,*APT] #a 
,FUNDAM5TAL ,SIGNIFCANCE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#a#h4 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 
,PUBLI%]3 ,WORK]S ,AGE ,PUBLI%]S 7,NEW ,YORK71 7,C7 #a#i#d4 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 #aibb BY ,PAUL ,LEVI4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,B]TRAM ,WOLFE4 
,ONL9E ,V]SION3 M>XI/S4ORG #a#i#i#i4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,A4 ,LEHR]_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ! MI<TIE/ EV5T ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,ITS \TBREAK1 ITS UNEXAMPL$ RADICALISM1 ITS 5DUR+ CONSEQU5CES1 CON/ITUTE ! CLE>E/ CONDEMNATION ( ! LY+ PHRASES :I* (FICIAL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY SO ZEAL\SLY SUPPLI$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> AS AN IDEOLOGICAL COV] = ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM'S CAMPAIGN ( CONQUE/4 ,I REF] TO ! PHRASES CONC]N+ ! MISSION ( ,G]MAN BAYONETS1 :I* W]E TO OV]?R[ ,RUSSIAN ,CZ>ISM & FREE ITS OPPRESS$ PEOPLES4 

,! MI<TY SWEEP ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! PR(\ND RESULTS :I* HAVE TRANS=M$ ALL CLASS RELATION%IPS1 RAIS$ ALL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 &1 ) ! FATALITY ( !IR [N 9N] LOGIC DEVELOP$ CONSI/5TLY FROM ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC TO EV] MORE ADVANC$ /AGES1 F9ALLY R$UC+ ! FALL ( ,CZ>ISM TO ! /ATUS ( A M]E M9OR EPISODE - ALL !SE ?+S %[ AS PLA9 AS DAY ?AT ! FREE+ ( ,RUSSIA WAS NOT AN A*IEVEM5T ( ! W> & ! MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ,CZ>ISM1 NOT SOME S]VICE ( 0,G]MAN BAYONETS 9 ,G]MAN FI/S10 AS ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT UND] ,KAUTSKY'S $ITOR%IP ONCE PROMIS$ 9 AN $ITORIAL4 ,!Y %[1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! FREE+ ( ,RUSSIA HAD ITS ROOTS DEEP 9 ! SOIL ( ITS [N L& & WAS FULLY MATUR$ 9T]NALLY4 ,! MILIT>Y ADV5TURE ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM UND] ! IDEOLOGICAL BLESS+ ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DID NOT BR+ AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA BUT ONLY S]V$ TO 9T]RUPT IT AT FIR/1 TO PO/PONE IT = A :ILE AFT] ITS FIR/ /ORMY RIS+ TIDE 9 ! YE>S #a#i#a#a-#a#c1 & !N1 AFT] ITS \TBREAK1 CREAT$ = IT ! MO/ DIFFICULT & ABNORMAL CONDITIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 = EV]Y ?9K+ OBS]V]1 !SE DEVELOPM5TS >E A DECISIVE REFUTATION ( ! DOCTR9AIRE !ORY :I* ,KAUTSKY %>$ ) ! ,GOV]NM5T ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1.<#a.> ACCORD+ TO :I* ,RUSSIA1 AS AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D & PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN L&1 WAS SUPPOS$ NOT TO BE RIPE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,?IS !ORY1 :I* REG>DS ONLY A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION AS FEASIBLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 IS ALSO ! !ORY ( ! OPPORTUNI/ W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ( ! SO-CALL$ ,M5%EVIKS1 UND] ! EXP]I5C$ LEAD]%IP ( ,AXELROD & ,DAN4 ,& FROM ?IS CONCEPTION FOLL[ ! TACTICS ( ! COALITION ( SOCIALI/S 9 ,RUSSIA ) B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,ON ?IS BASIC CONCEPTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 FROM :I* FOLL[ AUTOMATICALLY !IR DETAIL$ POSITIONS ON QUE/IONS ( TACTICS1 BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,G]MAN OPPORTUNI/S F9D !MSELVES 9 AGREEM5T ) ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T ,SOCIALI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! OP9ION ( ALL ?REE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %\LD HAVE CALL$ A HALT AT ! /AGE :I* ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM 9 ITS CONDUCT ( ! W> HAD SET AS ITS NOBLE TASK1 ACCORD+ TO ! MY?OLOGY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 I4E41 IT %\LD HAVE /OPP$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VIEW1 IF ! REVOLUTION HAS GONE BEYOND ?AT PO9T & HAS SET AS ITS TASK ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?IS IS SIMPLY A MI/AKE ( ! RADICAL W+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,& ALL DIFFICULTIES :I* ! REVOLUTION HAS MET ) 9 ITS FUR!R C\RSE1 & ALL DISORD]S IT HAS SUFF]$ >E PICTUR$ AS PURELY A RESULT ( ?IS FATEFUL ]ROR4 

,!ORETICALLY1 ?IS DOCTR9E 7RECOMM5D$ AS ! FRUIT ( 0,M>XI/ ?9K+0 BY ! ,VORW>TS ( ,/AMPF] & BY ,KAUTSKY ALIKE7 FOLL[S FROM ! ORIG9AL 0,M>XI/0 DISCOV]Y ?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS A NATIONAL &1 SO TO SPEAK1 A DOME/IC AFFAIR 9 EA* MOD]N C\NTRY TAK5 BY ITSELF4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ! BLUE MI/S ( AB/RACT =MULAS1 A ,KAUTSKY KN[S V]Y WELL H[ TO TRACE ! WORLD-WIDE CONNECTIONS ( CAPITAL :I* MAKE ( ALL MOD]N C\NTRIES A S+LE 9TEGRAT$ ORGANISM4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 MOREOV] - S9CE IT IS A PRODUCT ( 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS PLUS ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION - CANNOT POSSIBLY BE SOLV$ )9 ! LIMITS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,PRACTICALLY1 ?IS SAME DOCTR9E REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT TO GET RID ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 SO F> AS ?AT RESPONSIBILITY CONC]NS ! 9T]NATIONAL1 & ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN1 PROLET>IAT1 & TO D5Y ! 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS ( ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT ,RUSSIA'S UNRIP5ESS :I* HAS BE5 PROV$ BY ! EV5TS ( ! W> & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! UNRIP5ESS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT = ! FULFILLM5T ( ITS HI/ORIC TASKS4 ,& TO MAKE ?IS FULLY CLE> IS ! FIR/ TASK ( A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA DEP5D$ FULLY UPON 9T]NATIONAL EV5TS4 ,?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE BAS$ !IR POLICY 5TIRELY UPON ! WORLD PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ! CLE>E/ PRO( ( !IR POLITICAL F>-SI<T$NESS & FIRMNESS ( PR9CIPLE & ( ! BOLD SCOPE ( !IR POLICIES4 ,9 IT IS VISIBLE ! MI<TY ADVANCE :I* CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAS MADE 9 ! LA/ DECADE4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e-#g R\S$ ONLY A FA9T E*O 9 ,EUROPE4 ,!RE=E1 IT HAD TO REMA9 A M]E OP5+ *APT]4 ,CONT9UATION & CONCLUSION W]E TI$ UP ) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE4 

,CLE>LY1 NOT UNCRITICAL APOLOGETICS BUT P5ETRAT+ & ?\<TFUL CRITICISM IS ALONE CAPABLE ( BR++ \T TREASURES ( EXP]I5CES & TEA*+S4 ,DEAL+ AS WE >E ) ! V]Y FIR/ EXP]IM5T 9 PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP 9 WORLD HI/ORY 7& ONE TAK+ PLACE AT ?AT UND] ! H>DE/ CONCEIVABLE CONDITIONS1 9 ! MID/ ( ! WORLD-WIDE CONFLAGRATION & *AOS ( ! IMP]IALI/ MASS SLAU<T]1 CAU<T 9 ! COILS ( ! MO/ REACTION>Y MILIT>Y P[] 9 ,EUROPE1 & ACCOMPANI$ BY ! MO/ COMPLETE FAILURE ON ! P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS71 IT W\LD BE A CRAZY IDEA TO ?9K ?AT EV]Y LA/ ?+ DONE OR LEFT UNDONE 9 AN EXP]IM5T ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] SU* ABNORMAL CONDITIONS REPRES5T$ ! V]Y P9NACLE ( P]FECTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ELEM5T>Y CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS & AN 9SI<T 9TO !IR HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y PR]EQUISITES =CE US TO UND]/& ?AT UND] SU* FATAL CONDITIONS EV5 ! MO/ GIGANTIC IDEALISM & ! MO/ /ORM-TE/$ REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY >E 9CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM BUT ONLY DI/ORT$ ATTEMPTS AT EI!R4 

,TO MAKE ?IS /& \T CLE>LY 9 ALL ITS FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS & CONSEQU5CES IS ! ELEM5T>Y DUTY ( ! SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES2 = ONLY ON ! BACKGR\ND ( ?IS BITT] KN[L$GE CAN WE MEASURE ! 5ORM\S MAGNITUDE ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT ITSELF = ! FATE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT IS ONLY ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ! DECISIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! RESOLUTE 9T]NATIONAL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN BECOME EFFECTIVE1 )\T :I* ACTION AS ITS NECESS>Y SUPPORT1 EV5 ! GREATE/ 5]GY & ! GREATE/ SACRIFICES ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 A S+LE C\NTRY MU/ 9EVITABLY BECOME TANGL$ 9 A MAZE ( CONTRADICTION & BLUND]S4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT EI!R ?AT ! WISE HEADS AT ! HELM ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY ON !IR ?ORNY PA? BESET BY TRAPS ( ALL K9DS1 HAVE TAK5 MANY A DECISIVE /EP ONLY ) ! GREATE/ 9N] HESITATION & ) ! MO/ VIOL5T 9N] OPPOSITION4 ,& SURELY NO?+ CAN BE F>!R FROM !IR ?\<TS ?AN TO BELIEVE ?AT ALL ! ?+S !Y HAVE DONE OR LEFT UNDONE UND] ! CONDITIONS ( BITT] COMPULSION & NECESSITY 9 ! MID/ ( ! RO>+ :IRLPOOL ( EV5TS1 %\LD BE REG>D$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A %9+ EXAMPLE ( SOCIALI/ POLITY T[>D :I* ONLY UNCRITICAL ADMIRATION & ZEAL\S IMITATION >E 9 ORD]4 

,IT W\LD BE NO LESS WRONG TO FE> ?AT A CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! ROAD SO F> TAK5 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W\LD S]VE TO WEAK5 ! RESPECT = & ! ATTRACTIVE P[] ( ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* ALONE CAN OV]COME ! FATAL 9]TIA ( ! ,G]MAN MASSES4 ,NO?+ IS F>!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,AN AWAK5+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,G]MANY CAN NEV] AGA9 BE CALL$ =? 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! GU>DIAN%IP ME?ODS ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY ( LATE-LAM5T$ MEMORY4 ,IT CAN NEV] AGA9 BE CONJUR$ =? BY ANY SPOTLESS AU?ORITY1 BE IT ?AT ( \R [N 0HI<] COMMITTEES0 OR ?AT ( 0! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE40 ,NOT BY ! CREATION ( A REVOLUTION>Y HURRAH-SPIRIT1 BUT QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ONLY BY AN 9SI<T 9TO ALL ! FE>FUL S]I\SNESS1 ALL ! COMPLEXITY ( ! TASKS 9VOLV$1 ONLY AS A RESULT ( POLITICAL MATURITY & 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT1 ONLY AS A RESULT ( A CAPACITY = CRITICAL JUDGM5T ON ! P>T ( ! MASSES1 :OSE CAPACITY WAS SY/EMATICALLY KILL$ BY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY = DECADES UND] V>I\S PRETEXTS1 ONLY ?US CAN ! G5U9E CAPACITY = HI/ORICAL ACTION BE BORN 9 ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,TO CONC]N ONE'S SELF ) A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ALL ITS HI/ORICAL CONNECTIONS IS ! BE/ TRA9+ = ! ,G]MAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS = ! TASKS :I* CONFRONT !M AS AN \TGR[? ( ! PRES5T SITUATION4 

,! FIR/ P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 FROM ITS BEG9N+ 9 ,M>* TO ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 CORRESPONDS EXACTLY 9 ITS G5]AL \TL9ES TO ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T ( BO? ! ,GREAT ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION & ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ! TYPICAL C\RSE ( EV]Y FIR/ G5]AL RECKON+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES BEGOTT5 )9 ! WOMB ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,ITS DEVELOPM5T MOVES NATURALLY 9 AN ASC5D+ L9E3 FROM MOD]ATE BEG9N+S TO EV]-GREAT] RADICALIZATION ( AIMS &1 P>ALLEL ) ?AT1 FROM A COALITION ( CLASSES & P>TIES TO ! SOLE RULE ( ! RADICAL P>TY4 

,AT ! \TSET 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#g1 ! 0,CADETS01 ?AT IS ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ G5]AL RIS+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TIDE SWEPT EV]Y ONE & EV]Y?+ ALONG ) IT4 ,! ,F\R? ,DUMA1 ULTRA-REACTION>Y PRODUCT ( ! ULTRA-REACTION>Y F\R-CLASS RI<T ( SUFFRAGE & >IS+ \T ( ! C\P D'ETAT1 WAS SUDD5LY CONV]T$ 9TO AN ORGAN ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ALL B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 EV5 ?OSE ( ! NATIONALI/IC RI<T1 SUDD5LY =M$ A PHALANX AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,! LATT] FELL AT ! FIR/ ATTACK ALMO/ )\T A /RUGGLE1 LIKE AN ORGAN ?AT HAD DI$ & NE$$ ONLY TO BE T\*$ TO DROP (F4 ,! BRIEF EF=T1 TOO1 ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE TO SAVE AT LEA/ ! ?RONE & ! DYNA/Y COLLAPS$ )9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! SWEEP+ M>* ( EV5TS LEAP$ 9 DAYS & H\RS OV] DI/ANCES ?AT =M]LY1 9 ,FRANCE1 TOOK DECADES TO TRAV]SE4 ,9 ?IS1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ,RUSSIA WAS REALIZ+ ! RESULT ( A C5TURY ( ,EUROPEAN DEVELOPM5T1 & ABOVE ALL1 ?AT ! REVOLUTION ( #aiag WAS A DIRECT CONT9UATION ( ?AT ( #a#i#e-#g1 & NOT A GIFT ( ! ,G]MAN 0LIB]ATOR40 ,! MOVEM5T ( ,M>* #aiag L9K$ ITSELF DIRECTLY ONTO ! PO9T :]E1 T5 YE>S E>LI]1 ITS WORK HAD BROK5 (F4 ,! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC WAS ! COMPLETE1 9T]NALLY RIP5$ PRODUCT ( ! V]Y ONSET ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 BEGAN ! SECOND & MORE DIFFICULT TASK4 ,FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MOM5T1 ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS ! MASS ( ! URBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ITS DEM&S DID NOT LIMIT !MSELVES TO ! REALIZATION ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY BUT W]E CONC]N$ ) ! BURN+ QUE/ION ( 9T]NATIONAL POLICY - IMM$IATE PEACE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! REVOLUTION EMBRAC$ ! MASS ( ! >MY1 :I* RAIS$ ! SAME DEM& = IMM$IATE PEACE1 & ! MASS ( ! PEASANTS1 :O PU%$ ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION 9TO ! =EGR\ND1 ?AT AGR>IAN QUE/ION :I* S9CE #aie HAD BE5 ! V]Y AXIS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IMM$IATE PEACE & L& - FROM !SE TWO AIMS ! 9T]NAL SPLIT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PHALANX FOLL[$ 9EVITABLY4 ,! DEM& = IMM$IATE PEACE WAS 9 MO/ IRRECONCILABLE OPPOSITION TO ! IMP]IALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE = :OM ,MILYUKOV WAS ! SPOKESMAN4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! L& QUE/ION WAS A T]RIFY+ SPECT] = ! O!R W+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! RURAL L&[N]S4 ,&1 9 ADDITION1 IT REPRES5T$ AN ATTACK ON ! SACR$ PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 G5]AL1 A T\*Y PO9T = ! 5TIRE PROP]TI$ CLASS4 

,?US1 ON ! V]Y DAY AFT] ! FIR/ VICTORIES ( ! REVOLUTION1 !RE BEGAN AN 9N] /RUGGLE )9 IT OV] ! TWO BURN+ QUE/IONS - PEACE & L&4 ,! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE 5T]$ UPON ! TACTICS ( DRAGG+ \T ?+S & EVAD+ !M4 ,! LABOR+ MASSES1 ! >MY1 ! PEASANTRY1 PRESS$ =W>D EV] MORE IMPETU\SLY4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ) ! QUE/IONS ( PEACE & L&1 ! FATE ( ! POLITICAL DEMOCRACY ( ! REPUBLIC WAS L9K$ UP4 ,! B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 C>RI$ AWAY BY ! FIR/ /ORMY WAVE ( ! REVOLUTION1 HAD P]MITT$ !MSELVES TO BE DRAGG$ ALONG TO ! PO9T ( REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,N[ !Y BEGAN TO SEEK A BASE ( SUPPORT 9 ! RE> & SIL5TLY TO ORGANIZE A C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! ,KAL$9 ,COSSACK CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,PET]SBURG WAS A CLE> EXPRESSION ( ?IS T5D5CY4 ,HAD ! ATTACK BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 !N NOT ONLY ! FATE ( ! PEACE & L& QUE/IONS W\LD HAVE BE5 SEAL$1 BUT ! FATE ( ! REPUBLIC AS WELL4 ,MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 A REIGN ( T]ROR AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 & !N RETURN TO MON>*Y1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS4 

,FROM ?IS WE CAN JUDGE ! UTOPIAN & FUNDAM5TALLY REACTION>Y *>ACT]S ( ! TACTICS BY :I* ! ,RUSSIAN 0,KAUTSKYANS0 OR ,M5%EVIKS P]MITT$ !MSELVES TO BE GUID$4 ,H>D5$ 9 !IR ADDICTION TO ! MY? ( ! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - = ! TIME BE+1 Y\ SEE1 ,RUSSIA IS NOT SUPPOS$ TO BE RIPE = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 - !Y CLUNG DESP]ATELY TO A COALITION ) ! B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS4 ,BUT ?IS MEANS A UNION ( ELEM5TS :I* HAD BE5 SPLIT BY ! NATURAL 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION & HAD COME 9TO ! %>PE/ CONFLICT ) EA* O!R4 ,! ,AXELRODS & ,DANS WANT$ TO COLLABORATE AT ALL CO/S ) ?OSE CLASSES & P>TIES FROM :I* CAME ! GREATE/ ?REAT ( DANG] TO ! REVOLUTION & TO ITS FIR/ CONQUE/1 DEMOCRACY4 

,IT IS ESPECIALLY A/ONI%+ TO OBS]VE H[ ?IS 9DU/RI\S MAN 7,KAUTSKY71 BY HIS TIRELESS LABOR ( PEACEFUL & ME?ODICAL WRIT+ DUR+ ! F\R YE>S ( ! ,WORLD ,W>1 HAS TORN ONE HOLE AFT] ANO!R 9 ! FABRIC ( SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS A LABOR FROM :I* SOCIALISM EM]GES RIDDL$ LIKE A SIEVE1 )\T A :OLE SPOT LEFT 9 IT4 ,! UNCRITICAL 9DIFF]5CE ) :I* HIS FOLL[]S REG>D$ ?IS 9DU/RI\S LABOR ( !IR (FICIAL !ORETICIAN & SWALL[ EA* ( HIS NEW DISCOV]IES )\T SO MU* AS BATT+ AN EYELA%1 F9DS ITS ONLY C\NT]P>T 9 ! 9DIFF]5CE ) :I* ! FOLL[]S ( ,S*EIDEMANN & ,CO4 LOOK ON :ILE ! LATT] PUN* SOCIALISM FULL ( HOLES 9 PRACTICE4 ,9DE$1 ! TWO LABORS COMPLETELY SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 ,KAUTSKY1 ! (FICIAL GU>DIAN ( ! TEMPLE ( ,M>XISM1 HAS REALLY ONLY BE5 DO+ 9 !ORY ! SAME ?+S :I* ! ,S*EIDEMANNS HAVE BE5 DO+ 9 PRACTICE1 NAMELY3 7#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE2 7#b7 DIS>MAM5T1 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & NATIONALISM2 & F9ALLY 7#c7 DEMOCRACY NOT SOCIALISM4.<#b.> 

,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! ,BOL%EVIK T5D5CY P]=MS ! HI/ORIC S]VICE ( HAV+ PROCLAIM$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 & HAV+ FOLL[$ ) IRON CONSI/5CY1 ?OSE TACTICS :I* ALONE C\LD SAVE DEMOCRACY & DRIVE ! REVOLUTION AHEAD4 ,ALL P[] EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK] & PEASANT MASSES1 9 ! H&S ( ! SOVIETS - ?IS WAS 9DE$ ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! DIFFICULTY 9TO :I* ! REVOLUTION HAD GOTT52 ?IS WAS ! SWORD /ROKE ) :I* !Y CUT ! ,GORDIAN KNOT1 FRE$ ! REVOLUTION FROM A N>R[ BL9D-ALLEY & OP5$ UP = IT AN UNTRAMMEL$ PA? 9TO ! FREE & OP5 FIELDS4 

,! P>TY ( ,L59 WAS ?US ! ONLY ONE 9 ,RUSSIA :I* GRASP$ ! TRUE 9T]E/ ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ?AT FIR/ P]IOD4 ,IT WAS ! ELEM5T ?AT DROVE ! REVOLUTION =W>D1 &1 ?US IT WAS ! ONLY P>TY :I* REALLY C>RI$ ON A SOCIALI/ POLICY4 

,IT IS ?IS :I* MAKES CLE>1 TOO1 :Y IT WAS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ?\< !Y W]E AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION A P]SECUT$1 SL&]$ & HUNT$ M9ORITY ATTACK$ ON ALL SIDES1 >RIV$ )9 ! %ORTE/ TIME TO ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION & W]E ABLE TO BR+ UND] !IR BANN] ALL ! G5U9E MASSES ( ! PEOPLE3 ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 ! >MY1 ! PEASANTS1 AS WELL AS ! REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS ( DEMOCRACY1 ! LEFT W+ ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! REAL SITUATION1 9 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITSELF1 N>R[$ D[N 9 A FEW MON?S TO ! ALT]NATIVE3 VICTORY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION OR DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT - ,KAL$9 OR ,L594 ,SU* WAS ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION1 JU/ AS IT QUICKLY PRES5TS ITSELF 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION AFT] ! FIR/ 9TOXICATION IS OV]1 & AS IT PRES5T$ ITSELF 9 ,RUSSIA AS A RESULT ( ! CONCRETE1 BURN+ QUE/IONS ( PEACE & L&1 = :I* !RE WAS NO SOLUTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 

,9 ?IS1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS BUT CONFIRM$ ! BASIC LESSON ( EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION1 ! LAW ( ITS BE+1 :I* DECREES3 EI!R ! REVOLUTION MU/ ADVANCE AT A RAPID1 /ORMY1 RESOLUTE TEMPO1 BREAK D[N ALL B>RI]S ) AN IRON H& & PLACE ITS GOALS EV] F>!R AHEAD1 OR IT IS QUITE SOON ?R[N BACKW>D BEH9D ITS FEEBLE PO9T ( DEP>TURE & SUPPRESS$ BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,TO /& /ILL1 TO M>K TIME ON ONE SPOT1 TO BE CONT5T$ ) ! FIR/ GOAL IT HAPP5S TO REA*1 IS NEV] POSSIBLE 9 REVOLUTION4 ,& HE :O TRIES TO APPLY ! HOME-MADE WISDOM D]IV$ FROM P>LIAM5T>Y BATTLES BETWE5 FROGS & MICE TO ! FIELD ( REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS ONLY %[S !REBY ?AT ! V]Y PSY*OLOGY & LAWS ( EXI/5CE ( REVOLUTION >E ALI5 TO HIM & ?AT ALL HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE IS TO HIM A BOOK SEAL$ ) SEV5 SEALS4 

,TAKE ! C\RSE ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION FROM ITS ONSET 9 #a#f#d#b4 ,!RE ! LOGIC ( ?+S MADE IT NECESS>Y ?AT ! FIR/ FEEBLE VACILLATIONS ( ! ,PRESBYT]IANS1 :OSE LEAD]S DELIB]ATELY EVAD$ A DECISIVE BATTLE ) ,*>LES ,I & VICTORY OV] HIM1 %\LD 9EVITABLY BE REPLAC$ BY ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 :O DROVE !M \T ( ,P>LIAM5T & SEIZ$ ! P[] = !MSELVES4 ,& 9 ! SAME WAY1 )9 ! >MY ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 ! L[] PETTY-B\RGEOIS MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 ! ,LILBURNIAN 0,LEVEL]S0 CON/ITUT$ ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! 5TIRE ,9DEP5D5T MOVEM5T2 JU/ AS1 F9ALLY1 ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS )9 ! MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 ! ELEM5TS ?AT W5T F>!/ 9 !IR ASPIRATIONS = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & :O F\ND !IR EXPRESSION 9 ! ,DIGG] MOVEM5T1 CON/ITUT$ 9 !IR TURN ! LEAV5 ( ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY ( ! 0,LEVEL]S40 

,)\T ! MORAL 9FLU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS ON ! G5]AL MASS ( ! SOLDI]S1 )\T ! PRESSURE ( ! DEMOCRATIC MASS ( ! SOLDI]S UPON ! B\RGEOIS UPP] LAY]S ( ! P>TY ( ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO 0PURGE0 ( ! ,LONG ,P>LIAM5T ( ITS ,PRESBYT]IANS1 NOR ANY VICTORI\S 5D+ TO ! W> ) ! >MY ( ! ,CAVALI]S & ,SCOTS1 OR ANY TRIAL & EXECUTION ( ,*>LES ,I1 NOR ANY ABOLITION ( ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS & PROCLAMATION ( A REPUBLIC4 

,& :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION8 ,H]E1 AFT] F\R YE>S ( /RUGGLE1 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,JACOB9S PROV$ TO BE ! ONLY MEANS ( SAV+ ! CONQUE/S ( ! REVOLUTION1 ( A*IEV+ A REPUBLIC1 ( SMA%+ FEUDALISM1 ( ORGANIZ+ A REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ 9N] AS WELL AS \T] FOES1 ( SUPPRESS+ ! CONSPIRACIES ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION & SPREAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE FROM ,FRANCE TO ALL ,EUROPE4 

,KAUTSKY & HIS ,RUSSIAN CORELIGIONI/S :O WANT$ TO SEE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION KEEP ! 0B\RGEOIS *>ACT]0 ( ITS FIR/ PHASE1 >E AN EXACT C\NT]P>T ( ?OSE ,G]MAN & ,5GLI% LIB]ALS ( ! PREC$+ C5TURY :O DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! TWO WELL-KN[N P]IODS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION3 ! 0GOOD0 REVOLUTION ( ! FIR/ ,GIROND9 PHASE & ! 0BAD0 ONE AFT] ! ,JACOB9 UPRIS+4 ,! ,LIB]AL %ALL[NESS ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 TO BE SURE1 DOESN'T C>E TO UND]/& ?AT1 )\T ! UPRIS+ ( ! 0IMMOD]ATE0 ,JACOB9S1 EV5 ! FIR/1 TIMID & HALF-HE>T$ A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,GIROND9 PHASE W\LD SOON HAVE BE5 BURI$ UND] ! RU9S ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ?AT ! REAL ALT]NATIVE TO ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP - AS ! IRON C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T POS$ ! QUE/ION 9 #agic - WAS NOT 0MOD]ATE0 DEMOCRACY1 BUT 444 RE/ORATION ( ! ,B\RBONS6 ,! 0GOLD5 MEAN0 CANNOT BE MA9TA9$ 9 ANY REVOLUTION4 ,! LAW ( ITS NATURE DEM&S A QUICK DECISION3 EI!R ! LOCOMOTIVE DRIVES =W>D FULL /EAM AHEAD TO ! MO/ EXTREME PO9T ( ! HI/ORICAL ASC5T1 OR IT ROLLS BACK ( ITS [N WEI<T AGA9 TO ! />T+ PO9T AT ! BOTTOM2 & ?OSE :O W\LD KEEP IT ) !IR WEAK P[]S HALF WAY UP ! HILL1 IT DRAGS D[N ) IT IRR$EEMABLY 9TO ! ABYSS4 

,?US IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 EV]Y REVOLUTION ONLY ?AT P>TY CAPABLE ( SEIZ+ ! LEAD]%IP & P[] :I* HAS ! C\RAGE TO ISSUE ! APPROPRIATE WAT*-WORDS = DRIV+ ! REVOLUTION AHEAD1 & ! C\RAGE TO DRAW ALL ! NECESS>Y CONCLUSIONS FROM ! SITUATION4 ,?IS MAKES CLE>1 TOO1 ! MIS]ABLE ROLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,DANS1 ,Z]ETELLIS1 ETC41 :O HAD 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON ! MASSES AT ! BEG9N+1 BUT1 AFT] !IR PROLONG$ WAV]+ & AFT] !Y HAD F\<T ) BO? H&S & FEET AGA9/ TAK+ OV] P[] & RESPONSIBILITY1 W]E DRIV5 IGNOBLY (F ! /AGE4 

,! P>TY ( ,L59 WAS ! ONLY ONE :I* GRASP$ ! M&ATE & DUTY ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y P>TY & :I*1 BY ! SLOGAN - 0,ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY0 - 9SUR$ ! CONT9U$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,!REBY ! ,BOL%EVIKS SOLV$ ! FAM\S PROBLEM ( 0W9N+ A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE10 :I* PROBLEM HAS EV] WEI<$ ON ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY LIKE A NI<TM>E4 ,AS BR$-9-!-BONE DISCIPLES ( P>LIAM5T>Y CRET9ISM1.<#c.> !SE ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS HAVE S\<T TO APPLY TO REVOLUTIONS ! HOME-MADE WISDOM ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y NURS]Y3 9 ORD] TO C>RY ANY?+1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ HAVE A MAJORITY4 ,! SAME1 !Y SAY1 APPLIES TO A REVOLUTION3 FIR/ LET'S BECOME A 0MAJORITY40 ,! TRUE DIALECTIC ( REVOLUTIONS1 H[EV]1 /&S ?IS WISDOM ( P>LIAM5T>Y MOLES ON ITS HEAD3 NOT ?R\< A MAJORITY1 BUT ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS TO A MAJORITY - ?AT'S ! WAY ! ROAD RUNS4 

,ONLY A P>TY :I* KN[S H[ TO LEAD1 ?AT IS1 TO ADVANCE ?+S1 W9S SUPPORT 9 /ORMY TIMES4 ,! DET]M9ATION ) :I*1 AT ! DECISIVE MOM5T1 ,L59 & HIS COMRADES (F]$ ! ONLY SOLUTION :I* C\LD ADVANCE ?+S 70ALL P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY071 TRANS=M$ !M ALMO/ OV]NI<T FROM A P]SECUT$1 SL&]$1 \TLAW$ M9ORITY :OSE LEAD] HAD TO HID LIKE ,M>AT 9 CELL>S1 9TO ! ABSOLUTE MA/] ( ! SITUATION4 

,MOREOV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS IMM$IATELY SET AS ! AIM ( ?IS SEIZURE ( P[] A COMPLETE1 F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM2 NOT ! SAFEGU>D+ ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 BUT A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! PURPOSE ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM4 ,!REBY !Y WON = !MSELVES ! IMP]I%ABLE HI/ORIC DI/9CTION ( HAV+ = ! FIR/ TIME PROCLAIM$ ! F9AL AIM ( SOCIALISM AS ! DIRECT PROGRAM ( PRACTICAL POLITICS4 

,:ATEV] A P>TY C\LD (F] ( C\RAGE1 REVOLUTION>Y F>-SI<T$NESS & CONSI/5CY 9 AN HI/ORIC H\R1 ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ALL ! O!R COMRADES HAVE GIV5 9 GOOD MEASURE4 ,ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y HONOR & CAPACITY :I* WE/]N ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY LACK$ WAS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!IR ,OCTOB] UPRIS+ WAS NOT ONLY ! ACTUAL SALVATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION2 IT WAS ALSO ! SALVATION ( ! HONOR ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 

,FOOTNOTES 

.<#a.> ,DUR+ ! W> ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DIVID$ 9TO ?REE FACTIONS3 ! MAJORITY LEAD]%IP1 :I* OP5LY SUPPORT$ & 5T]$ 9TO ! ,IMP]IAL GOV]NM5T2 ! ,KAUTSKY SECTION1 :I* DECL9$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONDUCT ( ! W> BUT SUPPLI$ MANY ( ! !ORETICAL >GUM5TS = ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ SU* RESPONSIBILITY2 & ! SECTION L$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 :I* OP5LY OPPOS$ ! W> & C\NT]POS$ 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO IT4 

.<#b.> ,H]E1 AS AT V>I\S PO9TS 9 ! MANUSCRIPT1 ! PASSAGE IS /ILL 9 ! =M ( R\< NOTATIONS :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 9T5D$ TO COMPLETE LAT]4 ,H] MURD] BY MILIT>Y AG5TS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC COALITION GOV]NM5T PREV5T$ H] FROM COMPLET+ & REVIS+ ! WORK4 ,! EXPRESSION1 0! ,9T]NATIONAL AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE0 REF]S TO ! EXCUSES ,KAUTSKY GAVE = ITS BANKRUPTCY DUR+ ! W> 70AN 9/RUM5T ( PEACE IS NOT SUIT$ TO TIMES ( W>074 ,IT PROBABLY REF]S ALSO TO ! !ORY ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BE+ PEACEFUL1 IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,KAUTSKY SUB/ITUT$ UTOPIAN TALK ( DIS>MAM5T 7)\T ! REMOVAL ( ! CAUSES & ROOTS ( W>67 = A REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ W>4 ,HE PROVID$ APOLOGETICS = ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BANI%$ W> FROM ! WORLD1 & HE JU/IFI$ SOCIALI/S :O AB&ON$ 9T]NATIONALISM1 SUPPORT$ !IR [N GOV]NM5TS & RUL+ CLASSES1 & BECAME 9 !ORY & PRACTICE NATIONALI/S 9/EAD ( 9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,:5 ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM BEGAN 9 E>NE/1 ! ,S*EIDEMANNS DEF5D$ CAPITALISM AGA9/ SOCIALISM 9 PRACTICE1 :ILE ,KAUTSKY DID SO 9 !ORY BY EXPLA9+ ?AT CAPITALI/ 0DEMOCRACY0 WAS DEMOCRACY 9 ! AB/RACT1 & ?AT !Y W]E DEF5D+ 0DEMOCRACY40 ,H5CE ! ?IRD PO9T MEANS3 ! ADVOCACY ( DEMOCRACY AS AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

,! PASSAGE 9 SLI<TLY EXP&$ =M MI<T READ SOME?+ AS FOLL[S3 

7#a7 ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS AN 9/RUM5T = PEACE-TIME ONLY & = ! MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE2 7#b7 ADVOCACY ( ! DOCTR9ES ( DIS>MAM5T1 APOLOGETICS = ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & NATIONALISM AGA9/ 9T]NATIONALISM2 7#c7 & ! ADVOCACY ( 0DEMOCRACY0 AS AGA9/ SOCIALISM4 

.<#c.> ,A T]M FIR/ APPLI$ BY ,M>X TO ?OSE P>LIAM5T>IANS :O ?9K ?AT ALL HI/ORY IS DECID$ BY MOTIONS1 VOTES & PO9TS ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATE4 

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