,! ,RUSSIAN ,C\NT]REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,S9CE ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 AN>*I/S HAVE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! KEY TO LIB]ATION IS NOT TO SEIZE ! /ATE BUT TO ABOLI% IT4 ,FROM ,P>IS TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 FROM ,B>CELONA TO ,BEIJ+1 ONE G5]ATION ( REVOLUTION>IES AFT] ANO!R HAS HAD TO LE>N ?IS LESSON ! H>D WAY4 ,%UFFL+ POLITICIANS 9 & \T ( P[] *ANGES NO?+4 ,:AT MATT]S >E ! 9/RUM5TS ( RULE -- ! POLICE1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! C\RTS1 ! PRISON SY/EM1 ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,:E!R IT IS A K+1 A DICTATOR1 OR A ,CONGRESS ?AT DIRECTS !SE 9/RUM5TS1 ! EXP]I5CE ON ! RECEIV+ 5D REMA9S R\<LY ! SAME4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! \TCOME ( ! ,EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION ( #b#a#a-#b#a#c WAS NOT ALL ?AT DIFF]5T FROM ! \TCOME ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a OR ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h-#a#h#e#a4 ,9 EA* CASE1 AS SOON AS ! PEOPLE :O MADE ! REVOLUTION /OPP$ ATTEMPT+ TO C>RY \T SOCIAL *ANGE DIRECTLY & %IFT$ TO 9VE/+ !IR HOPES 9 POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES1 P[] CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A NEW AUTOCRACY4 ,:E!R ! NEW TYRANTS HAIL$ FROM ! MILIT>Y1 ! >I/OCRACY1 OR ! UND]CLASS1 :E!R !Y PROMIS$ TO RE/ORE ORD] OR TO 9C>NATE ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! 5D RESULT WAS R\<LY ! SAME4 

,GOV]NM5T ITSELF IS A CLASS RELATION4 ,Y\ CAN'T ABOLI% CLASS SOCIETY )\T ABOLI%+ ! ASYMMETRY BETWE5 RUL] & RUL$ 4 ,! FIR/ CONDITION = ANY GOV]NM5T IS ?AT IT MU/ A*IEVE A MONOPOLY ON CO]CIVE =CE4 ,9 /RUGGL+ TO A*IEVE ?IS MONOPOLY1 FASCI/ DESPOTISMS1 COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IPS1 & LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES COME TO RESEMBLE EA* O!R4 ,& 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE IT1 EV5 ! MO/ O/5SIBLY RADICAL P>TY MU/ ULTIMATELY COLLUDE ) O!R P[] PLAY]S4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! ,BOL%EVIKS EMPLOY$ CZ>I/ (FIC]S & C\NT]9SURG5CY ME?ODS1 :Y !Y REPEAT$LY TOOK ! SIDE ( ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ AN>*I/S1 FIR/ 9 ,RUSSIA & LAT] 9 ,SPA9 & ELSE:]E4 ,HI/ORY GIVES ! LIE TO ! OLD ALIBI ?AT ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION WAS NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM4 ,! PROBLEM ) ,BOL%EVISM WAS NOT ?AT IT US$ BRUTAL =CE TO PU% ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA1 BUT ?AT IT US$ BRUTAL =CE TO CRU% IT4 

,IT'S NOT P>TICUL>LY POPUL> TO ACKN[L$GE ANY ( ?IS TODAY1 :5 ! FLAG ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BECOME A DIM1 REC$+ SCRE5 ONTO :I* PEOPLE CAN PROJECT :ATEV] !Y WI%4 ,A G5]ATION ?AT GREW UP AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS R5EW$ ! PIPE DREAM ?AT ! /ATE C\LD SOLVE ALL \R PROBLEMS IF ! RI<T PEOPLE W]E 9 *>GE4 ,APOLOGI/S = ,L59 & ,/AL9 MAKE EXACTLY ! SAME EXCUSES = !M ?AT WE HE> FROM ! PROPON5TS ( CAPITALISM1 PO9T+ TO ! WAYS CONSUM]S B5EFITT$ UND] !IR REIGN OR >GU+ ?AT ! MILLIONS !Y EXPLOIT$1 IMPRISON$1 & KILL$ HAD IT COM+4 

,9 ANY CASE1 A RETURN TO #b? C5TURY /ATE SOCIALISM IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS ! OLD ,EA/]N ,BLOC JOKE GOES1 SOCIALISM IS ! PA9FUL TRANSITION BETWE5 CAPITALISM & CAPITALISM4 ,FROM ?IS VANTAGE PO9T1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! TEMPOR>Y ASC5DANCY ( SOCIALISM 9 ! #b? C5TURY WAS NOT ! CULM9ATION ( WORLD HI/ORY =ETOLD BY ,M>X1 BUT A /AGE 9 ! SPREAD & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 0,REAL EXI/+ SOCIALISM0 S]V$ TO 9DU/RIALIZE PO/-FEUDAL ECONOMIES = ! WORLD M>KET2 IT /ABILIZ$ RE/LESS WORK=CES ?R\< ?IS TRANSITION ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ,=DI/ COMPROMISE DID 9 ! ,WE/4 ,/ATE SOCIALISM & ,=DISM W]E BO? EXPRESSIONS ( A TEMPOR>Y TRUCE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL ?AT NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION HAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,UNFETT]$ FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM IS AB\T TO SWALL[ UP ! LA/ ISL&S ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /ABILITY1 LIKE ,SW$5 & ,FRANCE4 

,! FUTURE MAY HOLD NEOLIB]AL IMMIS]ATION1 NATIONALI/ 5CLAVES1 TOTALIT>IAN COMM& ECONOMIES1 OR ! AN>*I/ ABOLITION ( PROP]TY ITSELF--OR ALL ( ?OSE--BUT IT WILL BE 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO PRES]VE ! ILLUSION ?AT ANY GOV]NM5T C\LD SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( CAPITALISM = ANY BUT A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,FASCI/S & O!R NATIONALI/S >E EAG] TO CAPITALIZE ON ?IS DISILLUSIONM5T TO ADVANCE !IR [N BR&S ( EXCLUSIVE SOCIALISM2 WE %\LD NOT SMOO? ! WAY = !M BY LEGITIMIZ+ ! IDEA ?AT ! /ATE C\LD S]VE WORK+ PEOPLE IF ONLY IT W]E PROP]LY ADM9I/]$4 

,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT WE %\LD SUSP5D CONFLICTS ) PROPON5TS ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM 9 ORD] TO FOCUS ON MORE IMM$IATE ?REATS1 SU* AS FASCISM4 ,YET WIDESPREAD FE> ( LEFT TOTALIT>IANISM HAS GIV5 FASCI/ RECRUIT]S !IR *IEF TALK+ PO9TS4 ,9 ! CONTE/ = ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ?OSE :O HAVE NOT YET *OS5 A SIDE1 IT C\LD ONLY HELP TO DI/+UI% \R PROPOSALS = SOCIAL *ANGE FROM ! ONES ADVANC$ BY ,/AL9I/S & O!R AU?ORIT>IANS4 

,)9 POPUL> /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 /ATE OPPRESSION1 & FASCISM1 WE %\LD GRANT EQUAL WEI<T TO ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 DIFF]5T VISIONS ( ! FUTURE4 ,NOT DO+ SO MEANS ASSUM+ DEFEAT 9 ADVANCE4 ,AN>*I/S1 ,M5%EVIKS1 ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES1 & O!RS LE>N$ ?IS ! H>D WAY AFT] #a#i#a#g4 

,! GOOD NEWS IS ?AT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS DON'T HAVE TO 5D ! WAY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION DID4 ,!RE IS ANO!R WAY4 ,RA!R ?AN SEEK+ /ATE P[]1 WE CAN OP5 UP SPACES ( AUTONOMY1 /RIPP+ LEGITIMACY FROM ! /ATE & BUILD+ ! CAPACITY TO MEET \R NE$S DIRECTLY4 ,9/EAD ( DICTATOR%IPS & >MIES1 WE CAN CREATE GRASSROOTS NETWORKS TO DEF5D \RSELVES AGA9/ ANYONE :O WANTS TO WIELD P[] OV] US4 ,RA!R ?AN LOOK+ TO NEW REPRES5TATIVES1 WE CAN CREATE HORIZONTAL NETWORKS ( COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID4 ,?IS IS ! AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE1 :I* W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ,SPA9 9 ! #a#i#cS HAD IT NOT BE5 /OMP$ \T BY ,FRANCO ON ONE SIDE & ,/AL9 ON ! O!R4 ,FROM ,*IAPAS & ,KABYLIA TO ,A!NS & ,ROJAVA1 ALL ( ! 9SPIR+ MOVEM5TS & UPRIS+S ( ! PA/ ?REE DECADES HAVE 9CORPORAT$ ELEM5TS ( ! AN>*I/ MODEL4 

,AS ! CRISES ( \R ]A 9T5SIFY1 MORE REVOLUTIONS >E B\ND TO BREAK \T4 ,AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY PROPOSITION = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ?AT HAS NOT SULLI$ ITSELF 9 A SEA ( BLOOD4 ,IT'S UP TO US TO UPDATE IT = ! NEW MILL5NIUM1 LE/ WE BE CONDEMN$ TO REPEAT ! PA/4 

,?IS BOOK BR+S TOGE!R TWO TEXTS PUBLI%$ ON ! #a-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,! FIR/ P>T1 0,! ,BOL%EVIK ,C\NT]REVOLUTION10 ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 9 ,CATALUNYA1.<#a.> :]E \TRAGE AB\T ! ,/AL9I/ BETRAYAL ( ! #aicf REVOLUTION /ILL SIMM]S4 ,AN ADMITT$LY P>TISAN & CURSORY OV]VIEW1 IT HAS ! VIRTUE ( SUMM>IZ+ A VA/ SUBJECT4.<#b.> 

,! SECOND P>T1 0,RE/LESS ,SPECT]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,DEAD10 IS \R [N COLLECTION1 ?\< WE [E ! S*OL>%IP TO \R PR$ECESSORS4 ,WE KNEEL1 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 ON ! %\LD]S ( GIANTS4 

,TOGE!R1 !Y (F] A BRIEF SURVEY ( A C5TURY-OLD CATA/ROPHE ?AT IS /ILL IMPACT+ \R /RUGGLES TODAY4 

,P>T ,ONE3 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,C\NT]REVOLUTION 

  
,A ,PR$ICTABLE ,DISA/] 

  

,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y DRIFT ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS PR$ICTABLE4 ,BAKUN9 =ESAW JU/ H[ A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD QUICKLY TURN 9TO YET ANO!R DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 #e YE>S BE=E IT OCCURR$4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 MANY O!R ANTI-CAPITALI/S >RIV$ AT ! SAME CONCLUSION4 ,IT WAS A PRETTY SAFE BET1 CONSID]+ H[ ! LEAD]S ( ! NEW DICTATOR%IP F\ND !IR 9SPIRATION 9 ANO!R C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FIGURE1 ,K>L ,M>X4 

,WE DON'T MAKE ?IS ASS]TION LI<TLY1 D5\NC+ AS 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y0 A P]SON :O1 BEYOND ANY D\BT1 WAS IMPORTANT 9 ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES4 ,WE W\LDN'T EV] TAKE SU* A /EP OV] SIMPLE DISAGREEM5TS 9 !ORETICAL MATT]S4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] A PA9/AK+ SURVEY ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,M>X'SACTION/HAT WE >RIVE AT ?IS CONCLUSION4 

,M>X IMPLANT$ COLONIAL & :ITE SUPREMACI/ ATTITUDES 9 ! HE>T ( ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T1 & HE BROKE ! AUTONOMY ( ?IS MOVEM5T SO COMPLETELY ?AT #ae YE>S LAT] WE /ILL HAV5'T RECOV]$4 

,TO NAME A S+LE EXAMPLE1 ,M>X CELEBRAT$ ! ,U,S CONQUE/ ( ,MEXICO1 US+ OP5LY RACI/ T]MS TO CONTRA/ ! 05]GETIC0 ,YANKEES ) ! LAZY & 0PRIMITIVE0 ,MEXICANS4 ,HIS IDEA ( DIALECTICAL PROGRESS %>$ ! ELEM5T ( :ITE SUPREMACY ) ! LIB]ALISM ( ! DAY4 ,HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,WE/]N NATIONS W]E ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! WORLD & ?AT ALL ! O!R PEOPLES W\LD HAVE TO EMULATE ,EUROPE & FOLL[ ! SAME PA? TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES4 ,AS SU*1 HE WAS AN UNAPOLOGETIC DEF5D] ( COLONIALISM1 :I* HE RECOGNIZ$ AS AN EX]CISE ( CAPITALI/ VIOL5CE1 BUT :I* HE ALSO BELIEV$ WAS VITAL TO ! PROGRESS ( 0PRIMITIVE0 PEOPLES4 

,AP>T FROM HIS RACISM1 ,M>X WAS AN AU?ORIT>IAN COMPLICIT ) B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONE ( ! /RONGE/ FEATURES ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS ITS AUTONOMY4 ,IT WAS A MOVEM5T BUILT BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES & )9 IT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CLASS 5EMY HAD NO PLACE4 ,M>X RU9$ ALL ?AT ) HIS OB/9ATE 9SI/5CE ?AT 9 ORD] TO W91 ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY--A !ORY :I* HI/ORY HAS TORN TO %R$S1 A !ORY ?AT PR$ICT$ ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS W\LD OCCUR 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,U,K1 DEF9ITELY NOT 9 ,RUSSIA OR ,SPA9--! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO ADOPT ! POLITICAL =MS ( ITS 5EMY1 ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9 POLITICAL P>TIES & 5T]+ ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 ! P>LIAM5TS :]E MON>*I/S & CAPITALI/S /RUGGL$ = CONTROL ( A P[] BAS$ SOLELY 9 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 A P[] ?AT C\LD NOT EV5 EXI/ )\T ! CONT9U$ DOM9ATION ( !SE CLASSES4 

,M>X WAS ACCU/OM$ TO BE+ SUR-R\ND$ BY LACKEYS4 ,:5 HE REALIZ$ ?AT !RE W]E 9DEP5D5T M9DS & CONTR>Y OP9IONS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] HIS P]SONAL FAN CLUB1 HE CONSPIR$ & MADE USE ( ALL ! DIRTY TRICKS ?AT HAVE S9CE BECOME WELL-KN[N ME?ODS ( MANIPULAT+ ASSEM-BLIES 9 ORD] TO KICK \T ALL ?OSE :O DIFF]$ ) HIM & :O OPPOS$ ! OBVI\SLY ]RONE\S TACTIC ( CREAT+ POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?IS WAS NOT M]ELY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO POSITIONS1 ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/1 NOR WAS IT A DUEL BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN94 ,M>X EXCLUD$ NOT ONLY AN>*I/S BUT ANYONE :O DISAGRE$ ) HIM1 9CLUD+ FEM9I/S LIKE ,&RE ,LEO1 P>TICIPANT 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! SPLIT1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BROKE ) ! ,M>XI/ FACTION4 ,MANY PEOPLE :O >E ONLY FAMILI> ) OV]SIMPLIFI$ ACC\NTS C5T]$ ON ,M>X ASSUME ?AT AS SOON AS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E MOV$ TO ,NEW ,YORK1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS EFFECTIVELY F9I%$1 BUT 9 FACT IT WAS ONLY ! SMALL] ,M>XI/ SPL9T] GR\P ?AT IMM$IATELY BECAME MORIBUND4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9U$ ORGANIZ+ TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES = HALF A DECADE MORE1 AS ! ,M>XI/ HI/ORIAN ,/EKLOV WAS =C$ TO REC\NT 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT TOOK FIVE MORE YE>S ( CONT9U\S /ATE REPRESSION TO DE/ROY ! ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ONLY SUCCE$$ BECAUSE ,M>XI/S & O!R /ATI/ ELEM5TS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T REFUS$ TO ACT 9 SOLID>ITY ) G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y LABOR ORGANIZ+4 

,M>X'S CONTROV]SIAL /RATEGY--TO CONV]T ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO A TOOL = 5TRY 9TO B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS VIA SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES--WAS AN EMB>RASS+ FAILURE1 JU/ AS HIS CRITICS PR$ICT$4 ,! NEW P>TIES WA/$ NO TIME 9 SELL+ \T ! WORK+ CLASS TO !IR NEW PR(ESSIONAL COLLEAGUES1 ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,M>X'S *IEF HEIRS1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY1 S5T ! WORK+ CLASS (F TO ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SLAU<T]H\SE ?AT WAS ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,L593 ,BUT*] ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 

  

,FROM E>LY ON1 ,L59 WAS A LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 70MAJORITY07 FACTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 :I* W\LD LAT] BECOME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4.<#c.> 

,HE WAS AN 9TELLECTUAL FROM A B\RGEOIS FAMILY :O NEV] /OPP$ PLAY+ ! ROLE ( MANAG]4 ,WE CAN'T D5Y ?AT A P]SON DOESN'T *OOSE :]E !Y >E BORN1 & CAN DECIDE TO R5\NCE !IR PRIVILEGE & FI<T ALONGSIDE ! OPPRESS$4 ,BUT ,L59 WAS ! >*ITECT ( A PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE ?AT W\LD BE DIRECT$ BY HIS CLASS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DICTATOR%IP ( 9TELLECTUALS & BUREAUCRATS OPPRESS+ ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES4 

,L59 NEV] AB&ON$ HIS CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,HE CALL$ ON ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO RISE UP = ! SAME REASON ?AT DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION HE APPROPRIAT$ AN>*I/ DISC\RSES 79 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SC&ALIZ$ ! MEMB]S ( HIS [N P>TY :O DIDN'T UND]/& ?AT ! TEXT WAS SIMPLY A MANIPULATIVE ATTEMPT TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES & AN ALLIANCE ) ! AN>*I/S1 :O CON/ITUT$ A KEY =CE 9 ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION74 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS CALCULAT$ TO MOTIVATE ! MASSES TO S]VE AS CANNON FODD] = HIS AMBITIONS4 

,L59 WAS EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ,M>X4 ,AS ! LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE MANEUV]$ TO EXPEL ! ,M5%EVIKS1 ,BOGDANOVI/S1 & O!R CURR5TS FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,HE DIFF]$ ) ! =M] BECAUSE !Y FAVOR$ FRE$OM ( OP9ION1 :]EAS HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! 5TIRE ,P>TY MU/ ADH]E TO !IR LEAD]S' DOGMAS & DECISIONS4 ,HE DIFF]$ ) ! LATT] SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T$ A ?REAT TO HIS CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY4 ,HE ALLEG$ ?AT ,BOGDANOV WASN'T AN OR?ODOX ,M>XI/1 BUT NEI!R WAS ,L592 = YE>S1 HE HAD APPROPRIAT$ ! IDEA ( ! AN>*I/S & ! ES]Y 7,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES OR ,S,RS7 ?AT A REVOLUTION C\LD BE MADE 9 ,RUSSIA )\T PASS+ ?R\< A CON/ITUTIONAL P]IOD4 

,ON ! EVE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,L59 WAS 9 CONTACT ) ! SECRET POLICE ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?ANKS TO !M ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA AMID ! TUMULT ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!Y ALSO GAVE F9ANCIAL AID TO HIS ,P>TY4 ,9 EX*ANGE1 !Y EXPECT$ ,L59 TO PULL ,RUSSIA \T ( ! W>1 FREE+ UP ! ,G]MANS' EA/]N FRONT4 

,9 ! 5D1 ,L59 WAS MORE FAI?FUL TO ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S ?AN TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,EV5 ?\< MANY O!R ,BOL%EVIKS W]E HORRIFI$ BY HIS PROPOS$ COLLABORATION ) ,G]MANY1 ! DICTATOR%IP ?AT ,L59 HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ )9 HIS ,P>TY PREVAIL$4 ,)\T CONSULT+ ! ,POLI% & ,UKRA9IAN PEOPLES1 HI/ORICALLY OCCUPI$ BY ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ,L59 C$$ ?OSE T]RITORIES TO ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S ALONG ) A HUGE B\NTY 9 MONEY & RAW MAT]IALS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SLAU<T] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ON ! ,WE/]N FRONT4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! ,L59I/ OR ,TROTSKYI/ V]SION1 :I* ATTRIBUTES ALL ! BRUTALITY ( ! ,U,S,S,R TO ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 ! BLOODY REPRESSION ( ! WORK] & PEASANT CLASSES & ! EF=T TO REBUILD CAPITALISM BEGAN 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! DICTATOR%IP :5 ,L59 WAS /ILL 9 *>GE4 

,TIMEL9E3 ,A ,REVOLUTION ,D]AIL$ 

  

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag RESULT$ 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T IMMOBILIZ$ BY ! UNREALI/IC ATTEMPT TO RE=M ! OLD REGIME :ILE PROTECT+ DOM9ANT 9T]E/S4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 7:I* BEGAN ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 ACCORD+ TO ! MOD]N CAL5D>71 WAS SUPPOS$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE & >I/OCRATS & ALL[ ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY VIA ! SOVIETS 1 ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & SOLDI]S1 :I* HAD APPE>$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION & REEM]G$ ) ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 #a#i#a#g1! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR ALLIES ROSE UP 9 ,PETROGRAD1 BEG9N+ ! SECOND REVOLUTION4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 A DETA*M5T ( AN>*I/ SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT1 L$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,ZHELEZNIAKOV & 9 COORD9ATION ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 CAPTUR$ ! ,W9T] ,PALACE1 ABOLI%+ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! SAME ,ZHELEZNIAKOV WAS ALSO *OS5 TO LEAD A DETA*M5T ?AT SEIZ$ & ABOLI%$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,HE L$ A FLOTILLA & !N AN >MOR$ TRA9 BATTALION AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,AL?\< HE PROTE/$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS' IMPOSITION ( HI]>*ICAL MEASURES & ! RE/ORATION ( CZ>I/ (FIC]S )9 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 HE WAS TOO VALU-ABLE AS A MILIT>Y /RATEGI/ TO CA/ ASIDE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9VIT$ HIM TO REJO9 !M--HE HAD GONE TO ,CRIMEA TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,:ITES 9 AN AUTONOM\S =MATION--& !Y ASSIGN$ HIM ! COMM& ( ! >MOR$ TRA9 CAMPAIGN TO HALT ! ADVANCE ( ! ,:ITE ,G5]AL1 ,D5IK94 ,HE DI$ 9 COMBAT 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT COORD9ATE ) AN>*I/S \T ( A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y SY/EMATICALLY ASSIGN$ AN>*I/S ! MO/ DANG]\S ROLES SO ?AT !Y W\LD ASSUME ! PHYSICAL & POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES IF ?+S W5T POORLY4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( A TEMPOR>Y MAJORITY !Y HAD 9 ! ,SECOND ,PAN-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ?ANKS TO ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! O!R P>TIES AFT] ! C\P AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ABLE PROPAG&A1 & !IR POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL PR(ILE 7!Y DIDN'T REPRES5T A MAJORITY )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT !Y DID GET A MAJORITY ( *OS5 DELEGATES74 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS1 !Y CONV]T$ ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 9TO A L>GELY 9DEP5D5T GOV]NM5T ORGAN /&+ OV] ! SOVIETS4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ! ,COMMITTEE HAD BE5 AN ORGAN DEVOID ( /ATE P[] ?AT WAS ONLY SUPPOS$ TO GIVE CONT9UITY TO ! TASKS ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS' MANEUV] TURN$ IT 9TO ! EXECUTIVE P[] ( A NEW /ATE4 ,& ?IS ,COMMITTEE1 =M$ BY DELEGATES ELECT$ BY DELEGATES ELECT$ BY DELEGATES 7! ?REE LAY]S ( REPRES5TATION W]E ! LOCAL SOVIETS1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE7 WAS CONTROLL$--9EVITABLY--NOT BY ! PEOPLE BUT BY ! MO/ ,MA*IAVELLIAN & OPPORTUNI/IC BUREAUCRATS1 :I* IS TO SAY3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! ,P>TY UND] ,L59'S 9TRANSIG5T DICTATOR%IP HAD ! NEW ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE =M ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 OR ,SOVN>KOM1 :I* QUICKLY BECAME ! SUPREME AU?ORITY ( ! NEW /ATE1 9 *>GE ( REORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY & ADM9I/]+ /ATE AFFAIRS4 ,& ITS *AIRMAN WAS--:AT A SURPRISE--,L596 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT HONOR ANY ( ! O!R DECISIONS ( ! ,SECOND ,PAN-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! 5TIRE OPPORTUNI/IC PROGRAM !Y HAD US$ TO ATTA9 A MAJORITY ( DELEGATES--! AGR>IAN PROGRAM1 ! PROPOSAL = SEEK+ A DIGNIFI$ )DRAWAL FROM ! W>1 ! DECISION TO CREATE A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,N[ ?AT !Y HAD CREAT$ ! BUREAUCRATIC LAY]S CAPABLE ( LEGITIMAT+ !IR DICTATOR%IP1 !Y NO LONG] HAD TO FI<T = ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS W\LD DO LITTLE MORE ?AN RUBB] /AMP ! DECISIONS ( ! ,SOVN>KOM4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ ! ,*EKA1 ! SECRET POLICE1 :O DIRECT$ !IR ACTIVITY AGA9/ O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,! ,*EKA W]E L$ BY ,DZ]ZH9SKY1 A ,POLI% >I/OCRAT4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO NEGOTIATE ) ,G]MANY & ! O!R ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 >ROGAT+ ! AU?ORITY TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ! PEOPLES OCCUPI$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS C>RI$ \T !IR FIR/ OP]ATION ( POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,! ,*EKA >RE/$ A SMALL GR\P ( ,S,RS1 O/5SIBLE ALLIES1 9CLUD+ A DELEGATE ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :O =M$ A P>T ( ! OPPOSITION4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AB&ON$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & OR*E/RAT$ ITS SUPPRESSION1 TOGE!R ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,:]EAS ! AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! ,ASSEMBLY AS A B\RGEOIS ORGAN ?AT C\NT]-ACT$ ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD DEM&$ ! CREATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION & !Y HAD /OOD 9 ! ELECTIONS4 ,!Y ONLY TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,ASSEMBLY ONCE !Y W]E UNABLE TO W9 A MAJORITY4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SIGN$ A HUMILIAT+ PEACE TREATY ) ,G]MANY ?AT W5T AGA9/ ALL ! WORK+ CLASS PROPOSALS = 5D+ ! W>4 ,!Y PAID A MASSIVE W> COMP5SATION & C$$ CONTROL OV] V>I\S NATIONS PREVI\SLY UND] CZ>I/ DOM9ATION 79 EFFECT1 ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES1 ,POL&1 & ,UKRA9E74 ,9 ,UKRA9E1 ! PEASANTS ORGANIZ$ A GU]RILLA W> & WON MANY BATTLES AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S1 PROV+ ! VIABILITY ( ! PROPOSAL ( AN>*I/S & O!RS = 0NEI!R W> NOR PEACE10 BY :I* !Y MEANT 5D+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> BUT RESI/+ ANY MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y GU]RILLA TACTICS4 ,L59 IMPOS$ HIS REJECTION ( ?IS OPTION1 PROBABLY BECAUSE HE KNEW HIS ELITI/ ,P>TY W\LD BE 9CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ A DEC5TRALIZ$ GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN4 ,HE PREF]R$ ! DEFEAT & OCCUPATION ( ,UKRA9E OV] AN UNCONTROLL$ REVOLUTION4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,S,RS1 AN IMPORT-ANT ALLY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 DECL>$ ?AT ! LATT] W]E ,G]MAN PROXIES & LEFT ! GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 ! ,*EKA BEGAN ITS FIR/ EXTRA-JUDICIAL EXECUTIONS 9 AN OP]ATION AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! OP]ATION1 !Y HAD EXECUT$ #h )\T TRIALS4 ,!IR RHETORIC WAS TO ATTACK 0CLASS 5EMIES10 BUT !IR SECRET ORD]S W]E TO LIQUIDATE ALL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! TWO PR9CIPAL CITIES4 

,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ATTACK$ #bf AN>*I/ C5T]S 9 ,MOSC[1 KILL+ DOZ5S & >RE/+ #e4 ,?REAT5$ BY ! DRAMATIC GR[? ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,MOSC[1 ,TROTSKY & ! ,BOL%EVIK PRESS HAD C>RI$ \T A M$IA CAMPAIGN 9 COLLABORATION ) ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE1 ACCUS+ VET]AN REVOLUTION>IES ( BE+ 0B&ITS0 & 0CRIM9ALS0 = EXPROPRIAT+ B\RGEOIS PROP]TIES1 EV5 ?\< !SE W]E PUT TO ! USE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 ,TROTSKY ABOLI%$ ANY K9D ( WORK] CONTROL OV] ! ,R$ ,>MY1 DE/ROY+ ! PROLET>IAN TRADITION ?AT ALL[$ SOLDI]S TO ELECT !IR (FIC]S & 5JOY REAL EQUALITY4 ,HE RE/OR$ ! OLD HI]>*IES 9 ! >MY--( >I/OCRATIC ORIG9--& COMPLEM5T$ !M ) A NEW IDEOLOGICAL HI]>*Y UPHELD ?R\< ! S9I/] PRES5CE ( ! ,*EKA AT EV]Y LEVEL1 DE/ROY+ ! CAPACITY ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TO FUNCTION AS A BA/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & TURN+ IT 9TO A M]E TOOL ( ! ,P>TY4 

,AS BE=E1 (FIC]S RECEIV$ /ATUS & HI< PAY :ILE ! COMMON SOLDI]S BECAME ?RALLS1 & ANYONE--(FIC] OR SOLDI]--:O SPOKE \T AGA9/ ! REGIME W\LD BE %OT4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ,TROTSKY C>RI$ \T A MASS RECRUITM5T ( (FIC]S FROM ! OLD ,CZ>I/ >MY4 ,UND] ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ION1 ! ,R$ ,>MY BECAME AN >I/OCRATIC >MY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 9ITIATIVE1 9 #aiah #g#e.0 ( ! (FIC]S W]E =M] TS>I/S1 & BY ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT FIGURE HAD CLIMB$ TO #h#c.04 ,RA!R ?AN FOM5T+ LEAD]%IP AMONG ! MASSES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS RETURN$ AU?ORITY TO AN ELITE4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ! PROM95T LEAD]S ( ! AN>*I/ =MATIONS 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>--,M>IA ,NIKI=OVA1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ,FYODOR ,%*USS1 ,OLGA ,T>ATUTA1 ,ANATOLI ,ZHELEZNIAKOV1 ,NOVOSELOV1 ,LUBKOV--W]E *OS5 BY !IR COMRADES ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 & !Y W]E WORK]S OR PEASANTS1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 >I/OCRATS1 & 9TELLIG5TSIA :O DOM9AT$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK CAMP4 ,& !Y W]E AMONG ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKY SUFF]$ ONE DEFEAT AFT] ANO!R1 ,ZHELEZNIAKOV & ,MAKHNO PLAY$ DECISIVE ROLES 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY ,G5]AL ,D5IK94 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS ,MAKHNO & HIS GU]RILLAS :O SEIZ$ ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS1 ! KEY /RON<OLD ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,P59SULA1 ! LOSS ( :I* SPELL$ DEFEAT = ,:ITE ,>MY ,G5]AL ,PYOTR ,WRANGEL4 ,& 9 WIDE SWA?S ( ,SIB]IA1 AN>*I/ GU]RILLA DETA*M5TS1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,LUBKOV & ,NOVOSELOV1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 /OPP+ ! ADVANCE ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY 9 #aiah & #a#i#a#i1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS ! ,R$ ,>MY ?AT %OT !M 9 ! 5D4 

,9 ! SAME MON?1 ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 ! ,P>TY IMPLEM5T$ !IR POLICY ( 0W> COMMUNISM40 ,!RE WAS NO?+ COMMUNI/ AB\T IT2 RA!R1 IT CON/ITUT$ ! ,P>TY'S MONOPOLIZATION ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY4 ,IT WASN'T WORK]S & PEASANTS :O CONTROLL$ ! FACTORIES & ! L&1 BUT BUREAUCRATS RUL+ FROM F>AWAY (FICES4 ,?IS POLICY1 ASIDE FROM ! NATIONALIZATION ( ALL 9DU/RY1 IMPOS$ A /RICT DISCIPL9E ON ! WORK]S1 A WORS5+ ( LABOR CONDITIONS & A L5G!N+ ( ! WORKDAY2 IT TURN$ /RIK+ 9TO AN (F5SE PUNI%ABLE BY FIR+ SQUAD2 IT E/ABLI%$ /ATE CONTROL OV] 9T]NATIONAL COMM]CE2 IT LEGALIZ$ ! =CIBLE APPROPRIATION ( ALL ! PEASANTS' GOODS & PROP]TIES1 ?US 9AUGURAT+ AN AGR>IAN POLICY EV5 H>%] & MORE EXPLOITATIVE ?AN ?AT ( CZ>I/ S]FDOM4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 L$ TO MILLIONS ( DEA?S AMONG ! PEASANTS & PROVOK$ CON/ANT RURAL REBELLIONS AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 

,IT W\LD BE ! NEW >I/OCRATIC ,R$ ,>MY ?AT W\LD CRU% !SE REVOLTS1 JU/ AS DUR+ ! CZ>I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC DICTATOR%IP3 />T+ 9 ! SAME MON?1 ! ,P>TY >ROGAT$ TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO VETO ! DECISIONS ( ANY SOVIET4 

,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#h1 ! LEFT ,S,RS 9ITIAT$ AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 ,!Y W]E DEFEAT$1 ILLEGALIZ$1 & EXPELL$ FROM ! SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5D$ UP ) AN ABSOLUTE MONOPOLY ON /ATE P[] & PROHIBIT$ ! P>TICIPATION ( O!R P>TIES 9 ! SOVIETS4 

,AT SOME PO9T 9 #a#i#a#h1 ACT+ UND] ORD]S FROM ,L591 ! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ !IR FIR/ CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 :I* W\LD GIVE RISE TO ! GULAG SY/EM ?AT CLAIM$ MILLIONS ( LIVES DUR+ ,/AL9'S REIGN4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 ORD]$ ! USE ( 0MASS T]ROR0 AGA9/ A REBELLION 9 ! CITY ( ,NIZHNY ,NOVGOROD & AGA9/ A PEAS-ANT REVOLT 9 ! ,P5ZA REGION4 ,! REBELLIONS W]E PROTE/S AGA9/ ! NEW POLICY ( 0W> COMMUNISM40 ,L59 F\ND$ A LONG ,COMMUNI/ TRADITION ( ACCUS+ ANY CRITIC OR DISSID5T ( BE+ A SECRET RI<T-W+ AG5T 7RA!R HYPOCRITICAL ( HIM1 CONSID]+ HE HAD WORK$ AS AN AG5T ( IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S1 & JU/ ?AT SUMM] HAD P]SONALLY APOLOGIZ$ TO ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T AFT] REVOLUTION>IES HAD ASSASS9AT$ ! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR74 ,HE ORD]$ MASS EXECUTIONS ( ?OSE SUSPECT$ ( DISLOYALTY1 ! EXECUTION ( PRO/ITUTES1 :OM HE BLAM$ = ! LACK ( DISCIPL9E 9 HIS >MY1 & ! EXECUTION ( A HUNDR$ R&OM PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO S5D A MESSAGE SO ?AT 0ALL ! PEOPLE 9 MANY MILES SEE IT1 UND]/&1 & TREMBLE40 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,*EKA W]E ASSIGN$ ! POLICY ( ! 0,R$ ,T]ROR40 ,!Y CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,:ITES & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT IT WAS AN IMM$IATE RESPONSE TO TWO ASSASS9A-TION ATTEMPTS 7ONE SUCCESSFUL7 C>RI$ \T BY LEFT-W+ REVOLUTION>IES--,FANYA ,KAPLAN & ,LEONID ,KANNEGISS]--AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S TO AV5GE !IR REPRESSIVE POLICIES4 ,! 0,R$ ,T]ROR0 WAS CLE>LY A POLICY ( LIQUIDATION AIM$ AT ANY 5EMY OR CRITIC ( ,BOL%EVIK P[]2 !Y !MSELVES DECL>$ 9 !IR NEWSPAP] ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 0,WE MU/ CRU% ! C\NT]REVO-LUTION>Y HYDRA ?R\< MASS T]ROR .<444.> ANYONE :O D>ES SPREAD ! SLI<TE/ RUMOR AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET REGIME WILL BE IMM$IATELY >RE/$ & S5T TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS40 ,9 ! FIR/ TWO MON?S1 !Y KILL$ BETWE5 #a1 & #a#e1 PEOPLE1 MANY ( !M MEMB]S ( O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS4 ,BY #a#i#b#b1 !Y HAD KILL$ AS MANY AS #a4#e MILLION1 SOME ( !M ,:ITES & TS>I/S1 BUT ! GREAT MAJORITY PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 DISSID5TS1 & REVOLUTION>IES4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! ,:ITE ,>MY WAS ! FIR/ TO PRACTICE MASS EXECUTIONS--AGA9/ ,R$ ,>MY PRISON]S--BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION TO ORGANIZE AN UNPREC$5T$ REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL ! O!R CURR5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ?R\<\T A L>GE T]-RITORY 9 S\? ,UKRA9E COMPRIS+ #g MILLION 9HABITANTS1 PRIM>ILY PEASANTS1 LOCALS F\ND$ ! ,VOLNAYA ,T]RITORIYA OR 0,FREE ,T]RITORY10 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON COMMUNES1 FREE & DEC5TRALIZ$ MILITIAS1 L& COLLECTIVIZA-TION )\T 9T]M$I>IES & DIRECT WORK] CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 UNIV]SAL $UCATION BAS$ ON ! MOD]N P$AGOGY ( ,FRANCESC ,F]R] I ,GU>DIA1 & SOVIETS FREE FROM P>TY CONTROL BUT OP5 TO P>TICIPATION FROM ANY CURR5T ( ! WORK] & PEASANT CLASSES & F$]AT$ 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ WAY4 

,! MOVEM5T WAS ROOT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS ?AT HAD F\<T AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN OCCUPI]S TO :OM ,L59 HAD H&$ OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! PEASANT MILITIAS IMME-DIATELY BEGAN HOLD+ ! L9E AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY1 BUT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY KEPT !M FROM RECEIV+ MUNITIONS & FUNCTION+ WEAPONS1 EFFECTIVELY SABOTAG-+ ! FRONT & CAUS+ MANY DEA?S4 ,9 ! RE>GU>D1 ! PEASANTS PREV5T$ ! ,BOL%E-VIKS FROM TAK+ OV] ! REVOLUTION4 

,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ,*EKA CONT9U$ & EXP&$ A POLICY 9ITIAT$ ! YE> BE=E TO EXECUTE ,R$ ,>MY DES]T]S4 ,AS AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 9VOLUNT>Y >MY1 ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS PLAGU$ ) DES]TIONS1 ( :I* !RE W]E MORE ?AN A MILLION 9 A YE>4 ,MANY CONSCRIPT$ SOLDI]S TRI$ TO GO HOME1 & MANY O!RS JO9$ UP ) 0,GRE5 ,>MIES0 ( PEASANTS :O W]E TRY+ TO DEF5D !IR L&S FROM PLUND]+ BY ! ,:ITES OR ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ,UKRA9E1 T5S ( ?\S&S JO9$ UP ) ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY ( ! AN>*I/S4 

,9 CASES ( MASS DES]TION1 ! ,*EKA FELL BACK ON ! TACTIC ( HOLD+ FAMILY MEMB]S HO/AGE & EXECUT+ !M ONE BY ONE UNTIL ! SOLDI]S RETURN$ 7& !N EXECUT+ AN EXEMPL>Y NUMB] ( ! DES]T]S74 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS GRANT$ AN AMNE/Y TO ! ,S,RS4 ,! ,:ITE ,>MY WAS ADVANC+ ON ALL FRONTS1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S DESP]ATELY NE$$ ALLIES 7! PREVI\S ,NOVEMB]1 !Y HAD RE-LEGALIZ$ ! ,M5%EVIKS AFT] !SE DECL>$ !IR SUPPORT = ! GOV]NM5T74 ,:5 ! ,S,RS CAME \T ( CL&E/9ITY & SET UP (FICES 9 ,MOSC[1 ! ,*EKA BEGAN >RE/+ SUCCESSIVE WAVES ( ,S,R LEAD]%IP1 ACCUS+ !M ( CONSPIRACY1 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ! FRACTUR+ & !N DE/RUCTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 

,BETWE5 ,M>* #ab & #a#d1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ! CITY ( ,A/RAKHAN1 ! ,*EKA EXECUT$ BETWE5 #b & #d /RIK+ WORK]S & ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S :O HAD JO9$ !M4 ,MANY W]E ?R[N 9TO ! RIV] ) /ONES TI$ TO !IR NECKS1 :ILE ! RE/ W]E KILL$ BY FIR+ SQUAD4 ,TO GIVE AN IDEA ( ! PRIM>ILY ANTI-WORK] & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SCOPE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S' ACTIVITIES1 DUR+ ! SAME REPRESSIVE CAMPAIGN !Y KILL$ A SIGNIFICANTLY SMALL] NUMB] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BETWE5 #f & #a4 ,! PRIM>Y VICTIMS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E FROM ! POPUL> CLASSES4 

,ON ,M>* #a#f1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,*EKA ASSAULT$ ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY1 :]E />V+ WORK]S HAD BEGUN A /RIKE DEM&+ L>G] FOOD RATIONS1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ! 5D ( ! ,R$ ,T]ROR1 & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! PRIVILEGES HELD BY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S4 #i W]E >RE/$ & #b EXECUT$ )\T TRIAL4 

,! ,*EKA ALSO REPRESS$ /RIKES 9 ! CITIES ( ,OREL1 ,TV]1 ,TULA1 & ,IVANOVO4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! REPRESSION1 ! ,*EKA DEVELOP$ ME?ODS ( TORTURE SURPASS+ ?OSE ( ! ,9QUISITION4 ,!Y SL[LY F$ PRISON]S 9TO OV5S OR VATS ( BOIL+ WAT]1 !Y FLAY$ PRISON]S1 !Y BURI$ PEASANTS ALIVE1 !Y PUT RATS 9 METAL TUBES AGA9/ PRISON]S' BODIES & PUT FLAMES UND] ! TUBES SO ?AT ! RATS W\LD EAT !IR WAY ?R\< ! PRISON]S TO ESCAPE4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN !IR FIR/ ATTEMPT TO ILLEGALIZE & LIQUIDATE ! PEASANT AN>*I/S ( ,UKRA9E FI<T+ ALONGSIDE ,MAKHNO4 ,ALREADY 9 ,MAY1 !Y HAD MADE A FAIL$ ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO4 ,TROTSKY /AT$ ?AT HE PREF]R$ = ALL ( ,UKRA9E TO FALL TO ! ,:ITE ,>MY ?AN TO LEAVE ! AN>*I/S TO C>RY \T !IR ACTIVITY4 ,! CAMPAIGN 9T5SIFI$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,D5IK91 ! ,:ITE LEAD]1 9 ! FALL4 ,! AN>*I/ FI<T]S PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 HIS DEFEAT & AFT]W>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DIDN'T HAVE AS MU* NE$ = AN ALLIANCE ) ! AN>*I/S444 UNTIL ,COMMUNI/ 9COMPET5CE PRODUC$ A NEW ?REAT TO ! ,SOVIET REGIME JU/ ONE YE> LAT]4 

,BETWE5 ,MAY #a & #c1 #a#i#b1 A PEASANT & AN>*I/ 9SURRECTION BROKE \T 9 ! REGIONS ( ,ALTAI & ,TOMSK1 ) ! EV5TUAL P>TICIPATION ( #a1 COMBATANTS4 ,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY1 BUT !IR SUPPORT = DEC5TRALIZ$1 LOCAL CONTROL RAN !M AF\L ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O S\<T TO CRU% ! REBELLION1 ILLEGALIZ+ & DE/ROY+ ! ,ALTAI ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,! RESI/ANCE CONT9U$ UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#b#a4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#b1 WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,TULA W5T ON /RIKE = ! RI<T TO HAVE A DAY (F ON ,SUNDAYS4 ,!Y W]E S5T TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#b1 ! ,TAMBOV PEASANT REBELLION BEGAN :5 A 0REQUISITION+0 SQUAD ( ! ,R$ ,>MY BEAT ! OLD M5 ( A SMALL VILLAGE TO =CE ! 9HABITANTS TO SURR5D] MORE GRA9 TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BY ,OCTOB]1 ! PEASANTS HAD FIELD$ #e1 COMBATANTS TO FI<T ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITY4 ,!Y FUNCTION$ AS AN AUTONOM\S1 SELF-ORGANIZ$ =CE FI<T+ ! ,:ITES & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!RE W]E ALSO SEV]AL VET]AN REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! LEFT ,S,RS :O ROSE TO LEAD]%IP POSITIONS 9 ! REBELLION4 ,BY ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a1 ! UPRIS+ HAD EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE ,SAM>A1 ,A/RAKHAN1 ,S>ATOV1 & P>TS ( ,SIB]IA4 ,) #g1 COMBATANTS1 !Y DEF5D$ !IR T]RITORY FROM ! ,COMMUNI/S UNTIL VICTORIES ON O!R FRONTS 5ABL$ ! DEPLOYM5T ( #a1 ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S4 ,TO CRU% ! REVOLT1 ! ,COMMUNI/S US$ *EMICAL WEAPONS = APPROXIMATELY ?REE MON?S 9 #a#i#b#a1 KILL+ MANY CIVILIANS4 ,!Y S5T #e1 PEASANTS--MO/LY WOM5 & ! ELD]LY--TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS AS HO/AGES4 ,! MAJORITY DI$4 ,BETWE5 ! W>1 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 & ! EXECUTIONS1 ! REGION LO/ SOME #b#d1 9HABITANTS1 ! GREAT MAJORITY PEAS-ANTS & NONCOMBATANTS4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9ITIAT$ A MAJOR CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,MAKHNO'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY 9 ,UKRA9E1 MOBILIZ+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( TROOPS1 MANY ( :I* DES]T$ TO JO9 ! AN>*I/S4 ,! CAMPAIGN BEGAN AS A SURPRISE ATTACK4 ,! DAY AFT] AN>*I/ =CES MANAG$ TO SEIZE ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS1 ! =TIFI$ PASS 9TO ! ,CRIMEAN ,P59SULA :]E ,WRANGEL WAS BAS$1 & :I* ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD BE5 UNABLE TO TAKE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN >RE/+ & EXECUT+ !IR SUPPOS$ ALLIES1 ! AN>*I/S4 ,!IR TREA*]Y BEGAN T5 MON?S ( 9T5SE GU]RILLA W>F>E BE=E ! ,COMMUNI/S F9ALLY CRU%$ ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#b#a1 DELEGATES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SAILORS & WORK]S FROM ! ,KRON/ADT NAVAL BASE PUBLI%$ A DECL>ATION 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! WORK]S ( ,PETROGRAD1 REC5TLY REPRESS$ AFT] GO+ ON /RIKE AGA9/ ! />VATION CONDITIONS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS RESPOND$ ) MORE REPRESSION1 PROVOK+ A REBELLION ON ,KRON/ADT4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REBELS1 LONG RECOGNIZ$ AS ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION1 DEM&$ FREE SOVIETS1 AN 5D TO ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP1 & ! RECOV]Y ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S PR9CIPLES4 ,TROTSKY1 0! BUT*] ( ,KRON/ADT10 L$ A MILIT>Y EXP$ITION ?AT 5D$ ) ! TOTAL SUPPRESSION ( ! SOVIET ON ,M>* #a#i1 ! DAY AFT] ! #e-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY PLAY$ ! ROLE ( ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS1 EXECUT+ MORE ?AN #b PEOPLE4 ,!Y S5T SEV]AL ?\S& MORE TO ! GULAG1 :]E ! MAJORITY DI$4 ,AFT]W>DS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ONLY 9CREAS$4 ,AT ! ,P>TY CONGRESS 9 ,APRIL ( ?AT SAME YE>1 AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN RELAT$ 9 A LETT]1 ,L59 PROMOT$ ! TOTAL LIQUIDATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! SOVIET GOV]NM5T :O HAD ALLI$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ADOPT$ ! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY10 PUTT+ AN 5D TO 0,W> ,COMMUNISM40 ,AS ,L59 HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$1 ! ,N,E,P REPRES5T$ 0/ATE CAPITALISM10 A 0FREE M>KET & CAPITALISM1 BO? SUBJECT TO /ATE CONTROL40 ,! ,N,E,P GAVE RISE TO A NEW SOCIAL CLASS1 ! NEPMANI--M5 ( ! ,N,E,P OR N\VEAUX RI*ES --:O 5RI*$ !MSELVES ?ANKS TO ! NEW CONDITIONS & AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ALL ( !M W]E ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BUREAUCRATS4 ,! ,N,E,P ALSO RESULT$ 9 TREATIES & TRADE RELATIONS ) ! MA9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 />T+ ) ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7#a#i#b#a7 FOLL[$ BY ,G]MANY 7#a#i#b#b71 & !N ! ,U,S & ,FRANCE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AT NO PO9T 9/ALL$ COMMUNISM4 ,!IR FIR/ ]A CON/I-TUT$ A BUREAUCRATIC MONOPOLY BAS$ ON ! HYP]-EXPLOITATION ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :]EAS ! ]A ( ! ,N,E,P CON/ITUT$ A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ) A HI<] DEGREE ( PLANN+ & C5TRALIZATION ?AN ! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,?AT IS1 ! ,COMMUNI/S UNLEA%$ AN 9SANE LEVEL ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS1 DR[N+ WORK] & PEASANT /RUGGLES 9 BLOOD & LEAD1 & 9 ! 5D1 ALL ?AT SACRIFICE DIDN'T S]VE = ANY?+ MORE ?AN E/ABLI%+ CAPITALISM4 ,9 A C\NTRY :]E ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES HAD BE5 UNABLE TO IMPLANT CAPITALISM1 ! ,COMMUNI/S DID1 ?ANKS TO !IR OBSESSION ) HOLD+ P[] AT ANY PRICE4 

,& CONTR>Y TO LAT] LEFTI/ REVISIONISM1 ALL ?IS BRUTALITY & EXPLOITATION WASN'T ,/AL9'S FAULT2 IT />T$ E>LI]1 FROM !IR V]Y FIR/ WEEKS 9 P[] & ALWAYS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS OP]AT$ AS AN 9TELLECTUAL VANGU>D 9DEP5D5T ( ! SOVIETS & ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /RUGGLES4 ,!Y US$ ! SOVIETS AS A TOOL TO CONQU] P[]1 & :5 ! SOVIETS W]E NO LONG] CONV5I5T1 !Y SUPPRESS$ !M1 JU/ AS !Y HAD REPRESS$ ANY EXPRESSION ( POPUL> /RUGGLES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS--A CURR5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 :O W5T ON TO BECOME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--W]E ! PR9CIPAL 9C>NATION ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,U,S,S,R3 ,=CE = ,GLOBAL ,C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ,ACCOMPLICE ( ,FASCISM 

  

,! \TCOME ( O!R PUTATIVELY COMMUNI/ /ATES DEMON/RATES ?AT1 :ILE ,L59'S P>TY WAS ESPECIALLY BLOOD?IR/Y1 ! PROBLEM WAS ! MODEL ITSELF4 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ COMMUNISM ?R\< /ATE P[]1 EA* ATTEMPT AT AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM MANAG$ TO IMPLANT CAPITALISM 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! B\RGEOISIE HADN'T BE5 ABLE TO4 ,*9A1 TODAY1 IS ! L>GE/ CAPITALI/ M>KET 9 ! WORLD & MAY SOON BE ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ON ! PLANET1 AN EVOLUTION AID$ 9 L>GE P>T ?ANKS TO ! 9DU/RIALIZATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION C>RI$ \T UND] ,MAO'S LEAD]%IP4 ,VIETNAM IS FOLL[+ ! SAME PA? ON A SMALL] SCALE4 ,AS = ,CUBA1 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION 7AFT] EXECUT+ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & DISSID5T SOCIALI/S71 ,*E & ,FIDEL AB&ON$ ! PLAN ( CREAT+ TRUE COMMUNISM 9 ORD] TO CON/RUCT A SORT ( EXPORT COLONY ) A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES 7LIKE A ,CO/A ,RICA ) A ,SW$I% GOV]NM5T74 ,!Y MA9TA9$ ! ISL&'S OLD ROLE AS A PRODUC] & EXPORT] ( SUG> = ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET4 

,AS ! FIR/ ( !SE CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 ! ,U,S,S,R /&S \T = ! H>M IT CAUS$ TO ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE4 ,IT'S TRUE ?AT !Y SUPPORT$ MANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 BUT ALWAYS PRIORITIZ+ !IR 9T]E/S ABOVE ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,IT'S SIGNIFICANT ?AT MO/ COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,U,S,S,R ! MOM5T !Y NO LONG] DEP5D$ ON ,SOVIET AID1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,*9A & 9 C]TA9 P]IODS ) ,CUBA4 ,SOVIET 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> DEMON-/RATES H[ BADLY ,SOVIET 0AID0 C\LD DE/ROY A /RUGGLE4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL POLICY ( ! ,COM9T]N CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO PHASES4 ,9 ! FIR/ PHASE1 !Y AIM$ TO EXPORT REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY IF !Y C\LD MONOPOLIZE IT4 ,BETWE5 #aiai & >\ND #a#i#b#f1 ,COM9T]N AG5TS W]E *>G$ ) IMPOS+ ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL OV] ALL WORK] & ANTI-COLONIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y DID ?IS ) FUND+1 05TRYISM0 7IMPLANT+ *>ISMATIC AG5TS :O CLIMB$ ! RANKS 9 A P>TICUL> ORGANIZATION )\T REVEAL+ !IR AFFILIATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY71 ATTACKS AGA9/ NON-,BOL%EVIK CURR5TS1 & O!R TACTICS4 ,ONE PREF]R$ ME?OD WAS TO ORGANIZE APP>5TLY NEUTRAL 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES1 ) FAKE DELEGATES 7!Y SOMETIMES PAID PEOPLE TO ACT AS DELEGATES FROM SUPPOS$LY MASSIVE ORGANIZATIONS ?AT DIDN'T ACTUALLY EXI/71 A SCRIPT & A *OREOGRAPHY 9 ORD] TO APPROVE DECISIONS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE4 

,9 ! CASE ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ,COMMUNI/ DOM9ATION1 ,COM9T]N AG5TS W]E D$ICAT$ TO NEUTRALIZ+ !M VIA FALSE RUMORS1 ! PROVOCATION ( 9T]NAL CONFLICTS1 TURN+ ! AU?ORITIES AGA9/ !M ?R\< SNIT*+1 & EV5 MURD]4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y DE/ROY$ A NUMB] ( WORK]S' MOVEM5TS4 

,9 ! SECOND PHASE1 REPRES5T+ ! TRIUMPH ( ! L9E PROMOT$ BY ,/AL9 & ,BUKH>91 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AB&ON$ ! PRET5SE ( EXPORT+ REVOLUTION & ADOPT$ ! WAT*WORD 0,SOCIALISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY40 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ALL ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE S]V$ ONLY TO PRO-TECT ! GEOPOLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,9 EFFECT1 !RE WASN'T ?AT MU* DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO PHASES4 ,BO? ( !M RESULT$ 9 FAIL$ 9SURRECTIONS & REVOLUTIONS--9 ! FIR/ PHASE1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S' LACK ( SOLID>ITY & OBSESSION ) P[] OB/RUCT$ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & 9 ! SECOND1 BECAUSE ! ,U,S,S,R CONT9U$ 5C\RAG+ UNVIABLE 9SURRECTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES :5 IT MI<T WEAK5 AN 5EMY P[]4 

,= ! FIR/ PHASE1 WE HAVE ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,HAMBURG ,UPRIS+ ( #a#i#b#c4 ,SOVIET LEAD]S LIKE ,TROTSKY W]E PRESSUR+ ! ,K,P,D--! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! /RONGE/ 9 ! WORLD \TSIDE ( ! ,U,S,S,R--TO /AGE AN 9SURRECTION1 BUT ! ,G]MAN LEAD]S ?\<T IT WAS TOO E>LY4 ,DUE TO POOR ORGANIZATION1 ! PLAN WAS 9ITIAT$ ONLY 9 ONE DI/RICT ( ,HAMBURG4 ,! FAIL$ ATTEMPT UNLEA%$ A /RONG REPRESSION & WORS5$ RELATIONS BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY4 

,!RE'S ALSO ! EXAMPLE ( ! FAIL$ REVOLUTION 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,9 #a#i#b#e1 ! ,COM9T]N ORD]$ ! ,9DONESIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO JO9 ) ANTI-COLONIAL BUT NOT ANTI-CAPITALI/ =CES 7!Y IMPOS$ ! SAME /RATEGY 9 ,*9A & ELSE:]E74 ,9 #a#i#b#f1 ! ,COMMUNI/ UNIONS W]E ORD]$ TO SP>K A REVOLUTION1 BUT ! PLAN WAS GRE5 & ! COORD9ATION ) O!R SECTORS ( ! UNIT$ FRONT FAIL$4 ,! REPRESSION CLAIM$ MANY LIVES4 

,( ! SECOND PHASE1 WE HAVE ! EXAMPLE ( ! MUT9Y ON ! ,DUT* W>%IP1 ,DIE ,ZEV5 ,PROV9CI51 PROVOK$ BY A ,COMMUNI/ CELL1 :ILE ! %IP WAS SAIL+ NE> ! ,9DONESIAN COLONIES4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO DE/ABILIZE ! COLONIAL P[]4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! SIMIL> EXAMPLE ( ! MUT9Y & FAIL$ REVOLUTION 9 ,*ILI 9 #a#i#c#a4 

,A ,G]MAN ,COM9T]N AG5T DESCRIB$ H[ HIS BOSSES ORD]$ HIM TO ORGANIZE A DOCKWORK]S' & SAILORS' /RIKE 9 ! MAJOR ,G]MAN PORT CITIES LIKE ,BREM5 & ,HAMBURG4 ,ONCE ALL ! PORT WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE1 ! ,COM9T]N 9/RUCT$ TRU/$ AG5TS TO SCAB1 SABOTAG+ ! /RIKE4 ,MANY WORK]S :O DEMON/RAT$ SOLID>ITY LO/ !IR JOBS1 BUT ! ,COM9T]N GOT !IR AG5TS 9 KEY POSITIONS ON MANY BOATS & PORTS1 9CREAS+ ! EFFICI5CY ( !IR SMUGGL+ NETWORK 7:I* !Y US$ TO SUPPLY ! ,U,S,S,R1 TRANSPORT AG5TS1 & SMUGGLE MAT]IALS TO C\NTRIES ACROSS ! WORLD74 ,MANEUV]S LIKE ?AT 9CREAS$ ! CYNICISM ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS1 CO/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY A GOOD DEAL ( SUPPORT1 & GAVE MORE LEGITIMACY TO ! ,NAZI >GUM5T ?AT ALL ! 0R$S0 W]E AG5TS ( ,MOSC[4 

,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AID$ ! ,NAZI ,P>TY 9 MU* MORE DIRECT WAYS1 AS WELL4 ,BETWE5 #aibh & #a#i#c#e--! CRITICAL ]A 9 ! RISE ( ! ,NAZI MOVEM5T1 :5 IT GREW FROM A SMALL P>TY 9TO ONE CAPABLE ( TAK+ P[]--! ,COM9T]N1 FOLL[+ ,/AL9'S DIRECTIVES1 DECL>$ ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS EQUAL TO FASCISM1 BUT ?AT COMMUNI/S HAD TO IGNORE FASCISM 9 ORD] TO D$ICATE ALL !IR EF=TS TO COMBAT+ O!R LEFT-W+ CURR5TS4 ,! ,K,P,D FOLL[$ ?IS L9E ) 5?USIASM4 ,ON MANY OCCASIONS1 ,COMMUNI/ MILITANTS JO9$ ) ,NAZI /ORMTROOP]S TO SMA% UP ! EV5TS ( ,SOCIALI/S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S US$ /ATE P[] :]EV] !Y W]E 9 ! GOV]NM5T TO REPRESS ! ,COMMUNI/S1 JU/ AS ! ,S,RS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ALSO MANEUV]$ TO TRY & GA9 P[]1 JU/ AS LEFTI/ /ATI/S ACROSS ! PLANET SEEK TO DOM9ATE O!RS4 ,! /ATE IS ESS5TIALLY A TOOL ( DOM9ATION & REPRESSION4 ,BUT1 ON ! ONE H&1 COLLABORATION ) ! ,NAZIS REPRES5T$ AN EXTREME ( REPREH5SIBLE PRACTICES1 SURPASS+ ! DIRTY TRICKS US$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,&1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! CURR5TS ?AT DIDN'T SEEK TO CONQU] /ATE P[]--AN>*I/S & O!RS--REJECT$ SU* TACTICS4 

,9 ,PRUSSIA1 ! L>GE/ /ATE 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S OP5LY COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,NAZIS 9 #aica TO TRY TO REVOKE ! ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y SAID ! ,NAZIS W]E 0WORK-+ CLASS COMRADES40 ,9 #a#i#c#c1 ! YE> ! ,NAZIS ROSE TO P[]1 ! ,COMMUNI/S EFFEC-TIVELY LET !M W94 ,IF !Y HAD JO9$ =CES ) O!R LEFT-W+ =CES1 ! ,NAZIS W\LD NOT HAVE A*IEV$ A MAJORITY4 ,BUT !Y W]E OBSESS$ ) DE/ROY+ ! ,LEFT 9 ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE IT1 BELIEV+ ?AT !Y W\LD RISE TO P[] AFT] A ,NAZI GOV]NM5T4 ,?ALMANN1 LEAD] ( ! ,K,P,D1 CO9$ ! SLOGAN1 0,AFT] ,HITL]1 IT'S \R TURN60 

,CONTR>Y TO ! SLOGAN D5\NC+ 0SOCIAL FASCISM10 IT WASN'T ! ,SOCIALI/S :O HAD MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,NAZIS1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES4 ,! ,NAZIS' RACIAL IDEOLOGY WAS AN IMPORT FROM ! ,U,S1 AS IS WIDELY KN[N4 ,BUT NOT SO MANY PEOPLE REMEMB] ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL ( ! ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP CAME FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ITSELF4 ,9 ORD] TO SET UP !IR ,GE/APO--! SECRET POLICE *>G$ ) POLITICAL REPRESSION & C\NT]-ESPIONAGE--! ,NAZIS /UDI$ ! ,*EKA & ! ,N,K,V,D 7SUCCESSOR TO ! ,*EKA E/AB-LI%$ BY ,/AL974 ,! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE1 :I* 9H]IT$ MANY TE*NIQUES FROM ! CZ>I/ ,OKHRANA1 W]E ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! WORLD1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! ,BRITI% 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES4 ,BUT !SE US$ TE*NIQUES ?AT W]E MU* TOO S(T = ,NAZI NE$S4 ,MANY TIMES1 ! ,NAZIS >RE/$ & TORTUR$ ,SOVIET AG5TS 9 ORD] TO LE>N H[ !IR C\NT]ESPIONAGE APP>ATUS FUNCTION$1 ) ! PURPOSE ( COPY+ ! MODEL4 

,9 #a#i#c#e1 :5 ! ,K,P,D HAD BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY$1 SUFF]+ ?\S&S ( >RE/S & EXECUTIONS1 ! ,COM9T]N 9AU-GURAT$ !IR NEXT /RATEGY )\T EV] ACCEPT+ RESPONSIBILITY = ! ,NAZIS' RISE TO P[]4 ,! NEW /RATEGY WAS ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT40 ,BUT ?IS WAS JU/ AS DISA/R\S = REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 

,! PRIME EXAMPLE IS ! ,SOVIET 9T]V5-TION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! ,U,S,S,R WAS SL[ TO BEG9 S5D+ AID TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE4 ,?IS WAS DUE 9 P>T TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,SPA9 WAS T9Y1 EV5 SMALL] ?AN ! NON-,/AL9I/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY = ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION1 OR ,P,\,M4,!Y W]5'T ATT5TIVE TO ! FASCI/ ?REAT 9 ,SPA9 BECAUSE !Y HAD FEW 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA94 ,BE=E S5D+ AID1 !Y WANT$ TO MAKE SURE !Y C\LD CONTROL ! SITUATION & PR(IT FROM IT 9 SOME WAY4 ,TO BE PRECISE1 !Y DIDN'T GIVE MILIT>Y AID TO ! ,REPUBLIC2 RA!R1 !Y SOLD IT1 APPROPRIAT+ ! 5TIRETY ( ! ,SPANI% GOLD RES]VES1 ! F\R? L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD AT ! TIME4 ,& TO A L>GE EXT5T1 !Y SABOTAG$ ! W> EF=TS4 ,= ! ,/AL9I/S1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DE/ROY :AT WAS !N ! /RONGE/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! WORLD 7!Y & ! ,JAPANESE IMP]IALI/S HAD ALREADY DE/ROY$ ! MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA71 & ALSO TO LIQUIDATE DISSID5T COMMUNI/ CURR5TS1 ABOVE ALL ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,GIV5 ?AT FASCISM HAD ALREADY >RIV$ 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 WAS AN IMPORTANT REFUGE & A FIELD ( ACTION = COMMUNI/S :O HAD FL$ ?OSE C\NTRIES4 

,= ?AT REASON1 ! ,N,K,V,D--! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE--BEGAN A FEV]I% ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA91 LIQUIDAT+ ?\S&S ( ,TROTSKYI/S1 O!R DISSID5T COMMUNI/S1 & AN>*I/S4 ,F> FROM ! ROMANTIC LEG5DS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E 9 L>GE P>T A MA*9E = ATTRACT+ !SE DISSID5TS & KILL+ !M 9 ! MO/ DISCREET CONTEXT POSSIBLE3 ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,! ,BRIGADES W]E ALSO US$ TO REPRESS PEASANT COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S DIRECTLY SABOTAG$ AN>*I/ & ,TROTSKYI/ MILITIAS ) ! PURPOSE ( R$UC+ !IR 9FLU5CE & FE$+ !IR PROPAG&A CAMPAIGNS 9 FAVOR ( 0MILIT>IZATION03 ! IMPOSITION ( ELITI/ & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y HI]>*IES 9 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SPH]ES ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! OB/RUCTION & )HOLD+ ( WEAPONS C>RI$ \T BY ALL ! =CES ON ! ,LEFT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! MILITIAS GET-T+ BOGG$ D[N ON ! ,HUESCA & ,T]UEL FRONTS4 ,IF ?OSE CITIES HAD BE5 TAK5--A REASONABLE ACCOMPLI%M5T GIV5 SUFFICI5T WEAP-ONS--!N ,Z>AGOZA PROBABLY ALSO W\LD HAVE FALL5 TO ! ANTIFASCI/S1 POT5TIALLY TURN+ ! TIDE ( ! W>4 ,DIRTY TRICKS & LACK ( SOLID>ITY ON ! P>T ( ! ,COMMUNI/S ALSO PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! FALL ( ,MALLORCA1 ANO!R DECISIVE MOM5T 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN DEFEAT4 

,WE CAN ALSO ADD TO ! LI/ ! ,COMMU-NI/S' >RE/ ( ,M>OTO1 AN EFFECTIVE GU]RILLA LEAD] OP]AT+ >\ND ,GRANADA1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S' BLOCK+ ( ! AN>*I/ PRO-POSALS TO LAUN* A L>GE SCALE GU]RILLA W> 9 ! FASCI/S' RE> & TO CREATE AN ALLIANCE ) ! ANTICOLONIAL RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,RIF 7,MOROCCO71 :I* W\LD HAVE UND]M9$ ,FRANCO'S MO/ IMPORTANT BASE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S REJECT$ ! FIR/ PROPOSAL BECAUSE !Y KNEW !Y C\LDN'T CONTROL A GU]RILLA W> & SU* A CONFLICT W\LD HAVE GIV5 ! AN>*I/S AN IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE1 & !Y BLOCK$ ! SECOND TO AVOID UPSETT+ ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T1 :I* ALSO HAD 9T]E/S 9 ,NOR!RN ,AFRICA4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ,COMMUNI/ 9T]E/S W]E NOT DEFEAT+ FASCISM NOR C>RY-+ \T ! REVOLUTION1 BUT MA9TA9+ P[] & SABOTAG+ !IR ADV]S>IES4 

,AFT] W9N+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & 9/ALL+ A LEAD] :O W\LD BE FAI?FUL TO !M1 ,NEGR91 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,U,S,S,R NO LONG] HAD SIGNIFICANT 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA94 

,= ?AT REASON1 />T+ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 !Y BEGAN DRAW+ D[N !IR MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! TRAGIC TRU? IS ?AT ,/AL9 DIDN'T WANT ! ,REPUBLIC TO W9 ! W>4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE DIDN'T WANT TO TR\BLE RELATIONS ) ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 :O PROMOT$ A 0NON9T]V5TION0 POLICY DESIGN$ TO FAVOR ! FASCI/S4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 HE WANT$ TO PROLONG ! CONFLICT 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ,HITL] ( ! NE$ = A NON-AGGRESSION PACT4 

,! NEGOTIATIONS = ! ,MOLOTOV-,RIBB5-TROP ,PACT BEGAN 9 ,APRIL ( #a#i#c#i1 JU/ AT ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,IT WAS :AT ,/AL9 NE$$ TO PROTECT ! ,U,S,S,R FROM A ,NAZI ATTACK1 & :AT ,HITL] NE$$ TO BE ABLE TO ATTACK ,FRANCE & AVOID A TWO-FRONT W>4 ,! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,NON-,AGGRESSION ,PACT WAS AN IMPORTANT PR]EQUISITE = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ,NAZI-,/AL9I/ COLLABORATION4 

,! ,RELEVANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,C\NT]REVOLUTION 

  

,RECOV]+ ?IS HI/ORICAL MEMORY IS IMPORTANT = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] \R DEAD1 TO C>RY !M ) US1 & TO CA/ D[N ! ?RONES !IR MURD]]S HAVE BUILT ATOP !IR GRAVES--TO /OP HONOR+ AS H]OES ?OSE :O BETRAY$ REVOLUTIONS & S]V$ AS EXECUTION] TO ! OPPRESS$4 

,?IS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE HI/ORICAL MEMORY IS \R LIBR>Y ( REVOLUTION>Y LESSONS1 ! COMMUNAL APPR5TICE%IP ?AT BR+S US CLOS] TO FRE$OM4 ,& IF WE /ORE FALSIFI$ VOLUMES )9 ?IS LIBR>Y1 HI/ORIES ( LIES1 VICTORIES ?AT NEV] OCCURR$1 WE WILL REPEAT ! SAME MI/AKES TIME AFT] TIME4 ,BY TURN+ ! PEOPLE & ! P>TIES :O /RANGL$ REVOLUTIONS 9TO H]OES1 WE PRES]VE COMPLETELY UNREALI/IC IDEAS AB\T :AT REVOLUTION IS & H[ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,IF WE ?9K ! /ATE C\LD BE--OR HAS EV] BE5--A TOOL ( ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( DEFEAT+ CAPITALISM1 WE CREATE ! P]FECT RECIPE = DEFEAT3 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/9-GUI% BETWE5 ! NAIVE & 5?USIA/IC & ! OPPORTUNI/S :O >E TRY+ TO CLIMB ! RUNGS ( P[]4 

,A WORRISOME PATT]N EXI/S ON ! ,LEFT4 ,!Y SELL (F ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION BY SIGN+ DEALS ) ! DEVIL4 ,TIME AFT] TIME1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,LEFT OB/RUCTS REVOLUTION->Y MOVEM5TS BY IMPLEM5T+ /RATEGIES ?AT >E PR$ICTABLE FAILURES4 ,! ADVANTAGE ( !SE /RATEGIES IS ?AT !Y P]MIT ?OSE :O USE !M TO MONOPOLIZE ! /RUGGLE4 ,IF !Y W9 A P>TIAL VICTORY1 !Y IMPOSE !IR MONOPOLY BY CAPTUR+ /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN S]VE TO BUY \T OR REPRESS ALL ! O!R SECTORS ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,& IF !Y FAIL1 BY HAV+ CREAT$ A SPECTACUL> /RUGGLE 9 :I* !Y >E ! TRAGIC PROTAGONI/S1 !Y CAN TURN EV]YONE ELSE 9TO SPECTATORS WAT*+ A M$IATIZ$ COMBAT BETWE5 TWO HI]>*ICAL POLES4 

,LIB]ATION MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! OPPRESS$4 ,REVOLUTION1 BY DEF9ITION1 MU/ BE SELF-ORGANIZ$1 & ABOVE ALL ! POPUL> CLASSES NE$ TO MA9TA9 ! AUTONOMY ( !IR /RUGGLES ) RESPECT TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]4 

,WE HOLD CLOSE ALL ! REVOLUTION>IES & FI<T]S :O SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+ 9 ! /RUGGLES ?AT CAME BE=E US4 ,WE SPIT ON ! MEMORY ( ?OSE :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?OSE /RUGGLES TO RISE TO P[]1 & ?OSE :O TRI$ TO IMPOSE !IR UNQUE/IONABLE TRU? ON EV]YONE ELSE1 OB/RUCT+ ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! V]Y CLASS ?AT1 HYPOCRITICALLY1 !Y PRET5D$ TO LIB]ATE4 

,LONG LIVE ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g6 ,D[N ) ALL DICTATORS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 & POLITICIANS6 

,P>T ,TWO3 ,RE/LESS ,SPECT]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,DEAD 

  

,9 ! WAKE ( ! FAILURE ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM1 WE %\LD REMEMB] ! UNDEAD ( #a#i#a#g1 ! AN>*I/S :O /ROVE TO W>N HUMANITY ?AT /ATI/ PA?S T[>DS SOCIAL *ANGE WILL NEV] BR+ US TO FRE$OM4 ,SOME ( !M1 LIKE ,FANYA & ,>ON ,B>ON1 W]E MURD]$ 9 COLD BLOOD BY AU?ORIT>IAN COM-MUNI/S 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,O!RS MANAG$ TO SURVIVE1 BETRAY$ BY !IR SUP-POS$ COMRADES1 TO WITNESS ! TOTALIT>IAN RESULTS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK C\P4 

,!IR VOICES CRY \T TO US TODAY FROM ! GRAVE4 ,LET'S LI/54 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

  

,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 PASS$ AWAY MORE ?AN #d YE>S BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 HE PR$ICT$ EXACTLY :AT W\LD COME ( ,M>X'S AU?ORIT>IAN PRESCRIPTIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,?OSE :O ATTEMPT TO EXCUSE ,M>X1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ,L59 FAIL$ TO APPLY HIS 9/RUCTIONS CORRECTLY1 %\LD TAKE NOTE ?AT ,BAKUN9 SAW ! TRAGE-DIES ( #aiag COM+ A HALF C5TURY 9 ADVANCE4 

,SCRUT9IZ+ ,M>X'S CONDUCT 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 RA!R ?AN ! BOOKS HE WROTE1 WE CAN SEE TODAY :AT ,BAKUN9 SAW !N4 ,M>X BEGAN HIS C>E] 9 ! #a#h#dS BY ATTEMPT+ TO =M REVOLUTION>Y CABALS1 !N PURG+ EV]YONE :O DID NOT TOE HIS IDEOLOGICAL L9E--ESPECIALLY WORK+ CLASS ?9K]S LIKE ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ & ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON :O W]E MORE SUSPICI\S ( ! /ATE ?AN HE WAS4 ,M>X MOCK$ ,BAKUN9 = ATTEMPT+ TO FOM5T AN UPRIS+ 9 ,LYONS 9 #a#h#g1 ?\< IT WAS PRECISELY ! ABS5CE ( O!R REVOLUTION>Y FOO?OLDS 9 ,FRANCE ?AT DOOM$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ,M>X S5T ,ELISABE? ,DMITRIEFF1 A TW5TY-YE>-OLD ) NO EXP]I5CE1 TO ASSUME CONTROL ( WOM5'S ORGANIZ+ 9 ,P>IS1 9T5D+ TO SUPPLANT ORGANIZ]S LIKE ,L\ISE ,MI*EL :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE = DECADES4 7,AFT] ! ,COMMUNE1 ,DMITRIEFF DISAPPE>$ FROM RADICAL POLITICS1 A CASUALTY ( AU?ORIT>IAN BURN\T47 ,AFT] ! ,COMMUNE FELL1 ,M>X TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FACT ?AT ! P>TICIPANTS--MO/ ( :OM DID NOT SUBSCRIBE TO HIS POLITICS--W]E SLAU<T]$ OR 9 HID+ TO SPEAK ON !IR BEHALF1 ANN\NC+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNE CONFIRM$ ALL ( HIS !ORIES4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,M>X PASS$ UNPOPUL> RESOLUTIONS 9 CLOS$-DOOR MEET+S :ILE ! OPPOSITION W]E IMPRISON$ OR 9 EXILE1 RIGG$ MAJORITIES AT ! CONGRESSES1 & F9ALLY ATTEMPT$ TO KILL (F ! ORGANIZATION 5TIRELY BY MOV+ ITS HEADQU>T]S TO ,NEW ,YORK :5 IT BECAME CLE> HE C\LD NOT CONTROL IT4 ,AFT]W>DS1 FROM ! SAFETY ( HIS /UDY 9 ,LONDON1 ,M>X CON-T9U$ TO MOCK ,BAKUN9 & O!RS :O RISK$ !IR LIVES 9 UPRIS+S :ILE EMPHASIZ+ ?AT WORK]S %\LD JO9 POLITICAL P>TIES & SUBJECT !MSELVES TO P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,M>X WAS NO 5EMY ( /ATE OPPRESSION4 

,) ! #b? C5TURY BEH9D US1 ,BAKUN9 APPE>S TO US AS ! ,CASS&RA ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 W>N+ US AGA9/ ! BUT*]IES1 BETRAYALS1 & GULAGS TO COME4 ,:ATEV] HIS [N %ORTCOM+S1 HE REMA9S A VOICE FROM ! GRAVE1 URG+ US TO BEW>E ( ANYONE :O PROPOSES ?AT ! /ATE C\LD R5D] US EQUAL OR GIVE US FRE$OM4  
  

0,LIB]TY )\T SOCIALISM IS PRIVILEGE1 9JU/ICE2 SOCIALISM )\T LIB]TY IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY40 

-,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ADDRESS+ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 ,SEPTEMB] #ahfg  
  
  

0,I HATE ,COMMUNISM BECAUSE IT IS ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY & BECAUSE HUMANITY IS = ME UN?9KABLE )\T LIB]TY4 ,I AM NOT A ,COMMUNI/1 BECAUSE ,COMMUNISM CONC5TRATES & SWALL[S UP 9 ITSELF = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,/ATE ALL ! =CES ( SOCIETY1 BECAUSE IT 9EVITABLY LEADS TO ! CONC5TRATION ( PROP]TY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 :]EAS ,I WANT ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! F9AL ]ADICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY & ! PATRONAGE PROP] TO ! ,/ATE1 :I* UND] ! PRETEXT ( MORALIZ+ & CIVILIZ+ M5 HAS HI!RTO ONLY 5SLAV$1 P]SECUT$1 EXPLOIT$ & CORRUPT$ !M4 ,I WANT TO SEE SOCIETY & COLLECTIVE OR SOCIAL PROP]TY ORGANIZ$ FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 BY WAY ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 NOT FROM ABOVE D[NW>D1 BY MEANS ( ANY K9D ( AU?ORITY :ATSOEV]40 

-,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ADDRESS+ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 ,SEPTEMB] #ahfh  

,LEON ,TROTSKY 

  

,LEON ,TROTSKY HIMSELF DES]VES NO TE>S FROM ?OSE :O LOVE FRE$OM & EGALIT>IANISM1 AS HE P]SONALLY OV]SAW ! BUT*]Y ( C\NT-LESS ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S & O!R REB-ELS DUR+ ! ,BOL%EVIK CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,BUT E>LY 9 HIS C>E]1 BE=E HE JO9$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE =ESAW PRESCI5TLY EXACTLY H[ ,/AL9ISM W\LD >ISE FROM ,L59'S APPROA*--H[ ! P>TY W\LD SUB/ITUTE ITS [N CONQUE/ ( P[] = ! PROLET>IAT1 & A RU?LESS DICTATOR !N SUB/ITUTE HIMSELF = ! P>TY4 ,! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,FOOD ,9DU/RY ,WORK]S LAT] CONFIRM$ ?IS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b1 ON ! BASIS ( EXP]I5CE3 0,! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS REALLY ! DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT BY ! P>TY & EV5 BY 9DIVIDUAL P]SONS40 

,DESPITE ?IS =ESI<T1 ,TROTSKY /ILL JO9$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( !IR APP>-5T SUCCESS 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,:5 ,/AL9'S LACKEYS BUT*]$ ,TROTSKY ) AN ICEPICK1 IT WAS POETIC JU/ICE4 ,TROTSKY DI$ BECAUSE HE FAIL$ TO HE$ HIS [N 9SI<TS & ABOVE ALL BECAUSE HE BROKE SOLID>ITY ) O!R FOES ( CAPITALISM4 ,HE DI$ BECAUSE1 LIKE SO MANY AFT] HIM1 HE SUB/ITUT$ PRAGMATISM = PR9CIPLES1 BELIEV+ IT W\LD BE MORE EXP$I5T TO GO RAPIDLY 9 ! WRONG DIRECTION ?AN TO PROCE$ SL[LY T[>DS G5U9E LIB]ATION4 

,WE CAN H>DLY REMEMB] HIM AS A TRAGIC FIGURE1 AS MILLIONS SUFF]$ AT HIS H&S--BUT WE CAN TAKE HIS EXAMPLE AS A CAUTION>Y TALE4  
  

0,9 ! 9T]NAL POLITICS ( ! ,P>TY !SE ME?ODS LEAD1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 TO ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATION 'SUB/ITUT+' ITSELF = ! ,P>TY1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATION1 & F9ALLY ! DICTATOR SUB/ITUT+ HIMSELF = ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE40 

-0,\R ,POLITICAL ,TASKS10 ,TROTSKY1 #aid  

,ANATOLI ,ZHELEZNIAKOV 

  

,AN AN>*I/ SAILOR FROM ,KRON/ADT1 ,ANATOLI ,ZHELEZNIAKOV FIR/ 5T]$ ! /AGE ( HI/ORY 9 ,JUNE #aiag DUR+ ! DEF5SE ( ! ,DA*A ,DURNOVO1 A VILLA 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ?AT AN>*I/S HAD SQUATT$ TO S]VE AS A SOCIAL C5T]4 ,! VILLA HAD BELONG$ TO ! MAN :O S]V$ AS ,GOV]NOR-,G5]AL ( ,MOSC[ DUR+ ! REPRESSION ( ! #aie UPRIS+1 & ! AN>*I/S HAD OP5$ IT UP TO S]VE A WIDE RANGE ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9CLUD+ A BAK]S' UNION & ! *ILDR5 ( ! SURR\ND+ NEI<BORHOOD2 NEV]!LESS1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET OPPOS$ ! OCCUPATION4 ,ZHELEZNIAKOV WAS CAPTUR$ DUR+ A POLICE RAID ON ! VILLA & S5T5C$ TO #ad YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 HE ESCAP$ & RESUM$ HIS P>TICIPATION 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 COOP]AT+ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS & LEAD+ ! ACTIONS ?AT BROKE UP ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag & DISP]S$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h4 ,ASPIR+ TO ABOLI% ALL /ATE /RUCTURES1 HE GOT ?IS F>1 AT LEA/4 

,:5 ,TROTSKY IMPOS$ MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E ON ! ,R$ ,>MY1 PUTT+ CZ>I/ (FIC]S 9 POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY & ELIM9AT+ ! SY/EM ( SELF-GOV]NM5T AMONG ! RANK & FILE1 ,ZHELEZNIAKOV REBELL$ & BROKE ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS MADE PEACE ) HIM :5 ! ,:ITE ,>MY 9VAD$ ,RUSSIA1 JU/ AS !Y /RUCK A TEMPOR>Y & OPPORTUNI/IC PEACE ) ,MAKHNO4 

,ZHELEZNIAKOV WAS KILL$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY ON ,JULY #b#f1 #a#i#a#i4 ,AFT] HIS DEA?1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DI%ONE/LY CLAIM$ HIM AS ONE ( !IR [N4 
 ,FALCON1 FALCON1 

 ,DO NOT LAU< AT ME N[1 

 ,?AT ,I %\LD F9D MY DE/9Y 9 JAIL1 

 ,I WAS HI<] ?AN Y\ 9 ! HEAV5S1 ABOVE ! E>?1 

 ,I WAS HI<] ?AN Y\ & ! EAGLE4  

 ,I SAW MANY CELE/IAL BODIES UNKN[N TO Y\1 

 ,I LE>N$ MANY GREAT SECRETS2 

 ,I (T5 SPOKE ) ! />S1 

 ,I FLEW AS HI< AS ! BRI<T SUN4  

 ,BUT ! DAY QUICKLY PASS$ & ! NEXT ONE CAME1 

 ,& ,I BURN$ ) A REBELLI\S FLAME4 

 ,I WAS PURSU$ BY ! 5EMIES ( FRE$OM1 

 ,MY BRO!RS W]E ! W9D & ?UND]4  

 ,BUT ONCE 9 ! D>K NI<T ( ! /EPPE 

 ,DUR+ A FATAL /ORM ,I BECAME WEAK 

 ,& S9CE !N H]E ,I SIT LIKE A ?IEF 9 HIS *A9S1 

 ,LIKE AN UNFAI?FUL & CAPTUR$ SLAVE4  

 ,FALCON1 FALCON1 :5 Y\ *ANCE TO FLY 

 ,9TO ! LIMITLESS & M\NTA9\S SPACE -- 

 ,DON'T =GET TO GIVE ! CL\DS MY GREET+S1 

 ,TELL ALL ?AT ,I %ALL BREAK MY *A9S1 

 ,?AT MY LIFE 9 JAIL IS ONLY A TWILI<T NAP1 

 ,ONLY A SPECTRAL DAY-DREAM4  

 --,A POEM ,ANATOLI ,ZHELEZNIAKOV WROTE 9 PRISON1 SUMM] ( #aiag  

  

0,:ATEV] MAY HAPP5 TO ME1 & :ATEV] !Y MAY SAY ( ME1 KN[ WELL ?AT ,I AM AN AN>*I/1 ?AT ,I FI<T AS ONE1 & ?AT:ATEV] MY FATE1 ,I WILL DIE AN AN>*I/40 

QUOT$ 9 ,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION  

,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 ,! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR 

  

,GOLOS ,TRUDA WAS A ,RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] F\ND$ BY ,RUSSIAN EXPATRIATES 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION TOPPL$ ! ,CZ>1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T DECL>$ A G5]AL AMNE/Y = EXILES1 & ! 5TIRE /AFF ( ,GOLOS ,TRUDA AGRE$ TO MOVE ! P]IODICAL TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,!Y LEFT ,VANC\V] ON ,MAY #b#f1 #aiag ON A %IP B\ND = ,JAPAN4 ,DUR+ ! TRIP1 ! AN>*I/S P]=M$ MUSIC1 GAVE LECTURES1 /AG$ PLAYS1 & EV5 PUBLI%$ A REVOLUTION>Y NEWSPAP]1 ,! ,FLOAT4 ,FROM ,JAPAN1 !Y MADE !IR WAY TO,SIB]IA & !NCE ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,!IR FIR/ ISSUE 9 ,RUSSIA APPE>$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#a1 #a#i#a#g4 ,! /AFF 9CLUD$ ,VOL9E1 FUTURE AU?OR ( ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 1 & ,GREGORI ,MAKSIMOV1 :O LAT] AU?OR$ ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK3 ,TW5TY ,YE>S ( ,T]ROR 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS BANN$ ,GOLOS ,TRUDA 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#h4 ,! GR\P F\ND$ ANO!R PAP]1 BUT ! SECRET POLICE SUPPRESS$ ! GR\P DEF9ITIVELY 9 ,M>* #aiba ) A WAVE ( >RE/S4 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 ! $ITORS ( ,GOLOS ,TRUDA =ESAW PRECISELY H[ ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[] W\LD 5D3  
  

0,ONCE !IR P[] IS CONSOLIDAT$ & 'LEGALIZ$1' ! ,BOL%EVIKS--:O >E ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ?AT IS1 M5 ( C5TRALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN ACTION--WILL BEG9 TO RE>RANGE ! LIFE ( ! C\NTRY & ( ! PEOPLE BY GOV]NM5TAL & DICTATORIAL ME?ODS1 IMPOS$ BY ! C5T]4 ,!IR SEAT 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WILL DICTATE ! WILL ( ! P>TY TO ALL ,RUSSIA & COMM& ! :OLE NATION4,Y\R ,SOVIETS & Y\R O!R LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS WILL BECOME1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 SIMPLY EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! WILL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4,9 PLACE ( HEAL?Y1 CON/RUCTIVE WORK BY ! LABOR+ MASSES1 9 PLACE ( FREE UNIFICATION FROM ! BOTTOM1 WE WILL SEE ! 9/ALLATION ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ APP>ATUS :I* WILL ACT FROM ABOVE & SET AB\T WIP+ \T EV]Y?+ ?AT /&S 9 ITS WAY ) AN IRON H&4 ,! ,SOVIETS & O!R ORGANIZATIONS WILL HAVE TO OBEY & DO ITS WILL4 ,?AT WILL BE CALL$ 'DISCIPL9E4' ,TOO BAD = ?OSE :O >E NOT 9 AGREEM5T ) ! C5TRAL P[] & :O DO NOT CONSID] IT CORRECT TO OBEY IT6 ,/RONG BY REASON ( ! 'G5]AL APPROBATION' ( ! POPULACE1 ?AT P[] WILL =CE !M TO SUBMIT40,BE ON GU>D1 COMRADES60,WAT* C>EFULLY & REMEMB]40,! MORE ! SUCCESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECOMES E/ABLI%$1 & ! FIRM] !IR SITUATION1 ! MORE !IR ACTION WILL TAKE ON AN AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECT1 & ! MORE CLE>-CUT WILL BE !IR CONSOLIDATION & DEF5SE ( !IR POLITICAL P[]4 ,!Y WILL BEG9 TO GIVE MORE & MORE CATEGORICAL ORD]S TO ! ,SOVIETS & O!R LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y WILL PUT 9TO EFFECT FROM ABOVE !IR [N POLICIES )\T HESITAT+ TO USE >M$ =CE 9 CASE ( RESI/ANCE40,! MORE !IR SUCCESS IS UPHELD1 ! MORE ?AT DANG] WILL EXI/1 = ! ACTIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WILL BECOME ALL ! MORE SECURE & C]TA94 ,EA* NEW SUCCESS WILL TURN !IR HEADS FUR!R4 ,EV]Y ADDITIONAL DAY ( A*IEVEM5T BY ,L59'S P>TY WILL MEAN 9CREAS+ P]IL TO ! ,REVOLUTION40  

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

  

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WAS AN OLD MAN BY ! TIME ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION4 ,DESIR+ TO LEGITIMIZE ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITY ) ! REPUTATION ( A UNIV]SALLY RESPECT$ AN>*I/1 ,L59 MA9TA9$ CORDIAL RELATIONS ) ,KROPOTK92 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY PROPAG&I/S.<#d.> TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO PUBLICIZE ! LIE ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WAS MORE OR LESS 9 FAVOR ( ,L59'S PROGRAM4 ,9 FACT1 ,KROPOTK9 OPPOS$ !IR AU?ORIT>IAN PROGRAM1 AS HE MADE CLE> 9 A S]IES ( /ATEM5TS & PROTE/S4 ,F> FROM 5DORS+ ,L59'S SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]1 ,KROPOTK9 IS QUOT$ AS SAY+ 0,REVOLUTION>IES HAVE HAD IDEALS4 ,L59 HAS NONE40 

,KROPOTK9'S FUN]AL1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#c1 #a#i#b#a1 WAS >GUABLY ! LA/ AN>*I/ DEMON/RATION 9 ,RUSSIA UNTIL ! FALL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & MANY O!R PROM95T AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$4 ,!Y MANAG$ TO EX]T 5\< PRESSURE ON ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES TO COMPEL !M TO RELEASE SEV5 AN>*I/ PRISON]S = ! DAY2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLAIM$ !Y ?AT W\LD HAVE RELEAS$ MORE BUT ! O!RS SUPPOS$LY REFUS$ TO LEAVE PRISON4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE REC\NTS H[ ,>ON ,B>ON1 ONE ( ! AN>*I/S :O WAS TEMPOR>ILY RELEAS$1ADDRESS$ ! M\RN]S FROM ,KROPOTK9'S GRAVESIDE BE=E VANI%+ =EV] 9TO ! JAWS ( ! ,SOVIET C>C]AL SY/EM4  
  

0,IS !RE REALLY NO ONE >\ND Y\ TO REM9D Y\R COMRADES & TO P]SUADE !M ?AT SU* MEASURES REPRES5T A RETURN TO ! WOR/ P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & RELIGI\S W>S1 & >E UNDES]V+ ( PEOPLE :O HAVE TAK5 IT UPON !MSELVES TO CREATE A FUTURE SOCIETY ON COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES8 ,:OEV] HOLDS DE> ! FUTURE ( COMMUNISM CANNOT EMB>K UPON SU* MEASURES444 0,WON'T ?IS BE REG>D$ AS A SIGN ?AT Y\ CONSID] Y\R COMMUNI/ EXP]IM5T UNSUCCESSFUL1 & ?AT Y\ >E NOT SAV+ ! SY/EM ?AT IS SO DE> TO Y\ BUT ONLY SAV+ Y\RSELVES80 

-,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,LETT] TO ,L591 ,DECEMB] #b#a1 #aib  

,NE/OR ,MAKHNO 

  

,AFT] SEV5 YE>S 9 ! ,CZ>'S PRISONS1 ,MAKHNO WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON BY ! UPHEAVALS ( #a#i#a#g4 ,HE EV5TUALLY BECAME A LEAD] 9 ! AN>*I/ =CES ?AT F\<T 9 TURN AGA9/ ,UKRA9IAN ,NATIONALI/S1 ,G]MAN & ,AU/RO-,G]MAN OCCUPI]S1 ! REACTION>Y ,RUSSIAN ,:ITE ,>MY1 ! ,SOVIET ,R$ ,>MY1 & V>I\S ,UKRA9IAN W>LORDS 9 ORD] TO OP5 A SPACE 9 :I* AN>*I/ COLLECTIVE EXP]IM5TS C\LD TAKE PLACE4 ,MAKHNO & HIS COMRADES REPEAT$LY BORE ! BRUNT ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY ATTACKS1 :ILE ,TROTSKY ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 ATTACK+ !M ) ! ,R$ ,>MY & SIGN+ TREATIES ) !M :5 ! ,SOVIETS NE$$ !M TO KEEP ! REACTION>Y ,:ITE ,>MY AT BAY4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f1 #a#i#b1 A FEW DAYS AFT] ,MAKHNO HAD HELP$ TO DEF9ITIVELY DEFEAT ! ,:ITE ,>MY1 ! ,R$ ,>MY SUMMON$ HIM & HIS COMRADES TO A CONF]5CE4 ,MAKHNO DID NOT GO2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUMM>ILY MURD]$ ALL ( HIS COMRADES :O W5T4 

,AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S HAVE EXP5D$RIV-]S ( 9K ATTEMPT+ TO DISCR$IT ,MAKHNO & ?OSE :O F\<T AT HIS SIDE 9 ORD] TO EXCUSE ?IS COLD-BLOOD$ BETRAYAL4 ,!Y ACCUSE ,MAKHNO ( AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 HOPES ( JU/IFY+ A F> MORE AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE4 ,!Y ACCUSE HIM ( APPROPRIAT+ RES\RCES--:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9T5D$ TO APPROPRIATE ALL ! RES\RCES ( ,UKRA9E = !MSELVES4 ,!Y SUGGE/ ?AT HIS /RUGGLE CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT--YET ,MAKHNO CONT9U$ FI<T+ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 ! ,UKRA9E EV5 :5 ! ,SOVIET AU?OR-ITIES SOLD IT AWAY TO ! REACTION>Y ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T 9 RETURN = A PEACE TREATY4.<#e.> ,MAKHNO WAS A ?OR\<GO+ & P]SI/5T REVOLUTION>Y1 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E TREA*]\S & OPPORTUNI/IC4 

,9 FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE !IR DICTATOR%IP ON ,UKRA9E1 ,MAKHNO WAS /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ?OSE :O ULTIMATELY DISCR$IT$ ! NOTION ( REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,HE WAS FI<T+ AGA9/ ?OSE :O 5SUR$ ?AT ,RUSSIAN & ,UKRA9IAN WORK]S W\LD REMA9 9 SUBJUGATION = AT LEA/ ANO!R C5TURY4 

,MAKHNO & HIS COMRADES SURELY W]E NOT P]FECT2 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN RECORDS ?AT SOME ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S QUE/ION$ :E!R ! ,UKRA9IAN UPRIS+ WAS PROP]LY AN>*I/4 ,BUT HI/ORY IS WRITT5 BY ! VICTORS3 !RE IS SO LITTLE 9=MATION AB\T ,MAKHNO'S A*IEVEM5TS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS & O!R REACTION>IES S\<T TO ]ASE !M FROM ! HI/ORICAL RECORD1 JU/ AS ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S HAVE REC5TLY S\<T TO APPROPRIATE & DI/ORT !M4 ,=TUNATELY1 WE CAN /ILL READ/ATEM5TS FROM ! ,MAKHNOVI/ REBELS 9 !IR [N WORDSDESCRIB+ !IR VALUES & GOALS1 & HI/ORICAL ACC\NTS FROM P>TICIPANTS SU* AS ,PET] ,>%9OV4  
  

0,/ATE-SOCIALI/S ( ALL D5OM9ATIONS1 9CLUD+ ,BOL%EVIKS1 >E BUSY SWAPP+ ! NAMES ( B\RGEOIS RULE ) ?OSE ( !IR [N 9V5TION1 :ILE LEAV+ ITS /RUCTURE ESS5TIALLY UN*ANG$4 ,!Y >E !RE=E TRY+ TO SALVAGE ! ,MA/]_/,SLAVE RELATION%IP ) ALL ITS CONTRADICTIONS444 

0,:ILE A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T /R+S A REVOLUTION>Y UP ON ! GALL[S1 SOCIALI/ OR ,BOL%EVIK-COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5TS WILL CREEP UP & /RANGLE HIM 9 HIS SLEEP OR KILL HIM BY TRICK]Y4 ,BO? ACTS >E DEPRAV$4 ,BUT ! SOCIALI/S >E MORE DEPRAV$ BECAUSE ( !IR ME?ODS4 

0,GOV]NM5T P[] WILL NEV] LET WORK]S TREAD ! ROAD TO FRE$OM2 IT IS ! 9/RUM5T ( ! LAZY :O WANT TO DOM9ATE O!RS1 & IT DOES NOT MATT] IF ! P[] IS 9 ! H& ( ! B\RGEOIS1 ! SOCIALI/S1 OR ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IT IS DEGRAD+4 ,!RE IS NO GOV]NM5T )\T TEE?1 TEE? TO TE> ANY MAN :O LONGS = A FREE & JU/ LIFE40 

-,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO  
  
  

0,:AT DO WE MEAN BY EMANCIPATION8,! OV]?R[ ( ! MON>*I/1 COALITION1 REPUBLICAN1 & ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIK P>TY GOV]NM5TS1 :I* MU/ GIVE PLACE TO A FREE & 9DEP5D5T SOVIET ORD] ( TOIL]S1 )\T RUL]S & !IR >BITR>Y LAWS4 ,= ! TRUE SOVIET ORD] IS NOT ! RULE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,COMMUNI/-,BOL%EVIKS :I* N[ CALLS ITSELF ! SOVIET P[]1 BUT A HI<] =M ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-/ATI/ SOCIALISM1 MANIFE/+ ITSELF 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( A FREE1 HAPPY & 9DEP5D5T /RUCTURE = ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! TOIL]S1 9 :I* ALL 9DIVIDUAL TOIL]S AS WELL AS SOCIETY AS A :OLE CAN BUILD BY !MSELVES !IR HAPP9ESS & WELL-BE+ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY1 FRI5D%IP & EQUALITY4 

0,H[ DO ! ,MAKHNOVI/S UND]/& ! SOVIET SY/EM8,! TOIL]S !MSELVES MU/ FREELY *OOSE !IR SOVIETS1 :I* WILL C>RY \T ! WILL & DESIRES ( ! TOIL]S -- ?AT IS1ADM9I/RATIVESOVIETS1 NOT /ATE SOVIETS4 ,! L&1 FACTORIES1 MILLS1 M9ES1 RAILWAYS & O!R POPUL> RI*ES MU/ BELONG TO ! TOIL]S :O WORK 9 !M1 ?AT IS1 !Y MU/ BE SOCIALIZ$4 

0,BY :AT ROAD CAN ! AIMS ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S BE REALIZ$8,AN UNCOMPROMIS+ REVOLUTION & A DIRECT /RUGGLE ) ALL >BITR>9ESS1 LIES1 & OPPRESSION1 :ATEV] !IR S\RCE2 A /RUGGLE TO ! DEA?1 A /RUGGLE = FREE SPEE* & = ! RI<TE\S CAUSE1 A /RUGGLE ) WEAPONS 9 H&4 ,ONLY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ALL RUL]S1 ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! :OLE F\NDATION ( !IR LIES1 9 /ATE AS WE AS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 ONLY ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE BY MEANS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAN WE ATTA9 A G5U9E WORK]-PEASANT SOVIET ORD] & >RIVE ATSOCIALISM40 

-0,:O ,>E ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ,:AT ,>E ,!Y ,FI<T+ =80 ,CULTURAL-,$UCATIONAL ,SECTION ( ! ,9SURG5T ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/S71 ,APRIL #b#g1 #aib  

,LEV ,*]NYI 

  

,AFT] S]V+ A DECADE 9 PRISON UND] ! ,CZ>1 ,LEV ,*]NYI WAS RELEAS$ 9 #aiag & P>TICIPAT$ PASSIONATELY 9 AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+4 ,ON ,M>* #e1 #a#i#a#h1 =ESEE+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E AB\T TO LAUN* A WAVE ( ATTACKS AGA9/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+ 9 ,MOSC[1 ,*]NYI D5\NC$ ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 >GU+ ?AT IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO P>ALYZE ! ME*ANISMS ( GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 ! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE RAID$ AN>*I/ SOCIAL C5T]S >\ND ,MOSC[1 GUNN+ D[N AT LEA/ =TY PEOPLE & >RE/+ MANY MORE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS CLAIM$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E 5GAG$ 9 0B&ITRY0 ON ACC\NT ( !IR EF=TS TO R$I/RIBUTE WEAL? & SET UP SOCIAL C5T]S >\ND ! CITY--ACCUS+ !M ( PRECISELY ! SAME ACTIVITIES ?AT ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T WAS C>RY+ \T ON A MU* L>G] SCALE4 

,*]NYI WAS LAT] CAPTUR$ & *>G$ ) C\NT]FEIT+ 9 ORD] TO DISCR$IT HIM & TAKE HIM (F ! /REETS4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a1 AN (FICIAL REPORT ANN\NC$ ?AT ,*]NYI & N9E O!R 0AN>*I/ B&ITS0 HAD BE5 %OT )\T HE>+ OR TRIAL4 ,! AU?ORITIES REFUS$ TO RELEASE HIS BODY1 LEAD+ MANY TO CONCLUDE ?AT ,*]NYI HAD ACTUALLY BE5 TORTUR$ TO DEA?4 

,FANYA ,B>ON 

  

,AFT] SEV5 YE>S 9 EXILE FROM ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ,FANYA ,B>ON RETURN$ TO H] HOMEL& 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,%E WAS P>T ( ! ,UKRA9IAN GR\P ?AT PUBLI%$ ! AN>*I/ PAP] ,NABAT4 ,9 LATE #a#i#b1 DUR+ ANO!R CRACKD[N ON AN>*I/S1 %E WAS >RE/$ BY ! ,*EKA1 ! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE1 ALONG ) H] HUSB& ,>ON ,B>ON4 ,%E MANAG$ TO ESCAPE 9 E>LY ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 BUT WAS RECAPTUR$4 

,FANYA ,B>ON WAS AMONG ?IRTE5 AN>*I/S HELD AT ,TAGANKA PRISON )\T *>GES4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ A HUNG] /RIKE ?AT ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( VISIT+ ,FR5*1 ,SPANI%1 & ,RUSSIANSYNDICALI/S4 ,LEON ,TROTSKY DISMISS$ ! VISITORS' CONC]NS3 0,WE DO NOT IMPRISON ! REAL AN>*I/S1 BUT CRIM9ALS & B&ITS :O COV] !MSELVES BY CLAIM+ TO BE AN>*I/S40 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #a#i#b#a1 ! ,*EKA %OT ,FANYA ,B>ON )\T A TRIAL4  
  

0,?IS BIG-HE>T$ WOMAN1 :O HAD S]V$ ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION ALL H] LIFE1 WAS DONE TO1 DEA? BY ! PEOPLE :O PRET5D$ TO BE ! ADVANCE GU>D ( REVOLUTION4 ,NOT CONT5T ) ! CRIME ( KILL+ ,FANYA ,B>ON1 ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T PUT ! /IGMA ( B&ITISM ON ! MEMORY ( !IR DEAD VICTIM40 

-,MY ,FUR!R ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN  

 ,KROPOTK9 DY+ ( HUNG]1 

 ,B]KMAN BY HIS [N H&1 

 ,FANNY ,B>ON BIT+ H] EXECUTION]S1 

 ,MAKHNO 9 ! ODOR ( CALUMNY1 

 ,TROTSKY1 TOO1 ,I SUPPOSE1 PASSIONATELY1 AFT] HIS FA%ION4 

 ,DO Y\ REMEMB]8 

 ,:AT IS IT ALL =1 ?IS POETRY1 

 ,?IS BUNDLE ( ACCOMPLI%M5T 

 ,PUT TOGE!R ) SO MU* PA98  

 -0,AUGU/ #b#b1 #a#i#c#i10,K5NE? ,REXRO?  

,>ON ,B>ON 

  

,A ,JEWI% EXILE FROM ! ,UKRA9E1 ,>ON ,B>ON ORGANIZ$ ) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD & WORK$ ) ,LUCY ,P>SONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BE=E RETURN+ TO REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 ,HE F\<T ALONGSIDE ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO & $IT$ ! AN>*I/ PAP],NABAT4,AFT] TWO DECADES ( H>ASSM5T1 >RE/S1 IMPRISONM5T1 & 9T]NAL EXILE1HE WAS %OT ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1 #a#i#c#g9 ,TOBOLSK ALONG ) MANY O!R AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,PROKOP ,EVDOKIMOVI* ,BUDAKOV1 ,Z9AIDA ,ALEKSEEVNA ,BUDAKOVA1 ,AVRAM ,V5ETSKY1 ,IVAN ,GOLOV*ANSKII1 ,VSEVOLOD ,GRIGORIEVI* ,D5ISOV1 ,NIKOLAI ,DESYATKOV1 ,IVAN ,DUD>91 ,&REI ,ZOLOT>EV1 ,&REI ,PAVLOVI* ,KISLITS91 ,ALEX&] ,PA/UKHOV1 ,ANNA ,>ONOVNA ,SANGORODETSKAYA1 ,MIKHAIL ,G4 ,TVELNEV1 ,VLADIMIR ,KHUDOLEI-,GRAD91 ,YURI ,I4 ,HOMETOVSKY-,IZGOD91 & ,NAHUM ,A>ONOV* ,EPPELBAUM4  
  

0,>ON ,B>ON1 >RE/$ 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 DUE TO RETURN ?AT EV5+ TO A PRISON FROM :I* HE W\LD NEV] AGA9 EM]GE1 LIFT$ HIS EMACIAT$1 BE>D$1 GOLD-SPECTACL$ PR(ILE TO CRY REL5TLESS PROTE/S AGA9/ ! NEW DESPOTISM2 ! BUT*]S AT WORK 9 !IR CELL>S1 ! DI%ONOR %$ UPON SOCIALISM1 ! (FICIAL VIOL5CE ?AT WAS TRAMPL+ ! ,REVOLUTION UND]FOOT4 ,FE>LESS & IMPETU\S1 HE SEEM$ TO BE S[+ ! SE$S ( NEW TEMPE/S40 

-,VICTOR ,S]GE RECALL+ ,B>ON'S SPEE* AT ,KROPOTK9'S FUN]AL 9 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y  

,! ,KRON/ADT ,REBELS 

  

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#a1 9 RESPONSE TO ,SOVIET CRACKD[NS ON LABOR ORGANIZ+ & PEASANTS' AUTONOMY1 ! CREWS ( TWO ,RUSSIAN BATTLE%IPS /ATION$ AT ! ISL& NAVAL =TRESS ( ,KRON/ADT HELD AN EM]G5CY MEET+4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E ! SAME SAILORS :O HAD BE5 ON ! FRONT L9ES ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,!Y AGRE$ ON FIFTE5 DEM&S4 

,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ,M>*1 #a#e1 SEAM51 SOLDI]S & WORK]S ASSEMBL$ = AN APPE>ANCE BY ,KAL991 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,! CR[D %\T$ ,KAL99 D[N & SEIZ$ ! RO/RUM1 FROM :I* ORD9>Y WORK]S & SAILORS PROCLAIM$ !IR GRIEVANCES4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! P>TICIPANTS OV]:ELM+LY 5DORS$ ! FIFTE5 DEM&S1 9CLUD+ ! MAJORITY ( RANK-&-FILE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S2 ONLY A FEW ,BOL%EVIK (FICIALS OBJECT$4 ,A CONF]5CE ( DELEGATES FROM %IPS1 MILIT>Y UNITS1 WORK%OPS & TRADE UNIONS MET ! NEXT DAY1 & ,KRON/ADT ROSE 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS ATTEMPT$ TO PORTRAY ! RIS+ AS ! WORK ( =EIGN REACTION>IES4 ,READ !IR DEM&S = Y\RSELF & DECIDE :E!R ?IS WAS ! WORK ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y CAPITALI/S3  
  

,IMM$IATE NEW ELECTIONS TO ! ,SOVIETS2 ! PRES5T ,SOVIETS NO LONG] EXPRESS ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,! NEW ELECTIONS %\LD BE HELD BY SECRET BALLOT1 & %\LD BE PREC$$ BY FREE ELECTORAL PROPAG&A = ALL WORK]S & PEASANTS BE=E ! ELECTIONS4  

,FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS = WORK]S & PEASANTS1 = ! ,AN>*I/S1 & = ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES4  

,! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY1 & FRE$OM = TRADE UNION & PEASANT ASSOCIATIONS4#d4 ,! ORGANIZATION1 AT ! LATE/ ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#b#a1 ( A ,CONF]5CE ( NON-,P>TY WORK]S1 SOLDI]S1 & SAILORS ( ,PETROGRAD1 ,KRON/ADT1 & ! ,PETROGRAD ,DI/RICT4  
  

,! LIB]ATION ( ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 & ( ALL IMPRISON$ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S & SAILORS BELONG+ TO WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS4  

,! ELECTION ( A COMMISSION TO LOOK 9TO ! DOSSI]S ( ALL ?OSE DETA9$ 9 PRISONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4  

,! ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL SECTIONS 9 ! >M$ =CES2 NO POLITICAL P>TY %\LD HAVE PRIVILEGES = ! PROPAGATION ( ITS IDEAS1 OR RECEIVE ,/ATE SUBSIDIES TO ?IS 5D4 ,9 PLACE ( ! POLITICAL SECTION1 V>I\S CULTURAL GR\PS %\LD BE SET UP1 D]IV+ RES\RCES FROM ! ,/ATE4  

,! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! MILITIA DETA*M5TS SET UP BETWE5 T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE4  

,! EQUALIZATION ( RATIONS = ALL WORK]S1 EXCEPT ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 DANG]\S OR UNHEAL?Y JOBS4  

,! ABOLITION ( ,P>TY COMBAT DETA*M5TS 9 ALL MILIT>Y GR\PS2 ! ABOLITION ( ,P>TY GU>DS 9 FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES4 ,IF GU>DS >E REQUIR$1 !Y %\LD BE NOM9AT$1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! VIEWS ( ! WORK]S4  

,! GRANT+ TO ! PEASANTS ( FRE$OM ( ACTION ON !IR [N SOIL1 & ( ! RI<T TO [N CATTLE1 PROVID$ !Y LOOK AFT] !M !MSELVES & DO NOT EMPLOY HIR$ LABOR4  

,WE REQUE/ ?AT ALL MILIT>Y UNITS & (FIC] TRA9EE GR\PS ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ?IS RESOLUTION4  

,WE DEM& ?AT ! ,PRESS GIVE PROP] PUBLICITY TO ?IS RESOLUTION4  

,WE DEM& ! 9/ITUTION ( MOBILE WORK]S' CONTROL GR\PS4  

,WE DEM& ?AT H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION BE AU?ORIZ$1 PROVID$ IT DOES NOT UTILIZE WAGE LABOR4  
  
  

,TWO WEEKS LAT]1 ON ! #e-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 #f1 ,R$ ,>MY TROOPS CAPTUR$ ,KRON/ADT1 MURD]+ & IMPRISON+ ?\S&S4 ,JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC ?AT CAME TO P[] 9 ,FRANCE 9 #ahg /ABILIZ$ ITS REIGN BY SLAU<T]+ ! REBELS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS /ABILIZ$ !IR REACTION>Y SEIZURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ) ! BLOODBA? AT ,KRON/ADT4 

,APOLOGI/S = ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE >GU$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO SLAU<T] ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS TO CONSOLIDATE P[] = ! ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,P]HAPS SO1 BUT ?AT IS NO >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ANY /ATE6 ,IF IT WAS ADMIRABLE & APPROPRIATE = ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS TO RISE AGA9/ ! ,CZ>1 IT WAS EQUALLY ADMIRABLE & APPROPRIATE = !M TO RISE AGA9/ ! NEW TYRANTS4 

,! FAILURE ( ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS-+ IS ABOVE ALL A LESSON 9 SOLID>ITY3 IF ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS HAD ASS]T$ !MSELVES 9 ,APRIL #aiah :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E C>RY+ \T !IR FIR/ ATTACKS AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ,MOSC[1 ! 5TIRE /ORY MI<T HAVE 5D$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,:AT IS DONE TO ! LEA/ ( US WILL BE DONE TO ! RE/ ( US SOON] OR LAT]4 ,?IS IS :Y SOLID>ITY IS SU* AN IMPORTANT VALUE TO AN>*I/S4  
  

0,S9CE Y\ >E FROM ,KRON/ADT ) :I* !Y FRI<T5 US ALL ! TIME1 & Y\ WANT TO KN[ ! TRU?1 H]E IT IS3 WE >E />V+4 ,WE HAVE NO %OES & NO CLO!S4 ,WE >E PHYSICALLY & MORALLY T]RORIZ$4 ,EA* & EV]Y ONE ( \R REQUE/S & DEM&S IS MET BY ! AU?ORITIES ) T]ROR1 T]ROR1 5DLESS T]ROR4 ,LOOK AT ! PRISONS ( ,PETROGRAD & Y\ WILL SEE H[ MANY ( \R COMRADES SIT !RE AFT] BE+ >RE/$ 9 ! LA/ ?REE DAYS4 ,NO1 COMRADES1 ! TIME HAS COME TO TELL ! ,COMMUNI/S OP5LY--Y\ HAVE SPOK5 5\< ON \R BEHALF4 ,D[N ) Y\R DICTATOR%IP1 :I* HAS L&$ US 9 ?IS BL9D ALLEY4 ,MAKE WAY = NONP>TY M54 ,LONG LIVE FREELY ELECT$ ,SOVIETS6 ,!Y ALONE CAN TAKE US \T ( ?IS MESS60 

--,A WORK] 9 A FACTORY 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ADDRESS+ A DELEGATION ( #cb SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 #a#i#b#a1 AS RECORD$ BY ,/EPAN ,PETRI*5KO 9 ,O PRI*9AKH ,KRON%TADTSKOGO VOS/ANIIA4 ,REVELATIONS LIKE !SE MOTIVAT$ ! REBELS ( ,KRON/ADT TO RISE UP & CALL = A 0?IRD REVOLUTION40  
  
  

0,TODAY IS A WORLDWIDE HOLIDAY1 ! ,DAY ( ,WORK+ ,WOM54 ,WE ! PEOPLE ( ,KRON/ADT1 UND] ! ?UND] ( CANNONS1 UND] ! EXPLOSIONS ( %ELLS S5T AT US BY ! 5EMIES ( ! LABOR+ PEOPLE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 S5D \R FRAT]NAL GREET+S TO Y\1 ! WORK+ WOM5 ( ! WORLD4 ,WE S5D GREET+S FROM ,R$ ,KRON/ADT1 FROM ! ,K+DOM ( ,LIB]TY4 ,LET \R 5EMIES TRY TO DE/ROY US4 ,WE >E /RONG2 WE >E UNDEFEATABLE40 

--,FROM A /ATEM5T COMMEMORAT+ ,9T]-NATIONAL ,WOM5'S ,DAY ON ,M>* #h1 #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS APPE>$ 9 ISSUE #f ( ,KRON/ADT ,IZVE/IA1 A PAP] PUBLI%$ BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE1 ! DAY AFT] ! BOMB>DM5T ( ,KRON/ADT BEGAN UND] ! ORD]S ( ,LEON ,TROTSKY4  

 ,! ALL-,RUSSIAN COMMUNE 

 ,RAZ$ US TO ! GR\ND1 

 ,! ,COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP 

 ,BR\<T US TO RU94  

 ,WE DROVE ! L&[N]S \T1 

 ,& WAIT$ = FRE$OM1 L&1 

 ,WE %OOK (F ALL ! ,ROMANOVS1 

 ,& W]E BLESS$ ) ,COMMUNI/S4  

 ,9/EAD ( FRE$OM & L& 

 ,!Y GAVE US ! ,*EKA 

 ,& PLANT$ ,SOVIET F>MS 

 ,HI!R & YON4  

 ,!Y TAKE AWAY BREAD & BEA/1 

 ,! PEASANT BLOATS FROM HUNG]1 

 ,!Y TOOK A GRAY HORSE FROM ,]EMA1 

 ,& A PL[%>E FROM ,MAK>4  

 ,!RE >E NO MAT*ES1 NOR K]OS5E1 

 ,EV]YONE SITS ) A TOR*1 

 ,UND] ! ,BOL%EVI/ COMMUNE1 

 ,!Y ONLY EAT POTATOES4  

 ,!Y S5T TO ! VILLAGE 

 ,FIVE>%9S( R$ CALICO1 

 ,! COMMISS>S TOOK IT ALL AWAY1 

 ,NOT AN 9* = ! MIDDLE PEASANT4  

 ,& ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA 

 ,! PEASANT ROSE = L&1 

 ,BUT EV]YONE WRITES 9 ,IZVE/IIA1.<#f.> 

 0,! KULAKS HAVE REBELL$40  

 ,! *EKI/ RIDES \T 

 ,LIKE A CZ>I/ G5]AL1 

 ,FLOODS ! L& ) BLOOD1 

 ,HE'S FLEEC$ EV]Y?+ TO ! BONE4  

 ,!Y'RE BR++ S]FDOM = US ANEW1 

 ,HEY1 WAKE UP PEASANTS6 

 ,ONLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALONE1 

 ,EAT & DR9K LIKE ! B>ONS BE=E4  

 ,>ISE PEASANT FOLK6 

 ,A NEW DAWN IS RIS+-- 

 ,WE'LL ?R[ (F ,TROTSKY'S FETT]S1 

 ,WE'LL ?R[ (F ,L59 ! CZ>4 

 ,WE'LL OV]?R[ ! DICTATOR%IP1 

 ,WE'LL GIVE FRE$OM TO LABOR1 

 ,WE'LL ALLOT = LABOR 

 ,! L&1 FACTORIES1 & PLANTS4 

 ,LABOR WILL E/ABLI% EQUALITY1 

 ,& ) LABOR FREE =EV] 

 ,FRAT]NITY ( ALL PEOPLE WILL COME1 

 ,& O!RWISE NEV]4  

 --,A SONG PR9T$ 9 ! F9AL ISSUE ( ,KRON/ADT ,IZVE/IA ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,M>* #a#f1 #a#i#b#a4  

,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

  

,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 AN AN>-*I/ :O S]V$ #ad YE>S 9 PRISON 9 ! ,U,S = AN ACT ( V5GEANCE AGA9/ ! UNION-BU/+ 9DU/RIALI/ ,H5RY ,CLAY ,FRICK1 SET \T 5?USIA/ICALLY = ,RUSSIA AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 ONLY TO DISCOV] ?AT ! /ATE WAS JU/ AS AU?ORIT>IAN UND] ,L59 AS IT HAD BE5 UND] ! ,CZ>4 ,HE WAS =TUNATE TO ESCAPE ALIVE4 ,HE SUMM>IZ$ HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?1 & ALSO ASSI/$ ) ,LETT]S FROM ,RUSSIAN ,PRISONS1 DOCUM5T+ ,BOL%EVIK OPPRESSION4  
  

0,GRAY >E ! PASS+ DAYS4 ,ONE BY ONE ! EMB]S ( HOPE HAVE DI$ \T4 ,T]ROR & DESPOTISM HAVE CRU%$ ! LIFE BORN 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,! SLOGANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION >E =SWORN1 ITS IDEALS /IFL$ 9 ! BLOOD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! BREA? ( YE/]DAY IS DOOM+ MILLIONS TO DEA?2 ! %AD[ ( TODAY HANGS LIKE A BLACK PALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,DICTATOR%IP IS TRAMPL+ ! MASSES UND] FOOT4 ,! ,REVOLUTION IS DEAD2 ITS SPIRIT CRIES 9 ! WILD]NESS444 ,I HAVE DECID$ TO LEAVE ,RUSSIA40 

- ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? 7,DI>Y #a#i#b-#b#b71 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN  

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

  

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN %>$ ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN'S 5?USIASM = ! 9ITIAL APP>5T TRIUMPH ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & HIS DISMAY AT ITS DISMAL RESULTS4 ,%E TRAVEL$ ) HIM TO ,RUSSIA1 WITNESS$ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION FIR/H&1 & AFT]W>DS %>$ HIS CONVICTION ?AT ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORIT>IANISM WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! RESULTS4  
  

0,L59 HAD V]Y LITTLE CONC]N 9 ! ,REVOLUTION444 ,COMMUNISM TO HIM WAS A V]Y REMOTE ?+4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL ,/ATE WAS ,L59'S DEITY1 TO :I* EV]Y?+ ELSE WAS TO BE SACRIFIC$4 ,SOMEONE SAID ?AT ,L59 W\LD SACRIFICE ! ,REVOLUTION TO SAVE ,RUSSIA4 ,L59'S POLICIES1 H[EV]1 HAVE PROV5 ?AT HE WAS WILL+ TO SACRIFICE BO? ! ,REVOLUTION & ! C\NTRY1 OR AT LEA/ P>T ( ! LATT]1 9 ORD] TO REALIZE HIS POLITICAL S*EME ) :AT WAS LEFT ( ,RUSSIA40 

- ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN  

,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

  

,MALATE/A BEGAN HIS C>E] AS A REVOLUTION>Y 9 ,ITALY 9 ! #a#h#gS1 WORK+ ) ,BAKUN9 )9 ! FAM\SLY 9SURRECTIONI/ ,ITALIAN SECTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL-->GUABLY ! FIR/ PROP]LY AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ON RECORD4 ,FROM ! />T1 HE OPPOS$ /ATI/ MODELS = SOCIAL *ANGE1 HAV+ SE5 H[ REPUBLICAN NATIONALISM HAD ONLY BR\<T A NEW REGIME TO P[] 9 ,ITALY & RE9=C$ EXI/+ SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,HE W5T TO JAIL & PRISON AGA9 & AGA9 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS EF=TS TO OP5 ! WAY TO FRE$OM4 

,9 ! #a#h#hS1 :5 ,MALATE/A'S =M] COMRADE ,&REA ,CO/A R5\NC$ AN>*ISM1 5T]$ ! ,ITALIAN ,P>LIAM5T1 & SET \T TO CONV9CE ! MOVEM5T ?AT ELECTORAL POLITICS W]E ! BE/ WAY TO SEEK SOCIAL *ANGE1 ,MALATE/A SNEAK$ BACK 9TO ,ITALY1 DESPITE FAC+ A V>IETY ( UNRESOLV$ CRIM9AL *>GES 9 HIS HOMEL&1 & *ALL5G$ ,CO/A TO A PUBLIC DEBATE4 ,CO/A ATTEMPT$ TO WEASEL HIS WAY \T ( IT1 BUT WAS ULTIMATELY COMPELL$ TO MEET ) ,MALATE/A1 !N FL$ ! CITY AFT] BE+ TR\NC$ 9 ! DISCUSSION4 ,HAV+ WON ! >GUM5T1 ,MALATE/A W5T DIRECTLY TO JAIL4 

,LAT]1 AFT] ESCAP+ ,ITALY CONCEAL$ 9 A BOX ( SEW+ MA*9ES1 SURVIV+ AN ASSASS9'S BULLET 9 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 & ORGANIZ+ ONE CL&E/9E NEWSPAP] & UPRIS+ AFT] ANO!R1 ,MALATE/A WITNESS$ ! #aiag REVOLUTION & ! MASS DEFECTION ( AN>*I/S TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :5 ! /ATE COMMUNI/ MODEL SUDD5LY APPE>$ MORE 0EFFECTIVE0 & 0PRAGMATIC40 ,IF NOT = !SE WRON<EAD$ CONV]SIONS1 !RE MI<T /ILL HAVE BE5 HOPE = EMANCIPATORY REVOLUTIONS 9 ! #b? C5TURY4  
  

0,IT SEEMS UNBELIEVABLE ?AT EV5 TODAY1 AFT] EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS HAPP5$ @& IS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 !RE >E PEOPLE :O /ILL IMAG9E ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIALI/S @& AN>*I/S IS ONLY ?AT ( WANT+ REVOLUTION GRADUALLY OR QUICKLY40 

-,]RICO ,MALATE/A 9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #aiba  

,MOLLIE ,/EIM] 

  

,BORN 9 #a#h#i#g1 9 A ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ,MOLLIE ,/EIM] IMMIGRAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #aiac ) H] P>5TS & SIBL+S4 ,AT FIFTE51 %E W5T TO WORK 9 A G>M5T FACTORY TO SUPPORT H] FAMILY4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 :ILE /ILL A TE5AG]1 %E BECAME AN AN>*I/1 & SOON JO9$ A COLLECTIVE ?AT PUBLI%$ A CL&E/9E J\RNAL CALL$ ,FRAYHAYT 7,FRE$OM74 

,9 #a#i#a#h1 :5 ,U,S TROOPS W]E L&$ ON ,RUSSIAN SOIL TO 9T]V5E 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 !IR COLLECTIVE PUBLI%$ A LEAFLET CALL+ = WORK]S TO LAUN* A G5]AL /RIKE 9 PROTE/4 ,AFT] A VIOL5T POLICE RAID1 ,/EIM] & FIVE ( H] COLLEAGUES W]E >RE/$ & 9DICT$ ON *>GES ( CONSPIRACY TO VIOLATE ! ,S$ITION ,ACT2 ONE ( H] CODEF5DANTS DI$ DUR+ ! TRIAL1 MO/ LIKELY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! BRUTAL BEAT+ 9FLICT$ BY ! POLICE4 

,/EIM] WAS CONVICT$ & S5T5C$ TO FIFTE5 YE>S 9 PRISON1 BUT LAWY]S APPEAL$ ! CONVICTION TO ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT4 ,RELEAS$ ON BAIL :ILE AWAIT+ ! RUL+1 %E WAS >RE/$ EI<T MORE TIMES OV] ! NEXT ELEV5 MON?S & ULTIMATELY DEPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA4 ,%E >RIV$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#a1 :5 AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+ 9 ,RUSSIA HAD BE5 ALL BUT DE/ROY$4 

,%E MET ,SEMYA ,FLE%91 :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! ,GOLOS ,TRUDA GR\P 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ! ,NABAT ,CONF$]ATION 9 ! ,UKRA9E & HAD BE5 9C>C]AT$ UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALONGSIDE ,VOL9E & ,>ON & ,FANNY ,B>ON4 ,! TWO ORGANIZ$ A ,SOCIETY TO ,HELP ,AN>*I/ ,PRISON]S4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#b#b1 !Y W]E !MSELVES >RE/$ ON *>GES ( AID+ CRIM9AL ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA & MA9TA9+ TIES ) AN>*I/S ABROAD--!Y HAD BE5 CORRESPOND+ ) ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 :O HAD ALREADY LEFT ,RUSSIA4 ,S5T5C$ TO TWO YE>S' EXILE 9 ,SIB]IA1 !Y DECL>$ A HUNG] /RIKE & W]E RELEAS$ ! NEXT DAY1 ON ! CONDITION ?AT !Y *ECK 9 ) ! AU?ORITIES EV]Y #dh H\RS4 

,ON ,JULY #i1 #a#i#b#c1 !Y W]E >RE/$ AGA91 & DECL>$ A HUNG] /RIKE ONCE MORE4 ,?IS TIME1 !Y W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 DEP>T+ = ,B]L9 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#g1 #a#i#b#c4 ,= ! NEXT #be YE>S1 !Y LIV$ )\T CITIZ5%IP 9 ANY C\NTRY1 UTILIZ+ ! PASSPORTS ?AT ! ,NORWEGIAN >CTIC EXPLOR] ,FRIDTJ( ,NANS5 >RANG$ = /ATELESS PEOPLE4  
  

0,ON ,M>* #e1 #a#i#b#c1 ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T ,CLO?+ ,FACTORY 9 ,PETROGRAD R$UC$ ! WAGES ( ITS EMPLOYES #c P] C5T1 )\T GIV+ NOTICE OR MAK+ ANY EXPLANATION TO ANY ( !M4 ,:5 ! SAL>IES W]E H&$ \T1 EA* ( ! WORK]S WAS UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT IT WAS A CL]ICAL MI/AKE1 & W5T = AN EXPLANATION TO ! (FICE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT #ab EMPLOYES W5T SIMULTANE\SLY TO ASK :Y SO MU* ( !IR PAY WAS MISS+4 ,TO ?IS ! FACTORY DIRECTOR REPLI$ ?AT ! PEOPLE \<T TO BE SATISFI$ ) :AT !Y GET & \<T TO ?ANK !M 7! DIRECTORS & ! GOV]NM5T7 = SUPPLY+ !M ) WORK AT ALL4 ,AMAZ$ AT SU* AN ANSW] & BOIL+ ) 9DIGNATION1 !Y DECID$ NOT TO RESUME WORK UNTIL !Y GOT A SATISFACTORY EXPLANATION4 ,UNION REPRES5TATIVES W]E !REUPON CALL$1 BUT ?OSE (FICIALS REFUS$ TO COME UNTIL ! WORK]S W5T BACK TO !IR MA*9ES4 ,! FACTORY MANAG] TOLD !M ALSO ?AT IF !Y D>$ TO /RIKE1 ALL ( !M W\LD BE CONSID]$ C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S & DEALT ) ACCORD+LY4 ,IMM$IATELY ! WORK]S CALL$ A MEET+4 ,:ILE !Y W]E DISCUSS+ !IR GRIEVANCES1 ! UNION REPRES5TATIVES 5T]$4 ,BUT 9/EAD ( SYMPA?IZ+ ) ! WORK]S1 ONE ( !SE 'DEF5D]S ( LABOR' P\ND$ ON ! TABLE ) HIS FI/ & CALL$ 9 A ?UND]+ VOICE3 ',I ORD] Y\ BACK T[ORK4' 

0,NATURALLY1 SU* BEHAVIOR ONLY >\S$ ALL PRES5T TO ! HI<E/ PIT* ( EXCITEM5T4 ,! ORD] WAS BITT]LY RES5T$ & ! MEET+ CONT9U$4 ,AN OLD WORK+MAN GOT UP & RELAT$ ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* HE & HIS FAMILY W]E =C$ TO LIVE1 & ASK$ H[ ON E>? HE C\LD KEEP FROM />VATION ) ! MIS]ABLE WAGES HE RECEIV$4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( HIS [N LIFE BE+ ! V]Y MIRROR ( ! LIFE !Y ALL L$1 RESULT$ 9 ! MO/ PITIFUL SC5E4 ,EV]YBODY SUDD5LY BUR/ 9TO TE>S4 ,Y\NG & OLD1 M5 & WOM51 ALL W]E CRY+1 & SEV]AL 9 ! AUDI5CEFA9T$4 

0,A FEW H\RS AFT] ?IS CAME SEV]AL *IEFS REPRES5T+ ! ,G,P,U1 ! ,UNION & TOGE!R ) ! HEAD DIRECTOR ( ! ,PETROGRAD ,CLO?+ FACTORIES1 ANN\NC$ ?AT ! WAGES W\LD BE R$UC$ ONLY #ah P] C5T 9/EAD ( #c P] C5T4 ,! WORK]S1 !REUPON DECID$ TO RESUME WORK & QUIETUDE PREVAIL$ 9 ! FACTORY4 ,BUT AT ! 5D ( ! NEXT WEEK #ab WORK]S1 :O W]E CONSID]$ TO BE MORE \TSPOK5 & DET]M9$ ?AN ! O!RS1 W]E DIS*>G$ FROM ! FACTORY1 ?R[N \T ( ! ,UNION1 & PUT ON ! BLACKLI/2 ?AT IS1 ON !IR PASSPORTS W]E WRITT53 ',CITIZ5444 DIS*>G$ FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T ,CLO?+ ,FACTORY = MUT9Y AGA9/ ! ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,GOV]NM5T1 ) ! PURPOSE ( TAK+ OV] !FACTORY4'.<444.> 0,NO1 ,I AM ,N,O,T HAPPY TO BE \T ( ,RUSSIA4 ,I W\LD RA!R BE !RE HELP+ ! WORK]S COMBAT ! TYRANNICAL DE$S ( ! HYPOCRITICAL ,COMMUNI/S40 

--,MOLLIE ,/EIM]1 9 A LETT] WRITT5 FROM ,B]L9 9 #a#i#b#c1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,FRE$OM1 ,JANU>Y #aibd  

,VICTOR ,S]GE 

  

,VICTOR ,S]GE />T$ ADUL?OOD AS AN AN>*I/4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]1 HE JO9$ ! ,P>TY & S]V$ !M AS A J\RNALI/1 DUTIFULLY EXCUS+ ! IMPRISONM5T ( HONE/ AN>*I/S1 ! BUT*]Y ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELS1.<#g.> & MANY O!R /EPS 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 HE IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! MILLIONS ( REBELS & COMMON LABOR]S %IFT$ !IR ALLEGIANCE FROM AN>*I/S TO /ATI/S AFT] ! APP>5T VICTORY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONCE MORE1 SO MU* = PRAGMATISM4 

,H[ DID IT WORK \T = ,S]GE8 ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ?R[N 9 JAIL1 S5T5C$ TO 9T]NAL EXILE1 & 9 ! 5D B>ELY MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ) HIS LIFE4 ,HAD HE REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO HIS AN>*I/ POLITICS1 HE MI<T HAVE SAV$ HIMSELF A LOT ( GRIEF--& ABOVE ALL1 HE W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 COMPLICIT 9 SETT+ ! /AGE = ! SLAU<T] & IMPRISONM5T ( MILLIONS4  
  

0,:5 .<,VICTOR ,S]GE.> WAS ASK$ :Y HE1 AS A P>TY MEMB]1 DID NOT RAISE HIS VOICE 9 PROTE/ .<AGA9/ ! ATTACK ON ,KRON/ADT.> 9 ! P>TY SESSION1 HIS REPLY WAS ?AT ?AT W\LD NOT HELP ! SAILORS & W\LD M>K HIM = ! ,*EKA & EV5 = SIL5T DISAPPE>ANCE4 ,! ONLY EXCUSE = ,VICTOR ,S]GE AT ! TIME WAS A Y\NG WIFE & A SMALL BABY4 ,BUT = HIM TO /ATE N[1 AFT] SEV5TE5 YE>S1 ?AT '! ,BOL%EVIKI ONCE CONFRONT$ ) ! MUT9Y HAD NO O!R REC\RSE EXCEPT TO CRU% IT1' IS1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 9EXCUSABLE4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE KN[S AS WELL AS ,I DO ?AT !RE WAS NO MUT9Y 9 ,KRON/ADT1 ?AT ! SAILORS ACTUALLY DID NOT USE !IR >MS 9 ANY %APE OR =M UNTIL ! BOMB>DM5T ( ,KRON/ADT BEGAN40 

--0,TROTSKY ,PROTE/S ,TOO ,MU*10 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 #ai*  
  
  

0,ON ONE ( !SE BLACK DAYS .<DUR+ ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+.>1 ,L59 SAID TO A FRI5D ( M9E 7,I USE HIS EXACT WORDS73 ',?IS IS ,!RMIDOR4 ,BUT WE %ALL NOT LET \RSELVES BE GUILLOT9$4 ,WE'LL BE \R [N ,!RMIDOR4'0 

-- ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ,VICTOR ,S]GE4 ,!RMIDOR WAS !#a#a? MON? (! CAL5D> 9TRODUC$ UND] ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,9 #a#g#i#d1 DUR+ ,!RMIDOR1 A REACTION>Y BACKLA% OV]?REW ! RADICAL ,JACOB9S & GUILLOT9$ !IR LEAD]1 ,ROBESPI]RE4  

,PET] ,>%9OV 

  

,PET] ,>%9OV P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ UPRIS+ 9 ! ,UKRA9E ALONGSIDE ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO BETWE5 #aiai & #a#i#b#a1 AT :I* PO9T HE N>R[LY ESCAP$ ! ,BOL%EVIK C\NT]REVOLUTION ) HIS LIFE4 ,FLEE+ WE/ 9TO ,G]MANY1 HE AU?OR$ ! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a7 & COAU?OR$ ! 0,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S40 ,EV5TUALLY1 HE R5\NC$ AN>*ISM & RETURN$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ONLY TO BE PURG$ & EXECUT$4 ,IF NOT EV5 ! ORIG9AL ,BOL%EVIKS W]E SAFE FROM ,/AL9'S ,T]ROR1 IT WAS FOOLI% TO IMAG9E A =M] AN>*I/ MI<T BE4  
  

0,PRISONS >E ! SYMBOL ( ! S]VITUDE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS BUILT ONLY TO SUBJUGATE ! PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,?R\<\T ! C5TURIES1 ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ALL C\NTRIES CRU%$ ! SPIRIT ( REBELLION OR RESI/ANCE ( ! MASSES BY MEANS ( EXECUTION & IMPRISONM5T4 ,& 9 \R TIME1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIALI/ ,/ATE1 PRISONS DEV\R MA9LY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,FREE PEOPLE HAVE NO USE = PRISONS4 ,:]EV] PRISONS EXI/1 ! PEOPLE >E NOT FREE40 

-- ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a7 1 ,PET] ,>%9OV4  

,F$OR ,MO*ANOVSKY 

  

,ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIK ,T]ROR WAS UND]WAY1 IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY DIFFICULT TO GET 9=MATION AB\T :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO AN>*I/S & O!R REBELS BEH9D ! BORD]S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,F$OR ,MO*ANOVSKY WAS ONE ( C\NTLESS AN>*I/S :O VANI%$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS REPRESSION4 ,BY #a#i#b#h1 ! ,SOVIET AU?ORITIES HAD MOV$ ,MO*ANOVSKY FROM ! ,BUTYRKA PRISON 9 ORD] TO CUT (F 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT1 EFFECTIVELY DISAPPE>+ HIM4 ,HE ALMO/ C]TA9LY DI$ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/AL9I/ /ATE4  
  

0,! REAL ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & ! ,BOL%EVI/S IS NO?+ NEW AS F> AS AN>*I/S >E CONC]N$4 ,?AT ANTAGONISM HAS EXI/$ S9CE ! DAYS :5 ,K>L ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 SET \T !IR IDEAS4 ,! =M] EMBRAC$ ! ,/ATE & GOV]NM5T :]EAS ! LATT] REJECT$ !M1 EV5 9 EMBRYO4 ,?AT ANTAGONISM BECAME V]Y CLE> AT ! CONGRESS ( ,M>XI/S *AIR$ BY ,5GELS & ,LIEBKNE*T & HELD 9 ,! ,HAGUE .<,SEPTEMB] #b-#g1 #a#h#g#b.>1 AT :I* !Y PL$G$ TO /R+ UP AN>*I/S AS SOON AS !Y CAMEP[]4 

0,9 :I* ALL !Y W]E DO+ WAS TALK+ 9 ! SAME T]MS AS ! ,BOL%EVI/S TALK 9 ,RUSSIATODAY4 

0,9 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVI/S ORGANIZ$ AN ANTI-AN>*I/ FRONT TO SEEK ! DE/RUCTION ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?R\<\T ! L& & 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( LIFE ACROSS ! T]RITORY ( ! SOVIET REPUBLIC1 !Y TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S4 ,!Y %UT D[N !IR PRESSES & !IR LIT]ATURE4 ,!Y %UT D[N AN>*I/ CLUBS & BOOK%OPS4 ,!Y RESORT$ TO ALL SORTS ( MEANS 9 ORD] TO UNDO ! ORGANIZATION ( !IR CONGRESSES & !Y >RE/$ ! AN>*I/S4 ,& :5 ! OPPORTUNITY PRES5T$ ITSELF1 !Y %OT !M D[N ON ONE PRETEXT OR ANO!R40 

-,SPEE* ( ! AN>*I/ ,F$OR ,MO*ANOVSKY BE=E ! ,PETROGRAD ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\RT ON ,DECEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#b#b1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LA ,ANTOR*A 7,>G5T9A71 ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#b#c4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY4  

,VOL9E 

  

,BORN 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,VOL9E DROPP$ \T ( ! UNIV]SITY 9 #a#i#d4 ,HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! UPRIS+ ( #aie AS A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY & AN ORGANIZ] ( ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS2 S5T5C$ TO 9T]NAL EXILE AFT]W>DS1 HE ESCAP$ FROM ,RUSSIA & JO9$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE4 ,:5 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BEGAN1 ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T 9T5D$ TO PUT HIM 9 A CONC5TRATION CAMP1 BUT HE ESCAP$ TO ,NEW ,YORK1 :]E HE JO9$ ! /AFF ( ,GOLOS ,TRUDA4 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 HE RETURN$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ) ! RE/ ( ! /AFF4 

,9 FALL #a#i#a#h1 FOLL[+ ! ,BOL%EVIK CRACKD[N ON ,GOLOS ,TRUDA1 HE TRAVEL$ ! ,UKRA9E1 :]E HE HELP$ TO ORGANIZE ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ! ,UKRA9E & ! $ITORIAL GR\P ,NABAT 7,TOCS974 ,NABAT PUBLI%$ SEV]AL PAP]S ?R\<\T ! REGION4 ,NABAT 5TRU/$ HIM ) ! RESPONSIBILITY ( DRAFT+ A ,SYN!TIC ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES ?AT W\LD 5ABLE AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S ( ALL /RIPES TO WORK TOGE!R ?R\<\T ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,LAT] ON1 ALONG ) ,MOLLIE ,/EIM] & ,S5YA ,FLE%9 & SEV]AL O!R LONGTIME AN>*I/S1 HE PUBLI%$ A CRITICAL RESPONSE TO ,>%9OV'S 0,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNI/S10 >GU+ ?AT IT HAD TOO MU* 9 COMMON ) ,BOL%EVISM4 

,ORGANIZ+ ALONGSIDE ,MAKHNO'S 9SURG5TS 9 ! ,UKRA9E1 HE WAS CAPTUR$ BY ,BOL%EVIKS2 ,TROTSKY HAD ALREADY ORD]$ HIS EXECUTION1 BUT ,MAKHNO WAS EV5TUALLY ABLE TO BROK] HIS RELEASE AS P>T ( A TREATY ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS--:I* !Y VIOLAT$ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS4 ,VOL9E ORGANIZ$ A ,CONGRESS ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PRET5D$ TO (F] P]MISSION = IT1 !N 9T]RUPT$ IT & >RE/$ ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,!Y LANGUI%$ 9 ! ,TAGANKA PRISON 9 ,MOSC[ UNTIL AN 9T]NATIONAL LABOR CONGRESS FURNI%$ !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO GO ON HUNG] /RIKE4 ,9 ! 5D1 !Y W]E DEPORT$ TO ,G]MANY4 

,VOL9E SP5T ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E HE WORK$ ) AN>*I/S 9 ! ,C,N,T DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & PUBLI%$ HIS EXHAU/IVE WORK1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4  
  

0,ANY S*OOL ( ?\<T ?AT C\NT5ANCES DICTATOR%IP--BE IT ( ALL-\T OR KID-GLOVE1 'RI<T W+' OR 'LEFT W+' V>IETY--IS1 DEEP D[N1 OBJECTIVELY & ESS5TIALLY FASCI/4 ,9 MY EYES1 FASCISM IS PRIM>ILY ! NOTION ( ! MASSES BE+ L$ BY SOME 'M9ORITY1' SOME POLITICAL P>TY1 SOME DICTATOR4 ,9 T]MS ( PSY*OLOGY & IDEOLOGY1 FASCISM IS ! IDEA ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,?AT IDEA >TICULAT$1 SPREAD OR IMPLEM5T$ BY ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES IS READILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT :5 ?AT SAME IDEA IS TAK5 UP & IMPLEM5T$ BY IDEOLOGUES FROM ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! ROAD TO EMANCIPATION1 ?AT %\LD BE DEEM$ A POISON\S AB]RATION1 A %ORTSI<T$1 SILLY NONS5SE1 A DANG]\S DEVIATION4 ,=1 BE+ ESS5TIALLY FASCI/1 ?AT IDEA1 IF PUT 9TO EFFECT1 LEADS 9EVITABLY TO A PR(\NDLY FASCI/ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION40,?IS TRU? HAS BE5 COMPREH5SIBLY--& 9CONTROV]TIBLY--BORNE \T BY ! ',RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE4' ,! NOTION ( DICTATOR%IP AS A MEANS ( EMANCIPAT+ ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE !RE4 ,WELL1 ITS IMPLEM5TATION HAS 9EVITABLY BR\<T =? AN EFFECT :I* !SE DAYS IS BECOM+ PLA9] & PLA9] & :I* SOON EV5 ! MO/ IGNORANT1 %ORT-SI<T$ & PIG-HEAD$ WILL BE =C$ TO ACKN[L$GE39/EAD ( LEAD+ TO ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! VICTORI\S REVOLUTION ACTUALLY & DESPITE ALL ! !ORIZ+ ( ! DICTATOR-LIB]ATORS1 BR\<T =? ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE1 <A/LIE/ 5SLAVEM5T & EXPLOITATION ( ?AT WORK+ CLASS AT ! H&S ( A PRIVILEG$ RUL+ CLASS40 

-- 0,R$ ,FASCISM10 ,VOL9E1 #aicd  

,MAX ,NETTLAU 

  

,NE> ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,MAX ,NETTLAU1 ONE ( ! GREATE/ HI/ORIANS ( ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 HAV+ WITNESS$ ! ,BOL%EVIK VICTORY & ! SUBSEQU5T NI<TM>ES ( ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM1 SUMM>IZ$ ! ESS5CE ( ,M>X'S POLITICAL 9COH]5CE 9 A LETT] TO A FRI5D4 ,?IS LITTLE-KN[N EXC]PT CA/S CONSID]ABLE LI<T ON ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ,M>X'S ?\<T1 :I* HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( SO MU* MIS=TUNE3  
  

0,I CALL ,M>X 'TRIPLE-FAC$1' BECAUSE ) HIS P>TICUL>LY GRASP+ SPIRIT HE LAID A CLAIM ON EXACTLY ?REE TACTICS & HIS ORIG9ALITY NO D\BT RESIDES 9 !SE PAN-GRASP+ GE/S4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ ELECTORAL SOCIALISM1 ! CONQUE/ ( P>LIAM5TS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY &1 ?\< HE (T5 SNE]$ AT IT1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/ATE & ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ SIMPLE CONFID5CE & ABID+1 LETT+ 'EVOLUTION' DO ! WORK1 SELF-R$UCTION1 ALMO/ SELF-EVAPORATION ( ! CAPITALI/S UNTIL ! PYRAMID TUMBL$ OV] BY MA!MATICAL LAWS ( HIS [N GR[?1 AS IF TRIANGUL> BODIES AUTOMATICALLY TURN$ SOM]SAULTS4 ,HE COPI$ ! FIR/ TACTICS FROM ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ! SECOND FROM ,BLANQUI1.<#h.> :IL/ ! ?IRD CORRESPOND TO HIS FEEL+ ( BE+ SOMEH[ ! ECONOMIC DICTATOR ( ! UNIV]SE1 AS ,HEGEL HAD BE5 ITS SPIRITUAL DICTATOR4 ,HIS GRASP+ W5T FUR!R4 ,HE HAT$ 9/9CTIVELY LIB]T>IAN ?\<T & TRI$ TO DE/ROY ! FREE ?9K]S :]EV] HE MET !M1 FROM ,FEU]BA* & ,MAX ,/IRN] TO ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & O!RS4 ,BUT HE WI%$ TO ADD ! ESS5CE ( !IR TEA*+ AS SPOILS TO HIS O!R BORR[$ FEA!RS1 & SO HE RELEGAT$ AT ! 5D ( DAYS1 AFT] ALL DICTATOR%IP1 ! PROSPECT ( A ,/ATELESS1 AN ,AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,CAGLIO/RO HUNT$ ?US ) ALL H\NDS & RAN ) ALL H>ES1 & IMPOS$ ?US--& HIS FOLL[]S AFT] HIM--AN 9CR$IBLE CONFUSION ON SOCIALISM :I*1 ALMO/ A C5TURY AFT] #a#h#d#d1 HAS NOT YET 5D$4 ,! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS PRAY BY HIM2 ! DICTATORIAL SOCIALI/S SWE> BY HIM2 ! EVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S SIT /ILL & LI/5 TO HE> EVOLUTION EVOLVE1 AS O!RS LI/5 TO ! GR[+ ( ! GRASS2 & SOME V]Y FRUGAL PEOPLE DR9K WEAK TEA & >E GLAD1 ?AT AT ! 5D ( DAYS BY ,M>X'S IPSE DIXIT ,AN>*Y WILL AT LA/ BE P]MITT$ TO UNFOLD4 ,M>X HAS BE5 LIKE A BLI<T ?AT CREEPS 9 & KILLS EV]Y?+ IT T\*ES TO ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 AN IMM5SE P[] = EVIL1 NUMB+ SELF-?\<T1 9S9UAT+ FALSE CONFID5CE1 /IRR+ UP ANIMOSITY1 HATR$1 ABSOLUTE 9TOL]ANCE1 BEG9N+ ) HIS [N >ROGANT LIT]>Y SQUABBLES & LEAD+ TO 9T]-MURD]+ SOCIALISM AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 S9CE #a#i#a#g1 :I* HAS SO V]Y SOON P]MITT$ REACTION TO GALVANIZE ! UNDEVELOP$ /RATA & TO CULTIVATE ! ',RE9KULTUR5' ( SU* AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ! ,FASCI/S & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,!RE WAS1 9 SPITE ( !IR P]SONAL 5MITY1 SOME MON/R\S '9T]-BRE$+' BETWE5 ! TWO MO/ FATAL M5 ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,M>X & ,MAZZ9I1.<#i.> & !IR ISSUE >E ,MUSSOL9I & ALL ! O!RS :O DISGRACE ?IS POOR #b? C5TURY40 

-CORRESPOND5CE ) A COMRADE1 C4 #a#i#c#f4  

,LUIGI ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 

  

,! TRAG$IES BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[] 9 #aiag DID NOT 5D 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ONCE !RE WAS A /ATE ?AT SUPPOS$LY REPRES5T$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ AG5DA1 REVOLUTIONS & REVOLUTION>IES ALL >\ND ! WORLD W]E SACRIFIC$ 9 COLD BLOOD TO ADVANCE ! IMP]ATIVES ?AT DRIVE ALL /ATES4 ,AS HIS TEMPOR>Y PACT ) ,HITL] ILLU/RATES1 0,/AL9ISM0 WAS NOT A COH]5T IDEOLOGY BUT A MI%MA% ( ALL ! ?+S ,/AL9 HAD TO DO TO CONT9U\SLY PURSUE P[] = HIMSELF & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,NOT WI%+ ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO TRIUMPH ?AT DID NOT ANSW] TO HIS ,COM9T]N1 ,/AL9 MADE SURE TO UND]M9E ! AN>*I/ & ,REPUBLICAN =CES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! ,/AL9I/ FACTION )9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO WAS SMALL1 BUT BECAUSE !Y CONTROLL$ ACCESS TO RES\RCES FROM \TSIDE ,SPA9 & DID NOT %R9K FROM OP5 BETRAYAL1 !Y W]E ABLE TO C5TRALIZE CONTROL ( ! DEF5SE 9 !IR H&S4 ,9 ! 5D1 MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E MURD]$ BY ,/AL9I/S RA!R ?AN BY ! FASCI/S !Y W]E SUPPOS$LY FI<T+ TOGE!R4 

,AN ASSOCIATE ( ,MALATE/A & FI]CE CRITIC ( ,TROTSKY AS WELL AS ,/AL91 ,LUIGI ,B]N]I WAS A WELL-KN[N ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZ] :O TRAVEL$ TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,HE WAS (F]$ A POSITION 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ECONOMY1 BUT REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5T ON PR9CIPLE4 

,:5 CLA%ES BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ! ,/AL9-CONTROLL$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BROKE \T 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 ! H\SE ,B]N-]I %>$ ) SEV]AL O!R AN>*I/S WAS ATTACK$4 ,HE & HIS COMRADES W]E LABEL$ 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES10 DIS>M$1 DEPRIV$ ( !IR PAP]S1 & =BIDD5 TO GO \T 9TO ! /REET4 ,ON ,MAY #e1 #a#i#c#g1 ,/AL9I/S MURD]$ ,B]N]IALONG ) ANO!R ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,FRANCISCO ,B>BI]I4  
  

,:AT EVIL ! ,COMMUNI/S >E DO+ H]E TOO6 ,IT IS ALMO/ #b O'CLOCK & ,I AM GO+ TO B$4 ,! H\SE IS ON ITS GU>D TONI<T4 ,I (F]$ TO /AY AWAKE TO LET ! O!RS GO TO SLEEP1 & EV]YONE LAU<$1 SAY+ ?AT ,I W\LD NOT EV5 HE> ! CANNON6 ,BUT AFT]W>DS1 ONE BY ONE1 !Y FELL ASLEEP1 & ,I AM WAT*FUL OV] ALL ( !M1 :ILE WORK+ = ?OSE :O >E TO COME4 ,IT IS ! ONLY COMPLETELY BEAUTIFUL ?+40 

--,B]N]I'S LA/ LETT] TO HIS FAMILY1 ,MAY #c-#d1 #a#i#c#g2 TRANSLATION PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS ,AN>*I/ ,REVIEW _?#d1 #ai<  

,9 ,CONCLUSION 

  

,:5 PROPON5TS ( /ATE SOCIALISM ACCUSE AN>*I/S ( BE+ SECT>IAN = NOT DESIR+ TO WORK TOGE!R = COMMON 5DS1 WE HAVE TO ASK3D[E %>E ! SAME GOALS1 REALLY8 ,:AT CAN WE HAVE 9 COMMON ) ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT GUILLOT9ES1 C\RTS1 JUDGES1 PRISONS1 GULAGS1 & FIR+ SQUADS CAN DO ! WORK ( LIB]ATION8 

,IF HI/ORY IS ANY GUIDE1 P>TISANS ( ! /ATE WILL NOT HESITATE TO USE ?OSE AGA9/ ANY-ONE :O H9D]S !IR PURSUIT ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]4 ,T5S ( MILLIONS MURD]$ BY ! /ATE CRY \T TO US FROM ! #b? C5TURY1 URG+ US TO HE$ !IR W>N+S SO !IR DEA?S MI<T NOT BE 9 VA94 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

  
  

,AMOROS1 ,MIGUEL4 ,LOS 9CONTROLADOS DE #a#i#c#g3 MEMORIAS MILITANTES DE LOS ,AMIGOS DE ,DURRUTI4 ,B>CELONA3 ,ALD>ULL ,$ICIONS1 #b#a#f4 

,AMOROS1 ,MIGUEL4 ,JOSE ,PELLIC]1 EL AN>QUI/A 9TEGRO3 VIDA Y OBRA DEL FUNDADOR DE LA H]OICA ,COLUMNA DE ,HI]RO4 ,B>CELONA3 ,VIRUS ,$ITORIAL1 #b#i4 

,>%9OV1 ,P4 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ,MOVEM5T1 #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#a4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#e4 

,AVRI*1 ,PAUL4 ,AN>*I/ ,VOICES3 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K1 #b#f4 

,AVRI*1 ,PAUL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#e4 

,AVRI*1 ,PAUL4 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#b#a4 ,PR9CETON1 ,N4,J43 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g4 

,AVRI*1 ,PAUL1 $4 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,I?ACA1 ,N4,Y43 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#c4 

,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?4 ,LONDON3 ,ACTIVE ,DI/RIBUTION1 #b#a#g4 

,BLUE/E91 ,ABE1 ,MOLLIE ,/EIM]1 & ,S5YA ,FLE%94 ,FI<T]S = ,AN>*ISM3 ,MOLLIE ,/EIM] & ,S5YA ,FLE%94 .<,PLACE ( PUBLICATION NOT ID5TIFI$.>3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,PUB4 ,GR\P1 #a#i#h#c4 

,C>R1 ,$W>D ,HALLETT4 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN94 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#a4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,ACTIVE ,DI/RIBUTION1 #b#a#g4 

,GRAHAM1 ,ROB]T4 ,WE ,DO ,NOT ,FE> ,AN>*Y -- ,WE ,9VOKE ,IT3 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & ! ,ORIG9S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#e4 

,GETZL]1 ,ISRAEL4 ,KRON/ADT1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a3 ,! ,FATE ( A ,SOVIET ,DEMOCRACY4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,U,K3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#i4 

,GUILLAMON1 ,AGU/94 ,EL T]ROR E/AL9I/A 5 ,B>CELONA 7#a#i#c#h74 ,B>CELONA3 ,ALD>ULL1 #b#a#c4 

,GUILLAUME1 ,JAMES4 ,L',9T]NATIONALE3 DOCUM5TS ET S\V5IRS 7#a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#h74 #c4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FRANKL91 #a#i#f#i4 

0,KRON/ADT ,IZVE/IA1 _?#a-#a#d 7#a#i#b#a740 ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/HI/ORY_/USSR_/EV5TS_/KRON/ADT_/IZVES-TIA_/9DEX4HTM4 

,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION4 ,$IT$ & TRANSLAT$ BY ,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL]4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M4,A43 ,! ,M4,I4,T4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e4 

,MAKHNO1 ,NE/OR1 ,MALCOLM ,>*IBALD1 & ,WILL ,FIR?4 ,! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION 7,JULY -- ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h74 ,$MONTON3 ,BLACK ,CAT ,PRESS1 #b#a#a4 

,MAKHNO1 ,NE/OR1 ,MALCOLM ,>*IBALD1 & ,SEAN ,MC,9ALLY-,BOOM]4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ,UKRA9E 7,M>* #aiag -- ,APRIL #a#i#a#h74 ,$MONTON1 ,ALB]TA3 ,BLACK ,CAT ,PRESS1 #b#i4 

,MAKHNO1 ,NE/OR1 ,VOL9E1 & ,MALCOLM ,>*IBALD4 ,UND] ! ,BL[S ( ! ,C\NT]REVOLUTION1 ,APRIL-,JUNE #a#i#a#h4 ,$MONTON3 ,BLACK ,CAT ,PRESS1 #b#i4 

,CULTURAL-,$UCATIONAL ,SECTION ( ! ,9SURG5T ,>MY 7,MAKHNOVI/S74 0,:O ,>E ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ,:AT ,>E ,!Y ,FI<T+ =80 #bg ,APRIL #a#i#b4 ,9 ,AVRI*1 ,PAUL1 $4 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,I?ACA1 ,N4,Y43 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#c4 

,MAKHNO1 ,NE/OR1 & ,MIKE ,JONES4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION4 ,PET]%AM1 ,N4,S4,W43 ,JURA ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#e4 ,B5ITEZ ,M>T9EZ1 ,]ICK4 ,LA TRAICION DE LA HOZ Y EL M>TILLO4 .<,*ILI.>3 ,$ICIONES ,S9 ,NOMBRE1 #b#a#a4 

,MAXIM(F1 ,GREGORY ,PETROVI*4 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK1 ,VOL4 ,I3 ! ,L59I/ ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION4 ,SOM]VILLE1 ,M4,A43 ,BLACK ,?ORN ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#i4 

,MAXIM(F1 ,GREGORY ,PETROVI*4 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK1 ,VOL4 ,I,I3 ,DATA & ,DOCUM5TS4 ,SOM]VILLE1 ,M4,A43 ,BLACK ,?ORN ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#i4 

,MO*ANOVSKY1 ,F$OR4 0,FAC+ ! ,BOL%EVIK JUDGES3 ,SPEE* ( ! AN>*I/ ,F$OR ,MO*ANOVSKY BE=E ! ,PETROGRAD ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\RT ON #ac ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b40 ,LA ,ANTOR*A 7,>G5T9A71 #bc ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#c4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY4 ,KATE ,%>PLEY ,LIBR>Y1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4KATE%>PLEYLIBR>Y4NET_/#eQGSD4 

,NETTLAU1 ,MAX4 0,A DISCUSSION ) AN OLD COMRADE10 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LABYR9?1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTP3_/_/WWW4LIBR>Y4LIB]T>IAN-LABYR9?4ORG_/ITEMS_/%[_/#c#e4 

,PE/ANA1 ,ANGEL4 ,SEV5TY ,DAYS 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,:AT ,I ,SAW 7#a#i#b#d74 LIBCOM4ORG1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 LIBCOM4ORG4 

,PETRI*5KO1 ,/EPAN ,MAXIMOVI*4 ,! ,TRU? AB\T ,KRON/ADT3 ,! ,/ORY ( ! ,H]OIC ,/RUGGLE ( ! ,PEOPLE ( ,KRON/ADT ,AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,DICTATOR%IP1 ) A ,MAP ( ,KRON/ADT1 ,ITS ,=TS & ! ,GULF ( ,F9L&4 ,TRANS4 ,SCOTT ,Z5KATSU ,P>K]4 ,! ,TRU? ,AB\T ,KRON/ADT13 ,A ,TRANSLATION ) A ,DISCUSSION ( ! ,AU?ORS1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTP3_/_/WWW-P]SONAL4UMI*4$U_/@9MHUEY_/,T,O,C_/,A,U,T4FRAME4HTML 

,REXRO?1 ,K5NE?1 ,SAM ,HAMILL1 & ,BRAD=D ,MORR[4 ,! ,COMPLETE ,POEMS ( ,K5NE? ,REXRO?4 ,PORT ,T[NS5D1 ,W4,A43 ,COPP] ,CANYON ,PRESS1 #b#b4 

,S]GE1 ,VICTOR1 ,PET] ,S$GWICK1 ,GEORGE ,PAIZIS1 ,RI*>D ,GREEMAN1 & ,ADAM ,HO*S*ILD4 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y 4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,N,Y,R,B1 #b#a#b4 

,S]GE1 ,VICTOR1 ,MIT*ELL ,ABIDOR1 & ,RI*>D ,GREEMAN4 ,AN>*I/S ,NEV] ,SURR5D]3 ,ESSAYS1 ,POLEMICS1 & ,CORRESPOND5CE ON ,AN>*ISM1 #a#i#h-#a#i#c#h4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,P,M ,PRESS1 #b#a#e4 

,SKIRDA1 ,ALEX&RE4 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ,AN>*Y'S ,COSSACK3 ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,FREE ,SOVIETS 9 ! ,UKRA9E #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#d4 

,TROTSKY1 ,LEON4 0,\R ,POLITICAL ,TASKS 7#a#i#d740 ,TROTSKY ,9T]NET ,>*IVE1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/TROTSKY_/#a#i#d_/TASKS_/4 

,VAN1 ,NGO1 ,K5 ,KNABB1 & ,HEL5E ,FLEURY4 ,9 ! ,CROSSFIRE3 ,ADV5TURES ( A ,VIETNAMESE ,REVOLUTION>Y4 ,OAKL&1 ,C,A3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a4 

,VOL9E4 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i4 

,VOL9E4 0,R$ ,FASCISM40 ,CE QU'IL FAUT DIRE 7,JULY #a#i#c#d74 ,KATE ,%>PLEY ,LIBR>Y1 ACCESS$ ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #b#a#h1 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4KATE%>PLEYLIBR>Y4NET_/DBRVXG4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 & ,&REW ,ZONNEVELD4 ,TO ,REMA9 ,SIL5T ,IS ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN @& ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ATLANTA3 ,ON ,\R ,[N ,AU?ORITY6 ,PUB1 #b#a#c4  

,= LI<T READ+1 ,BAKUN9'S ,CRITIQUE ( ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM IS AVAILABLE 9 \R ONL9E >*IVESAS A *>M+ COMIC BOOK REVIEW+ H[ ! HI/ORY ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM ?R\<\T ! #b? C5TURY BORE \T HIS ANALYSIS3 CRIME?9C4COM 

,= OBSCURE >*IVAL MAT]IAL1 WE ALSO RECOMM5D3 GULAGAN>*I/S4WORDPRESS4COM 

.<#a.> ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ AT SEGADORES4ALSC>R]S4ORG AS 0,A C5T ANYS DE LA CONTR>EVOLUCIO ,BOLXEVIC3 MEMORIA HI/ORICA A PROP DE LA DE/RUCCIO DE LES NO/RES LLUITES40 

.<#b.> ,IT LEAVES (F AT ! OP5+ ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 :5 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S HAD BE5 EXT]M9AT$4 ,= ! RE/ ( ! /ORY1 WE >E =C$ TO RELY ON CONS]VATIVES LIKE ,ALEKS&R ,SOLZH5ITSYN--HIMSELF A TWICE-DECORAT$ W> VET]AN & ADH]5T ( ,M>XISM BE=E HIS /9T 9 ! GULAGS EMBITT]$ HIM4 ,TO ?OSE :O CELEBRATE ,/AL9 = HIS P>T 9 DEFEAT+ ,HITL]1 WE ANSW] ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM W\LD SURELY HAVE GONE BETT] IF ALL ! AN>*I/S & O!R ANTI-FASCI/S ,/AL9 & HIS CRONIES KILL$1 9C>C]AT$1 OR UND]M9$ HAD BE5 ABLE TO P>TICIPATE4 ,! FACT ?AT FASCISM WAS DEFEAT$ BY SUP]P[]S RA!R ?AN BY GRASSROOTS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TOOK REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE (F ! TABLE = SEV]AL DECADES4 

.<#c.> ,EV5 ! NAME1 ,BOL%EVIK1 IS D]IV$ FROM A HI/ORICAL MISREPRES5TATION4 ,IT D]IVES FROM A VOTE ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 #aic AT ! SECOND CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,L59'S FACTION ( ! P>TY WAS CALL+ = A MORE EXCLUSIVE MEMB]%IP POLICY2 !Y LO/ ! VOTE #bh TO #b#c1 BUT LAT]1 AFT] ! ,JEWI% ,LABOR ,BUND & O!R P>TICIPANTS WALK$ \T1 ,L59 DESCRIB$ HIS FACTION AS 0! MAJORITY40 

.<#d.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,V4 ,D4 ,BONC-,BRUJEVIC1 :O 9CLUD$ A HI<LY SUSPECT ACC\NT ( ,KROPOTK9'S MEET+ ) ,L59 9 HIS ,REM9ISC5CES ( ,L59 #a#i#a#g-#b#d4 

.<#e.> ,?R\<\T #a#i#a#h1 ,MAKHNO & HIS COMRADES F\<T ALONE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ! ,G]MAN OCCUPATION1 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD AB&ON$ ! REVOLUTION 9 ! ,UKRA9E = ! SAKE ( /ATECRAFT4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ONLY RE5T]$ ,UKRA9E 9 ORD] TO SEIZE IT FROM AN>*I/S & O!R ,UKRA9IAN REVOLUTION>IES4 

.<#f.> ,(FICIAL NEWSPAP] ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 

.<#g.> ,TWO DECADES AFT]W>DS1 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 ,S]GE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT AT ! TIME ( ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+1 HE HAD WRITT51 0,9 SPITE ( ITS FAULTS1 9 SPITE ( ITS ABUSES1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 BECAUSE ( ITS SIZE1 ITS 9SI<T1 ITS /ABILITY1 IS ! ORGANIZ$ =CE TO :I* WE MU/ P9 \R FAI?4 ,! ,REVOLUTION HAS AT ITS DISPOSAL NO O!R WEAPON1 & IT IS NO LONG] CAPABLE ( G5U9E R5EWAL FROM )940 

.<#h.> ,?R\<\T HALF A C5TURY1 ,L\IS-,AUGU/E ,BLANQUI WAS IMPRISON$ BY ONE GOV]NM5T AFT] ANO!R = HIS EF=TS TO OV]?R[ ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T & 9/ITUTE COMMUNISM BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,BAKUN9 BORR[$ SOME ( ,BLANQUI'S FRAMEWORK ( ORGANIZ+ 9 CONSPIRATORIAL GR\PS1 BUT ASS]T$ ?AT ! ONLY PROP] ACTIVITY = SU* GR\PS IS TO SEEK TO R5D] GOV]NM5T IMPOSSIBLE1 NOT TO 9/ITUTE A NEW ONE4 

.<#i.> ,BE=E 0,ITALY0 EXI/$ AS A S+LE NATION1 ,MAZZ9I F\ND$ ,Y\NG ,ITALY1 A GR\P DEM&+ ! UNI-FICATION ( ALL ,ITALIAN-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES UND] A ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 & ,Y\NG ,EUROPE1 A COALITION ( ANALOG\S GR\PS >\ND ,EUROPE4 7,! EXPRESSION 0,Y\NG ,TURK0 IS D]IV$ FROM ! EQUIVA-L5T ,TURKI% GR\P47 ,REVOLUTION>Y REPUBLICANS LIKE ,GIUSEPPE ,G>IBALDI BORE ! BRUNT ( ! BLOODY WORK ( BR++ AB\T ,ITALIAN UNIFICATION1 BUT ,K+ ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL TOOK CONTROL ( ! NEW NATION ( ,ITALY3 ,MAZZ9IAN NATIONALISM DID NOT PRO-DUCE A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC BUT A MON>*Y4 ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL'S SUCCESSOR PUT ,MUSSOL9I 9 P[]4 

,AS SO (T5 OCCURS1 NATIONALISM WAS 9ITIALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ,LEFT MOVEM5TS = 0LIB]ATION10 YET ULTIMATELY BECAME A REACTION>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,?IS EXPLA9S ! \TCOME ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! #b? C5TURY ?AT OP-POS$ ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% NATION-/ATES ACCORD+ TO ! ,EUROPEAN MODEL1 (-T5 PRODUC+ BLOODY E?NIC CONFLICTS LIKE ! ONES 9 ,9DIA & ,PAKI/AN4 

,FROM ITS ORIG9S AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 AN>*ISM DI/+UI%$ ITSELF FROM AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,M>X1 & FROM NATIONALISM1 AS REP-RES5T$ BY ,MAZZ9I4 ,M>X & ,MAZZ9I W]E ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL FIGURES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! =MA-TION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?\< ,M>X SWIFTLY =C$ ,MAZZ9I \T4 ,E>LY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,MALATE/A />T$ !IR C>E]S AS DISCIPLES ( ,MAZZ9I1 !N REJECT$ HIS ?9K+ AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#b-#d-#a FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,C\NT]REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/