,*APT] #d 
,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,LET US TE/ ?IS MATT] FUR!R BY TAK+ A FEW EXAMPLES4 

,! WELL-KN[N DISSOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiag PLAY$ AN \T/&+ ROLE 9 ! POLICY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS MEASURE WAS DECISIVE = !IR FUR!R POSITION2 TO A C]TA9 PO9T IT REPRES5T$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 !IR TACTICS4 

,IT IS A FACT ?AT ,L59 & HIS COMRADES W]E /ORMILY DEM&+ ! CALL+ ( A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY UP TO ! TIME ( !IR ,OCTOB] VICTORY1 & ?AT ! POLICY ( RAGG+ \T ?IS MATT] ON ! P>T ( ! ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T CON/ITUT$ AN >TICLE 9 ! 9DICTM5T ( ?AT GOV]NM5T BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS & WAS ! BASIS ( SOME ( !IR MO/ VIOL5T ATTACKS UPON IT4 ,9DE$1 ,TROTSKY SAYS 9 HIS 9T]E/+ PAMPHLET1 ,FROM ,OCTOB] TO ,BRE/-,LITOVSK1 ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION REPRES5T$ 0! SALVATION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY0 AS WELL AS ( ! REVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 0,& :5 WE SAID10 HE CONT9UES1 0?AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY C\LD NOT BE REA*$ ?R\< ! ,PRELIM9>Y ,P>LIAM5T ( ,Z]ETELLI1 BUT ONLY ?R\< ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS1 WE W]E 5TIRELY RI<T40 

,& !N1 AFT] !SE DECL>ATIONS1 ,L59'S FIR/ /EP AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION WAS 444 ! DISSOLUTION ( ?IS SAME ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 TO :I* IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE AN 5TRANCE4 ,:AT REASONS C\LD BE DECISIVE = SO A/ONI%+ A TURN8 ,TROTSKY1 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PAMPHLET1 DISCUSSES ! MATT] ?OR\<LY1 & WE WILL SET D[N HIS >GUM5T H]E3 

0,:ILE ! MON?S PREC$+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION W]E A TIME ( LEFTW>D MOVEM5T ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES & ( AN ELEM5TAL FL[ ( WORK]S1 SOLDI]S & PEASANTS T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 9SIDE ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ?IS PROCESS EXPRESS$ ITSELF AS A /R5G!N+ ( ! LEFT W+ AT ! CO/ ( ! RI<T4 ,BUT )9 ! LI/ ( P>TY C&IDATES ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 ! OLD NAMES ( ! RI<T W+ /ILL OCCUPI$ ?REE-F\R?S ( ! PLACES 4440 

0,!N !RE WAS ! FUR!R CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ELECTIONS !MSELVES TOOK PLACE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FIR/ WEEKS AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,! NEWS ( ! *ANGE ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE SPREAD RA!R SL[LY 9 CONC5TRIC CIRCLES FROM ! CAPITAL TO ! PROV9CES & FROM ! T[NS TO ! VILLAGES4 ,! PEASANT MASSES 9 MANY PLACES HAD LITTLE NOTION ( :AT W5T ON 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,!Y VOT$ = ',L& & ,FRE$OM1' & ELECT$ AS !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! L& COMMITTEES ?OSE :O /OOD UND] ! BANN] ( ! ',N>ODNIKI4' ,!REBY1 H[EV]1 !Y VOT$ = ,K]5SKY & ,AVKS5TIEV1 :O HAD BE5 DISSOLV+ !SE L& COMMITTEES & HAV+ !IR MEMB]S >RE/$ 444 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS GIVES A CLE> IDEA ( ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAD LAGG$ BEH9D ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ! DEVELOPM5T ( P>TY GR\P+S40 

,ALL ( ?IS IS V]Y F9E & QUITE CONV9C+4 ,BUT ONE CANNOT HELP WOND]+ H[ SU* CLEV] PEOPLE AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY FAIL$ TO >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION :I* FOLL[S IMM$IATELY FROM ! ABOVE FACTS4 ,S9CE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS ELECT$ LONG BE=E ! DECISIVE TURN+ PO9T1 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1.<#a.> & ITS COMPOSITION REFLECT$ ! PICTURE ( ! VANI%$ PA/ & NOT ( ! NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !N IT FOLL[S AUTOMATICALLY ?AT ! \TGR[N & !RE=E /ILL-BORN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY %\LD HAVE BE5 ANNULL$1 & )\T DELAY1 NEW ELECTIONS TO A NEW ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY %\LD HAVE BE5 >RANG$4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO 5TRU/1 NOR %\LD !Y HAVE 5TRU/$1 ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION TO AN ASSEMBLAGE :I* REFLECT$ ! ,K]5SKYAN ,RUSSIAN ( YE/]DAY1 ( ! P]IOD ( VACILLATIONS & COALITION ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,H5CE !RE WAS NO?+ LEFT TO DO EXPECT TO CONVOKE AN ASSEMBLY ?AT W\LD ISSUE =? \T ( ! R5EW$ ,RUSSIA ?AT HAD ADVANC$ FUR!R4 

,9/EAD ( ?IS1 FROM ! SPECIAL 9ADEQUACY ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY :I* CAME TOGE!R 9 ,OCTOB]1 ,TROTSKY DRAWS A G5]AL CONCLUSION CONC]N+ ! 9ADEQUACY ( ANY POPUL> REPRES5TATION :ATSOEV] :I* MI<T COME FROM UNIV]SAL POPUL> ELECTIONS DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

0,?ANKS TO ! OP5 & DIRECT /RUGGLE = GOV]NM5TAL P[]10 HE WRITES1 0! LABOR+ MASSES ACQUIRE 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME AN ACCUMULATION ( POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 & !Y CLIMB RAPIDLY FROM /EP TO /EP 9 !IR POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! BIGG] ! C\NTRY & ! MORE RUDIM5T>Y ITS TE*NICAL APP>ATUS1 ! LESS IS ! CUMB]SOME ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ABLE TO KEEP PACE ) ?IS DEVELOPM5T40 

,H]E WE F9D ! 0ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS10 AS SU* CALL$ 9 QUE/ION4 ,TO ?IS WE MU/ AT ONCE OBJECT ?AT 9 SU* AN E/IMATE ( REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS !RE LIES A SOME:AT RIGID & S*EMATIC CONCEPTION :I* IS EXPRESSLY CONTRADICT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y EPO*4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY'S !ORY1 EV]Y ELECT$ ASSEMBLY REFLECTS ONCE & = ALL ONLY ! M5TAL COMPOSITION1 POLITICAL MATURITY & MOOD ( ITS ELECTORATE JU/ AT ! MOM5T :5 ! LATT] GOES TO ! POLL+ PLACE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT1 A DEMOCRATIC BODY IS ! REFLECTION ( ! MASSES AT ! 5D ( ! ELECTORAL P]IOD1 MU* AS ! HEAV5S ( ,H]S*EL ALWAYS %[ US ! HEAV5LY BODIES NOT AS !Y >E :5 WE >E LOOK+ AT !M BUT AS !Y W]E AT ! MOM5T !Y S5T \T !IR LI<T-MESSAGES TO ! E>? FROM ! MEASURELESS DI/ANCES ( SPACE4 ,ANY LIV+ M5TAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! REPRES5TATIVES1 ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 ELECT$1 & ! ELECTORATE1 ANY P]MAN5T 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ONE & ! O!R1 IS H]EBY D5I$4 

,YET H[ ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE CONTRADICTS ?IS6 ,EXP]I5CE DEMON/RATES QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 NAMELY1 ?AT ! LIV+ FLUID ( ! POPUL> MOOD CONT9U\SLY FL[S >\ND ! LIV+ FLUID ( ! POPUL> MOOD CONT9U\SLY FL[S >\ND ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES1 P5ETRATES !M1 GUIDES !M4 ,H[ ELSE W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO WITNESS1 AS WE DO AT TIMES 9 EV]Y B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T1 ! AMUS+ CAP]S ( ! 0PEOPLE'S REPRES5TATIVES10 :O >E SUDD5LY 9SPIR$ BY A NEW 0SPIRIT0 & GIVE =? QUITE UNEXPECT$ S\NDS2 OR TO F9D ! MO/ DRI$-\T MUMMIES AT TIMES COMPORT+ !MSELVES LIKE Y\NG/]S & ! MO/ DIV]SE LITTLE ,S*EIDEMANN*5.<#b.> SUDD5LY F9D+ REVOLUTION>Y TONES 9 !IR BREA/S - :5EV] !RE IS RUMBL+ 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ON ! /REET4 

,& IS ?IS EV]-LIV+ 9FLU5CE ( ! MOOD & DEGREE ( POLITICAL RIP5ESS ( ! MASSES UPON ! ELECT$ BODIES TO BE R5\NC$ 9 FAVOR ( A RIGID S*EME ( P>TY EMBLEMS & TICKETS 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( REVOLUTION8 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y6 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! REVOLUTION :I* CREATES BY ITS GL[+ HEAT ?AT DELICATE1 VIBRANT1 S5SITIVE POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E 9 :I* ! WAVES ( POPUL> FEEL+1 ! PULSE ( POPUL> LIFE1 WORK = MOM5T ON ! REPRES5TATIVE BODIES 9 MO/ WOND]FUL FA%ION4 ,IT IS ON ?IS V]Y FACT1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT ! WELL-KN[N MOV+ SC5ES DEP5D :I* 9V>IABLY PRES5T !MSELVES 9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( EV]Y REVOLUTION1 SC5ES 9 :I* OLD REACTION>IES OR EXTREME MOD]ATES1 :O HAVE ISSU$ \T ( A P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTION BY LIMIT$ SUFFRAGE UND] ! OLD REGIME1 SUDD5LY BECOME ! H]OIC & /ORMY SPOKESM5 ( ! UPRIS+4 ,! CLASSIC EXAMPLE IS PROVID$ BY ! FAM\S 0,LONG ,P>LIAM5T0 9 ,5GL&1 :I* WAS ELECT$ & ASSEMBL$ #afdb & REMA9$ AT ITS PO/ = SEV5 :OLE YE>S & REFLECT$ 9 ITS 9T]NAL LIFE ALL ALT]ATIONS & DISPLACEM5TS ( POPUL> FEEL+1 ( POLITICAL RIP5ESS1 ( CLASS DIFF]5TIATION1 ( ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION TO ITS HI<E/ PO9T1 FROM ! 9ITIAL DEV\T SKIRMI%ES ) ! ,CR[N UND] A ,SPEAK] :O REMA9S ON HIS KNEES1 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 ! EXECUTION ( ,*>LES & ! PROCLAMATION ( ! REPUBLIC4 

,& WAS NOT ! SAME WOND]FUL TRANS=MATION REPEAT$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,E/ATES-,G5]AL1 9 ! C5SOR%IP-SUBJECT$ P>LIAM5T ( ,L\IS ,PHILLIPE1 & EV5 - & ?IS LA/1 MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLE WAS V]Y CLOSE TO ,TROTSKY - EV5 9 ! ,F\R? ,RUSSIAN ,DUMA :I*1 ELECT$ 9 ! ,YE> ( ,GRACE #aii UND] ! MO/ RIGID RULE ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 SUDD5LY FELT ! GL[+ HEAT ( ! IMP5D+ OV]TURN & BECAME ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! REVOLUTION8.<#c.> 

,ALL ?IS %[S ?AT 0! CUMB]SOME ME*ANISM ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS0 POSSESSES A P[]FUL CORRECTIVE - NAMELY1 ! LIV+ MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES1 !IR UN5D+ PRESSURE4 ,& ! MORE DEMOCRATIC ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! LIVELI] & /RONG] ! PULSE-BEAT ( ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ! MASSES1 ! MORE DIRECT & COMPLETE IS !IR 9FLU5CE - DESPITE RIGID P>TY BANN]S1 \TGR[N TICKETS 7ELECTORAL LI/S71 ETC4 ,TO BE SURE1 EV]Y DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION HAS ITS LIMITS & %ORTCOM+S1 ?+S :I* IT D\BTLESS %>ES ) ALL O!R HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! REM$Y :I* ,TROTSKY & ,L59 HAVE F\ND1 ! ELIM9ATION ( DEMOCRACY AS SU*1 IS WORSE ?AN ! DISEASE IT IS SUPPOS$ TO CURE2 = IT /OPS UP ! V]Y LIV+ S\RCE FROM :I* ALONE CAN COME CORRECTION ( ALL ! 9NATE %ORTCOM+S ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT S\RCE IS ! ACTIVE1 UNTRAMMEL$1 5]GETIC POLITICAL LIFE ( ! BROADE/ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,LUXEMBURG IS NOT QUITE CORRECT4 ,ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY W]E MO/LY >RANG$ PRIOR TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! ELECTIONS TOOK PLACE AFT] ,OCTOB]4 

.<#b.> 0,LITTLE ,S*EIDEM510 A PLAY ON ! NAME ( ! PRO-W>1 GOV]NM5T ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT1 ,PHILLIP ,S*EIDEMANN4 

.<#c.> ,IT WAS ?IS ,F\R? ,DUMA :I*1 AFT] POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 S5T TWO EMISS>IES TO ! ,CZ> TO REQUE/ HIS ABDICATION4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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