,! ,SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY 

#ahi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 GREAT REVOLUTION1 5GLI% REVOLUTION1 REPUBLICAN FEEL+1 SOCIALI/ IDEA1 G]MAN REVOLUTION1 MIDDLE CLASS1 MIDDLE-CLASS RULE1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 COMMON PROP]TY4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY DAMIAN 5TWI/LE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,! RESULT ( ! LA/ ELECTIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! SUCCESS A*IEV$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & ! DEFEAT ( ,BISM>CK1 ! LA/ MOVE ( ! ,G]MAN EMP]OR & HIS FLIRTATIONS ) ! WORK]S1 >E (T5 ! SUBJECT ( LIVELY DISCUSSIONS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,NOT SO LIVELY1 H[EV]1 WE MU/ SAY1 & C]TA9LY MOT SO 5?USIA/IC AS !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ TO BE1 JU/ AS IF A C]TA9 FEEL+ ( DI/RU/ WAS AWAK5$ AMID ! WORK]S BY ! 9TRUSION ( IMP]IALISM 9TO !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,9 FACT1 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( ,G]MANY >E ( SO COMPLICAT$ A NATURE1 SO MANY FACTORS MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 ?AT ! LACK ( 5?USIASM AT ! LA/ VICTORIES ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IS FULLY JU/IFI$4 0,:AT MAYBE ! \TCOME ( ALL ?AT80 IS ! QUE/ION G5]ALLY ASK$1 & WE %ALL DO \R BE/ TO SUM UP ! ELEM5TS = ! ANSW]4 

,! LA/ GREAT REVOLUTION WAS 9 ,FRANCE1 ! =ETA/E-9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,9 BO? IT HAD ! *>ACT]I/IC ( BREAK+ D[N ! P[] ( AUTOCRATIC RULE-& AUTOCRATIC RULE MEANS ! RULE ( ! C\RTI]S1 9 BO? C\NTRIES IT MEANT ! ADV5T TO P[] ( A MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC MIDDLE CLASS 9 LIEU ( ! L&$ & ,C\RT >I/OCRACY2 & 9 BO? C\NTRIES ! REVOLUTION1 BE=E RESULT+ 9 CON/ITUTIONAL P>LIAM5T>Y RULE1 PASS$ ?R\< A P]IOD ( ,REPUBLICAN RULE4 ,BO? 9 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA9 IT ALSO WAS ! RESULT ( TWO DI/9CT ELEM5TS3 ! GR[? ( A P[]FUL MIDDLE CLASS1 CONSEQU5T ON A SUDD5 DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE ON ! ONE SIDE2 & ON ! O!R SIDE ( A GREAT MOVEM5T ( ?\<T & AWAK5+ ( CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! POOR] CLASSES1 BO? CONV]G+ TOGE!R TO BREAK D[N ! P[]S ( L&$ >I/OCRACY & ,C\RT RULE4 

,BUT1 :ILE HAV+ SO MU* 9 COMMON1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION EVID5TLY WAS A /EP 9 ADVANCE AS COMP>$ ) ! REVOLUTION ( #a#f#d4 ,IT HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( ?AT GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5T :I* WAS BORN ON ! SOIL ( LIB]AT$ ,SCOTL& & ,5GL& DUR+ ! #a#h? C5TURY1 & ! ,FR5* 5CYCLOP$I/S1 AS WELL AS ! REVOLUTIONI/S ( #a#g#h#i-#i#c1 W]E NURTUR$ ) IDEAS :I* W]E ! \TCOME ( ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION4 ,IT ALSO HAD ! B5EFIT ( ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION1 & ?AT ( AN ADDITIONAL HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S 9 ! G5]AL EVOLUTION ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE-NOT TO SPEAK ( ! G5IUS ( ! ,FR5* NATION GIV+ A FUR!R & MORE H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T TO ! IDEAS ( ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY & ,FRAT]NITY4 ,! MOVEM5T1 ON ! :OLE1 WAS IMBU$ ) L(TI] IDEAS2 IT WAS FREE FROM ! PURITANICAL RELIGI\S ELEM5T2 IT /IRR$ ! MASSES MU* DEEP] & IT EMBRAC$ A L>G] P>T ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT ?US DEVELOP$ ) GREAT] RAPIDITY & IT CLE>$ ! WAY = A MORE RAPID FUR!R EVOLUTION4 ,!RE=E1 SIXTY YE>S HAD H>DLY PASS$ S9CE #a<i BE=E ,FRANCE HAD #a#h#d#h-! FIR/ MOVE ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT-& #a#h#g#a1 :I* WAS ! FIR/ REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPT AT ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( PROP]TY & ! BREAK D[N ( ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE4 

,COM+ A HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S LAT] ?AN ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION1 IT NATURALLY MADE #i1 /OP MORE 9 ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! MASSES FROM ! BONDS ( ,/ATE1 ,RELIGION & ,CAPITAL4 

,IT SO HAPP5$ ?AT 9 ! SL[ PROGRESS ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION1 FROM ,WE/ TO ,PA/1 ,G]MANY WAS ! NEXT C\NTRY TO ASSIMILATE ! RESULTS ( ! TWO REVOLUTIONS4 ,%E 9H]IT$ MO/ ( ! 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 ! 9/ITUTIONS :I* W]E ! \TCOME ( #afd 9 ,5GL& & #a<i 9 ,FRANCE4 ,?\< ,ITALY 7:I* ONLY QUITE REC5TLY HAS CONQU]$ H] 9DEP5D5CE71 ,SPA91 ,AU/RIA1 & EV5 ,RUSSIA HAVE ALSO %>$ TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ! FRUITS ( ! NEW /AGE ( CIVILIZATION 9AUGURAT$ BY ,5GL& S9CE #a#f#d1 NEV]!LESS ,G]MANY WAS ! NATION :I* HAS MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,&1 AS ! 5D ( EA* C5TURY HAS BE5 M>K$ = ! LA/ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S BY A GREAT REVOLUTION1 IT APPE>S MO/ PROBABLE ?AT ! NEXT GREAT REVOLUTION WILL HAVE = ITS MET ,G]MANY4 ,G]MANY IS ! C\NTRY :I*1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 WILL SOON (F] US A MOVEM5T ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ( #a#f#d-#h#h & #a#g#h#i-#i#e4 

,BUT1 AS WE (T5 HAVE PO9T$ \T 9 ,FRE$OM1 NO REVOLUTION CAN REMA9 ANY LONG] CONF9$ TO ONE S+LE C\NTRY4 ,IT WAS NATURAL = ,5GL& NOT TO MAKE A FUR!R MOVE :ILE ,FRANCE WAS UND]GO+ ! TEMPE/ ( #a#g#h#i1 & EV5 TO JO9 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,H] 9SUL> POSITION & ! EXTREME LIMIT$NESS ( 9T]NATIONAL 9T]C\RSE AT ?AT TIME R5D]$ IT SO4 ,IT WAS ALSO POSSIBLE = ALL GOV]NM5TS TO ! ,EA/ & ,S\? ( ,FRANCE TO JO9 9 AN ALLIANCE AGA9/ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION BECAUSE AT ?AT TIME !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES W]E 5TIRELY 9 ! BONDS ( ,S]FDOM1 ,>I/OCRACY & ! ,*UR*4 ,BUT /EAM & A HUNDR$ YE>S ( /EAM-CIVILIZATION HAVE TOTALLY *ANG$ ALL ?AT4 ,NEI!R 9 ! ,WE/1 NOR 9 ! ,EA/ & ,S\?1 W\LD ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION F9D 5EMIES3 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT W\LD F9D EI!R ALLIES OR ELD] BRE?R5 ALSO M>*+ ONW>DS4 ,! TWO GREAT REVOLUTION>Y /EPS :I* ,FRANCE MADE 9 #ahdh & #ahga ! RAPID GR[? ( ! P[]S ( ,CAPITAL & ITS 9T]NATIONALIZATION3 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ?\<T-ALL !RE >E SU* IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 \R PRES5T LIFE ?AT NO REVOLUTION CAN HAPP5 ANY:]E )\T BE+ E*O$ ALL ?R\< ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 ,SO IT WAS 9 #a#h#d#h2 IT WILL BE ! MORE SO AT ! NEXT CONFLAGRATION4 

,9 FACT1 ,G]MANY MAY OR WAY NOT MAKE H] REVOLUTION1 BUT ,ITALY IS B\ND TO DO IT1 & PRECISELY ON ! SAME L9ES4 ,ROYALTY IS DEAD 9 ,ITALY2 ! L& QUE/ION IS RIPE2 ! FACTORY SLAVES ALREADY 9 OP5 REVOLT4 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL >E SIMPLY WAIT+ = FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES = S5D+ AWAY !IR K+S F9D C\RTI]S1 & ! PROCLAMATION ( A REPUBLIC 9 ,SPA9 WILL BE ! SIGNAL = PROV9CIAL 9DEP5D5CE1 = COMMUNES BE+ PROCLAIM$1 = L& BE+ SEIZ$ FROM ! L&LORDS1 & SO ON4 ,VI5NA IS AS REVOLUTION>Y A C5T] AS ,P>IS IS2 & ! AUTOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA IS ON ITS DEA?-B$4 ,AS TO ! 0ELD] BRO!RS10 :ATEV] MAY BE ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 MIDDLE ,EUROPE1 ,FRANCE CANNOT AVOID A ,COMMUNALI/ ,REVOLUTION :I* NECESS>ILY MU/ BECOME ,COMMUNI/2 :ILE ! OLD ROTT5 9/ITUTIONS ( ?IS C\NTRY CAN /& NO LONG]1 ESPECIALLY 9 FACE ( ! BREAKD[N ( AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM BAS$ ON B5EFITS RIP5$ FROM ! RAPIDLY DECAY+ EXPORT TRADE4 ,! *ANGE MU/ COME1 & ALL ?AT CAN BE SAID IS1 ?AT ! TWO C\NTRIES :I* HAVE MADE !IR REVOLUTIONS 9 #afd & #a<i HAVE MO/ *ANCES ( A*IEV+ ! GREATE/ RESULTS ) ! LEA/ AM\NT ( FOOLI% RESI/ANCE & BLOOD%$2 :ILE ,G]MANY & ! O!R CONT95TAL NATIONS >E SURE ( MEET+ ) PL5TY ( ?AT SAME FOOLI% RESI/ANCE :I* RESULT$ 9 ,CROMWELL'S & ,ROBESPI]RE'S ,T]ROR4 

,! ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS 9 ADVANCE ( ,CROMWELL'S REVOLUTION4 ,SO ALSO ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION MU/ BE 9 ADVANCE ( ?AT ( #a#g#h#i4 ,9 ITS ECONOMICAL LIFE ,G]MANY ALREADY HAS MADE ! /EP :I* ! ,FR5* PEASANTS IMPOS$ UPON ,FRANCE BY BURN+ ! *ATEAUX4 ,S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ 9 ,G]MANY AFT] #a#h#d#h4 ,SO ALSO 9 H] POLITICAL LIFE ,G]MANY HAS OBTA9$ :AT ,FRANCE /ROVE = 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,%E HAS REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 MANHOOD SUFFRAGE & MIDDLE-CLASS RULE1 & ! ATTEMPTS AT ,CES>ISM N[ MADE BY ,WILHELM ,I,I4 CAN ONLY BE ! MEANS ( ACCEL]AT+ ! CRISIS4 ,HAV+ ?US MIDDLE-CLASS RULE1 & HAV+ PUT AN 5D TO S]FDOM1 ,G]MANY /RIVES N[1 9 POLITICS1 = A REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T1 & 9 ECONOMICS = ,L\IS ,BLANE'S ,/ATE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,%E IS :]E ,FRANCE WAS 9 #a#h#d#h4 

,AS TO ! ECONOMICAL VIEWS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 NO ONE :O IS ACQUA9T$ ) !IR WRIT+S WILL D\BT ( ! CLOSE ANALOGY BETWE5 !IR PROGRAM & ?AT ( ,L\IS ,BLANE'S ,ORGANIZATION DU ,TRAVAIL4 ,!IR IDEAL IS ! ,/ATE [N]%IP ( ! *IEF BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 

,AS TO ! REPUBLICANISM ( ,G]MANY1 IT IS NOT SO G5]ALLY NOTIC$ AS IT \<T TO BE4 ,AN ,5GLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PAP] WROTE ! O!R DAY ?AT ONE MILLION ,G]MANS HAVE VOT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y LA/ = COMMON PROP]TY4 ,BUT ?AT IS A GREAT MI/AKE4 ,! ?IRTE5 HUNDR$ ?\S& VOICES GIV5 TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC C&IDATES >E A MO/ HET]OG5E\S AGGREGATE1 & WE HAVE NO MEANS ( JUDG+ :AT !IR OP9IONS AS TO COMMON PROP]TY AM4 ,?AT QUE/ION HAS LONG S9CE DISAPPE>$ FROM ! ,S4 ,D4 ELECTORAL PROGRAM AS WELL AS FROM !IR WRIT+S4 ,! QUE/ION AT ISSUE DUR+ ! LA/ ELECTIONS WAS NOT COMMON OR PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BUT-,BISM>CK OR NOT2 ! ,C>TEL 7! ALLIANCE ( P>TIES :I* SUPPORT HIM7 & EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,SOCIALI/S1 OR NOT-0 ,D[N ) ! ,C>TEL10 & NO?+ ELSE1 WAS ! (FICIAL WAT*WORD LAUN*$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,S4 ,D4 P>TY BE=E ! BALLOTS4 

,C]TA9LY WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( REAL ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY1 & WE KN[ P]FECTLY ?AT A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( !M >E REVOLUTIONI/S2 WE KN[ & APPRECIATE !IR DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE1 !IR P[]S ( JO9+ TOGE!R 9 COMMON WORK1 !IR *E]FUL & /EADY ACTIVITY4 ,PRECISELY1 !RE=E1 WE >E SURE ?AT ! COM+ REVOLUTION WILL HAVE A ,SOCIALI/ T9T AS PRON\NC$1 & POSSIBLY EV5 MORE PRON\NC$1 ?AN ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h4 ,BUT WE MA9TA9 ?AT ! VOICES GIV5 TO ,S4 ,D4 C&IDATES REPRES5T ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE V>IETY ( PROGRAMS1 ASPIRATIONS & POLITICAL T5D5CIES4 ,! REAL MEAN+ ( ! LA/ ELECTIONS MU/ BE LOOK$ = 9 ANO!R DIRECTION1 & WE SEE 9 !M A GREAT & IMPORTANT MANIFE/ATION ( ,REPUBLICAN FEEL+4 

,TWO P>TIES HAVE MADE SUDD5 PROGRESS 9 ,FEBRU>Y LA/-! ,RADICALS :O HAVE ADD$ #db SEATS TO ! #* SEATS !Y HAD BE=E1 & ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS :O HAVE WON #cg SEATS 9/EAD ( #a#a4 ,BO? TOGE!R !Y HAVE #aag DEPUTIES1 \T ( #c#d#g2 &1 :ATEV] ! %ADES ( OP9ION AMONG ! DEPUTIES1 WE MAY SAY ?AT ONE-?IRD ( ! ,G]MAN ELECTORS HAVE VOT$ = ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ?AT NE>LY ONE-?IRD ( ! ,REI*/AG IS ALREADY REPUBLICAN1 

,?AT IS1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! *IEF LESSON ( ! LA/ ELECTIONS1 & ?AT IS :AT SO MU* AL>M$ ! ,GOV]NM5T & 9DUC$ ! ,EMP]OR 7:O =ESAW IT1 ?\< NOT TO ?AT EXT5T7 TO SEEK AMONG ! WORK]S = ! ,SUPPORT ,( SOME ',SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,JU/1 AS ON =M] OCCASIONS1 9 ,LASSALE'S TIMES1 ,BISM>CK RESORT$ TO 

! SUPPORT ( ! ,SOCIALI/S 9 ORD] TO DEFEAT ! ,LIB]AL B\RGEOIS4 ,TO 5DEAVOR TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S WAS ! LA/ AN*OR ( SALVATION TO BE \T \T AGA9/ ! GR[+ WAVE ( ,REPUBLICANISM4 

,?AT MANIFE/ATION ( REPUBLICAN FEEL+ HAS NO?+ TO A/ONI% US4 ,9 #a#h#g#h1 AFT] ,HO$EL'S & ,NOBIL+'S ATTEMPT AGA9/ ! EMP]OR1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ M5 W]E CONDEMN$ TO MANY YE>S ( IMPRISONM5T = HAV+ OP5LY1 9 PUBLIC H\SES & PUBLIC ?OR\<F>ES1 EXPRESS$ !IR REGRET AT ,HO$EL'S & ,NOBIL+'S FAILURES4 ,SU* AN EXPRESSION ( REPUBLICAN FEEL+1 SEV5 YE>S AFT] ! GREAT W> & AGA9/ SO OLD A MAN AS ,WILHELM ,I WAS ! MORE SIGNIFICANT2 & ! PRES5T ELECTIONS FULLY CONFIRM IT4 

,IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT ALL M5 LESS ?AN #be YE>S OLD & HAV+ LESS ?AN A SIX M\?'S RESID5CE 9 !IR DI/RICT HAVE NO ,VOICE 9 ! ELECTIONS1 & ?AT FEW ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS DO REASON AS ,LIEBKNE*T IS REPORT$ TO HAVE REASON$ AT ,BRUNSWICK 7HE IS SAID TO HAVE PROMIS$ ! EMP]OR ! SUPPORT ( ONE MILLION & A HALF ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS7 -#a IF WE REMEMB] ?AT ! EMP]OR RAN DO NO?+ = IMPROV+ ! CONDITIONS ( ! WORK]S EV5 IF HE OBTA9S A ,Z5 H\RS LAW FROM ! ,P>LIAM5T 7! EI<T H\RS ALREADY HAVE GR[N TO T57 & F9ALLY1 IF WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT ! ,G]MAN >MY IS ! ,G]MAN NATION-WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT A REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION IS RIPE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! DAYS ( ! ,EMPIRE >E NUMB]$1 & ALL ?AT A W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA C\LD DO BY REVIV+ ,G]MAN J+OISM1 W\LD BE TO PROLONG IMP]IAL RULE = A FEW YE>S MORE4 

,G]MANY RAPIDLY M>*ES T[>DS A ,REPUBLIC1 & A ,REPUBLIC 9 ,G]MANY W\LD MEAN ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,IT WILL ALSO MEAN1 AS WE SAID1 ATTEMPTS ON A L>GE SCALE AT EXPROPRIATION ( C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY BY ! ,/ATE4 ,?AT W\LD BE ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,AS TO H[ F> IT W\LD GO 9 ,G]MANY1 NOBODY CAN PR$ICT4 ,ALL ?AT \R ,G]MAN FRI5DS HAVE TO DO IS1 TO AB&ON !IR TACTICS ( ,BISM>CK-FI<T+ :I* HAS ABSORB$ !M UNTIL N[1 & OP5LY1 PLA9LY & 5]GETICALLY SET TO WORK = ! SPREAD+ ( ! SO LONG =GOTT5 ,SOCIALI/ IDEA4 ,NOT ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALI/ IDEA !Y 9DULG$ UNTIL N[1 BUT ! ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM1 )\T :I* !IR REVOLUTION 9 SO HET]OG5E\S A C\NTRY AS ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE W\LD BE SURE TO BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 

,FRE$OM3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM 

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