\PLE ( CASES ( BUREAUCRATIC DEMOBILIZATION BY ! EXECUTIVE ( ! ,%OP ,ASSI/ANTS ,UNION -- ( :I* ,JOHN ,TURN] WAS A MEMB]4 ,& :ILE ,TURN] HIMSELF RA!R HUMOR\SLY POOH-POOH$ !SE CASES1 ,KEELL1 :O HAD ALREADY FALL5 \T ) ,ALDR$ OV] ,TURN]'S POSITION1 C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO REMA9 FRI5DLY4 ,! ,9DU/RIALI/ HAD1 AT FIR/1 BE5 PR9T$ BY ,KEELL4 ,IT F\ND NEW PR9T]S4 

,YET DESPITE ?IS CONTRETEMPS ! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE CONT9U$ TO GR[1 ?\< IT WAS RESI/$ BY SOME MEMB]S4 7,ONE MEMB]1 ,POND]1 WAS 9 FACT EXPELL$ = TRY+ TO COMMIT ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE AS A :OLE TO AN AN>*I/ L9E47 ,9 ,APRIL #aii ! ,NEWCA/LE AN>*I/S REPORT$ ?AT !Y W]E =M+ A CLUB TO 5ABLE CLOS] COOP]ATION ) ,9DU/RIALI/S4 ,AN>*I/S W]E BE+ 9VIT$ TO SPEAK TO ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE BRAN*ES4 ,9 ,BRAD=D :5 ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE SPEAK]S DID NOT TURN UP = ! ,MAY ,DAY MEET+ 9 #aia ! AN>*I/S W]E 9VIT$ TO SUB/ITUTE 0AS K9DR$ SPIRITS40 ,JO9T MEET+S W]E HELD1 & SO ON4 ,9 FACT 9 SOME PLACES ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE PROV$ TO BE A /EPP+ /ONE DIRECTLY TO AN>*ISM4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #aia AN AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,PLYM\? REPORT$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,FRE$OM4 ,A GR\P HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! ,PLYM\? ,S4,D4,F4 = PREA*+ DIRECT ACTION RA!R ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,A M9ORITY HAD JO9$ ! ,S4,L4,P41 :ILE ! MAJORITY JO9$ ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,AFT] !Y HAD BE5 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM BY ,J4 ,WALT]S1 H[EV]1 ?IS LATT] BODY =M$ !MSELVES 9TO AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ GR\P4 ,! SAME ?+ WAS TO HAPP5 ) ! ,HULL ,BRAN* ( ! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE :]E A L>GE MAJORITY ( ! BRAN* SEC$$ 9 #aiab TO =M AN AN>*I/ GR\P4 

,! ,9DU/RIALI/ ,LEAGUE WAS ! L>GE/ ( ! AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ GR\P+S4 ,!RE W]E SEV]AL O!R SMALL GR\PS1 H[EV]1 :I* HAD SYNDICALI/ & 9DU/RIAL UNIONI/ LEAN+S4 ,ONE ( !SE1 ! ',REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIONI/S'1 ) MEMB]S 9 ,LIV]POOL & ,BRI<TON BECAME1 9 ,LIV]POOL AT LEA/1 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ONE AN>*I/ GR\P4 ,P]HAPS ONE FUR!R PO9T C\LD BE MADE4 ,! ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE /RIKE ( E>LY #aii BY LEFT-W+ WORK+-CLASS /UD5TS AGA9/ ! PAT]NALI/ & ANTI-SOCIALI/ ADM9I/RATION L$ RAPIDLY TO ! =MATION ( A NEW BODY1 ! ,C5TRAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE4 ,?IS 9/ITUTION PROV$ A V]Y F]TILE S\RCE ( CREATIVE ?9K+ 9 ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLT4 ,SOME?+ HAS BE5 MADE ( CONTACTS BETWE5 ! ,RUSK9 REBELS & ! ,S4,L4,P4 ,:ATEV] !IR 9FLU5CE IT C\LD NOT HAVE MU* AFFECT$ ! 9FLU5CE FROM ANO!R QU>T]4 ,F]D ,*>LES1 ! ,WALSALL AN>*I/ & EX-PRISON]1 NOT ONLY HAD A PLACE ON ! MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE ( ! NEW COLLEGE AS A MEMB] ( ! ,OX=D ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY BUT ALSO ACT$ AS A 0LECTUR] & TUTOR 9 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL HI/ORY40.<#d#a#i.> ,!SE POSITIONS HE HELD FROM #aii UNTIL ! COLLEGE MOV$ TO ,LONDON 9 MID-#a#i#a#a4 ,HE WAS V]Y PROBABLY ! MEANS :]EBY ,GEORGE ,DAVISON1 AN EXTREMELY RI* 'PHILOSOPHICAL AN>*I/'1 BECAME A CONSID]ABLE F9ANCIAL SUPPORT] ( ! ,LABOR ,COLLEGE FROM AB\T #aia UNTIL #a#i#a#d4 

,?US :5 ,TOM ,MANN RETURN$ FROM ,AU/RALIA 9 #aia TO PUT HIS 5ORM\S P]SONAL PRE/IGE & ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY BEH9D ! SIMM]+ REVOLT ! GR\ND HAD BE5 PREP>$4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 WORK+-CLASS CONDITIONS W]E BE+ UND]M9$4 ,! TRADES UNION HI]>*Y REMA9$ L>GELY W$D$ TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM & MOD]ATION1 & AS UNION MEMB]%IP 9CREAS$ BECAME 9CREAS+LY BUREAUCRATIC4 ,YET ,P>LIAM5T HAD PROV$ AN 9EFFECTIVE TOOL ) :I* TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & MOD]ATION AMONG ! (FICIALS HAD CURB$ EFFECTIVE DIRECT ACTION4 ,! IDEAS ( SYNDICALISM TAK5 FROM =EIGN AN>*I/ PRACTICE & ,BRITI% AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM TAK5 FROM ,AM]ICAN S\RCES 7ALSO 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM71 HAD PREP>$ ! WAY IDEOLOGICALLY4 ,! RESULT WAS AN EXPLOSION ( 9DU/RIAL REVOLT ( UNPREC$5T$ EXT5T & SU/A9$ P[]4 

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